专题01 Unit 1 Honesty and responsibility-【语境串考点】一轮高频考点 单元备考学案 -2027届高三英语译林版选修第四册

该高中英语高考复习学案系统梳理了12个高考高频词汇，以“语境串记语篇”为核心构建故事线索，通过记忆链串联integrity、principle等考点，结合词根拆解、词性变化总表等模块，引导学生自主梳理词义、搭配及高考考点，形成层次分明的知识网络。 亮点在于自主学习支持与个性化设计，如语法填空融入真题改编题，语篇默写强化语境运用，自我检测复述模板助力知识内化，培养学生语言能力与学习能力。教师可通过练习反馈精准把握学情，支持因材施教，提升备考实效。

专题01【语境串考点】第一单元备考学案（译林版2019） 高考高频知识点：integrity / principle / reliable / garbage / guilty / ashamed / burden / discouraged / forgive / guidance / virtue / worthwhile （知识点来源：选择性必修四 Unit 1 · Honesty and responsibility + 高考高频知识点） 学校:____________________ 姓名：____________________ 班级：__________ 座号：__________ 目录 Part 1 语境串记语篇 1 【英文语篇】 1 【中文译文】 1 Part 2 知识点列表 2 Part 3 词根拆解 · 联想记忆 · 高考考点 2 Part 4 词性变化总表 9 Part 5 语境复现练习 — 语法填空 9 【练习题】 9 Part 6 知识点默写：根据汉语提示用所学单词的适当形式完成语篇 11 【练习题】 11 Part 7 关联阅读 11 Part 8 复现知识点 — 英译汉 12 Part 9 写作运用 — 词汇升级 13 Part 10 语境串联复盘 — 自我检测 14 Part 1 语境串记语篇 【英文语篇】 My uncle often says that integrity is the only thing a person can never buy back. He has a simple principle: never say what you do not mean. Everyone in our small town treats him as a reliable neighbour, and last spring he asked me to help him clear the garbage along the river bank. That morning I broke his old camera and told him a bird had knocked it down. I felt guilty at once, and I was ashamed of my own voice. The lie sat on my chest like a heavy burden, and by evening I was so discouraged that I could not eat. When I finally told him the truth, he chose to forgive me and gave me quiet guidance instead of anger. Honesty, he said, is a virtue that costs you something today but makes every tomorrow worthwhile. 【中文译文】 我叔叔常说，（integrity）正直是一个人唯一买不回来的东西。他有一条朴素的（principle）原则：绝不说自己并不当真的话。小镇上的人都把他当作一位（reliable）可靠的邻居，去年春天他叫我去帮他清理河岸边的（garbage）垃圾。 那天早上我摔坏了他的旧相机，却对他说是一只鸟把它碰下来的。我立刻感到（guilty）内疚，也为自己的声音感到（ashamed）羞愧。那个谎言像一副沉重的（burden）担子压在我胸口，到了傍晚我（discouraged）灰心得连饭都吃不下。当我终于说出实情时，他选择（forgive）原谅我，并没有发火，而是给了我平静的（guidance）指导。他说，诚实是一种（virtue）美德，它今天让你付出代价，却让往后的每一天都（worthwhile）值得。 💡 语境串联记忆线索：正直立身→坚守原则→为人可靠→清理垃圾→说谎内疚→深感羞愧→心头重负→一度灰心→得到原谅→获得指导→懂得美德→觉得值得 记忆链：integrity → principle → reliable → garbage → guilty → ashamed → burden → discouraged → forgive → guidance → virtue → worthwhile Part 2 知识点列表 序号 知识点 音标 词性 + 释义 + 高考考点 1 integrity /ɪnˈteɡrəti/ n. 正直；诚实；完整；完好 ⚡考点：a person/man of integrity 正直的人；academic integrity 学术诚信；integrate v. 整合；integral adj. 不可或缺的 2 principle /ˈprɪnsəpl/ n. 原则；准则；原理；法则 ⚡考点：in principle 原则上；on principle 出于原则；stick to one's principles 坚守原则；辨析principle与principal 3 reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ adj. 可靠的；可信赖的；确实的 ⚡考点：a reliable source 可靠消息来源；rely on/upon 依靠；reliance n. 依赖；reliability n. 可靠性 4 garbage /ˈɡɑːbɪdʒ/ n. 垃圾；废物；废话（不可数） ⚡考点：a garbage can/bin 垃圾桶；take out the garbage 倒垃圾；辨析garbage/rubbish/trash/litter/waste 5 guilty /ˈɡɪlti/ adj. 内疚的；有罪的；心虚的 ⚡考点：feel guilty about (doing) sth. 对…内疚；be guilty of 犯有…罪；guilt n. 内疚；反义innocent 6 ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/ adj. 惭愧的；羞愧的（只作表语） ⚡考点：be ashamed of sth. 为…羞愧；be ashamed to do 羞于做；辨析ashamed（人）与shameful（事） 7 burden /ˈbɜːdn/ n. 负担；重担 vt. 使负担；麻烦 ⚡考点：a heavy burden 沉重负担；be a burden on/to sb.；burden sb. with sth.；ease the burden 减轻负担 8 discouraged /dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒd/ adj. 灰心的；泄气的 ⚡考点：feel/become discouraged 感到灰心；discourage sb. from doing 劝阻某人做；discouraging adj. 令人泄气的 9 forgive /fəˈɡɪv/ vt. 原谅；宽恕；免除（债务） ⚡考点：forgive sb. for (doing) sth.；forgive—forgave—forgiven 不规则变化；forgiveness n. 宽恕 10 guidance /ˈɡaɪdns/ n. 指导；引导；指引（不可数） ⚡考点：under the guidance of 在…指导下；give/provide guidance on 就…给予指导；guideline n. 准则 11 virtue /ˈvɜːtʃuː/ n. 美德；德行；优点；好处 ⚡考点：by virtue of 凭借；由于；a virtue of doing 做某事的好处；virtuous adj. 品德高尚的；virtually adv. 几乎 12 worthwhile /ˌwɜːθˈwaɪl/ adj. 值得（做）的；有意义的 ⚡考点：It is worthwhile to do/doing sth.；a worthwhile experience；辨析worth / worthy / worthwhile 三兄弟 Part 3 词根拆解 · 联想记忆 · 高考考点 1. integrity /ɪnˈteɡrəti/ n. 正直；诚实；完整；完好 【核心考点】 integrity是"诚实与责任"主题的灵魂词，也是议论文与人物评价类写作的高分名词。常用搭配a person/man/woman of integrity（正直的人）、personal/professional/academic integrity（个人操守/职业操守/学术诚信）、maintain/preserve one's integrity（保持操守）、act with integrity（行事正派）、territorial integrity（领土完整）。integrity为不可数名词，前不加冠词a。同源词integrate v.（使成为一体；整合）→ integrate A into/with B；integration n.（整合；融合）；integral adj.（必需的；不可或缺的）→ be integral to sth.。辨析：integrity（内在的道德完整性，强调"表里如一、不可收买"）vs honesty（不说谎、不欺骗，侧重言语行为）vs dignity（尊严）vs sincerity（真诚）。写"做人要有原则、不做两面派"首选integrity。 【词根联想】 in-（不，not）+ teg/tang（拉丁tangere"触碰，touch"）+ -ity（名词后缀）→ 未被触碰、未被玷污的状态→ 完整无缺→ 引申为品格上的完整→ 正直。联想：tang/tact"触"→ contact（接触）、tactile（触觉的）、intact（完好无损的，in-未+tact触）、tangible（可触知的）、integrity（正直）。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：integrity n. 完整；完好无损。熟义"正直"之外，integrity常指事物结构或体系的完整性，如the structural integrity of the bridge（桥梁的结构完整性）、the integrity of the data（数据的完整性）、territorial integrity（领土完整）。此义在科技类与时政类阅读中高频出现。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"A man of integrity will tell the truth even when a comfortable lie would cost him nothing."（一个正直的人，即使说个无伤大雅的谎话毫无代价，他也依然会说出真相。）（经典原句·integrity 正直） 【搭配词块】 a man of integrity 正直的人 / academic integrity 学术诚信 / act with integrity 行事正派 / integrate v. 整合 2. principle /ˈprɪnsəpl/ n. 原则；准则；行为准则；原理；定律 【核心考点】 principle是高考真题反复出现的高频名词，也是拼写易错重灾区。核心搭配in principle（原则上；大体上，表同意但细节待定）、on principle（出于原则；根据原则）、a matter of principle（原则问题）、stick to/stand by one's principles（坚守原则）、against one's principles（违背某人的原则）、the principle of fairness（公平原则）、meet the following principles（符合下列原则）。表"做人准则"时常用复数principles。高考经典易错点：principle只作名词（原则），principal既可作形容词（主要的，=main）又可作名词（校长；本金），两词读音完全相同，必须靠语境区分，如the principal reason（主要原因）、the school principal（校长）。 【词根联想】 prin/prim（拉丁primus"第一"）+ cip（capere"拿，取"）+ -le → 最先被拿在手里的东西→ 首要的道理→ 原则；原理。联想：prim"第一"→ primary（首要的）、prime（最好的）、prince（王子→第一位继承者）、principal（主要的）、principle（原则）。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：principle n. 原理；定律；工作原理。熟义"原则"之外，principle在科技说明文中指自然规律或机器的运行原理，如the principle of gravity（重力原理）、the basic principles of physics（物理学基本定律）、explain the working principle of the engine（解释引擎的工作原理）。 【真题原句】 （2021·全国乙卷·语法填空·principles表"原则"）"Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles: Minimize the impact of visiting the place."（实际上，一次真正的环保之旅必须符合下列原则：把到访该地所造成的影响降到最低。）（真题原句·principle 原则） 【搭配词块】 in principle 原则上 / on principle 出于原则 / stick to one's principles 坚守原则 / meet the principles 符合原则 3. reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ adj. 可靠的；可信赖的；确实的 【核心考点】 reliable是评价人品与信息来源的高频形容词，读后续写与议论文两用。搭配要点：a reliable friend/partner/witness（可靠的朋友/伙伴/证人）、a reliable source（可靠消息来源）、reliable information/evidence/data（可靠的信息/证据/数据）、prove reliable（证明是可靠的）。动词rely v.（依靠）→ rely on/upon sb. to do sth.或rely on sb.'s doing sth.，注意rely为不及物动词，必须加on/upon；名词reliance n.（依赖）→ place reliance on；reliability n.（可靠性）；反义unreliable adj.。辨析：reliable（经得起反复检验、不会掉链子）vs dependable（可依赖的，语义相近，多指人）vs trustworthy（值得信任的，侧重品德）vs credible（可信的，侧重内容令人信服）。 【词根联想】 re-（一再，back）+ ly/lig（拉丁ligare"捆绑，bind"）+ -able（可…的）→ 能被一次次绑住、拴住而不脱落的→ 可靠的。联想：lig/ly"绑"→ rely（依靠）、reliance（依赖）、reliable（可靠的）、ally（结盟→绑在一起）、liable（有义务的；易于…的）、oblige（使负有义务）。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：reliable adj.（消息、数据）确实的；准确无误的。熟义"（人）可靠的"之外，reliable常修饰信息类名词，表示"来源确实、可采信"，如according to a reliable source（据可靠消息）、reliable statistics（准确的统计数据）。此义在新闻类与科普类阅读中出现率极高。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"A reliable person is not someone who never fails, but someone who never hides what he has done."（可靠的人并非从不犯错的人，而是从不隐瞒自己所作所为的人。）（经典原句·reliable 可靠的） 【搭配词块】 a reliable source 可靠来源 / rely on 依靠 / reliance n. 依赖 / reliability n. 可靠性 4. garbage /ˈɡɑːbɪdʒ/ n. 垃圾；废物；废话；无价值的东西 【核心考点】 garbage是环保与社会责任类语篇的高频名词，属不可数名词，不能说a garbage或garbages。常用搭配a garbage can/bin（垃圾桶，美式）、a garbage truck（垃圾车）、garbage collection（垃圾收集）、take out the garbage（把垃圾拿出去倒）、throw sth. into the garbage（把某物扔进垃圾里）、sort the garbage（垃圾分类）。辨析这一组近义词是高考词汇题的经典考点：garbage（美式，厨余、生活湿垃圾）vs rubbish（英式通用，泛指垃圾，也可指"废话"）vs trash（美式，废纸、干垃圾）vs litter（乱丢在公共场所的废弃物，也可作动词"乱扔"）vs waste（废弃物；也作动词"浪费"，food waste食物浪费）。 【词根联想】 源自中古英语garbage"（禽类的）内脏、下水"→ 厨房里清理出来丢弃的东西→ 垃圾。联想：garbage（垃圾）与garble（篡改；使混乱）读音相近，可记"被搅乱、被丢弃的东西"；同类词汇群rubbish / trash / litter / waste / junk（废旧杂物）一并串记。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：garbage n. 废话；胡说；毫无价值的东西。熟义"垃圾"之外，garbage可指内容空洞、毫无价值的言论或数据，如Don't talk garbage!（别胡说八道！）、计算机领域名言Garbage in, garbage out.（输入的是垃圾，输出的也是垃圾）。此义在口语类听力与观点类阅读中常见。 【真题原句】 （2022·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读B·garbage cans表"垃圾桶"）"It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from 'ugly' (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans."（有多少完全没问题的食物被扔掉，简直令人瞠目结舌——从被菜贩拒收的"卖相差"（却完全能吃）的蔬菜，到大量被倒进餐馆垃圾桶里的剩菜。）（真题原句·garbage 垃圾） 【搭配词块】 a garbage can 垃圾桶 / take out the garbage 倒垃圾 / sort the garbage 垃圾分类 / garbage in, garbage out 输入垃圾即输出垃圾 5. guilty /ˈɡɪlti/ adj. 内疚的；自责的；有罪的；心虚的 【核心考点】 guilty是读后续写心理描写与议论文品德话题的双料高频词。两大用法必须分清：①表"内疚"→ feel/be guilty about (doing) sth.（对做某事感到内疚），注意介词用about，也可用feel guilty for doing；②表"有罪"→ be guilty of (a crime)（犯有某罪，介词用of）、be found guilty（被判有罪）、plead guilty（认罪）。常用短语a guilty conscience（负罪感；心虚）、a guilty look（心虚的神色）。名词guilt n.（内疚；罪责，不可数）→ a sense of guilt（一种负罪感）；副词guiltily adv.（内疚地）；反义innocent adj.（无辜的；清白的）。辨析：guilty（因做错事而自责，含"我有责任"之意）vs ashamed（因丢脸而羞愧，含"怕人知道"之意）vs regretful（后悔的，语气较轻）。 【词根联想】 古英语gylt"罪过；应偿之债"+ 形容词后缀-y → 背着债与罪的→ 有罪的；内疚的。联想：guilt（罪；内疚）→ guilty（有罪的）、guiltless（无罪的）、guiltily（内疚地）；与built、quilt形近，可编"背着罪(guilt)缝被子(quilt)"帮助拼写记忆。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：guilty adj.（神情、举止）心虚的；做贼心虚的。熟义"内疚的"之外，guilty可直接修饰表情、眼神、沉默等名词，如a guilty look（心虚的表情）、a guilty silence（心虚的沉默）、guilty pleasure（罪恶的快感；明知不该却很享受的事）。此义在记叙文与读后续写中极为实用。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"He felt guilty about the small lie for weeks, though nobody else ever noticed it."（尽管别人从未察觉，他还是为那个小小的谎言内疚了好几个星期。）（经典原句·guilty 内疚的） 【搭配词块】 feel guilty about 对…内疚 / be guilty of 犯有…罪 / a guilty conscience 负罪感 / guilt n. 内疚 6. ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/ adj. 惭愧的；羞愧的；难为情的 【核心考点】 ashamed是高考语法填空与写作的经典考点词。三大句型：be ashamed of sb./sth./doing sth.（为…感到羞愧）、be ashamed to do sth.（羞于做某事，因羞愧而不愿做）、be ashamed that…（对…感到惭愧）。最高频易错点：ashamed只能作表语或补语，不能作定语；要修饰名词须换用shameful，如a shameful act（可耻的行为），而不能说an ashamed act。同源词shame n.（羞耻；遗憾）→ to one's shame（令某人羞愧的是）、What a shame!（真遗憾！）；shameful adj.（可耻的，修饰事）；shameless adj.（无耻的，修饰人）。辨析：ashamed（自己因做错事或表现不佳而羞愧）vs embarrassed（因场面尴尬而难为情，不涉道德）vs guilty（因有责任而内疚）。 【词根联想】 a-（加强语气的古英语前缀）+ shame（羞耻）+ -ed（形容词后缀，表"感到…的"）→ 内心充满羞耻感的→ 惭愧的。联想：shame"羞耻"→ ashamed（感到羞愧的，修饰人）、shameful（可耻的，修饰事）、shameless（无耻的）、shamefaced（面带愧色的）。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：shame n. 憾事；可惜的事。同族词shame在口语中常表"遗憾"，与"羞耻"无关，如What a shame you can't come!（你来不了真可惜！）、It's a shame to waste it.（浪费掉太可惜了。）此义在听力与对话类语篇中出现频率很高。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"She was ashamed of having blamed her little brother for a mistake she had made herself."（她为自己把过错推给弟弟而感到羞愧，那其实是她自己犯的错。）（经典原句·ashamed 羞愧的） 【搭配词块】 be ashamed of 为…羞愧 / be ashamed to do 羞于做 / shameful adj. 可耻的 / What a shame! 真遗憾！ 7. burden /ˈbɜːdn/ n. 负担；重担；负荷 vt. 使负担；麻烦（某人） 【核心考点】 burden兼具具体的"重物"与抽象的"精神/经济重负"两义，是议论文和记叙文都用得上的提分词。作名词：a heavy/financial/emotional burden（沉重的/经济的/情感的负担）、be a burden on/to sb.（成为某人的负担）、bear/shoulder/carry the burden（承担重担）、ease/lighten/reduce the burden（减轻负担）、the burden of proof（举证责任）。作动词：burden sb. with sth.（使某人承担…）、be burdened with debts（负债累累）。辨析：burden（多指心理、经济或责任上的重负，含"压得人喘不过气"之意）vs load（实际装载的重物，也可指工作量workload）vs pressure（外来压力）vs stress（精神紧张）。写"减轻学生课业负担"标准表达是ease students' academic burden。 【词根联想】 古英语byrthen"被扛起的东西"，与动词beran"承载，bear"同源→ 需要人背负之物→ 重担。联想：bear"承载；忍受"→ burden（负担）、birth（出生→被"带来"的生命）、bearable（可忍受的）、unbearable（难以忍受的）、forbear（克制）。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：burden vt. 麻烦；使操心。熟义名词"负担"之外，burden作动词常用于客套语，表示"拿…事去麻烦别人"，如I don't want to burden you with my problems.（我不想拿我的烦心事去麻烦你。）此义在书信类写作与对话理解中很实用。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"The secret he kept from his parents slowly became a burden that he could no longer carry alone."（他对父母隐瞒的那个秘密，渐渐变成了一副他再也无法独自承受的重担。）（经典原句·burden 负担） 【搭配词块】 a heavy burden 沉重负担 / be a burden on sb. 成为某人负担 / ease the burden 减轻负担 / burden sb. with sth. 使某人负担 8. discouraged /dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒd/ adj. 灰心的；泄气的；沮丧的 【核心考点】 discouraged是读后续写情绪描写的必备词，也是高考"-ed与-ing形容词"辨析的经典考点。用法要点：feel/become/get discouraged（感到灰心）、be discouraged by sth.（因某事而泄气）、Don't be discouraged!（别灰心！）。核心辨析：discouraged（人感到灰心，主语通常是人）vs discouraging（令人泄气的，主语通常是物），如The result was discouraging, and we all felt discouraged.。动词discourage v.（使气馁；劝阻）→ discourage sb. from doing sth.（劝阻某人做某事，from不可省略，这是高考语法高频考点）；名词discouragement n.（气馁；劝阻）。反义词族：encourage v.、encouraged adj.（受鼓舞的）、encouraging adj.（令人鼓舞的）、courage n.（勇气）、courageous adj.（勇敢的）。 【词根联想】 dis-（去掉，除去）+ cour（拉丁cor"心，heart"）+ -age（名词后缀）+ -ed → 把心气、勇气拿走的→ 灰心的。联想：cour/cord"心"→ courage（勇气）、encourage（鼓励→把勇气注入）、discourage（使气馁→把勇气抽走）、cordial（热诚的）、record（记录→记在心上）、accord（一致）。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：discourage vt. 阻止；劝阻；不鼓励。熟义"使气馁"之外，discourage常表示"通过设置障碍来阻止某种行为"，如measures to discourage smoking（劝阻吸烟的措施）、discourage students from using phones in class（不鼓励学生课上用手机）。此义在议论文与说明文中高频出现。 【真题原句】 （2021·全国甲卷·阅读D·become discouraged表"灰心"）"Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up?"（我们这颗星球承受得起任何一位伟大思想者变得灰心丧气、就此放弃吗？）（真题原句·discouraged 灰心的） 【搭配词块】 feel discouraged 感到灰心 / be discouraged by 因…泄气 / discourage sb. from doing 劝阻某人做 / discouraging adj. 令人泄气的 9. forgive /fəˈɡɪv/ vt. 原谅；宽恕；免除（债务） 【核心考点】 forgive是"诚实与责任"主题下的核心动词，读后续写结尾升华段的常用词。句型要点：forgive sb. for (doing) sth.（因某事原谅某人，for后接名词或动名词）、forgive sb. sth.（双宾语结构，原谅某人某事）、Forgive me for asking, but…（恕我冒昧问一句…，客套表达）。不规则变化必须牢记：forgive—forgave—forgiven—forgiving，语法填空常考forgiven作过去分词。派生词forgiveness n.（宽恕；原谅）→ ask/beg for forgiveness（请求原谅）；forgiving adj.（宽容的；宽大的）；forgivable adj.（可原谅的）；unforgivable adj.（不可饶恕的）。辨析：forgive（不再心存怨恨，语气最重也最真诚）vs excuse（原谅小过失，常用Excuse me）vs pardon（正式，含赦免之意）vs tolerate（容忍，只是忍受并未释怀）。 【词根联想】 for-（彻底地；完全地，加强语气的古英语前缀）+ give（给）→ 把怨恨彻底"给"出去，不再追讨→ 宽恕；免除（债务）。联想：for-"彻底；否定"→ forget（忘掉→彻底放开）、forbid（禁止）、forsake（抛弃）、forgive（宽恕）。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：forgive vt. 免除（债务）；豁免。熟义"原谅"之外，forgive在经济与法律语境中指"不再要求偿还"，如forgive a debt（免除一笔债务）、The bank agreed to forgive the loan.（银行同意豁免这笔贷款。）此义在时事与财经类阅读中偶有出现。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"His teacher chose to forgive him the moment he told the whole truth, but asked him to repair the damage himself."（在他说出全部真相的那一刻，老师就选择了原谅他，只是要求他自己去弥补损失。）（经典原句·forgive 原谅） 【搭配词块】 forgive sb. for doing 因…原谅某人 / forgiveness n. 宽恕 / forgiving adj. 宽容的 / forgave / forgiven 不规则变化 10. guidance /ˈɡaɪdns/ n. 指导；引导；指引；辅导 【核心考点】 guidance是教育与成长类语篇的高频名词，写作中替换help可显著提档。搭配要点：under the guidance of sb.（在某人的指导下，介词固定用under）、give/offer/provide guidance on/about sth.（就某事给予指导）、seek guidance from sb.（向某人寻求指导）、parental guidance（家长指导）、career guidance（就业指导）、moral guidance（道德引导）。高考易错点：guidance为不可数名词，不能说a guidance或guidances，要表"一条建议"须用a piece of guidance。同源词guide v.（引导；指导）→ guide sb. through sth.（引导某人度过…）、guide n.（导游；指南）；guideline n.（准则；指导方针，常用复数guidelines）；guided adj.（有导游的）→ a guided tour（有导游陪同的游览）。辨析：guidance（较正式，含"方向性指引"）vs advice（建议，最通用）vs instruction（指示；说明）vs direction（指示；方向）。 【词根联想】 guide（引导）+ -ance（名词后缀，表行为、状态或性质）→ 引导这一行为→ 指导。联想：guide"引导"→ guidance（指导）、guidebook（指南手册）、guideline（准则）、guided（有向导的）；同类后缀-ance→ importance、performance、assistance。 【真题原句】 （2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读D·guidance表"指导"）"Give guidance to citizen scientists."（为公民科学家提供指导。）（真题原句·2024新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D第35题正确选项D·guidance 指导） 【搭配词块】 under the guidance of 在…指导下 / give guidance on 就…给予指导 / seek guidance 寻求指导 / guideline n. 准则 11. virtue /ˈvɜːtʃuː/ n. 美德；德行；优点；好处；长处 【核心考点】 virtue是品德话题议论文的核心名词，"诚信是一种美德"标准表达即Honesty is a virtue。搭配要点：by virtue of sth.（凭借；由于，正式书面语，可替换because of以提档）、a woman/man of virtue（有德行的人）、the virtue of patience（耐心这一美德）、make a virtue of necessity（把不得已之事说成美德）、Patience is a virtue.（谚语：忍耐是美德）。派生词virtuous adj.（品德高尚的；有道德的）；virtually adv.（几乎；实际上，高频副词）；virtual adj.（虚拟的；实质上的）→ virtual reality（虚拟现实）。注意virtue（美德）与virtual（虚拟的）虽同根但语义已分化，切勿混淆。辨析：virtue（道德层面的优秀品质，也可指事物的优点）vs merit（价值；优点，中性）vs advantage（优势，侧重实用）vs strength（长处；强项）。 【词根联想】 拉丁vir"男人；勇力"+ -tue → 男子气概→ 卓越的品格→ 美德；优点。联想：vir"男人；力量"→ virile（有男子气概的）、virtue（美德）、virtuous（品德高尚的）、virtuoso（技艺大师）；注意与vital（生命的）区分。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：virtue n. 优点；长处；好处（指事物）。熟义"美德"之外，virtue可指某个方案或事物的可取之处，如The great virtue of this design is its simplicity.（这个设计最大的优点在于简洁。）另有短语by virtue of（凭借；由于），是写作提档的高级介词短语。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Honesty is not a rule printed on the wall but a virtue that has to be chosen again and again."（诚实不是印在墙上的一条规定，而是一种需要一次又一次去选择的美德。）（经典原句·virtue 美德） 【搭配词块】 by virtue of 凭借；由于 / a man of virtue 有德之人 / Patience is a virtue. 忍耐是美德 / virtuous adj. 品德高尚的 12. worthwhile /ˌwɜːθˈwaɪl/ adj. 值得（做）的；值得花时间（精力、金钱）的；有意义的 【核心考点】 worthwhile是高考"worth家族"辨析的压轴考点，写作结尾升华句的常用词。三兄弟必须分清：①worth（介词性形容词）→ be worth + n./doing sth.，主动形式表被动含义，如The book is worth reading.；②worthy（形容词）→ be worthy of + n./being done，或be worthy to be done，如He is worthy of our respect.；③worthwhile（形容词）→ It is worthwhile to do sth. / doing sth.，主语常用形式主语it，也可作定语，如a worthwhile experience（一段有意义的经历）、a worthwhile cause（一项有意义的事业）。常见搭配：make sth. worthwhile（使某事变得值得）、prove worthwhile（证明是值得的）、well worthwhile（非常值得）。同族词worth n.（价值）→ of great worth；worthless adj.（毫无价值的）；trustworthy adj.（值得信赖的）；praiseworthy adj.（值得称赞的）。 【词根联想】 worth（价值；值得）+ while（一段时间）→ 值得花上一段时间去做的→ 值得的。联想：-worthy"值得…的"构词家族→ trustworthy（值得信赖的）、praiseworthy（值得称赞的）、noteworthy（值得注意的）、newsworthy（有新闻价值的）、seaworthy（适于航海的）。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"It is worthwhile telling the truth today, even if it costs you something, because it makes every tomorrow easier."（今天说出真话是值得的，即便要付出代价，因为它会让往后的每一天都更轻松。）（经典原句·worthwhile 值得的） 【搭配词块】 It is worthwhile to do 做…是值得的 / a worthwhile experience 有意义的经历 / be worth doing 值得做 / be worthy of 配得上 Part 4 词性变化总表 原词 派生词1 派生词2 派生词3 核心搭配 integrity integrate (v.) integral (adj.) integration (n.) a man of integrity / academic integrity principle principled (adj.) principles (n.pl.) --- in principle / stick to one's principles reliable rely (v.) reliance (n.) reliability (n.) rely on / a reliable source garbage garbage can (n.) garbage truck (n.) --- take out the garbage / sort the garbage guilty guilt (n.) guiltily (adv.) guiltless (adj.) feel guilty about / be guilty of ashamed shame (n.) shameful (adj.) shameless (adj.) be ashamed of / be ashamed to do burden burdened (adj.) burdensome (adj.) --- a heavy burden / burden sb. with sth. discouraged discourage (v.) discouraging (adj.) discouragement (n.) feel discouraged / discourage sb. from doing forgive forgave (v.) forgiven (v.) forgiveness (n.) forgive sb. for doing / ask for forgiveness guidance guide (v./n.) guideline (n.) guided (adj.) under the guidance of / give guidance on virtue virtuous (adj.) virtually (adv.) virtual (adj.) by virtue of / Patience is a virtue. worthwhile worth (prep.) worthy (adj.) worthless (adj.) It is worthwhile to do / be worth doing Part 5 语境复现练习 — 语法填空 【练习题】 1.（2021全国乙卷·语法填空·改编）Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following __________ (principal). 2.（2021全国甲卷·阅读D·改编）Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become __________ (discourage) and give up? 3.（2024新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读D·改编）Biodiversity apps can give __________ (guide) to citizen scientists who upload their photos. 4.（2022新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读B·改编）Seeing so much good food thrown into restaurant garbage cans, we should feel __________ (shame) of such waste. 5.（2024新课标Ⅰ卷·读后续写·改编）Gunter let a stranger go without paying, for he believed I was a __________ (rely) passenger. 6.（2026山东济南·模拟）A person of __________ (integrate) never changes his story when nobody else is watching. 7.（2026广东广州·模拟）Patience is a __________ (virtuous) that grows only when life keeps testing us. 8.（2026浙江杭州·模拟）The boy looked __________ (guilt) when the teacher asked who had broken the window. 9.（2026江苏南京·模拟）Caring for her sick mother alone became a heavy __________ (burdensome) on the young girl. 10.（2026四川成都·模拟）It is __________ (worth) spending a whole afternoon clearing up the river bank with classmates. 11.（2026湖南长沙·模拟）She found it hard to __________ (forgiveness) the close friend who had lied to her twice. 12.（2026河北石家庄·模拟）Nothing is more __________ (discouragement) than being blamed for something you have never done. 13.（2026福建福州·模拟）Mr Owen patiently __________ (guidance) the frightened boy through the whole talk that afternoon. 14.（2026湖北武汉·模拟）The old craftsman is admired for his honesty and the __________ (reliable) of his work. 15.（2026江西南昌·模拟）A sense of __________ (guilty) weighed on him for years after the accident on the bridge. 【答案】 1. principles 2. discouraged 3. guidance 4. ashamed 5. reliable 6. integrity 7. virtue 8. guilty 9. burden 10. worthwhile 11. forgive 12. discouraging 13. guided 14. reliability 15. guilt 【逐题解析】 1. principles — 提示词principal（主要的）需换成名词principle复数，meet the principles 符合原则。 2. discouraged — 提示词discourage（动词）需转-ed形容词作become的表语，指人感到灰心。 3. guidance — 提示词guide（动词）需转名词作give的宾语，guidance为不可数名词。 4. ashamed — 提示词shame（名词）需转形容词，be ashamed of sth. 为某事感到羞愧。 5. reliable — 提示词rely（动词）需转形容词作定语修饰passenger，意为可靠的。 6. integrity — 提示词integrate（动词）需转名词，a person of integrity 正直的人。 7. virtue — 提示词virtuous（形容词）需转名词作表语，前有冠词a，指一种美德。 8. guilty — 提示词guilt（名词）需转形容词作look的表语，意为神色心虚的。 9. burden — 提示词burdensome（形容词）需转名词，a heavy burden 沉重的负担。 10. worthwhile — 提示词worth需换成worthwhile，It is worthwhile doing sth. 值得做。 11. forgive — 提示词forgiveness（名词）需转动词原形，to后接不定式的动词原形。 12. discouraging — 提示词discouragement需转-ing形容词，修饰事物，比较级由more构成。 13. guided — 提示词guidance（名词）需转动词过去式，由that afternoon确定一般过去时。 14. reliability — 提示词reliable（形容词）需转名词，前有the并与honesty并列作宾语。 15. guilt — 提示词guilty（形容词）需转不可数名词，a sense of guilt 一种负罪感。 Part 6 知识点默写：根据汉语提示用所学单词的适当形式完成语篇 【练习题】 我叔叔常说，__________（正直）是一个人唯一买不回来的东西。他有一条朴素的__________（原则）：绝不说自己并不当真的话。小镇上的人都把他当作一位__________（可靠的）邻居，去年春天他叫我去帮他清理河岸边的__________（垃圾）。 那天早上我摔坏了他的旧相机，却说是一只鸟把它碰下来的。我立刻感到__________（内疚的），也为自己的声音感到__________（羞愧的）。那个谎言像一副沉重的__________（负担）压在我胸口，到了傍晚我__________（灰心的）得连饭都吃不下。 当我终于说出实情时，他选择__________（原谅）我，并没有发火，而是给了我平静的__________（指导）。他说，诚实是一种__________（美德），它今天让你付出代价，却让往后的每一天都__________（值得的）。 【答案】 integrity; principle; reliable; garbage; guilty; ashamed; burden; discouraged; forgive; guidance; virtue; worthwhile Part 7 关联阅读 At the back of our school library there is a small wooden shelf holding pens, notebooks and boxes of biscuits. Nobody stands behind it. A card on the wall explains the only principle of the shop: take what you need and leave the right money in the tin. Our head teacher, Mr Owen, set it up three years ago because he wanted every student to practise integrity at a moment when no adult was watching. For two years the shelf worked well, and the coins in the tin were reliable to the last penny. Then, last October, the accounts began to go wrong. Biscuits disappeared, and one morning the empty wrappers were found in a garbage bin near the gate. Mr Owen said nothing to the whole school. He simply added one line to the card: "This shop still trusts you." Many of us felt guilty even though we had paid, and some younger pupils looked genuinely ashamed whenever they walked past the shelf. A week later a Year Nine boy came to the office alone. He had taken four packets of biscuits and had carried the secret around for days like a heavy burden. He had grown so discouraged that he had stopped eating lunch with his friends. Mr Owen listened to the whole story, then said quietly that he would forgive him at once, but that the boy himself must decide how to put things right. With a little guidance, the boy chose to tidy the library shelves for two weeks and pay every penny back. Nobody in school ever learned his name. What we did learn was that honesty is not a rule printed on a card but a virtue that has to be chosen again and again, usually at the least convenient moment. The shelf is still standing, and the tin still balances at the end of every month. Mr Owen says the few pounds we may lose each term are nothing beside what the students gain, and almost all of us now agree that the experiment has been thoroughly worthwhile. 1. Why did Mr Owen set up the shelf in the library? A. To raise money for the school library fund. B. To save students the trouble of going out. C. To let students practise honesty without being watched. D. To test whether the younger pupils could count money. 2. What did Mr Owen do when the accounts began to go wrong? A. He wrote a line on the card to show his trust. B. He asked every class teacher to search the bins. C. He removed the biscuits from the wooden shelf. D. He announced the loss in front of the whole school. 3. How did the Year Nine boy feel before he went to the office? A. Angry with the pupils who had blamed him. B. Curious about how the shop kept its accounts. C. Confident that nobody would ever find him out. D. Weighed down by his secret and low in spirits. 4. What is Mr Owen's attitude towards the money the shop loses? A. He is troubled by it but says nothing. B. He thinks it a small price for a big lesson. C. He expects the pupils to pay it back in full. D. He plans to close the shop if it happens again. 【参考答案与高考标准解析】 答案：1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 第1题（细节理解题·高考核心）：首段末句是解题唯一依据，he wanted every student to practise integrity at a moment when no adult was watching，明确指出Owen老师办这个无人货架，是要让学生在无人监督时练习"正直"，C项let students practise honesty without being watched与原文构成同义替换。A项"为图书馆筹款"文中从未提及；B项"省去外出的麻烦"属主观臆断；D项"检验低年级学生会不会数钱"更是无中生有，均可排除。 第2题（细节理解题·高考高频）：第二段交代账目出问题后的处理方式，Mr Owen said nothing to the whole school. He simply added one line to the card: "This shop still trusts you."，可见他没有声张，只是在卡片上添了一句表达信任的话，故选A。B项"让班主任翻垃圾桶"、C项"把饼干撤走"、D项"全校通报损失"都与said nothing to the whole school直接矛盾，属典型的反向干扰项。 第3题（推理判断题·高考核心）：第三段用burden与discouraged两个目标词刻画男孩的心理——他把秘密像a heavy burden一样背了好几天，并且grown so discouraged that he had stopped eating lunch with his friends，即又背负又消沉，D项Weighed down by his secret and low in spirits正是对这两句的概括。A项"生同学的气"、B项"好奇账目"、C项"自信不会被发现"均与"停止和朋友吃午饭"的沮丧状态相悖。 第4题（观点态度题·高考压轴）：末段Owen老师的原话是the few pounds we may lose each term are nothing beside what the students gain，把每学期损失的几英镑与学生的收获相比，认为前者微不足道，再结合全段对worthwhile的肯定，可知他视损失为换取成长的小代价，故选B。A项"困扰却不说"曲解语气；C项"要求全额偿还"是那名男孩的自主选择而非老师要求；D项"再犯就关店"与货架still standing矛盾。 📖 本语篇覆盖的目标词汇：integrity, principle, reliable, garbage, guilty, ashamed, burden, discouraged, forgive, guidance, virtue, worthwhile Part 8 复现知识点 — 英译汉 请根据英文写出对应汉语释义： 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. integrity — __________ 2. principle — __________ 3. reliable — __________ 4. garbage — __________ 5. guilty — __________ 6. ashamed — __________ 7. burden — __________ 8. discouraged — __________ 9. forgive — __________ 10. guidance — __________ 11. virtue — __________ 12. worthwhile — __________ 13. guilt — __________ 14. forgiveness — __________ 15. reliability — __________ 16. virtuous — __________ 17. shameful — __________ 18. discouraging — __________ 19. by virtue of — __________ 20. under the guidance of — __________ 【参考答案】 1. 正直；诚实；完整 2. 原则；准则；原理 3. 可靠的；可信赖的 4. 垃圾；废物；废话 5. 内疚的；有罪的；心虚的 6. 惭愧的；羞愧的 7. 负担；重担；使负担 8. 灰心的；泄气的 9. 原谅；宽恕；免除（债务） 10. 指导；引导；辅导 11. 美德；德行；优点 12. 值得做的；有意义的 13. 内疚；罪责（名词） 14. 宽恕；原谅（名词） 15. 可靠性（名词） 16. 品德高尚的（形容词） 17. 可耻的（形容词，修饰事） 18. 令人泄气的（形容词） 19. 凭借；由于（短语） 20. 在…的指导下（短语） Part 9 写作运用 — 词汇升级 同义转换：用本专题词汇替换下面句中的普通词，提升写作表达： 1. My grandfather is respected in the village for his lifelong honesty and fairness. → My grandfather is respected in the village for his lifelong __________. 2. He has a simple rule of behaviour: never say anything that he does not really mean. → He has a simple __________: never say anything that he does not really mean. 3. Everyone in our class treats Lily as a person who can be trusted with any secret. → Everyone in our class treats Lily as a __________ person who keeps any secret. 4. The volunteers spent the whole morning clearing away the waste along the river bank. → The volunteers spent the whole morning clearing away the __________ along the river bank. 5. The little boy felt sorry inside after he blamed his sister for his own mistake. → The little boy felt __________ after he blamed his sister for his own mistake. 6. She was shy and red-faced about the way she had spoken to her mother that evening. → She was __________ of the way she had spoken to her mother that evening. 7. Looking after the sick old man alone became a heavy load for the young woman. → Looking after the sick old man alone became a heavy __________ for the young woman. 8. After failing the test three times in a row, the boy felt low and wanted to quit. → After failing the test three times in a row, the boy felt __________ and wanted to quit. 9. His father decided to stop being angry with him as soon as he told the truth. → His father decided to __________ him as soon as he told the truth. 10. Under the careful help of his teacher, Tom finally admitted what he had done. → Under the careful __________ of his teacher, Tom finally admitted what he had done. 11. Being honest with others is a fine quality that every young person should keep. → Being honest with others is a __________ that every young person should keep. 12. It is worth the time to say sorry to a friend you have hurt by a careless word. → It is __________ to say sorry to a friend you have hurt by a careless word. 【答案】 1. integrity 2. principle 3. reliable 4. garbage 5. guilty 6. ashamed 7. burden 8. discouraged 9. forgive 10. guidance 11. virtue 12. worthwhile Part 10 语境串联复盘 — 自我检测 遮挡提示，尝试用12个目标词复述下面这条记忆链： 记忆链：integrity → principle → reliable → garbage → guilty → ashamed → burden → discouraged → forgive → guidance → virtue → worthwhile 复述模板（填空）： 叔叔常说__________（正直）是一个人唯一买不回来的东西，他有一条朴素的__________（原则）：绝不说自己并不当真的话。 镇上人都把他当作__________（可靠的）邻居，去年春天他叫我帮他清理河岸边的__________（垃圾）。 我摔坏相机却说是鸟碰的，立刻感到__________（内疚的），也为自己的声音感到__________（羞愧的）；谎言像沉重的__________（负担）压在胸口，到傍晚我__________（灰心的）得吃不下饭。 说出实情后，他选择__________（原谅）我，并给了我平静的__________（指导）；他说诚实是一种__________（美德），今天付出代价，却让往后每一天都__________（值得的）。 你的复述： ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 【自我检测答案】 填空答案：integrity; principle; reliable; garbage; guilty; ashamed; burden; discouraged; forgive; guidance; virtue; worthwhile 复述模板参考版本： My uncle often says that integrity is the only thing a person can never buy back, and he has a simple principle: never say what you do not mean. Everyone in our town treats him as a reliable neighbour, and last spring he asked me to help him clear the garbage along the river bank. That morning I broke his old camera and blamed a bird for it. I felt guilty at once and was ashamed of my own voice; the lie sat on my chest like a heavy burden, and by evening I was so discouraged that I could not eat. When I finally told the truth, he chose to forgive me and gave me quiet guidance instead of anger. Honesty, he said, is a virtue that costs you something today but makes every tomorrow worthwhile. $ 专题01【语境串考点】第一单元备考学案（译林版2019） 高考高频知识点：integrity / principle / reliable / garbage / guilty / ashamed / burden / discouraged / forgive / guidance / virtue / worthwhile （知识点来源：选择性必修四 Unit 1 · Honesty and responsibility + 高考高频知识点） 学校:____________________ 姓名：____________________ 班级：__________ 座号：__________ 目录 Part 1 语境串记语篇 1 【英文语篇】 1 【中文译文】 1 Part 2 知识点列表 2 Part 3 词根拆解 · 联想记忆 · 高考考点 2 Part 4 词性变化总表 9 Part 5 语境复现练习 — 语法填空 9 【练习题】 9 Part 6 知识点默写：根据汉语提示用所学单词的适当形式完成语篇 10 【练习题】 10 Part 7 关联阅读 10 Part 8 复现知识点 — 英译汉 11 Part 9 写作运用 — 词汇升级 11 Part 10 语境串联复盘 — 自我检测 12 Part 1 语境串记语篇 【英文语篇】 My uncle often says that integrity is the only thing a person can never buy back. He has a simple principle: never say what you do not mean. Everyone in our small town treats him as a reliable neighbour, and last spring he asked me to help him clear the garbage along the river bank. That morning I broke his old camera and told him a bird had knocked it down. I felt guilty at once, and I was ashamed of my own voice. The lie sat on my chest like a heavy burden, and by evening I was so discouraged that I could not eat. When I finally told him the truth, he chose to forgive me and gave me quiet guidance instead of anger. Honesty, he said, is a virtue that costs you something today but makes every tomorrow worthwhile. 【中文译文】 我叔叔常说，（integrity）正直是一个人唯一买不回来的东西。他有一条朴素的（principle）原则：绝不说自己并不当真的话。小镇上的人都把他当作一位（reliable）可靠的邻居，去年春天他叫我去帮他清理河岸边的（garbage）垃圾。 那天早上我摔坏了他的旧相机，却对他说是一只鸟把它碰下来的。我立刻感到（guilty）内疚，也为自己的声音感到（ashamed）羞愧。那个谎言像一副沉重的（burden）担子压在我胸口，到了傍晚我（discouraged）灰心得连饭都吃不下。当我终于说出实情时，他选择（forgive）原谅我，并没有发火，而是给了我平静的（guidance）指导。他说，诚实是一种（virtue）美德，它今天让你付出代价，却让往后的每一天都（worthwhile）值得。 💡 语境串联记忆线索：正直立身→坚守原则→为人可靠→清理垃圾→说谎内疚→深感羞愧→心头重负→一度灰心→得到原谅→获得指导→懂得美德→觉得值得 记忆链：integrity → principle → reliable → garbage → guilty → ashamed → burden → discouraged → forgive → guidance → virtue → worthwhile Part 2 知识点列表 序号 知识点 音标 词性 + 释义 + 高考考点 1 integrity /ɪnˈteɡrəti/ n. 正直；诚实；完整；完好 ⚡考点：a person/man of integrity 正直的人；academic integrity 学术诚信；integrate v. 整合；integral adj. 不可或缺的 2 principle /ˈprɪnsəpl/ n. 原则；准则；原理；法则 ⚡考点：in principle 原则上；on principle 出于原则；stick to one's principles 坚守原则；辨析principle与principal 3 reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ adj. 可靠的；可信赖的；确实的 ⚡考点：a reliable source 可靠消息来源；rely on/upon 依靠；reliance n. 依赖；reliability n. 可靠性 4 garbage /ˈɡɑːbɪdʒ/ n. 垃圾；废物；废话（不可数） ⚡考点：a garbage can/bin 垃圾桶；take out the garbage 倒垃圾；辨析garbage/rubbish/trash/litter/waste 5 guilty /ˈɡɪlti/ adj. 内疚的；有罪的；心虚的 ⚡考点：feel guilty about (doing) sth. 对…内疚；be guilty of 犯有…罪；guilt n. 内疚；反义innocent 6 ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/ adj. 惭愧的；羞愧的（只作表语） ⚡考点：be ashamed of sth. 为…羞愧；be ashamed to do 羞于做；辨析ashamed（人）与shameful（事） 7 burden /ˈbɜːdn/ n. 负担；重担 vt. 使负担；麻烦 ⚡考点：a heavy burden 沉重负担；be a burden on/to sb.；burden sb. with sth.；ease the burden 减轻负担 8 discouraged /dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒd/ adj. 灰心的；泄气的 ⚡考点：feel/become discouraged 感到灰心；discourage sb. from doing 劝阻某人做；discouraging adj. 令人泄气的 9 forgive /fəˈɡɪv/ vt. 原谅；宽恕；免除（债务） ⚡考点：forgive sb. for (doing) sth.；forgive—forgave—forgiven 不规则变化；forgiveness n. 宽恕 10 guidance /ˈɡaɪdns/ n. 指导；引导；指引（不可数） ⚡考点：under the guidance of 在…指导下；give/provide guidance on 就…给予指导；guideline n. 准则 11 virtue /ˈvɜːtʃuː/ n. 美德；德行；优点；好处 ⚡考点：by virtue of 凭借；由于；a virtue of doing 做某事的好处；virtuous adj. 品德高尚的；virtually adv. 几乎 12 worthwhile /ˌwɜːθˈwaɪl/ adj. 值得（做）的；有意义的 ⚡考点：It is worthwhile to do/doing sth.；a worthwhile experience；辨析worth / worthy / worthwhile 三兄弟 Part 3 词根拆解 · 联想记忆 · 高考考点 1. integrity /ɪnˈteɡrəti/ n. 正直；诚实；完整；完好 【核心考点】 integrity是"诚实与责任"主题的灵魂词，也是议论文与人物评价类写作的高分名词。常用搭配a person/man/woman of integrity（正直的人）、personal/professional/academic integrity（个人操守/职业操守/学术诚信）、maintain/preserve one's integrity（保持操守）、act with integrity（行事正派）、territorial integrity（领土完整）。integrity为不可数名词，前不加冠词a。同源词integrate v.（使成为一体；整合）→ integrate A into/with B；integration n.（整合；融合）；integral adj.（必需的；不可或缺的）→ be integral to sth.。辨析：integrity（内在的道德完整性，强调"表里如一、不可收买"）vs honesty（不说谎、不欺骗，侧重言语行为）vs dignity（尊严）vs sincerity（真诚）。写"做人要有原则、不做两面派"首选integrity。 【词根联想】 in-（不，not）+ teg/tang（拉丁tangere"触碰，touch"）+ -ity（名词后缀）→ 未被触碰、未被玷污的状态→ 完整无缺→ 引申为品格上的完整→ 正直。联想：tang/tact"触"→ contact（接触）、tactile（触觉的）、intact（完好无损的，in-未+tact触）、tangible（可触知的）、integrity（正直）。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：integrity n. 完整；完好无损。熟义"正直"之外，integrity常指事物结构或体系的完整性，如the structural integrity of the bridge（桥梁的结构完整性）、the integrity of the data（数据的完整性）、territorial integrity（领土完整）。此义在科技类与时政类阅读中高频出现。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"A man of integrity will tell the truth even when a comfortable lie would cost him nothing."（一个正直的人，即使说个无伤大雅的谎话毫无代价，他也依然会说出真相。）（经典原句·integrity 正直） 【搭配词块】 a man of integrity 正直的人 / academic integrity 学术诚信 / act with integrity 行事正派 / integrate v. 整合 2. principle /ˈprɪnsəpl/ n. 原则；准则；行为准则；原理；定律 【核心考点】 principle是高考真题反复出现的高频名词，也是拼写易错重灾区。核心搭配in principle（原则上；大体上，表同意但细节待定）、on principle（出于原则；根据原则）、a matter of principle（原则问题）、stick to/stand by one's principles（坚守原则）、against one's principles（违背某人的原则）、the principle of fairness（公平原则）、meet the following principles（符合下列原则）。表"做人准则"时常用复数principles。高考经典易错点：principle只作名词（原则），principal既可作形容词（主要的，=main）又可作名词（校长；本金），两词读音完全相同，必须靠语境区分，如the principal reason（主要原因）、the school principal（校长）。 【词根联想】 prin/prim（拉丁primus"第一"）+ cip（capere"拿，取"）+ -le → 最先被拿在手里的东西→ 首要的道理→ 原则；原理。联想：prim"第一"→ primary（首要的）、prime（最好的）、prince（王子→第一位继承者）、principal（主要的）、principle（原则）。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：principle n. 原理；定律；工作原理。熟义"原则"之外，principle在科技说明文中指自然规律或机器的运行原理，如the principle of gravity（重力原理）、the basic principles of physics（物理学基本定律）、explain the working principle of the engine（解释引擎的工作原理）。 【真题原句】 （2021·全国乙卷·语法填空·principles表"原则"）"Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles: Minimize the impact of visiting the place."（实际上，一次真正的环保之旅必须符合下列原则：把到访该地所造成的影响降到最低。）（真题原句·principle 原则） 【搭配词块】 in principle 原则上 / on principle 出于原则 / stick to one's principles 坚守原则 / meet the principles 符合原则 3. reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ adj. 可靠的；可信赖的；确实的 【核心考点】 reliable是评价人品与信息来源的高频形容词，读后续写与议论文两用。搭配要点：a reliable friend/partner/witness（可靠的朋友/伙伴/证人）、a reliable source（可靠消息来源）、reliable information/evidence/data（可靠的信息/证据/数据）、prove reliable（证明是可靠的）。动词rely v.（依靠）→ rely on/upon sb. to do sth.或rely on sb.'s doing sth.，注意rely为不及物动词，必须加on/upon；名词reliance n.（依赖）→ place reliance on；reliability n.（可靠性）；反义unreliable adj.。辨析：reliable（经得起反复检验、不会掉链子）vs dependable（可依赖的，语义相近，多指人）vs trustworthy（值得信任的，侧重品德）vs credible（可信的，侧重内容令人信服）。 【词根联想】 re-（一再，back）+ ly/lig（拉丁ligare"捆绑，bind"）+ -able（可…的）→ 能被一次次绑住、拴住而不脱落的→ 可靠的。联想：lig/ly"绑"→ rely（依靠）、reliance（依赖）、reliable（可靠的）、ally（结盟→绑在一起）、liable（有义务的；易于…的）、oblige（使负有义务）。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：reliable adj.（消息、数据）确实的；准确无误的。熟义"（人）可靠的"之外，reliable常修饰信息类名词，表示"来源确实、可采信"，如according to a reliable source（据可靠消息）、reliable statistics（准确的统计数据）。此义在新闻类与科普类阅读中出现率极高。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"A reliable person is not someone who never fails, but someone who never hides what he has done."（可靠的人并非从不犯错的人，而是从不隐瞒自己所作所为的人。）（经典原句·reliable 可靠的） 【搭配词块】 a reliable source 可靠来源 / rely on 依靠 / reliance n. 依赖 / reliability n. 可靠性 4. garbage /ˈɡɑːbɪdʒ/ n. 垃圾；废物；废话；无价值的东西 【核心考点】 garbage是环保与社会责任类语篇的高频名词，属不可数名词，不能说a garbage或garbages。常用搭配a garbage can/bin（垃圾桶，美式）、a garbage truck（垃圾车）、garbage collection（垃圾收集）、take out the garbage（把垃圾拿出去倒）、throw sth. into the garbage（把某物扔进垃圾里）、sort the garbage（垃圾分类）。辨析这一组近义词是高考词汇题的经典考点：garbage（美式，厨余、生活湿垃圾）vs rubbish（英式通用，泛指垃圾，也可指"废话"）vs trash（美式，废纸、干垃圾）vs litter（乱丢在公共场所的废弃物，也可作动词"乱扔"）vs waste（废弃物；也作动词"浪费"，food waste食物浪费）。 【词根联想】 源自中古英语garbage"（禽类的）内脏、下水"→ 厨房里清理出来丢弃的东西→ 垃圾。联想：garbage（垃圾）与garble（篡改；使混乱）读音相近，可记"被搅乱、被丢弃的东西"；同类词汇群rubbish / trash / litter / waste / junk（废旧杂物）一并串记。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：garbage n. 废话；胡说；毫无价值的东西。熟义"垃圾"之外，garbage可指内容空洞、毫无价值的言论或数据，如Don't talk garbage!（别胡说八道！）、计算机领域名言Garbage in, garbage out.（输入的是垃圾，输出的也是垃圾）。此义在口语类听力与观点类阅读中常见。 【真题原句】 （2022·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读B·garbage cans表"垃圾桶"）"It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from 'ugly' (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans."（有多少完全没问题的食物被扔掉，简直令人瞠目结舌——从被菜贩拒收的"卖相差"（却完全能吃）的蔬菜，到大量被倒进餐馆垃圾桶里的剩菜。）（真题原句·garbage 垃圾） 【搭配词块】 a garbage can 垃圾桶 / take out the garbage 倒垃圾 / sort the garbage 垃圾分类 / garbage in, garbage out 输入垃圾即输出垃圾 5. guilty /ˈɡɪlti/ adj. 内疚的；自责的；有罪的；心虚的 【核心考点】 guilty是读后续写心理描写与议论文品德话题的双料高频词。两大用法必须分清：①表"内疚"→ feel/be guilty about (doing) sth.（对做某事感到内疚），注意介词用about，也可用feel guilty for doing；②表"有罪"→ be guilty of (a crime)（犯有某罪，介词用of）、be found guilty（被判有罪）、plead guilty（认罪）。常用短语a guilty conscience（负罪感；心虚）、a guilty look（心虚的神色）。名词guilt n.（内疚；罪责，不可数）→ a sense of guilt（一种负罪感）；副词guiltily adv.（内疚地）；反义innocent adj.（无辜的；清白的）。辨析：guilty（因做错事而自责，含"我有责任"之意）vs ashamed（因丢脸而羞愧，含"怕人知道"之意）vs regretful（后悔的，语气较轻）。 【词根联想】 古英语gylt"罪过；应偿之债"+ 形容词后缀-y → 背着债与罪的→ 有罪的；内疚的。联想：guilt（罪；内疚）→ guilty（有罪的）、guiltless（无罪的）、guiltily（内疚地）；与built、quilt形近，可编"背着罪(guilt)缝被子(quilt)"帮助拼写记忆。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：guilty adj.（神情、举止）心虚的；做贼心虚的。熟义"内疚的"之外，guilty可直接修饰表情、眼神、沉默等名词，如a guilty look（心虚的表情）、a guilty silence（心虚的沉默）、guilty pleasure（罪恶的快感；明知不该却很享受的事）。此义在记叙文与读后续写中极为实用。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"He felt guilty about the small lie for weeks, though nobody else ever noticed it."（尽管别人从未察觉，他还是为那个小小的谎言内疚了好几个星期。）（经典原句·guilty 内疚的） 【搭配词块】 feel guilty about 对…内疚 / be guilty of 犯有…罪 / a guilty conscience 负罪感 / guilt n. 内疚 6. ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/ adj. 惭愧的；羞愧的；难为情的 【核心考点】 ashamed是高考语法填空与写作的经典考点词。三大句型：be ashamed of sb./sth./doing sth.（为…感到羞愧）、be ashamed to do sth.（羞于做某事，因羞愧而不愿做）、be ashamed that…（对…感到惭愧）。最高频易错点：ashamed只能作表语或补语，不能作定语；要修饰名词须换用shameful，如a shameful act（可耻的行为），而不能说an ashamed act。同源词shame n.（羞耻；遗憾）→ to one's shame（令某人羞愧的是）、What a shame!（真遗憾！）；shameful adj.（可耻的，修饰事）；shameless adj.（无耻的，修饰人）。辨析：ashamed（自己因做错事或表现不佳而羞愧）vs embarrassed（因场面尴尬而难为情，不涉道德）vs guilty（因有责任而内疚）。 【词根联想】 a-（加强语气的古英语前缀）+ shame（羞耻）+ -ed（形容词后缀，表"感到…的"）→ 内心充满羞耻感的→ 惭愧的。联想：shame"羞耻"→ ashamed（感到羞愧的，修饰人）、shameful（可耻的，修饰事）、shameless（无耻的）、shamefaced（面带愧色的）。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：shame n. 憾事；可惜的事。同族词shame在口语中常表"遗憾"，与"羞耻"无关，如What a shame you can't come!（你来不了真可惜！）、It's a shame to waste it.（浪费掉太可惜了。）此义在听力与对话类语篇中出现频率很高。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"She was ashamed of having blamed her little brother for a mistake she had made herself."（她为自己把过错推给弟弟而感到羞愧，那其实是她自己犯的错。）（经典原句·ashamed 羞愧的） 【搭配词块】 be ashamed of 为…羞愧 / be ashamed to do 羞于做 / shameful adj. 可耻的 / What a shame! 真遗憾！ 7. burden /ˈbɜːdn/ n. 负担；重担；负荷 vt. 使负担；麻烦（某人） 【核心考点】 burden兼具具体的"重物"与抽象的"精神/经济重负"两义，是议论文和记叙文都用得上的提分词。作名词：a heavy/financial/emotional burden（沉重的/经济的/情感的负担）、be a burden on/to sb.（成为某人的负担）、bear/shoulder/carry the burden（承担重担）、ease/lighten/reduce the burden（减轻负担）、the burden of proof（举证责任）。作动词：burden sb. with sth.（使某人承担…）、be burdened with debts（负债累累）。辨析：burden（多指心理、经济或责任上的重负，含"压得人喘不过气"之意）vs load（实际装载的重物，也可指工作量workload）vs pressure（外来压力）vs stress（精神紧张）。写"减轻学生课业负担"标准表达是ease students' academic burden。 【词根联想】 古英语byrthen"被扛起的东西"，与动词beran"承载，bear"同源→ 需要人背负之物→ 重担。联想：bear"承载；忍受"→ burden（负担）、birth（出生→被"带来"的生命）、bearable（可忍受的）、unbearable（难以忍受的）、forbear（克制）。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：burden vt. 麻烦；使操心。熟义名词"负担"之外，burden作动词常用于客套语，表示"拿…事去麻烦别人"，如I don't want to burden you with my problems.（我不想拿我的烦心事去麻烦你。）此义在书信类写作与对话理解中很实用。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"The secret he kept from his parents slowly became a burden that he could no longer carry alone."（他对父母隐瞒的那个秘密，渐渐变成了一副他再也无法独自承受的重担。）（经典原句·burden 负担） 【搭配词块】 a heavy burden 沉重负担 / be a burden on sb. 成为某人负担 / ease the burden 减轻负担 / burden sb. with sth. 使某人负担 8. discouraged /dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒd/ adj. 灰心的；泄气的；沮丧的 【核心考点】 discouraged是读后续写情绪描写的必备词，也是高考"-ed与-ing形容词"辨析的经典考点。用法要点：feel/become/get discouraged（感到灰心）、be discouraged by sth.（因某事而泄气）、Don't be discouraged!（别灰心！）。核心辨析：discouraged（人感到灰心，主语通常是人）vs discouraging（令人泄气的，主语通常是物），如The result was discouraging, and we all felt discouraged.。动词discourage v.（使气馁；劝阻）→ discourage sb. from doing sth.（劝阻某人做某事，from不可省略，这是高考语法高频考点）；名词discouragement n.（气馁；劝阻）。反义词族：encourage v.、encouraged adj.（受鼓舞的）、encouraging adj.（令人鼓舞的）、courage n.（勇气）、courageous adj.（勇敢的）。 【词根联想】 dis-（去掉，除去）+ cour（拉丁cor"心，heart"）+ -age（名词后缀）+ -ed → 把心气、勇气拿走的→ 灰心的。联想：cour/cord"心"→ courage（勇气）、encourage（鼓励→把勇气注入）、discourage（使气馁→把勇气抽走）、cordial（热诚的）、record（记录→记在心上）、accord（一致）。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：discourage vt. 阻止；劝阻；不鼓励。熟义"使气馁"之外，discourage常表示"通过设置障碍来阻止某种行为"，如measures to discourage smoking（劝阻吸烟的措施）、discourage students from using phones in class（不鼓励学生课上用手机）。此义在议论文与说明文中高频出现。 【真题原句】 （2021·全国甲卷·阅读D·become discouraged表"灰心"）"Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up?"（我们这颗星球承受得起任何一位伟大思想者变得灰心丧气、就此放弃吗？）（真题原句·discouraged 灰心的） 【搭配词块】 feel discouraged 感到灰心 / be discouraged by 因…泄气 / discourage sb. from doing 劝阻某人做 / discouraging adj. 令人泄气的 9. forgive /fəˈɡɪv/ vt. 原谅；宽恕；免除（债务） 【核心考点】 forgive是"诚实与责任"主题下的核心动词，读后续写结尾升华段的常用词。句型要点：forgive sb. for (doing) sth.（因某事原谅某人，for后接名词或动名词）、forgive sb. sth.（双宾语结构，原谅某人某事）、Forgive me for asking, but…（恕我冒昧问一句…，客套表达）。不规则变化必须牢记：forgive—forgave—forgiven—forgiving，语法填空常考forgiven作过去分词。派生词forgiveness n.（宽恕；原谅）→ ask/beg for forgiveness（请求原谅）；forgiving adj.（宽容的；宽大的）；forgivable adj.（可原谅的）；unforgivable adj.（不可饶恕的）。辨析：forgive（不再心存怨恨，语气最重也最真诚）vs excuse（原谅小过失，常用Excuse me）vs pardon（正式，含赦免之意）vs tolerate（容忍，只是忍受并未释怀）。 【词根联想】 for-（彻底地；完全地，加强语气的古英语前缀）+ give（给）→ 把怨恨彻底"给"出去，不再追讨→ 宽恕；免除（债务）。联想：for-"彻底；否定"→ forget（忘掉→彻底放开）、forbid（禁止）、forsake（抛弃）、forgive（宽恕）。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：forgive vt. 免除（债务）；豁免。熟义"原谅"之外，forgive在经济与法律语境中指"不再要求偿还"，如forgive a debt（免除一笔债务）、The bank agreed to forgive the loan.（银行同意豁免这笔贷款。）此义在时事与财经类阅读中偶有出现。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"His teacher chose to forgive him the moment he told the whole truth, but asked him to repair the damage himself."（在他说出全部真相的那一刻，老师就选择了原谅他，只是要求他自己去弥补损失。）（经典原句·forgive 原谅） 【搭配词块】 forgive sb. for doing 因…原谅某人 / forgiveness n. 宽恕 / forgiving adj. 宽容的 / forgave / forgiven 不规则变化 10. guidance /ˈɡaɪdns/ n. 指导；引导；指引；辅导 【核心考点】 guidance是教育与成长类语篇的高频名词，写作中替换help可显著提档。搭配要点：under the guidance of sb.（在某人的指导下，介词固定用under）、give/offer/provide guidance on/about sth.（就某事给予指导）、seek guidance from sb.（向某人寻求指导）、parental guidance（家长指导）、career guidance（就业指导）、moral guidance（道德引导）。高考易错点：guidance为不可数名词，不能说a guidance或guidances，要表"一条建议"须用a piece of guidance。同源词guide v.（引导；指导）→ guide sb. through sth.（引导某人度过…）、guide n.（导游；指南）；guideline n.（准则；指导方针，常用复数guidelines）；guided adj.（有导游的）→ a guided tour（有导游陪同的游览）。辨析：guidance（较正式，含"方向性指引"）vs advice（建议，最通用）vs instruction（指示；说明）vs direction（指示；方向）。 【词根联想】 guide（引导）+ -ance（名词后缀，表行为、状态或性质）→ 引导这一行为→ 指导。联想：guide"引导"→ guidance（指导）、guidebook（指南手册）、guideline（准则）、guided（有向导的）；同类后缀-ance→ importance、performance、assistance。 【真题原句】 （2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读D·guidance表"指导"）"Give guidance to citizen scientists."（为公民科学家提供指导。）（真题原句·2024新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D第35题正确选项D·guidance 指导） 【搭配词块】 under the guidance of 在…指导下 / give guidance on 就…给予指导 / seek guidance 寻求指导 / guideline n. 准则 11. virtue /ˈvɜːtʃuː/ n. 美德；德行；优点；好处；长处 【核心考点】 virtue是品德话题议论文的核心名词，"诚信是一种美德"标准表达即Honesty is a virtue。搭配要点：by virtue of sth.（凭借；由于，正式书面语，可替换because of以提档）、a woman/man of virtue（有德行的人）、the virtue of patience（耐心这一美德）、make a virtue of necessity（把不得已之事说成美德）、Patience is a virtue.（谚语：忍耐是美德）。派生词virtuous adj.（品德高尚的；有道德的）；virtually adv.（几乎；实际上，高频副词）；virtual adj.（虚拟的；实质上的）→ virtual reality（虚拟现实）。注意virtue（美德）与virtual（虚拟的）虽同根但语义已分化，切勿混淆。辨析：virtue（道德层面的优秀品质，也可指事物的优点）vs merit（价值；优点，中性）vs advantage（优势，侧重实用）vs strength（长处；强项）。 【词根联想】 拉丁vir"男人；勇力"+ -tue → 男子气概→ 卓越的品格→ 美德；优点。联想：vir"男人；力量"→ virile（有男子气概的）、virtue（美德）、virtuous（品德高尚的）、virtuoso（技艺大师）；注意与vital（生命的）区分。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：virtue n. 优点；长处；好处（指事物）。熟义"美德"之外，virtue可指某个方案或事物的可取之处，如The great virtue of this design is its simplicity.（这个设计最大的优点在于简洁。）另有短语by virtue of（凭借；由于），是写作提档的高级介词短语。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Honesty is not a rule printed on the wall but a virtue that has to be chosen again and again."（诚实不是印在墙上的一条规定，而是一种需要一次又一次去选择的美德。）（经典原句·virtue 美德） 【搭配词块】 by virtue of 凭借；由于 / a man of virtue 有德之人 / Patience is a virtue. 忍耐是美德 / virtuous adj. 品德高尚的 12. worthwhile /ˌwɜːθˈwaɪl/ adj. 值得（做）的；值得花时间（精力、金钱）的；有意义的 【核心考点】 worthwhile是高考"worth家族"辨析的压轴考点，写作结尾升华句的常用词。三兄弟必须分清：①worth（介词性形容词）→ be worth + n./doing sth.，主动形式表被动含义，如The book is worth reading.；②worthy（形容词）→ be worthy of + n./being done，或be worthy to be done，如He is worthy of our respect.；③worthwhile（形容词）→ It is worthwhile to do sth. / doing sth.，主语常用形式主语it，也可作定语，如a worthwhile experience（一段有意义的经历）、a worthwhile cause（一项有意义的事业）。常见搭配：make sth. worthwhile（使某事变得值得）、prove worthwhile（证明是值得的）、well worthwhile（非常值得）。同族词worth n.（价值）→ of great worth；worthless adj.（毫无价值的）；trustworthy adj.（值得信赖的）；praiseworthy adj.（值得称赞的）。 【词根联想】 worth（价值；值得）+ while（一段时间）→ 值得花上一段时间去做的→ 值得的。联想：-worthy"值得…的"构词家族→ trustworthy（值得信赖的）、praiseworthy（值得称赞的）、noteworthy（值得注意的）、newsworthy（有新闻价值的）、seaworthy（适于航海的）。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"It is worthwhile telling the truth today, even if it costs you something, because it makes every tomorrow easier."（今天说出真话是值得的，即便要付出代价，因为它会让往后的每一天都更轻松。）（经典原句·worthwhile 值得的） 【搭配词块】 It is worthwhile to do 做…是值得的 / a worthwhile experience 有意义的经历 / be worth doing 值得做 / be worthy of 配得上 Part 4 词性变化总表 原词 派生词1 派生词2 派生词3 核心搭配 integrity integrate (v.) integral (adj.) integration (n.) a man of integrity / academic integrity principle principled (adj.) principles (n.pl.) --- in principle / stick to one's principles reliable rely (v.) reliance (n.) reliability (n.) rely on / a reliable source garbage garbage can (n.) garbage truck (n.) --- take out the garbage / sort the garbage guilty guilt (n.) guiltily (adv.) guiltless (adj.) feel guilty about / be guilty of ashamed shame (n.) shameful (adj.) shameless (adj.) be ashamed of / be ashamed to do burden burdened (adj.) burdensome (adj.) --- a heavy burden / burden sb. with sth. discouraged discourage (v.) discouraging (adj.) discouragement (n.) feel discouraged / discourage sb. from doing forgive forgave (v.) forgiven (v.) forgiveness (n.) forgive sb. for doing / ask for forgiveness guidance guide (v./n.) guideline (n.) guided (adj.) under the guidance of / give guidance on virtue virtuous (adj.) virtually (adv.) virtual (adj.) by virtue of / Patience is a virtue. worthwhile worth (prep.) worthy (adj.) worthless (adj.) It is worthwhile to do / be worth doing Part 5 语境复现练习 — 语法填空 【练习题】 1.（2021全国乙卷·语法填空·改编）Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following __________ (principal). 2.（2021全国甲卷·阅读D·改编）Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become __________ (discourage) and give up? 3.（2024新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读D·改编）Biodiversity apps can give __________ (guide) to citizen scientists who upload their photos. 4.（2022新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读B·改编）Seeing so much good food thrown into restaurant garbage cans, we should feel __________ (shame) of such waste. 5.（2024新课标Ⅰ卷·读后续写·改编）Gunter let a stranger go without paying, for he believed I was a __________ (rely) passenger. 6.（2026山东济南·模拟）A person of __________ (integrate) never changes his story when nobody else is watching. 7.（2026广东广州·模拟）Patience is a __________ (virtuous) that grows only when life keeps testing us. 8.（2026浙江杭州·模拟）The boy looked __________ (guilt) when the teacher asked who had broken the window. 9.（2026江苏南京·模拟）Caring for her sick mother alone became a heavy __________ (burdensome) on the young girl. 10.（2026四川成都·模拟）It is __________ (worth) spending a whole afternoon clearing up the river bank with classmates. 11.（2026湖南长沙·模拟）She found it hard to __________ (forgiveness) the close friend who had lied to her twice. 12.（2026河北石家庄·模拟）Nothing is more __________ (discouragement) than being blamed for something you have never done. 13.（2026福建福州·模拟）Mr Owen patiently __________ (guidance) the frightened boy through the whole talk that afternoon. 14.（2026湖北武汉·模拟）The old craftsman is admired for his honesty and the __________ (reliable) of his work. 15.（2026江西南昌·模拟）A sense of __________ (guilty) weighed on him for years after the accident on the bridge. Part 6 知识点默写：根据汉语提示用所学单词的适当形式完成语篇 【练习题】 我叔叔常说，__________（正直）是一个人唯一买不回来的东西。他有一条朴素的__________（原则）：绝不说自己并不当真的话。小镇上的人都把他当作一位__________（可靠的）邻居，去年春天他叫我去帮他清理河岸边的__________（垃圾）。 那天早上我摔坏了他的旧相机，却说是一只鸟把它碰下来的。我立刻感到__________（内疚的），也为自己的声音感到__________（羞愧的）。那个谎言像一副沉重的__________（负担）压在我胸口，到了傍晚我__________（灰心的）得连饭都吃不下。 当我终于说出实情时，他选择__________（原谅）我，并没有发火，而是给了我平静的__________（指导）。他说，诚实是一种__________（美德），它今天让你付出代价，却让往后的每一天都__________（值得的）。 Part 7 关联阅读 At the back of our school library there is a small wooden shelf holding pens, notebooks and boxes of biscuits. Nobody stands behind it. A card on the wall explains the only principle of the shop: take what you need and leave the right money in the tin. Our head teacher, Mr Owen, set it up three years ago because he wanted every student to practise integrity at a moment when no adult was watching. For two years the shelf worked well, and the coins in the tin were reliable to the last penny. Then, last October, the accounts began to go wrong. Biscuits disappeared, and one morning the empty wrappers were found in a garbage bin near the gate. Mr Owen said nothing to the whole school. He simply added one line to the card: "This shop still trusts you." Many of us felt guilty even though we had paid, and some younger pupils looked genuinely ashamed whenever they walked past the shelf. A week later a Year Nine boy came to the office alone. He had taken four packets of biscuits and had carried the secret around for days like a heavy burden. He had grown so discouraged that he had stopped eating lunch with his friends. Mr Owen listened to the whole story, then said quietly that he would forgive him at once, but that the boy himself must decide how to put things right. With a little guidance, the boy chose to tidy the library shelves for two weeks and pay every penny back. Nobody in school ever learned his name. What we did learn was that honesty is not a rule printed on a card but a virtue that has to be chosen again and again, usually at the least convenient moment. The shelf is still standing, and the tin still balances at the end of every month. Mr Owen says the few pounds we may lose each term are nothing beside what the students gain, and almost all of us now agree that the experiment has been thoroughly worthwhile. 1. Why did Mr Owen set up the shelf in the library? A. To raise money for the school library fund. B. To save students the trouble of going out. C. To let students practise honesty without being watched. D. To test whether the younger pupils could count money. 2. What did Mr Owen do when the accounts began to go wrong? A. He wrote a line on the card to show his trust. B. He asked every class teacher to search the bins. C. He removed the biscuits from the wooden shelf. D. He announced the loss in front of the whole school. 3. How did the Year Nine boy feel before he went to the office? A. Angry with the pupils who had blamed him. B. Curious about how the shop kept its accounts. C. Confident that nobody would ever find him out. D. Weighed down by his secret and low in spirits. 4. What is Mr Owen's attitude towards the money the shop loses? A. He is troubled by it but says nothing. B. He thinks it a small price for a big lesson. C. He expects the pupils to pay it back in full. D. He plans to close the shop if it happens again. 📖 本语篇覆盖的目标词汇：integrity, principle, reliable, garbage, guilty, ashamed, burden, discouraged, forgive, guidance, virtue, worthwhile Part 8 复现知识点 — 英译汉 请根据英文写出对应汉语释义： 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. integrity — __________ 2. principle — __________ 3. reliable — __________ 4. garbage — __________ 5. guilty — __________ 6. ashamed — __________ 7. burden — __________ 8. discouraged — __________ 9. forgive — __________ 10. guidance — __________ 11. virtue — __________ 12. worthwhile — __________ 13. guilt — __________ 14. forgiveness — __________ 15. reliability — __________ 16. virtuous — __________ 17. shameful — __________ 18. discouraging — __________ 19. by virtue of — __________ 20. under the guidance of — __________ Part 9 写作运用 — 词汇升级 同义转换：用本专题词汇替换下面句中的普通词，提升写作表达： 1. My grandfather is respected in the village for his lifelong honesty and fairness. → My grandfather is respected in the village for his lifelong __________. 2. He has a simple rule of behaviour: never say anything that he does not really mean. → He has a simple __________: never say anything that he does not really mean. 3. Everyone in our class treats Lily as a person who can be trusted with any secret. → Everyone in our class treats Lily as a __________ person who keeps any secret. 4. The volunteers spent the whole morning clearing away the waste along the river bank. → The volunteers spent the whole morning clearing away the __________ along the river bank. 5. The little boy felt sorry inside after he blamed his sister for his own mistake. → The little boy felt __________ after he blamed his sister for his own mistake. 6. She was shy and red-faced about the way she had spoken to her mother that evening. → She was __________ of the way she had spoken to her mother that evening. 7. Looking after the sick old man alone became a heavy load for the young woman. → Looking after the sick old man alone became a heavy __________ for the young woman. 8. After failing the test three times in a row, the boy felt low and wanted to quit. → After failing the test three times in a row, the boy felt __________ and wanted to quit. 9. His father decided to stop being angry with him as soon as he told the truth. → His father decided to __________ him as soon as he told the truth. 10. Under the careful help of his teacher, Tom finally admitted what he had done. → Under the careful __________ of his teacher, Tom finally admitted what he had done. 11. Being honest with others is a fine quality that every young person should keep. → Being honest with others is a __________ that every young person should keep. 12. It is worth the time to say sorry to a friend you have hurt by a careless word. → It is __________ to say sorry to a friend you have hurt by a careless word. Part 10 语境串联复盘 — 自我检测 遮挡提示，尝试用12个目标词复述下面这条记忆链： 记忆链：integrity → principle → reliable → garbage → guilty → ashamed → burden → discouraged → forgive → guidance → virtue → worthwhile 复述模板（填空）： 叔叔常说__________（正直）是一个人唯一买不回来的东西，他有一条朴素的__________（原则）：绝不说自己并不当真的话。 镇上人都把他当作__________（可靠的）邻居，去年春天他叫我帮他清理河岸边的__________（垃圾）。 我摔坏相机却说是鸟碰的，立刻感到__________（内疚的），也为自己的声音感到__________（羞愧的）；谎言像沉重的__________（负担）压在胸口，到傍晚我__________（灰心的）得吃不下饭。 说出实情后，他选择__________（原谅）我，并给了我平静的__________（指导）；他说诚实是一种__________（美德），今天付出代价，却让往后每一天都__________（值得的）。 你的复述： ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ $