【周周有招】新教材同步-尖子班讲义Unit 4 Natural Disasters第3讲-2026-2027学年高中英语人教版必修第一册（教师版+学生版）

本讲义聚焦高一英语定语从句（that/which）核心知识点，系统梳理从先行词判断、从句成分分析（主语/宾语）到边界条件（最高级/序数词/only、不定代词、人+物用that；非限制性/介词后用which）及省略规则的完整学习支架。 资料特色在于听力与语法结合强化语言能力，综合演练对标高考提升思维品质，写作迁移与误用诊断培养学习能力。课中助力教师系统授课，课后学生可通过自测与速记卡查漏补缺，巩固知识盲点。

Unit 4 Grammar+Listening 精品讲义 2026-2027学年 高一 英语 人教版 必修一 定语从句（that / which）· 第 3 讲（教师版） 定语从句（that/which）核心判断逻辑 适用年级：高一　|　适用教材：新教材人教版必修一 Unit 4 建议课时：2 课时（每课时 45 分钟）　 【本讲目标】　攻克 that/which 指物的全部判断规则与省略规律，做到考场判断不卡壳。 【本节知识结构图】 判断一句话：先找先行词（被修饰的词）→ 看从句缺什么（主语／宾语）→ 查边界条件。 边界条件：先行词前有最高级／序数词／the only/the very/the last → that；先行词为不定代词 → that；先行词人＋物混搭 → that；有逗号（非限制性）→ which；介词提前（介词＋____）→ which；以上均无 → that/which 均可。 省略：关系词作主语不可省；作宾语在限制性从句里可省；介词后／非限制性里不可省。 一、先弄清：定语从句藏在哪里 判断定语从句，起点落在同一处——先找到被修饰的那个词，再看从句缺了什么成分。下面三句取自一次地震报道，练三件事：圈出从句、找到它修饰的词、判断从句缺了什么。 ① The earthquake that struck the city last night destroyed hundreds of buildings. ② People who lived near the river were told to leave at once. ③ The fire which broke out in the hills spread quickly. 第一件事，找到从句。第①句里 that struck the city last night 是一整块，紧跟 earthquake，用来限定它——"昨夜袭击这座城市的那场"。这块紧跟名词、用来限定名词的成分，就是定语从句。第②句紧跟 people，第③句紧跟 fire。 第二件事，被修饰的词叫先行词。earthquake、people、fire 在从句前、被从句修饰，叫先行词。判断关系词的第一步，永远是先找先行词。 第三件事，看从句缺了什么。第①句里 that 是 struck 的执行者，缺主语；第③句 which broke out，which 也是主语；第②句 who lived，who 还是主语。 判断起点定死了：先看先行词是人是物，再看从句缺什么成分。后面所有规则，都是这个动作的延伸。 练习 1　写出下列各句中先行词是人还是物，并补出从句缺的成分（主语／宾语）。 1. The town which was flooded is now rebuilding.　先行词（　　），从句缺（　　）。 2. The warning that officials issued saved many lives.　先行词（　　），从句缺（　　）。 3. The team that rescued the trapped miners worked overnight.　先行词（　　），从句缺（　　）。 4. The school that was closed after the quake has reopened.　先行词（　　），从句缺（　　）。 5. The food which volunteers distributed reached every village.　先行词（　　），从句缺（　　）。 6. The bridge that the flood washed away was rebuilt last year.　先行词（　　），从句缺（　　）。 解析 1. town，物；which was flooded，which 作主语。2. warning，物；that officials issued，issued 缺宾语，that 补在宾语位置——"官方发出的那份警告"。3. team，可指人或集体；that rescued，作主语。4. school，物；that was closed，作主语。5. food，物；which volunteers distributed，作宾语。6. bridge，物；that the flood washed away，作宾语。 这一组的关键在 2 和 6：从句里有主语、有谓语、末尾缺宾语，关系词就补在宾语位置；判断"缺什么成分"，靠把从句抽出来看剩不剩得下完整的主谓。 易错警示　判断缺什么成分，先把从句抽出来看"剩不剩得下完整的主谓"。第 2 句把 that 抽掉，剩 officials issued，主谓完整、末尾缺宾语，that 就作宾语。 教师备讲·课堂操作　建议用时 8 分钟。常见卡点：学生分不清从句从哪开始到哪结束，尤其多个名词连排时。板书关键词：先行词=被修饰的词；从句=紧跟先行词的整块。 二、that 指物：作主语不能省，作宾语可省 （一）that 能指物，在从句里当主语或宾语 that 是本单元指物最"全能"的关系词之一，既能当主语，也能当宾语。区别只在一件事：作主语时绝不能省，作宾语时通常可以省。先看两句： ① The rescue team that arrived first was from Wuhan.（先行词 team，that 作主语——arrived 的执行者，不能省） ② The report that the officer wrote was about the flood.（先行词 report，that 作宾语——wrote 的承受者，可省成 The report the officer wrote...） 为什么作主语不能省、作宾语能省？主语是句子的主干，删掉它从句就没了执行动作的一方，句子残缺；宾语删掉后，从句依然完整（主语 officer＋谓语 wrote 还在），只是少了被承受的对象。记忆点一句话：that 在从句里充当的成分越关键，越不能省；作宾语时它可有可无。 考场操作·30 秒判断主语还是宾语　① 看关系词后面紧跟的词：紧跟动词（that hit...），关系词作主语；紧跟名词／代词（that officials issued...），关系词通常作宾语。② 用"抽掉法"验证：把关系词抽掉，从句剩下的部分若有完整主谓结构，说明作宾语、可省；若缺主语，说明作主语、不可省。 练习 2　判断下面 that 在从句中作什么成分；能省的打"√"，不能省的打"×"。 1. The shelters that volunteers built can hold 500 people.　作（　　），能否省（　　） 2. The storm that hit the coast lasted three hours.　作（　　），能否省（　　） 3. The bridge that the flood washed away was newly built.　作（　　），能否省（　　） 4. The report that the officer wrote saved many lives.　作（　　），能否省（　　） 5. The report that was delivered yesterday shocked everyone.　作（　　），能否省（　　） （第 4、5 题先行词都是 report，一个作宾语、一个作主语，专门对比例证判断差异。） 解析 1. 作宾语（volunteers 主语、built 谓语，that 是被建对象），能省。2. 作主语（hit 的执行者是 that），不能省。3. 作宾语（washed away 的承受者是 that），能省。4. 作宾语（wrote 缺宾语），能省。5. 作主语（was delivered 的主语是 that），不能省。 判定办法一句话：把 that 抽掉，从句剩下的部分还有没有完整"主语＋谓语"。1、3、4 抽掉后 volunteers built、the flood washed away、the officer wrote 依然成立，that 是宾语、可省；2、5 抽掉后只剩 hit the coast、was delivered yesterday，缺了主语，that 是主语、不可省。 （二）作宾语省略后，别把从句和主句粘糊在一起 作宾语省略 that 后，要防的不是省略本身，而是认不出"这是从句嵌在主句里"。the government issued 是 warning 的定语，不是独立句子；省略只是写法，它和主句的关系没变。 The warning (that) the government issued was not taken seriously.——"政府发布的那份警告"是主语的一部分，issued 缺宾语被 that 补上，整个主语才完整。 练习 3　在需要的地方补回省略的 that，并说明它在从句中的作用。 1. The water levels the experts measured rose quickly.（提示：从句主语是 experts，谓语是 measured，末尾缺宾语） 2. The forest fire the villagers fought was finally under control.（提示：从句主语是 villagers，谓语是 fought，末尾缺宾语） 3. The damage the storm caused reached millions of yuan. 4. The tents the volunteers set up protected the homeless. 5. The news the radio reported spread fast. 解析 五句里省略的 that 都在从句中作宾语，均可补回：The water levels that the experts measured...、The forest fire that the villagers fought...、The damage that the storm caused...、The tents that the volunteers set up...、The news that the radio reported...。 这一组练"省略后能还原"——考场里（尤其写作）常用省略形式，读不出被省掉的 that，就分不清主谓宾，容易把从句误判成主句。判断"省略后还原"，就看从句里还缺不缺宾语：缺→这里原本有个 that；不缺→没有。 归纳小结　that 作主语 vs 作宾语，一张表对照记： that 作主语 that 作宾语 判断标志 that 后紧跟动词 that 后紧跟名词／代词 能否省略 不可省 限制性从句中可省 例句 The storm that hit the coast... The report (that) he wrote... 教师备讲·课堂操作　建议用时 12 分钟。常见卡点：学生混淆"作主语不可省／作宾语可省"，尤其遇到省略形式读不出主谓结构。板书关键词：抽掉法；缺宾语→可省。 三、which 指物：和 that 在限制性从句里常可互换 which 和 that 一样都指物，都能在从句里作主语或宾语。在限制性定语从句（没有逗号隔开的那种）里，绝大多数时候两者可以互换——这往往成了学生"偷懒"的起点，以为反正都能用，就随手填 which。本讲后半段要专门拆它们的边界，这里先认清 which 的基本用法： ① The building which collapsed in the earthquake was over a century old.（先行词 building，which 作主语） ② The food which volunteers distributed reached every village.（先行词 food，which 作宾语，可省略） ③ The rescue dogs which searched the ruins found two survivors.（先行词 dogs，which 作主语） 练习 4　用 that 或 which 填空（两者皆可处写"均可"）。 1. The tent ____ we stayed in kept us dry through the night.（基础） 2. The news ____ came from the radio said the road was open again.（基础） 3. The flood ____ swept through the valley was the worst in decades.（基础） 4. The equipment ____ the rescuers brought included a portable generator.（中等） 5. The team ____ won the rescue competition was from our school.（中等） 6. The child ____ was found in the ruins is safe now.（中等） 解析 1. 均可（tent 指物，缺宾语，可省）。2. 均可（news 指物，作主语，不可省）。3. 均可（flood 指物，作主语，不可省）。4. 均可（equipment 指物，作宾语，可省）。5. 均可，但倾向 who／that（team 是"一个团体"，可作人处理；which 只能指物，此处不用）。6. 均可，倾向 who／that（先行词指人）。 这一组先练"限制性从句里，指物的先行词 that/which 基本通用"；第 5、6 题是提醒——先行词一旦可指人，which 就不再是唯一选择。 易错警示　"物不等于 which"的先入为主，在 team、child 这类可指人的先行词上最易翻车。 教师备讲·课堂操作　建议用时 8 分钟。常见卡点：学生默认"指物用 which"，忽略限制性从句里 that/which 通用。板书关键词：限制性＋物先行词→that/which 通用。 四、which 还是 that？四道边界，本讲的重头 （一）物不等于 which 多数学生有个想当然：先行词是物，就用 which。这句话对了一半——却正好在高考最容易丢分的地方栽跟头。真相是：指物的先行词，在"某些场合"里只能 that、不能 which；在另一些场合里只能 which、不能 that。这一节把这两组边界一次性划清楚。 （二）只能用 that、不能 which 的四种场合 先记一个统摄判断：that 比 which"更稳、更收"，凡是被限得最死的先行词，都倾向用 that。四种场合如下。 1. 先行词前有最高级或序数词作定语。 这里的"修饰"指先行词前有最高级（the most serious）、序数词（the first）这类限定成分，把名词限到唯一： 例：The most serious flood ____ this city has ever seen happened in 1998.（只能 that，作宾语可省略，不能 which） 例：This is the first time ____ I have visited the disaster area.（只能 that） 例：He is the last person ____ I want to see in this situation.（只能 that） 为什么？可以这样抓底层逻辑：定语从句分两类功能——限定（识别出是哪一个） 与 补充（顺带说明一下）。最高级、序数词把名词"限死到唯一"，句子要的是"指出是哪一座"，这是限定的功能；that 天生贴近限定，它引导的从句用来识别出那个独一无二的对象。而 which 更偏向补充说明，还带"挑选、其中哪一个"的意味，与"唯一"相冲。所以一见被限到唯一的先行词，判断直接落到 that。这个"限定 vs 补充"的底子，到第五节学非限制性时还会再用上。 2. 先行词被 the only、the very、the last 等修饰。 例：This is the only bridge ____ connects the two banks.（只能 that） 例：This is the very place ____ the earthquake happened twenty years ago.（只能 that） 例：The last thing ____ I want to do is give up.（只能 that） "唯一一座""正是那座""最后一座"都是把对象锁死，走的还是"限定、识别"那条路，排斥 which 的挑选味。（注意：the same 后通常接 as 而非 that，如 the same book as I read，此处不作 that 类边界。） 3. 先行词是不定代词。 例：All ____ they could do was wait for the rescuers.（只能 that，作宾语可省） 例：There is nothing ____ the rescue team can do now but wait.（只能 that） 例：Everything ____ the villagers could save was moved to higher ground.（只能 that） 不定代词（all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much, few, none, some）本身不指具体哪一个"物"，是笼统的全部，与 which 的"择其一"天然不合，只能 that。 4. 先行词既指人又指物（并列结构）。 判断关键在"并列结构"：先行词是"人＋物"连在一起、整体被从句修饰，不能只看离关系词最近的那个词。 例：The doctors and the medicine ____ were sent to the disaster area helped a lot.（先行词是 doctors（人）＋medicine（物）的并列，只能 that；从句谓语 were sent 是复数，提示主语是并列整体） 例：The teacher and the book ____ influenced me most were both unforgettable.（只能 that） 例：The scientist and the report ____ won the prize are being praised.（只能 that） 因为 which 只指物、who 只指人，面对"人和物混搭"，只有 that 能一肩挑两头。 （三）只能用 which、不能 that 的两种场合 反过来，which 也有 that 管不着的领地，两处： 1. 非限制性定语从句（有逗号隔开的那类）。 that 进不了非限制性从句，指物一律 which。 例：The flood destroyed the bridge, ____ was the only link to the town.（只能 which，不能 that） 例：The village, ____ had been cut off by the flood, was finally reached.（只能 which） 例：The rescue team reached the village, ____ had been cut off by the flood.（只能 which） 2. 介词＋which 结构。 介词后面不能直接跟 that，只能 which（指人用 whom）。 例：The shelter in ____ they stayed was near the river.（只能 which） 例：The tools with ____ they dug the rubble were borrowed.（只能 which） 例：The bridge from ____ they crossed the river was old.（只能 which） 注意　若"介词＋which"出现在非限制性从句中，两项规则叠加，依然用 which。例：The old tower, under ____ we sheltered, was built in the Ming Dynasty.（非限制性＋介词后，仍只能 which） （四）判断顺序：先看"场不场"，再看"缺什么" 第一步，看先行词前有没有最高级、序数词、the only/very/last——有，直接 that。第二步，看先行词是不是不定代词，或是不是人＋物混搭——是，直接 that。第三步，看是不是非限制性（有逗号）或介词后——是，指物直接 which。第四步，以上都没有，that 和 which 通常都可。 （五）定语从句关系词选择速查表 做题时直接对照下表，先查"场不场"，再定省不省： 【辨析·关系代词还是关系副词】本讲虽只考 that/which，但"物≠which"和"地点≠where"常被一起误判，这里一次分清楚： - 看从句缺什么：缺主语或宾语 → 用关系代词（which/that）；主谓齐全、只缺地点／时间状语 → 用关系副词（where/when）。 - 操作：把从句抽出来，主谓完整、只缺"在哪儿／何时"，就用 where/when；缺主语或宾语，就是 which/that。 - 对照：The town where we lived is small.（lived 主谓完整，只缺地点状语，用 where）／The town which/that we visited is small.（visited 缺宾语，用 which/that） 判断条件 选用关系词 能否省略 先行词前有最高级／序数词／the only/the very/the last that 作宾语可省，作主语不可省 先行词为不定代词（all, everything, nothing…） that 同上 先行词既指人又指物（并列结构） that 同上 有逗号（非限制性从句） which（指物）／who（指人） 不可省 介词＋____（介词提前） which（指物）／whom（指人） 不可省 以上均无 that 或 which 均可 作宾语可省，作主语不可省 练习 5　用 that 或 which 填空。 1. The best advice ____ she gave me was to keep calm during the storm.（基础） 2. There is nothing ____ the rescue team can do now but wait.（基础） 3. This is the very place ____ the earthquake happened twenty years ago.（基础） 4. The villagers and their houses ____ were damaged are being taken care of.（中等） 5. He pointed to the map, ____ showed the path to safety.（中等） 6. The old tower under ____ we sheltered was built in the Ming Dynasty.（提升） 7. This is the most beautiful bridge ____ I have ever seen.（提升） 8. The report and the writer ____ impressed me most were from the same team.（提升） 9. The town, in ____ we stayed for a week, was rebuilt after the flood.（提升） 解析 1. that（best 最高级）。2. that（nothing 不定代词）。3. that（the very 锁定唯一）。4. that（先行词 villagers 人＋houses 物混搭；从句谓语 were damaged 复数提示并列整体）。5. which（有逗号，非限制性，指物只能 which）。6. which（介词 under 后只能 which）。7. that（最高级 the most beautiful 修饰）。8. that（先行词 the report（物）＋the writer（人）并列混搭；impressed 缺主语，that 作主语，不可省略）。9. which（非限制性＋介词 in 后，两规则叠加用 which）。 第 4、8 题是最高频漏判——看见人和物并排，只盯着最近的词填 which，忘了先行词是整个并列；第 9 题提醒"非限制性＋介词后"叠加仍用 which。 考场操作　遇到 and 并列结构（villagers and their houses），三步走：① 看到 and 立即警觉——先行词可能是"人＋物混搭"；② 看从句谓语动词单复数——were damaged 是复数，提示主语不是单一名词；③ 人和物混搭 → 只能 that。 易错警示　最易丢分两处：一是"物不等于 which"的直觉，二是"人和物并列只盯最近词"。 教师备讲　建议用时 20 分钟。导入提问（2 分钟）："先行词是物，第一反应填哪个词？"（学生多半答 which）→ 引出"物≠which"。核心讲解（12 分钟）：逐条讲四边界，每条配 1 个典型例句＋1 个即时判断。关键提问（3 分钟）："第 4 题 villagers and their houses，为什么不能填 which？"（检测是否真正理解并列结构）。当堂检测（3 分钟）：练习 5 第 7~9 题。板书关键词：最高级/only/very→that；不定代词→that；人+物→that；逗号/介词后→which。 五、非限制性定语从句：which 的主场 （一）逗号，是分水岭 定语从句分两类：限制性（没有逗号）和非限制性（有逗号）。差别不在好不好，而在"这个信息要不要保留原句意思"。 ① The bridge that the flood destroyed was the only one.（限制性：是"被洪水冲垮的那座"桥，不是别的桥。去掉从句，读者不知道是哪座桥，意思不完整） ② The bridge, which was built in 1980, was the only one.（非限制性：桥已经明确，"建于 1980 年"只是补充信息。去掉从句，句子依然成立） 记住一句话：限制性是"定死是哪个人／物"，非限制性是"补充说明"。这一区分在高考里直接决定关系词的选择——因为非限制性从句里，指物只能用 which，绝不能用 that。 练习 6　下列句子中，哪句是非限制性定语从句？ A. The dam that was completed last year held back the flood. B. The dam, which was completed last year, held back the flood. C. The warning that officers gave saved the villagers. 解析　B。判断标志就是逗号——B 句在 dam 后用了逗号，属非限制性；A、C 没有逗号，是限制性。B 句中 which 绝不能换成 that。 （二）which 还能指代整个主句 非限制性从句里，which 有个高段位用法：先行词不是某个名词，而是前面一整句话。此时 which 翻译成"这""这件事"。 例：The flood came at night, which made rescue very difficult.——"洪水夜里来袭，这件事让救援非常困难。"which 指代的是"洪水夜里来袭"整件事，不是 flood 这一个词。 例：The rescue team arrived two hours later, which was too late to save the trapped miners.（which 指代"救援队两小时后才到"整件事） 例：The volcano erupted again, which surprised everyone.（which 指代"火山再次喷发"这件事） 练习 7　用 that 或 which 填空。 1. The volcano erupted again, ____ surprised everyone.（基础） 2. The earthquake, ____ struck at 3 a.m., woke thousands of people.（基础） 3. They built a new shelter, in ____ the homeless could stay for months.（中等） 4. The dam collapsed, ____ caused great damage to the village below.（中等） 5. The town, from ____ they had fled, was completely destroyed.（提升） 解析 1. which（有逗号，指代"火山再次喷发"整件事，that 不可用）。2. which（非限制性，指物 earthquake，that 不可用）。3. which（介词 in 后指物只能 which，且是非限制性）。4. which（有逗号，which 指代"水坝垮塌"整件事，that 不可用）。5. which（非限制性＋介词 from 后，叠加用 which）。 第 1、4 题是高频考点：which 指代整个主句。判断时把逗号后面的从句抽出来读一遍——它在"总结前面整件事"，而不是补充某个名词，就是指代整句。这是非限制性从句才有的用法；限制性从句里先行词只能是名词。 易错警示　判断 which 是否指代整句，看逗号后面从句的语义是否在"总结前面整件事"，而非补充某个名词。 教师备讲·课堂操作　建议用时 12 分钟。常见卡点：学生以为非限制性只是"加个逗号"，忽略"which 指代整句"的跳转。板书关键词：逗号=补充；which 可指整件事。 六、介词＋which：把"关系"说得更准 （一）介词能放到 which 前面 限制性从句里，介词既可以放在句末，也可以提到关系词前，构成"介词＋which"。指物一律 which，绝不用 that。 ① The village in which the flood was the worst is now restored.（= The village (which) the flood was worst in...，但 in 提前后 which 不能省） ② The tools with which they dug the rubble were borrowed. 把介词提前，好处是关系更紧凑；代价是——介词一旦提前，which 就不能省略了。句末的 which 作宾语可省，提到介词后就非留不可。 （二）介词怎么定？三步确定介词 这是介词＋which 最易失分的地方。介词不是靠中文意思猜的，它取决于从句里动词／形容词／名词的固定搭配。按三步操作： 第一步：找到从句中的动词（有时是形容词或名词）。第二步：写出这个词的固定搭配介词（如 wait→wait for/in；depend→depend on；talk→talk about；familiar→familiar with；escape→escape from）。第三步：把"介词＋which"放回从句，检查语义是否通顺。 常见搭配示例： in which：在……里。The box in which they kept the medicine was wet.（keep sth in the box） on which：在……上。The desk on which the radio sat was shaking.（sit on the desk） with which：用……。The saw with which they cut the wood.（cut with the saw） from which：从……。The roof from which they were rescued.（rescue from the roof） 练习 8　填空，并在括号里写出介词来源的搭配。 1.（提示：wait in the cave）The cave in ____ they waited out the storm was deep.（基础） 2.（提示：pull the boat with the rope）The rope ____ which they pulled the boat was new.（基础） 3.（提示：escape from the disaster）He described the disaster, from ____ he had barely escaped.（基础） 4. The shelter ____ which they stayed through the night was warm.（中等） 5. The desk ____ which the radio sat was shaking.（中等） 6. The point ____ which the flood reached its peak was recorded.（中等） 7. The village, through ____ the river ran, was washed away.（提升） 8. The tower, from ____ they watched the rescue, stood on the hill.（提升） 解析 1. which（in which，来自 wait in the cave）。2. with（with which，来自 pull the boat with the rope）。3. which（from which，来自 escape from the disaster；此句是非限制性＋介词＋which 三重叠加）。4. which（in which，stay in the shelter）。5. which（on which，sit on the desk）。6. which（at which，reach the point——"到达某个点"用 at）。7. which（through which，run through the village）。8. which（from which，watch from the tower）。 做题顺序：先看有没有逗号定 which/that，再看从句动词（或名词）的介词搭配定介词。第 6 题是难点：介词取决于"搭配"而非"中文意思"，reach the point 用 at，不是 in。 判断路径　第 6 题的完整操作：① 找到从句中的名词搭配——reach the point；② 回忆固定搭配——reach（到达）搭配 at（arrive at / reach the point）；③ 确定介词 at → at which。 易错警示　介词不是靠中文翻译猜的，必须回到从句里的动词／名词看固定搭配；reach the point 用 at、be familiar with 用 with，都得靠搭配。 教师备讲·课堂操作　建议用时 15 分钟。常见卡点：学生凭"中文意思"选介词，忽略动词搭配；介词提前后不知道不能省。板书关键词：三步定介词；搭配表；介词提前→不可省。 七、听力：洪水灾害报道（教师朗读稿） 说明　本活动为语法与听力结合的训练，非高考听力题型，旨在强化"边听边判断关系词"的能力。 这一讲的听力，是把前面学的"物"的定语从句放进真实的灾害报道里。方法是：先通读一遍题目，圈出要抓的信息点，再听朗读。听两遍——第一遍整体感知、抓主干；第二遍逐空定位。教师用可控语速朗读下面这篇报道，学生完成信息抓取。 （一）听前任务：先看要填什么 听下面这篇关于某地洪水的新闻报道，根据所听内容填空。每空一词。填空处不给任何提示，既要听出内容，又要判断该填 that 还是 which。 A serious flood hit the small town of Qingxi last weekend. The town, ①____ sits at the foot of the mountain, received heavy rain for two days. The flood, ②____ came at night, surprised everyone. The bridge ③____ connects the town to the outside world was washed away. Everything ④____ the villagers could save was moved to higher ground. The most serious damage ⑤____ the flood caused was the loss of the local school. Officials say the rescue work, ⑥____ began on Monday morning, is going well. （二）教师朗读稿（两遍，语速每分钟约 100 词） A serious flood hit the small town of Qingxi last weekend. The town, which sits at the foot of the mountain, received heavy rain for two days. The flood, which came at night, surprised everyone. The bridge that connects the town to the outside world was washed away. Everything that the villagers could save was moved to higher ground. The most serious damage that the flood caused was the loss of the local school. Officials say the rescue work, which began on Monday morning, is going well. （三）答案与解析 ① which（非限制性，先行词 the town，有逗号，指物只能 which）② which（非限制性，指代 the flood）③ that（限制性，先行词 the bridge 被 that 作主语限定）④ that（先行词 everything 是不定代词，只能 that）⑤ that（先行词 damage 被最高级 the most serious 修饰，只能 that，且作 caused 的宾语）⑥ which（非限制性，指代 rescue work）。 六个空把本讲四道边界各考一遍：非限制性（①②⑥）、不定代词（④）、最高级（⑤）。听的关键不在"听出单词"，在边听边判"有没有逗号停顿、先行词前有没有最高级"——纸面上的判断要带进耳朵。 教师备讲·课堂操作　建议用时 15 分钟。常见卡点：学生只顾听词，忽略判断 that/which；可先让学生标出"逗号停顿"再听。板书关键词：边听边判；非限制性→which；最高级/不定代词→that。 八、综合演练：从单句到语篇，一步步逼向考场 （一）单句填空·打基础 练习 9　单句填空。 1. The news ____ we heard on the radio turned out to be true. 2. The school ____ was built last year can hold 1,000 students. 3. All ____ he said about the flood made sense. 4. This is the most dangerous typhoon ____ has hit the city in ten years. 5. The bridge ____ was washed away last year has been rebuilt. 6. The damage ____ the earthquake caused reached a record level. 7. Everything ____ they could do to help was done. 8. The first rescue team ____ arrived was from Wuhan. 解析 1. that/which（news 指物，作 heard 宾语，可省）。2. that/which（school，作主语，不可省）。3. that（all 不定代词，只能 that；作 said 宾语可省）。4. that（先行词被最高级 the most dangerous 修饰，只能 that）。5. that/which（bridge，作主语，不可省）。6. that/which（先行词 damage 抽象名词指物，作 caused 宾语，可省）。7. that（everything 不定代词，只能 that）。8. that（先行词被序数词 the first 修饰，只能 that）。 （二）单项选择·辨陷阱 练习 10　单项选择。 1. The town ____ we visited last summer lies along the Yangtze River. A. where　B. which　C. what　D. who 解析　B。visited 缺宾语，先行词 town 指物，用 which；where 在从句中作状语，此处缺的是宾语不是地点状语。干扰项 A 考"是不是地点"——很多学生见"城镇"就填 where，但句中 visited 是及物动词，缺宾语，只能用关系代词。 2. There is nothing ____ the rescuers can do but wait for the water to go down. A. that　B. which　C. what　D. whom 解析　A。排除流程：① 看到 nothing——这是不定代词禁区，直接锁定 that，which（B）当场排除；② that 作 do 的宾语可省。若第一反应是 which，用这道"开关"卡掉它：先行词是 all/everything/nothing 等不定代词时，只能 that。 3. The rescue team reached the village, ____ had been cut off by the flood. A. that　B. which　C. where　D. who 解析　B。排除流程：① 见逗号 → 非限制性从句，指物只能用 which，that（A）当场排除；② 判断缺什么——had been cut off 缺主语，C 的 where 只能作状语，直接排除；③ 剩下 B 为答案。考场口诀：地点名词＋缺主语 → 立刻排除 where，因为它只能作状语；④ 收束一句——非限制性从句里关系词作主语、指物，只能 which，且作主语不可省略。 4. This is the best film ____ I have ever seen. A. which　B. that　C. where　D. who 解析　B。排除流程：① 看到 the best——这是最高级修饰先行词的信号，直接锁定 that；② which（A）在最高级后不能用，当场排除；③ C（where）只能作状语，不适用；④ D（who）指人，先行词 film 指物，排除。 5. The doctors and the medicine ____ were sent to the front helped many people. A. that　B. which　C. who　D. where 解析　A。先行词 doctors（人）＋medicine（物）混搭，只能 that；which 只指物、who 只指人。 6. The village, from ____ the rescue team came, is far from the river. A. which　B. that　C. where　D. whom 解析　A。介词 from 后指物只能 which；B 的 that 不能用于介词后，C 的 where 不能作介词宾语。 （三）语篇语法填空·对标高考 下面是一篇关于火山喷发的短文，设空方式仿照高考语法填空，全部围绕定语从句考点。通读全文，按"先判成分、再定关系词、后查边界"的顺序作答。 A volcano on the island woke up again last month. The eruption, ①____ took place in the early morning, sent a huge cloud of ash into the sky. The villagers, ②____ had lived near the mountain for generations, were told to leave the island. Everything ③____ they could carry was loaded onto trucks. The most serious problem ④____ the ash caused was that it blocked the sunlight. Scientists, ⑤____ had been watching the volcano for weeks, had given an early warning. Thanks to the warning, ⑥____ was issued in time, no one was hurt. The village, from ⑦____ many families had fled, is now slowly rebuilding. 难度标注：①基础　②基础　③中等　④中等　⑤提升　⑥提升　⑦提升（①—③练非限制性与不定代词，④—⑦练最高级与介词＋which 叠加）。 解析 ① which（非限制性，指代 the eruption，有逗号，指物只能 which）② who（先行词 villagers 指人，非限制性指人用 who——这是下一讲的内容，此处先点出"人和物的边界在此处开始交接"）③ that（先行词 everything 不定代词，只能 that）④ that（先行词 problem 被最高级 the most serious 修饰，只能 that，且作 caused 宾语）⑤ who（scientists 指人，非限制性）⑥ which（非限制性，指代 the warning，that 不可用）⑦ which（介词 from 后指物只能 which，且此句非限制性，叠加用 which）。 做题节奏：见逗号先定非限制性（指物 which／指人 who）；见 the most/the only 先定 that；见不定代词先定 that。三步判断练熟，考场在"物"上不再犹豫。 考情提示　高考语法填空整篇 10 空，定语从句一般只占 1—2 空，但每一处都要求一次精准判断。这里的 7 空是"专项密集训练"，把四道边界练到肌肉记忆，考场上遇到那 1—2 空才不会错。 易错警示　语篇填空里，逗号＋名词后是判断 which/who/that 的信号；不要因为先行词是地点就误用 where。 教师备讲·课堂操作　建议用时 18 分钟。常见卡点：单选第 3 题"地点名词用 where"、语篇里人与物判断。板书关键词：逗号→非限制性；地点≠where。 （四）真题链接·近年高考这样考 真题 1（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空，第 9 空）：The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing the steps along the Silk Route ____ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. 答案　which／that。解析　先行词 the Silk Route（丝绸之路）指物，在从句中作主语（brought 的执行者），不可省略；限制性从句里物先行词 which/that 皆可。对应本讲第四、十一节。 真题 2（改编自 2025 浙江 1 月卷·语法填空第 63 空，话题由"时尚租赁"调整为"灾后重建"）：The rescue team is also looking beyond the damaged roads to the flooded villages, ____ they plan to rebuild as safer homes and offer to the victims, so that the whole community can return to normal life. 答案　which。解析　非限制性定语从句（有逗号），which 指 the flooded villages（物）作 rebuild 的宾语；非限制性里不可省略，且 that 进不了非限制性从句。对应本讲第五、十一节。 小结：高考语法填空考"指物"，就落在两点上——指物时，限制性从句选 which/that、非限制性必用 which。这两道真题正好把本讲的两个核心结论各验证一次。 九、误用诊断：把别人（也是你自己）的错揪出来 把学过的边界反过来用：下面五句都错在"物"的定语从句上，先自己改，再对答案。规则背得熟不难，难在写对——这一节专挑你容易写错的地方。 1. This is the most beautiful village which I have ever visited. 2. There is little which the rescuers can do for now. 3. The old house, that survived the earthquake, is now a museum. 4. The doctors and the medicine which arrived on time saved many lives. 5. The shelter in that they stayed was made of wood. 解析 ① which→that（先行词被最高级 the most beautiful 修饰，只能 that）② which→that（先行词 little 是不定代词，只能 that）③ that→which（有逗号，非限制性从句指物只能用 which）④ which→that（先行词是 doctors 人＋medicine 物混搭，只能 that）⑤ that→which（介词 in 之后指物只能 which）。 改错顺序：先看"逗号、最高级/序数词/only、不定代词、人+物、介词后"五个开关，哪个命中就改哪个。 错误类型归纳　把上面五个错误归类到五个"开关"：逗号（非限制性）→第 3 句；最高级／序数词／only→第 1 句；不定代词→第 2 句；人＋物混搭→第 4 句；介词后→第 5 句。五类边界各出现一次，改完即可自测五类是否都掌握。 易错警示　误用诊断的核心是"先判类型再改"，别凭语感乱改。 教师备讲·课堂活动建议　建议用时 10 分钟。可让学生先独立改、同桌互查、再统一对答案并归纳五类开关。板书关键词：五个开关。 十、写作迁移：让"物"的定语从句为你提分 定语从句学完不只在填空里用，写作才是它的主场。下面是一个灾害场景，把零散信息合并成含 that/which 的完整句子——合并信息、立住主干，正是作文提分的第一步。 场景：台风过后，记者要描述受灾的小镇。给定以下零散信息，请合并成含定语从句的句子： 1. 信息：一座桥被冲毁＋这座桥连接两个村庄。写：The bridge ____ connects the two villages was washed away. 2. 信息：一份报告＋报告指出损失＋报告由专家提交。写：The report ____ the experts submitted pointed out the losses. 3. 信息：所有能带走的东西＋都被转移了。写：Everything ____ could be taken was moved to safety. 4. 信息：一份通知＋通知由镇政府发布＋通知要求大家撤离。写：The notice ____ the town government issued asked everyone to leave. 5. 信息：那些在洪水中幸存下来的房屋＋大多是新建的。写：The houses ____ survived the flood were mostly newly built. 参考写法 ① The bridge that connects the two villages was washed away.（that 作主语，先行词 bridge）② The report that the experts submitted pointed out the losses.（that 作宾语，可省略）③ Everything that could be taken was moved to safety.（everything 不定代词，只能 that，作主语不可省）④ The notice that the town government issued asked everyone to leave.（that 作宾语，可省）⑤ The houses that survived the flood were mostly newly built.（that 作主语，不可省）。 病句升格：看看"不会用"到"会用"的进化 病句：The town was damaged. We visited the town last summer.（两句割裂，平淡） 升格一：The town (that/which) we visited last summer was damaged.（合并成一句） 升格二：The town we visited last summer was damaged.（省略关系词，更简洁） 追问：为什么升格二可以省略？因为 visited 缺宾语，that/which 作宾语，且是限制性从句——正对应本讲的省略开关：作宾语＋限制性，可省。合并时先找先行词，再确认关系词在从句中作什么成分。 写作自检三步法　写完后按三步自查：① 先行词找对了吗？② 关系词指人还是指物？③ 边界条件检查了吗（逗号／最高级／不定代词／人＋物／介词后）？提示：写作里 that/which 作宾语时常用省略形式（如 The report the experts submitted...），但作主语或边界场合不可省。 教师备讲·课堂操作　建议用时 10 分钟。可让学生先写再同桌互评，重点检查"边界条件"。板书关键词：自检三步。 十一、考场提速：两个"省略开关" 本讲最后，把最容易在考场上犹豫的两个"省略开关"梳理清楚。它们关系到判断 that/which 到底要不要写、能不能省： 开关一：关系词作从句主语，永远不能省。The typhoon which/that hit the coast was powerful.——which/that 是 hit 的主语，省了就成残句。这一条无论限制性还是非限制性都成立。 开关二：关系词作从句宾语，限制性从句里可省，介词后与非限制性里不可省。The warning (that/which) officials gave saved lives.——gave 缺宾语，可省；但 The warning, which officials gave, ...（非限制性）和 The warning about which they talked ...（介词后）就都不能省。 把两个开关合成一句记：能不能省，看它当不当主语；当宾语才谈得上省，且只在限制性里能省。 练习 11　判断下列各空：能省的写"可省"，不能省的写"不可省"，并说明原因。 1. The report ____ the team prepared was about the flood damage.（基础） 2. The storm, ____ lasted two days, delayed the rescue.（中等） 3. The bridge from ____ they crossed the river was old.（提升） 4. The warning ____ officials gave saved many lives.（基础） 5. The town, ____ was rebuilt after the flood, now attracts many visitors.（中等） 6. The cave in ____ the rescuers took shelter was deep.（提升） 解析 ① 可省（prepared 缺宾语，限制性从句中 that/which 作宾语可省）② 不可省（非限制性从句，有逗号，which 作 lasted 的主语，既作主语又非限制性，两重都锁死）③ 不可省（介词 from 后的 which 不可省；which 在从句中作介词 from 的宾语，介词提前后必须保留）④ 可省（gave 缺宾语，限制性）⑤ 不可省（非限制性，which 作 was rebuilt 的主语）⑥ 不可省（介词 in 后的 which 不可省）。 第 3 句是很多人失分点——它其实作介词宾语，但"介词一提前，省略就失效"，与普通宾语省略的直觉冲突，正是出题人最爱放的陷阱。 判断动作　判断"可省不可省"，每一步：第一步，看关系词后面紧跟的是动词还是名词——紧跟动词→作主语；紧跟名词／代词→作宾语。第二步，作宾语时再问：是不是介词后？是不是非限制性（有逗号）？是→不可省；都不是→限制性从句，可省。 练习 12　还原下列长难句中省略的关系词，并说明其作用。 1. The news the radio reported spread quickly. 2. The book the teacher recommended was on the shelf. 3. The warning the government issued was not taken seriously. 解析　1. that（reported 缺宾语，作宾语，可还原）2. that（recommended 缺宾语，作宾语）3. that（issued 缺宾语，作宾语）。这一组练"读长难句时把省略的 that 还原"，看清主谓宾结构，才不会被长句绕晕。 归纳小结　省略规则速查表： 情形 能否省略 关系词作从句主语 不可省 关系词作宾语＋限制性从句 可省 关系词作宾语＋非限制性从句 不可省 介词＋关系词（介词提前） 不可省 易错警示　"介词提前→不可省"是省略考点的最大陷阱。 教师备讲·课堂操作　建议用时 12 分钟。常见卡点：学生把"作宾语可省"的直觉套到"介词后"上。板书关键词：主语不可省；宾语可省；介词后不可省。 十二、本讲一句话收束 指物的定语从句，判断就绕着一个动作转：先分限制性（有无逗号），再查边界（最高级、序数词、the only/very、不定代词、人+物都锁定 that；非限制性、介词后锁定 which），最后看从句缺主语还是宾语（缺主语不可省，缺宾语可省）。把"逗号—边界—缺什么"三个判断带熟，这一讲的核心就已掌握。下一讲，我们把先行词换成"人"和"所属"，处理 who、whom、whose。 本节板书简呈（教师版） 板书主线：先行词（被修饰的词）→ 缺什么成分（主语／宾语）→ 边界检查。 that：最高级／序数词／only/very、不定代词、人＋物。which：非限制性（逗号）、介词后。省略：作主语不可省；作宾语限制性可省；介词后／非限制性不可省。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 4 Grammar+Listening 精品讲义 2026-2027学年 高一 英语 人教版 必修一 定语从句（that / which）· 第 3 讲（学生版） 定语从句（that/which）核心判断逻辑 适用年级：高一　|　适用教材：新教材人教版必修一 Unit 4 建议课时：2 课时（每课时 45 分钟） 【本讲目标】　攻克 that/which 指物的全部判断规则与省略规律，做到考场判断不卡壳。【本节知识结构图】 判断一句话：先找先行词（被修饰的词）→ 看从句缺什么（主语／宾语）→ 查边界条件。 边界条件：先行词前有最高级／序数词／the only/the very/the last → that；先行词为不定代词 → that；先行词人＋物混搭 → that；有逗号（非限制性）→ which；介词提前（介词＋____）→ which；以上均无 → that/which 均可。 省略：关系词作主语不可省；作宾语在限制性从句里可省；介词后／非限制性里不可省。 一、先弄清：定语从句藏在哪里 判断定语从句，起点落在同一处——先找到被修饰的那个词，再看从句缺了什么成分。下面三句取自一次地震报道，练三件事：圈出从句、找到它修饰的词、判断从句缺了什么。 ① The earthquake that struck the city last night destroyed hundreds of buildings. ② People who lived near the river were told to leave at once. ③ The fire which broke out in the hills spread quickly. 第一件事，找到从句。第①句里 that struck the city last night 是一整块，紧跟 earthquake，用来限定它——"昨夜袭击这座城市的那场"。这块紧跟名词、用来限定名词的成分，就是定语从句。第②句紧跟 people，第③句紧跟 fire。 第二件事，被修饰的词叫先行词。earthquake、people、fire 在从句前、被从句修饰，叫先行词。判断关系词的第一步，永远是先找先行词。 第三件事，看从句缺了什么。第①句里 that 是 struck 的执行者，缺主语；第③句 which broke out，which 也是主语；第②句 who lived，who 还是主语。 判断起点定死了：先看先行词是人是物，再看从句缺什么成分。后面所有规则，都是这个动作的延伸。 练习 1　写出下列各句中先行词是人还是物，并补出从句缺的成分（主语／宾语）。 1. The town which was flooded is now rebuilding.　先行词（　　），从句缺（　　）。 2. The warning that officials issued saved many lives.　先行词（　　），从句缺（　　）。 3. The team that rescued the trapped miners worked overnight.　先行词（　　），从句缺（　　）。 4. The school that was closed after the quake has reopened.　先行词（　　），从句缺（　　）。 5. The food which volunteers distributed reached every village.　先行词（　　），从句缺（　　）。 6. The bridge that the flood washed away was rebuilt last year.　先行词（　　），从句缺（　　）。 这一组的关键在 2 和 6：从句里有主语、有谓语、末尾缺宾语，关系词就补在宾语位置。判断"缺什么成分"，靠把从句抽出来，看剩下的是不是完整的主谓。 易错警示　判断缺什么成分，先把从句抽出来看"剩不剩得下完整的主谓"。以练习 1 第 2 句为例：把 that 抽掉，剩下 officials issued。想一想——这里主谓完整吗？末尾还缺什么成分？据此判断 that 作什么成分。 二、that 指物：作主语不能省，作宾语可省 （一）that 能指物，在从句里当主语或宾语 that 是本单元指物最"全能"的关系词之一，既能当主语，也能当宾语。区别只在一件事：作主语时绝不能省，作宾语时通常可以省。先看两句： ① The rescue team that arrived first was from Wuhan. ② The report that the officer wrote was about the flood. 想一想：第①句 that 后面紧跟的是动词 arrived——它作什么成分？能否省略？第②句 that 后面紧跟的是名词 the officer——它作什么成分？能否省略？ 为什么作主语不能省、作宾语能省？主语是句子的主干，删掉它从句就没了执行动作的一方，句子残缺；宾语删掉后，从句依然完整（主语 officer＋谓语 wrote 还在），只是少了被承受的对象。记忆点一句话：that 在从句里充当的成分越关键，越不能省；作宾语时它可有可无。 考场操作·30秒判断主语还是宾语　① 看关系词后面紧跟的词：紧跟动词（that hit...），关系词作主语；紧跟名词／代词（that officials issued...），关系词通常作宾语。② 用"抽掉法"验证：把关系词抽掉，从句剩下的部分若有完整主谓结构，说明作宾语、可省；若缺主语，说明作主语、不可省。 练习 2　判断下面 that 在从句中作什么成分；能省的打"√"，不能省的打"×"。 1. The shelters that volunteers built can hold 500 people.　作（　　），能否省（　　） 2. The storm that hit the coast lasted three hours.　作（　　），能否省（　　） 3. The bridge that the flood washed away was newly built.　作（　　），能否省（　　） 4. The report that the officer wrote saved many lives.　作（　　），能否省（　　） 5. The report that was delivered yesterday shocked everyone.　作（　　），能否省（　　） （第 4、5 题先行词都是 report，一个作宾语、一个作主语，专门对比例证判断差异。） 判定办法一句话：把 that 抽掉，从句剩下的部分还有没有完整"主语＋谓语"。有→that 是宾语、可省；没有→that 是主语、不可省。 （二）作宾语省略后，别把从句和主句粘糊在一起 作宾语省略 that 后，要防的不是省略本身，而是认不出"这是从句嵌在主句里"。the government issued 是 warning 的定语，不是独立句子；省略只是写法，它和主句的关系没变。 The warning (that) the government issued was not taken seriously. 想一想：这句里 issued 缺了什么？被谁补上？整个主语才完整。试着翻译这句。 省略只是写法：从句嵌在主句里这一层关系没有变。写作用省略更简洁，但一定要读得出"这里原本有个 that"，才不会把从句误当主句。 练习 3　在需要的地方补回省略的 that，并说明它在从句中的作用。 1. The water levels ____ the experts measured rose quickly.（提示：从句主语是 experts，谓语是 measured，末尾缺宾语）　补回 that 后的作用：________ 2. The forest fire ____ the villagers fought was finally under control.（提示：从句主语是 villagers，谓语是 fought，末尾缺宾语）　作用：________ 3. The damage ____ the storm caused reached millions of yuan.　作用：________ 4. The tents ____ the volunteers set up protected the homeless.　作用：________ 5. The news ____ the radio reported spread fast.　作用：________ 这一组练"省略后能还原"——考场里（尤其写作）常用省略形式，读不出被省掉的 that，就分不清主谓宾，容易把从句误判成主句。判断"省略后还原"，就看从句里还缺不缺宾语：缺→这里原本有个 that；不缺→没有。 归纳小结　that 作主语 vs 作宾语，一张表对照记： that 作主语 that 作宾语 判断标志 that 后紧跟动词 that 后紧跟名词／代词 能否省略 不可省 限制性从句中可省 例句 The storm that hit the coast... The report (that) he wrote... 三、which 指物：和 that 在限制性从句里常可互换 which 和 that 一样都指物，都能在从句里作主语或宾语。在限制性定语从句（没有逗号隔开的那种）里，绝大多数时候两者可以互换——这往往成了学生"偷懒"的起点，以为反正都能用，就随手填 which。本讲后半段要专门拆它们的边界，这里先认清 which 的基本用法： ① The building which collapsed in the earthquake was over a century old. ② The food which volunteers distributed reached every village. ③ The rescue dogs which searched the ruins found two survivors. 想一想：②句中 which 是紧跟动词还是名词？在从句中作什么成分？能不能省略？ 练习 4　用 that 或 which 填空（两者皆可处写"均可"）。 1. The tent ____ we stayed in kept us dry through the night.（基础） 2. The news ____ came from the radio said the road was open again.（基础） 3. The flood ____ swept through the valley was the worst in decades.（基础） 4. The equipment ____ the rescuers brought included a portable generator.（中等） 5. The team ____ won the rescue competition was from our school.（中等） 6. The child ____ was found in the ruins is safe now.（中等） 这一组先练"限制性从句里，指物的先行词 that/which 基本通用"；第 5、6 题是提醒——先行词一旦可指人，which 就不再是唯一选择。 易错警示　"物不等于 which"的先入为主，在 team、child 这类可指人的先行词上最易翻车。 四、which 还是 that？四道边界，本讲的重头 （一）物不等于 which 多数学生有个想当然：先行词是物，就用 which。这句话对了一半——却正好在高考最容易丢分的地方栽跟头。真相是：指物的先行词，在"某些场合"里只能 that、不能 which；在另一些场合里只能 which、不能 that。这一节把这两组边界一次性划清楚。 （二）只能用 that、不能 which 的四种场合 先记一个统摄判断：that 比 which"更稳、更收"，凡是被限得最死的先行词，都倾向用 that。四种场合如下。 1. 先行词前有最高级或序数词作定语。 这里的"修饰"指先行词前有最高级（the most serious）、序数词（the first）这类限定成分，把名词限到唯一： 例：The most serious flood ____ this city has ever seen happened in 1998. 例：This is the first time ____ I have visited the disaster area. 例：He is the last person ____ I want to see in this situation. 为什么？可以这样抓底层逻辑：定语从句分两类功能——限定（识别出是哪一个）与 补充（顺带说明一下）。最高级、序数词把名词"限死到唯一"，句子要的是"指出是哪一座"，这是限定的功能；that 天生贴近限定，它引导的从句用来识别出那个独一无二的对象。而 which 更偏向补充说明，还带"挑选、其中哪一个"的意味，与"唯一"相冲。所以一见被限到唯一的先行词，判断直接落到 that。这个"限定 vs 补充"的底子，到第五节学非限制性时还会再用上。 2. 先行词被 the only、the very、the last 等修饰。 例：This is the only bridge ____ connects the two banks. 例：This is the very place ____ the earthquake happened twenty years ago. 例：The last thing ____ I want to do is give up. "唯一一座""正是那座""最后一座"都是把对象锁死，走的还是"限定、识别"那条路，排斥 which 的挑选味。（注意：the same 后通常接 as 而非 that，如 the same book as I read，此处不作 that 类边界。） 3. 先行词是不定代词。 例：All ____ they could do was wait for the rescuers. 例：There is nothing ____ the rescue team can do now but wait. 例：Everything ____ the villagers could save was moved to higher ground. 不定代词（all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much, few, none, some）本身不指具体哪一个"物"，是笼统的全部，与 which 的"择其一"天然不合，只能 that。 4. 先行词既指人又指物（并列结构）。 判断关键在"并列结构"：先行词是"人＋物"连在一起、整体被从句修饰，不能只看离关系词最近的那个词。 例：The doctors and the medicine ____ were sent to the disaster area helped a lot. 例：The teacher and the book ____ influenced me most were both unforgettable. 例：The scientist and the report ____ won the prize are being praised. 因为 which 只指物、who 只指人，面对"人和物混搭"，只有 that 能一肩挑两头。 （三）只能用 which、不能 that 的两种场合 反过来，which 也有 that 管不着的领地，两处： 1. 非限制性定语从句（有逗号隔开的那类）。 that 进不了非限制性从句，指物一律 which。 例：The flood destroyed the bridge, ____ was the only link to the town. 例：The village, ____ had been cut off by the flood, was finally reached. 例：The rescue team reached the village, ____ had been cut off by the flood. 2. 介词＋which 结构。 介词后面不能直接跟 that，只能 which（指人用 whom）。 例：The shelter in ____ they stayed was near the river. 例：The tools with ____ they dug the rubble were borrowed. 例：The bridge from ____ they crossed the river was old. 注意　若"介词＋which"出现在非限制性从句中，两项规则叠加，依然用 which。例：The old tower, under ____ we sheltered, was built in the Ming Dynasty. （四）判断顺序：先看"场不场"，再看"缺什么" 第一步，看先行词前有没有最高级、序数词、the only/very/last——有，直接 that。第二步，看先行词是不是不定代词，或是不是人＋物混搭——是，直接 that。第三步，看是不是非限制性（有逗号）或介词后——是，指物直接 which。第四步，以上都没有，that 和 which 通常都可。 记忆口诀：限得死→that（最高级/only/不定代词/人+物）；离得开→which（逗号、介词后）；都不沾→均可。先想"场不场"，再想"缺什么"。 （五）定语从句关系词选择速查表 做题时直接对照下表，先查"场不场"，再定省不省： 判断条件 选用关系词 能否省略 先行词前有最高级／序数词／the only/the very/the last that 作宾语可省，作主语不可省 先行词为不定代词（all, everything, nothing…） that 同上 先行词既指人又指物（并列结构） that 同上 有逗号（非限制性从句） which（指物）／who（指人） 不可省 介词＋____（介词提前） which（指物）／whom（指人） 不可省 以上均无 that 或 which 均可 作宾语可省，作主语不可省 【辨析·关系代词还是关系副词】 本讲虽只考 that/which，但"物≠which"和"地点≠where"常被一起误判，这里一次分清楚： · 看从句缺什么：缺主语或宾语 → 用关系代词（which/that）；主谓齐全、只缺地点／时间状语 → 用关系副词（where/when）。 · 操作：把从句抽出来，主谓完整、只缺"在哪儿／何时"，就用 where/when；缺主语或宾语，就是 which/that。 · 对照：The town where we lived is small.（lived 主谓完整，只缺地点状语，用 where）／The town which/that we visited is small.（visited 缺宾语，用 which/that） 练习 5　用 that 或 which 填空。 1. The best advice ____ she gave me was to keep calm during the storm.（基础） 2. There is nothing ____ the rescue team can do now but wait.（基础） 3. This is the very place ____ the earthquake happened twenty years ago.（基础） 4. The villagers and their houses ____ were damaged are being taken care of.（中等） 5. He pointed to the map, ____ showed the path to safety.（中等） 6. The old tower under ____ we sheltered was built in the Ming Dynasty.（提升） 7. This is the most beautiful bridge ____ I have ever seen.（提升） 8. The report and the writer ____ impressed me most were from the same team.（提升） 9. The town, in ____ we stayed for a week, was rebuilt after the flood.（提升） 考场操作　遇到 and 并列结构（villagers and their houses），三步走：① 看到 and 立即警觉——先行词可能是"人＋物混搭"；② 看从句谓语动词单复数——were damaged 是复数，提示主语不是单一名词；③ 人和物混搭 → 只能 that。 易错警示　最易丢分两处：一是"物不等于 which"的直觉，二是"人和物并列只盯最近词"。 五、非限制性定语从句：which 的主场 （一）逗号，是分水岭 定语从句分两类：限制性（没有逗号）和非限制性（有逗号）。差别不在好不好，而在"这个信息要不要保留原句意思"。 ① The bridge that the flood destroyed was the only one.（限制性：是"被洪水冲垮的那座"桥，不是别的桥。去掉从句，读者不知道是哪座桥，意思不完整） ② The bridge, which was built in 1980, was the only one.（非限制性：桥已经明确，"建于 1980 年"只是补充信息。去掉从句，句子依然成立） 记住一句话：限制性是"定死是哪个人／物"，非限制性是"补充说明"。这一区分在高考里直接决定关系词的选择——因为非限制性从句里，指物只能用 which，绝不能用 that。 练习 6　下列句子中，哪句是非限制性定语从句？ A. The dam that was completed last year held back the flood. B. The dam, which was completed last year, held back the flood. C. The warning that officers gave saved the villagers. 我的判断：________　判断标志：________ （二）which 还能指代整个主句 非限制性从句里，which 有个高段位用法：先行词不是某个名词，而是前面一整句话。此时 which 翻译成"这""这件事"。 例：The flood came at night, which made rescue very difficult.　试译：________________ 例：The rescue team arrived two hours later, which was too late to save the trapped miners.　想一想：which 指代的是____（一个名词，还是整件事？） 例：The volcano erupted again, which surprised everyone.　想一想：which 指代的是____。 练习 7　用 that 或 which 填空。 1. The volcano erupted again, ____ surprised everyone.（基础） 2. The earthquake, ____ struck at 3 a.m., woke thousands of people.（基础） 3. They built a new shelter, in ____ the homeless could stay for months.（中等） 4. The dam collapsed, ____ caused great damage to the village below.（中等） 5. The town, from ____ they had fled, was completely destroyed.（提升） 判断 which 是否指代整句：看逗号后面从句的语义——它在"总结前面整件事"，就是指代整句；只在"补充某个名词"，就是指代名词。 易错警示　判断 which 是否指代整句，看逗号后面从句的语义是否在"总结前面整件事"，而非补充某个名词。 六、介词＋which：把"关系"说得更准 （一）介词能放到 which 前面 限制性从句里，介词既可以放在句末，也可以提到关系词前，构成"介词＋which"。指物一律 which，绝不用 that。 ① The village in which the flood was the worst is now restored.（= The village (which) the flood was worst in...，但 in 提前后 which 不能省） ② The tools with which they dug the rubble were borrowed. 把介词提前，好处是关系更紧凑；代价是——介词一旦提前，which 就不能省略了。句末的 which 作宾语可省，提到介词后就非留不可。 （二）介词怎么定？三步确定介词 这是介词＋which 最易失分的地方。介词不是靠中文意思猜的，它取决于从句里动词／形容词／名词的固定搭配。按三步操作： 第一步：找到从句中的动词（有时是形容词或名词）。 第二步：写出这个词的固定搭配介词（如 wait→wait for/in；depend→depend on；talk→talk about；familiar→familiar with；escape→escape from）。 第三步：把"介词＋which"放回从句，检查语义是否通顺。 常见搭配示例： in which：在……里。The box in which they kept the medicine was wet.（keep sth in the box） on which：在……上。The desk on which the radio sat was shaking.（sit on the desk） with which：用……。The saw with which they cut the wood.（cut with the saw） from which：从……。The roof from which they were rescued.（rescue from the roof） 遇到不会的介词搭配别慌：先把从句里的动词单独拎出来，想想这个词后面习惯接什么介词（wait for、depend on、talk about…），再套回"介词＋which"。 练习 8　填空，并在括号里写出介词来源的搭配。 1.（提示：wait in the cave）The cave in ____ they waited out the storm was deep.（基础） 2.（提示：pull the boat with the rope）The rope ____ which they pulled the boat was new.（基础） 3.（提示：escape from the disaster）He described the disaster, from ____ he had barely escaped.（基础） 4. The shelter ____ which they stayed through the night was warm.（中等） 5. The desk ____ which the radio sat was shaking.（中等） 6. The point ____ which the flood reached its peak was recorded.（中等） 7. The village, through ____ the river ran, was washed away.（提升） 8. The tower, from ____ they watched the rescue, stood on the hill.（提升） 做题顺序：先看有没有逗号定 which/that，再看从句动词（或名词）的介词搭配定介词。 判断路径示范　以"等待风暴"为例：① 找到从句中的动词搭配——wait out the storm (in the cave)；② 回忆固定搭配——wait（等待）在某地（cave）里用 in；③ 确定介词 in → in which。 易错警示　介词不是靠中文翻译猜的，必须回到从句里的动词／名词看固定搭配；reach the point 用 at、be familiar with 用 with，都得靠搭配。 七、听力：洪水灾害报道（教师朗读） 说明　本活动为语法与听力结合的训练，非高考听力题型，旨在强化"边听边判断关系词"的能力。 这一讲的听力，是把前面学的"物"的定语从句放进真实的灾害报道里。方法是：先通读一遍题目，圈出要抓的信息点，再听朗读。听两遍——第一遍整体感知、抓主干；第二遍逐空定位。教师用可控语速朗读下面这篇报道，学生完成信息抓取。 （一）听前任务：先看要填什么 听下面这篇关于某地洪水的新闻报道，根据所听内容填空。每空一词。填空处不给任何提示，既要听出内容，又要判断该填 that 还是 which。 A serious flood hit the small town of Qingxi last weekend. The town, ①____ sits at the foot of the mountain, received heavy rain for two days. The flood, ②____ came at night, surprised everyone. The bridge ③____ connects the town to the outside world was washed away. Everything ④____ the villagers could save was moved to higher ground. The most serious damage ⑤____ the flood caused was the loss of the local school. Officials say the rescue work, ⑥____ began on Monday morning, is going well. 听前先做三步预判：① 找先行词（逗号前的名词，还是整件事？）；② 看有没有逗号停顿（有→非限制性→指物用 which）；③ 看先行词前有没有最高级、是不是不定代词（是→that）。带着预判去听，落笔才稳。 听前小贴士：先标出每个空前有没有"逗号停顿"，再判断先行词前有没有最高级——把纸面上的判断带进耳朵。 八、综合演练：从单句到语篇，一步步逼向考场 （一）单句填空·打基础 练习 9　单句填空。 1. The news ____ we heard on the radio turned out to be true. 2. The school ____ was built last year can hold 1,000 students. 3. All ____ he said about the flood made sense. 4. This is the most dangerous typhoon ____ has hit the city in ten years. 5. The bridge ____ was washed away last year has been rebuilt. 6. The damage ____ the earthquake caused reached a record level. 7. Everything ____ they could do to help was done. 8. The first rescue team ____ arrived was from Wuhan. 自查三步：① 先判成分——从句缺主语还是宾语？（缺宾语可省，缺主语不可省）② 再看边界——先行词前有最高级、序数词、the only 吗？③ 是不定代词或人＋物混搭吗？是→只能 that。 （二）单项选择·辨陷阱 练习 10　单项选择。 排除流程总纲：① 见 the best/the only/nothing→直接锁定 that；② 见逗号、介词后→指物锁定 which；③ 见地点名词先看缺不缺宾语——缺宾语用 which/that，只有缺状语才用 where；④ 见 people/doctor 等指人先行词，排除 which。 1. The town ____ we visited last summer lies along the Yangtze River. A. where　B. which　C. what　D. who　　我的答案：____ 2. There is nothing ____ the rescuers can do but wait for the water to go down. A. that　B. which　C. what　D. whom　　我的答案：____ 3. The rescue team reached the village, ____ had been cut off by the flood. A. that　B. which　C. where　D. who　　我的答案：____ 4. This is the best film ____ I have ever seen. A. which　B. that　C. where　D. who　　我的答案：____ 5. The doctors and the medicine ____ were sent to the front helped many people. A. that　B. which　C. who　D. where　　我的答案：____ 6. The village, from ____ the rescue team came, is far from the river. A. which　B. that　C. where　D. whom　　我的答案：____ （三）语篇语法填空·对标高考 下面是一篇关于火山喷发的短文，设空方式仿照高考语法填空，全部围绕定语从句考点。通读全文，按"先判成分、再定关系词、后查边界"的顺序作答。 先通读抓大意：短文中每个空都指向一个被修饰的中心词。遇到不认识的词没关系，先判"缺什么成分"，再想"边界条件"。 A volcano on the island woke up again last month. The eruption, ①____ took place in the early morning, sent a huge cloud of ash into the sky. The villagers, ②____ had lived near the mountain for generations, were told to leave the island. Everything ③____ they could carry was loaded onto trucks. The most serious problem ④____ the ash caused was that it blocked the sunlight. Scientists, ⑤____ had been watching the volcano for weeks, had given an early warning. Thanks to the warning, ⑥____ was issued in time, no one was hurt. The village, from ⑦____ many families had fled, is now slowly rebuilding. 难度标注：①基础　②基础　③中等　④中等　⑤提升　⑥提升　⑦提升（①—③练非限制性与不定代词，④—⑦练最高级与介词＋which 叠加）。 做题节奏：见逗号先定非限制性（指物 which／指人 who）；见 the most/the only 先定 that；见不定代词先定 that。三步判断练熟，考场在"物"上不再犹豫。 考情提示　高考语法填空整篇 10 空，定语从句一般只占 1—2 空，但每一处都要求一次精准判断。这里的 7 空是"专项密集训练"，把四道边界练到肌肉记忆，考场上遇到那 1—2 空才不会错。 易错警示　语篇填空里，逗号＋名词后是判断 which/who/that 的信号；不要因为先行词是地点就误用 where。 （四）真题链接·近年高考这样考 真题 1（2024 新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空，第 9 空）：The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing the steps along the Silk Route ____ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. 作答：________　想一想：先行词指人还是指物？在从句中作什么成分？ 真题 2（改编自 2025 浙江 1 月卷·语法填空第 63 空，话题由"时尚租赁"调整为"灾后重建"）：The rescue team is also looking beyond the damaged roads to the flooded villages, ____ they plan to rebuild as safer homes and offer to the victims, so that the whole community can return to normal life. 作答：________　想一想：有逗号吗？先行词指物吗？ 九、误用诊断：把别人（也是你自己）的错揪出来 把学过的边界反过来用：下面五句都错在"物"的定语从句上，先自己改正，再对照规则。规则背得熟不难，难在写对——这一节专挑你容易写错的地方。 1. This is the most beautiful village which I have ever visited.　改正：________ 2. There is little which the rescuers can do for now.　改正：________ 3. The old house, that survived the earthquake, is now a museum.　改正：________ 4. The doctors and the medicine which arrived on time saved many lives.　改正：________ 5. The shelter in that they stayed was made of wood.　改正：________ 改错顺序　先看"逗号、最高级/序数词/only、不定代词、人+物、介词后"五个开关，哪个命中就改哪个。 错误类型对照　改完自测五类开关是否都掌握：逗号（非限制性）→ which；最高级／序数词／only → that；不定代词 → that；人＋物混搭 → that；介词后 → which。 易错警示　误用诊断的核心是"先判类型再改"，别凭语感乱改。 十、写作迁移：让"物"的定语从句为你提分 定语从句学完不只在填空里用，写作才是它的主场。下面是一个灾害场景，把零散信息合并成含 that/which 的完整句子——合并信息、立住主干，正是作文提分的第一步。 场景：台风过后，记者要描述受灾的小镇。给定以下零散信息，请合并成含定语从句的句子： 1. 信息：一座桥被冲毁＋这座桥连接两个村庄。写：The bridge ____ connects the two villages was washed away. 2. 信息：一份报告＋报告指出损失＋报告由专家提交。写：The report ____ the experts submitted pointed out the losses. 3. 信息：所有能带走的东西＋都被转移了。写：Everything ____ could be taken was moved to safety. 4. 信息：一份通知＋通知由镇政府发布＋通知要求大家撤离。写：The notice ____ the town government issued asked everyone to leave. 5. 信息：那些在洪水中幸存下来的房屋＋大多是新建的。写：The houses ____ survived the flood were mostly newly built. 病句升格：看看"不会用"到"会用"的进化 病句：The town was damaged. We visited the town last summer.（两句割裂，平淡） 升格一（合并成一句）：________________________________ 升格二（省略关系词，更简洁）：________________________________ 想一想：为什么升格二可以省略关系词？请说明理由：________________________________ 合并信息的小诀窍：先找出"被修饰的中心词"（如 a bridge），再想它"连接两个村庄"该怎么放进从句。信息里凡是要限定"哪一个"的，都能用定语从句装进去。 写作自检三步法　写完后按三步自查：① 先行词找对了吗？② 关系词指人还是指物？③ 边界条件检查了吗（逗号／最高级／不定代词／人＋物／介词后）？提示：写作里 that/which 作宾语时常用省略形式（如 The report the experts submitted...），但作主语或边界场合不可省。 十一、考场提速：两个"省略开关" 本讲最后，把最容易在考场上犹豫的两个"省略开关"梳理清楚。它们关系到判断 that/which 到底要不要写、能不能省： 开关一：关系词作从句主语，永远不能省。The typhoon which/that hit the coast was powerful.——which/that 是 hit 的主语，省了就成残句。这一条无论限制性还是非限制性都成立。 开关二：关系词作从句宾语，限制性从句里可省，介词后与非限制性里不可省。The warning (that/which) officials gave saved lives.——gave 缺宾语，可省；但 The warning, which officials gave, ...（非限制性）和 The warning about which they talked ...（介词后）就都不能省。 把两个开关合成一句记：能不能省，看它当不当主语；当宾语才谈得上省，且只在限制性里能省。 考场提速关键：把判断压缩成三步——① 有无逗号？② 先行词前有无最高级/only/不定代词？③ 从句缺主语还是宾语？三步答完，that/which、省不省都有了着落。 练习 11　判断下列各空：能省的写"可省"，不能省的写"不可省"，并说明原因。 1. The report ____ the team prepared was about the flood damage.（基础）　判断：____　原因：________ 2. The storm, ____ lasted two days, delayed the rescue.（中等）　判断：____　原因：________ 3. The bridge from ____ they crossed the river was old.（提升）　判断：____　原因：________ 4. The warning ____ officials gave saved many lives.（基础）　判断：____　原因：________ 5. The town, ____ was rebuilt after the flood, now attracts many visitors.（中等）　判断：____　原因：________ 6. The cave in ____ the rescuers took shelter was deep.（提升）　判断：____　原因：________ 判断动作　判断"可省不可省"，每一步：第一步，看关系词后面紧跟的是动词还是名词——紧跟动词→作主语；紧跟名词／代词→作宾语。第二步，作宾语时再问：是不是介词后？是不是非限制性（有逗号）？是→不可省；都不是→限制性从句，可省。 练习 12　还原下列长难句中省略的关系词，并说明其作用。 1. The news the radio reported spread quickly.　还原：____　作用：________ 2. The book the teacher recommended was on the shelf.　还原：____　作用：________ 3. The warning the government issued was not taken seriously.　还原：____　作用：________ 这一组练"读长难句时把省略的 that 还原"：从句末尾缺宾语，说明这里原本有个 that。看清主谓宾结构，才不会被长句绕晕。 归纳小结　省略规则速查表： 情形 能否省略 关系词作从句主语 不可省 关系词作宾语＋限制性从句 可省 关系词作宾语＋非限制性从句 不可省 介词＋关系词（介词提前） 不可省 易错警示　"介词提前→不可省"是省略考点的最大陷阱。 十二、本讲一句话收束 指物的定语从句，判断就绕着一个动作转：先分限制性（有无逗号），再查边界（最高级、序数词、the only/very、不定代词、人+物都锁定 that；非限制性、介词后锁定 which），最后看从句缺主语还是宾语（缺主语不可省，缺宾语可省）。把"逗号—边界—缺什么"三个判断带熟，这一讲的核心就已掌握。下一讲，我们把先行词换成"人"和"所属"，处理 who、whom、whose。 本讲速记卡（对照板书自查） 板书主线：先行词（被修饰的词）→ 缺什么成分（主语／宾语）→ 边界检查。 that：最高级／序数词／only/very、不定代词、人＋物。which：非限制性（逗号）、介词后。省略：作主语不可省；作宾语限制性可省；介词后／非限制性不可省。 本讲过关自测（对照打勾） □ 我能先找先行词，再看从句缺主语还是宾语。 □ 我能判断 that 作主语（不可省）还是宾语（限制性可省）。 □ 我能说出四种只能用 that 的场合（最高级/only、不定代词、人＋物混搭）。 □ 我能说出两种只能用 which 的场合（非限制性、介词后）。 □ 我能用"抽掉法"和"三步定介词"独立做完本讲练习。 □ 写作里我能用 that/which 合并信息、省略宾语关系词。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $