3. 十大词类和八种句子成分 直通2027年新高考英语初升高衔接精讲精练

**基本信息** 以“词法-句法-对应关系”为逻辑主线，通过口诀助记、即时练评和真题迁移，系统构建初升高英语语法核心框架，提升语言理解与长难句分析能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |十大词类|1篇语法填空+速查表|实词虚词分类口诀、词性功能口诀|从词类定义到考点应用，建立词汇体系| |八大句子成分|8句成分分析+10题综合练|主干修饰二分法、RAP成分口诀|从主干到修饰，构建句子结构认知| |词类-成分对应|1张对应表+5句汉译英|词性-成分匹配规则|打通词法与句法，实现语法知识迁移|

直通新高考英语 初升高衔接精讲精练 第三讲 十大词类和八种句子成分 学习目标 1. 掌握英语十大词类的分类与核心考点，能区分实词与虚词。 2. 理解八大句子成分的功能，分清主干成分（主谓宾表补）与修饰成分（定状同位）。 3. 建立“词类 ↔ 句子成分”的对应观念，能分析长难句的主干与修饰。 4. 通过成分分析与翻译练习，提升拆解长难句、写出规范句子的能力。 本讲导读 词法和句法是英语语法的两大支柱。十大词类构成了英语的基本词汇体系，而八大句子成分决定了句子的结构与功能。掌握词类有助于准确理解词义、正确使用词汇；掌握句子成分则是分析长难句、写出规范句子的基础。本讲系统梳理十大词类的分类与考点，以及八大句子成分的功能与用法，为你构建高中英语语法的核心框架。 一、十大词性 Parts of Speech 📌 📌 一句话搞懂十大词性 Wow, three little girls are walking slowly in the park and they are happy. 感 数 形 名 动 动 副 介 冠 名 连 代 动 形 💡 💡 口诀助记 名代动形副数，介连冠感，前六为实词，后四为虚词。 分类 名称 意义 重要考点 实词 名词 命名万事万物：分为专有名词和普通名词，普通名词可分为 可数名词和 不可数名词 可数名词变复数、名词所有格、变其他词性 代词 代名词：人称代词(主格/宾格)、物主代词(形物代/名物代)、反身代词、不定代词等 各种代词的用法；it / that 的用法 动词 表动作或状态：包括 实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词 时态、语态、主谓一致；非谓语 doing / done / to do；变其他词性 形容词 修饰名词 或 代词 形容词变副词；比较级和最高级；变其他词性 副词 修饰 动词、形容词、副词、整个句子 形容词变副词；比较级和最高级；变其他词性 数词 表数量 / 顺序：分为 基数词 和 序数词 基数词变序数词；数词的固定搭配 虚词 介词 用在 名词、代词、动名词doing、宾语从句 前 介词的用法及固定搭配 连词 分为并列连词和从句连词 并列连词和从句连词的用法 冠词 用于 名词 前或形容词修饰的名词 冠词的用法及搭配 感叹词 表语气 了解 💡 💡 实词和虚词的区别 实词：有实在词汇意义，可以单独充当句子成分 虚词：没有实在词汇意义，只有语法作用，一般不能单独作句子成分 即时练习（语法填空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 It’s 1 (nature) for people to eat when they’re hungry. But people eat for other reasons, too. Do you ever eat because you are 2 stress? Many people do. When people eat to reduce stress, they want certain kinds of food. They want food that 3 (help) them relax. They want comfort (安慰) food. What is comfort food? For most people, it’s food that is 4 (easy) to prepare than other foods. It’s often soft, so it is easy to eat. Eating it gives people a warm feeling. Sometimes it’s a type of food 5 people loved as children. Maybe it’s the food their mothers used to make. Researchers at the University of Illinois did 6 survey on comfort food. They wanted to know two things: what comfort foods people wanted, 7 when they wanted them. The results of the survey were rather 8 (surprise). The researchers expected people’s favourite comfort food to be warm and soft. But it wasn’t. Potato chips (薯片) turned out to be the number one food. Another favourite was ice cream, especially among people 9 (age) 18-34. However, not all comfort foods were snack foods. Nearly half of them 10 (be) healthy, homemade foods, such as chicken soup and meat pies. 二、八大句子成分 Sentence Components 📌 📌 一句话搞懂英语八大句子成分 I saw my friend Jack dancing in the room and he was happy. 主 谓 定 宾 同位语 宾补 状 主 系 表 💡 💡 口诀助记 动词是一家，八人来帮它，主谓宾表补，定状同位语，前五为主干，后三为修饰。 2.1 英语句子的主干成分 主语 (Subject)：英语句子的 描述对象，一般位于 谓语动词前。 The sun rises in the east. I am an exchange student from the UK. Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge. To start my own IT company is my dream. What doesn’t kill me makes me stronger. It is useful to learn English well. 谓语 (Verb)：又叫谓语动词，是句子的核心与灵魂，表 动作 或 状态，一般在主语 后。 All of us laughed loudly. I listen to English songs everyday. He practises speaking English everyday. He is an excellent teacher. My sister is crying over there. I would stay at home all day. 宾语 (Object)：动作的 对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词 及 介词后。 He wrote a letter. He looked at me angrily. I want to visit the museum. I enjoy listening to popular music. I think that he is fit for the job. I find it hard to learn English. 表语 (Predicative)：位于系动词 (be动词、感官动词、keep、become/get等) 后，说明主语的身份、特征和状态。 I’m a freshman at senior high school. I feel anxious in front of the girl. I am from Number. 5 Middle School. My hobby is singing karaoke. My dream is to be a billionaire. The problem is that we don’t have enough money. 补语 (Complement)：对主语或宾语进行补充说明作用的成分，包括 主语补足语 和 宾语补足语。最常见的是 宾语补足语语。 His father named him Goudan. The bad news makes him upset. We found everything in good order. It allows people to enjoy nature. The film makes us cry. We saw her entering the room. / We saw her enter the room. I found my money stolen. 即时练习 请分析下列句子的主干成分（在下列空白处写出主语/谓语/宾语/表语/补语分别是什么）： 1. My father bought me a new bike yesterday. 2. The weather is getting warmer and warmer. 3. We found the classroom empty. 4. Learning a foreign language requires patience. 5. What he said made everyone laugh. 6. The moon rose. 2.2 英语句子的修饰成分 / 美容师 定语 (Attributive)：修饰 名词 或 代词，如果定语是由一个单词，通常要前置即 前置定语；如果定语是一个词组或一个句子时，通常则后置即 后置定语。定语包含左一右六。 左一：形容词或起到形容词作用的数词、名词(表功能、属性和材料等意义)等 There are three lovely children in the big playground. Zhaozhou Bridge is a stone bridge. We must follow the safety rules at the swimming pool. 右六：介词短语、非谓语动词(doing/done/to do)、定语从句、形容词短语 The girl beside the food stand is my deskmate. The girl crying over there is my sister. The letter written by my mother touched me deeply. I have a lot of homework to finish before dinner. The man who visited our class yesterday is an expert. The beautiful girl friendly to everyone is Angelababy. 状语 (Adverbial)：修饰 动词、形容词、副词 或整个句子，说明动作的方式、时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、伴随等或形容词、副词的状态特征。状语包含一短六长。 一短：副词或副词短语 Luckily, the boy is very strong and runs extremely fast. 六长：介词短语、非谓语动词(doing/done/to do)、状语从句、形容词短语 After class, we will buy ice cream at a food stand. Feeling tired, he went to bed. Helped by his teacher, he improved his English rapidly. To pass the important exam, he works hard. Anna had a terrible accident when she was six. Hungry but excited, we rushed to the restaurant. 同位语 (Appositive)：放在名词、代词后，对其进行补充说明作用，包含名词、名词短语、反身代词或同位语从句。 Mr. Zhang, my English teacher, is very handsome and knowledgeable. The little girl herself solved the difficult problem. The news that our team won the match made everyone happy. 📌 📌 八大句子成分 RAP 口诀 英语句子八呀八大块，主谓宾表真呀真实在； 补语跟着宾语跑，定语同位语专把名词踹。 状语的位置它自由自在，忽右忽左随心所欲摆。 即时练习（成分分析 / 翻译） 1. 躺在地上的那只黑狗是我的。（汉译英） 2. 那个可爱的穿着粉色连衣裙的女孩是我刚刚大学毕业的妹妹。（汉译英） 3. People’s knowledge and ideas about Scotsman wearing these funny kilts come from films and television. （英译汉） 4. 他总是小心翼翼地开车。（汉译英） 5. 我们将在周五晚上八点在学生俱乐部集合。（汉译英） 6. During my five-year career in the marketing, I got a great deal of practical experience in brand promotion. （英译汉） 7. 马丁亲自照顾这个病人。（汉译英） 8. (2017全国III卷·64) The parts of a museum open to the public _________(be) called galleries or rooms. （语法填空） 9. He also wrote articles, _________(hope) that more people would join in protecting the environment. （语法填空） 10. The news _________ our team won the game made everyone excited. （语法填空） 三、词类与句子成分对应关系 Word-Component Mapping 掌握十大词类与八大句子成分后，最关键的一步是理解它们之间的对应关系——哪些词类可以充当哪些成分？这正是分析句子结构、攻克长难句的核心能力。 句子成分 通常由哪些词类充当 典型示例 主语 名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式 Tom / He / Two / Swimming / To learn 谓语 动词（只有动词能充当谓语！） runs, is reading, can speak 宾语 名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式 English / him / the first / reading 表语 名词、形容词、代词、数词、介词短语 a teacher / happy / mine / in school 补语 名词、形容词、介词短语、分词 monitor / clean / in trouble / excited 定语 形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、介词短语 beautiful / school / my / first / running 状语 副词、介词短语、分词、状语从句 quickly / at school / Seeing him / when... 同位语 名词、代词、同位语从句 my friend / that he succeeded 课后练习 一、单句语法填空 1. Hundreds of ________ (factory) closed down last winter. 2. My ________ (parent) support means a lot to me when I face difficulties. 3. The ________ (anxious) of freshmen mainly comes from unfamiliar campus life. 4. The teacher asked ________ (we) to explore the campus in small groups. 5. ________ is important to take notes during the lecture. 6. After the training, she became ________ (confident) than before. 7. The coach spoke ________ (loud) to make sure every player could hear him clearly. 8. Up to now, we ________ (explore) almost every corner of the campus. 9. Not only the students but also their teacher ________ (enjoy) watching the basketball match. 10. The young athlete practises ________ (run) every morning to prepare for the marathon. 11. December is the ________ (twelve) month of a year. 12. She is ________ exchange student from Australia. 13. The exchange student is looking forward ________ exploring the new campus. 14. Not only teachers ________ classmates can help you reduce your anxiety. 15. The lecture ________ the teacher gave left a deep first impression on us. 二、句子成分分析（标注主语/谓语/宾语/表语/补语/定语/状语/同位语） 1. The new student from Beijing joined the debate club. 2. We found the math problem extremely difficult. 3. My dream is to travel around the world. 4. The teacher gave us a lot of useful advice. 5. Unfortunately, the match was cancelled because of the heavy rain. 6. The boy running on the track is our team captain. 7. Mr. Li, our headmaster, will give a speech tomorrow. 8. She bought a book written by a famous author. 9. To keep fit, he goes to the gym every day. 10. The news that our team won the game made everyone excited. 三、英汉互译 A. 英译汉（English → Chinese） 1. As a freshman in senior high school, I find it challenging to balance my studies and extracurricular activities. 2. The ancient city, which dates back to over 2,000 years ago, attracts millions of tourists every year. 3. Regular exercise not only builds up our body but also helps us relieve stress. 4. The volunteers spent their spare time helping the elderly in the community. 5. It was his strong determination that helped him overcome all the difficulties during the journey. B. 汉译英（Chinese → English） 1. 参加学校社团是结交新朋友的好方法。 2. 我们计划下个月去西安旅游，参观兵马俑(Terracotta Warriors)。 3. 每天锻炼一小时可以让你保持健康和充满活力。 4. 那个正在操场上跑步的女孩是我们班的班长(monitor)。 5. 老师建议我们每天至少花半小时阅读英语。 附录：重要语法规则速查表 1. 可数名词变复数 Plural Nouns 变化规则 例词 一般情况在词尾加 -s human→humans；crowd→crowds；day→days；month→months 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾加 -es dish→dishes；branch→branches；box→boxes 以 -f / -fe 结尾，变 f 为 v 加 -es knife→knives；leaf→leaves（口诀：妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌…） 以 -f / -fe 结尾，个别加 -s roof→roofs；proof→proofs；chef→chefs 辅音字母 + y 结尾，变 y 为 i 加 -es activity→activities；factory→factories 以 -o 结尾一般加 -s；少数加 -es photo→photos；heroes→heroes；potatoes→potatoes（口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿芒果） 不规则变化 例词 改变内部元音字母 foot→feet；tooth→teeth；goose→geese；man→men；policeman→policemen 单复数相同 sheep→sheep；fish；Chinese；means；series；species 无规则变化 child→children；mouse→mice；ox→oxen；medium→media；bacterium→bacteria 合成名词：主体变复数 / 无主体变最后部分 / 两部分都变 passer-by→passers-by；grown-up→grown-ups；woman singer→women singers 2. 名词所有格 Possessive Case 所有格形式 举例 ‘s / s’ 类（多有生命；时间、距离、国家城市等无生命也可用） a teacher’s duty；Women’s Day；yesterday’s newspaper；two miles’ walk；China’s history of 类（多无生命名词） the mouth of the river；the cover of the book 双重所有格（of + ‘s / 名词性物主代词） a student of my father’s；a friend of mine 3. 代词的变化形式 Pronouns 类别 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词 第一人称 I me my mine myself 第一人称（复） we us our ours ourselves 第二人称 you you your yours yourself 第二人称（复） you you your yours yourselves 第三人称（男） he him his his himself 第三人称（女） she her her hers herself 第三人称（物） it it its its itself 第三人称（复） they them their theirs themselves 4. 形容词 / 副词变比较级和最高级 Comparatives & Superlatives 构成 原级 比较级 最高级 一般单音节加 -er / -est long longer longest 不发音 e 结尾加 -r / -st fine finer finest 重读“辅元辅”双写尾字母加 -er / -est fat fatter fattest 辅音字母 + y 结尾变 y 为 i 加 -er / -est happy happier happiest 多音节（≥3 音节）及部分双音节加 more / most careful more careful most careful 原级 比较级 最高级 good, well better best bad, ill worse worst many, much more most little less least far farther（具体）/ further（抽象） farthest / furthest old older / elder（年长的） oldest / eldest 💡 💡 注意 下列表示“最高程度”或“绝对状态”的形容词和副词没有比较级和最高级，如：favourite；perfect；excellent；wrong；right；unique；extreme等。 5. 形容词变副词规则 Adjective → Adverb 类别 例词 一般直接加 -ly undoubted→undoubtedly；extreme→extremely；regular→regularly 辅音字母 + y 结尾变 y 为 i 加 -ly happy→happily；easy→easily（特例 shy→shyly） 词尾 ble / le 去 e 加 -y terrible→terribly；gentle→gently（特例 whole→wholly） 词尾 ue 去 e 加 -ly true→truly 词尾 l 加 -ly；ll 直接加 -y real→really；official→officially；full→fully 词尾 ic 加 -ally basic→basically；scientific→scientifically；specific→specifically 6. 基数词变序数词 Cardinal → Ordinal 规律 单词 一般后加 th four→fourth；six→sixth；seven→seventh；ten→tenth；hundred→hundredth 1、2、3 特殊记 one→first；two→second；three→third 8 去 t，9 去 e，ve 用 f 替 eight→eighth；nine→ninth；five→fifth；twelve→twelfth 几十 ty 变 tie twenty→twentieth；thirty→thirtieth；forty→fortieth；fifty→fiftieth 几十几只变个位 twenty-one→twenty-first；thirty-five→thirty-fifth 参考答案 一、十大词性 · 即时练习（语法填空） 1. natural 2. under 3. helps 4. easier 5. that / which 6. a 7. and 8. surprising 9. aged 10. were 二、八大句子成分 · 即时练习 8. are（主语 parts 复数） 9. hoping（现在分词作伴随状语） 10. that（同位语从句） 三、课后练习 · 一、单句语法填空 1. factories 2. parents’ 3. anxiety 4. us 5. It 6. more confident 7. loudly 8. have explored 9. enjoys 10. running 11. twelfth 12. an 13. to 14. but 15. that / which 四、课后练习 · 二、句子成分分析 1. 主语: The new student（定语: The, new；后置定语: from Beijing）/ 谓语: joined / 宾语: the debate club 2. 主语: We / 谓语: found / 宾语: the math problem / 补语: extremely difficult（宾补） 3. 主语: My dream（定语: My）/ 谓语(系): is / 表语: to travel around the world 4. 主语: The teacher / 谓语: gave / 宾语: us（间宾）, a lot of useful advice（直宾） 5. 状语: Unfortunately / 主语: the match / 谓语: was cancelled / 状语: because of the heavy rain 6. 主语: The boy（后置定语: running on the track）/ 谓语(系): is / 表语: our team captain 7. 主语: Mr. Li / 同位语: our headmaster / 谓语: will give / 宾语: a speech / 状语: tomorrow 8. 主语: She / 谓语: bought / 宾语: a book（后置定语: written by a famous author） 9. 状语: To keep fit（目的）/ 主语: he / 谓语: goes / 状语: to the gym, every day 10. 主语: The news（同位语: that our team won the game）/ 谓语: made / 宾语: everyone / 补语: excited（宾补） 五、课后练习 · 三、英汉互译 A 英译汉： 1. 作为一名高一新生，我发现平衡学业与课外活动很有挑战性。 2. 这座历史可追溯到两千多年前的古城，每年吸引数百万游客。 3. 经常锻炼不仅能强健体魄，还能帮助缓解压力。 4. 志愿者们利用业余时间帮助社区里的老人。 5. 正是他坚定的决心帮助他克服了旅途中的所有困难。 B 汉译英： 1. Joining school clubs is a great way to make new friends. 2. We plan to travel to Xi’an next month to visit the Terracotta Warriors. 3. Working out for an hour every day can keep you healthy and energetic. 4. The girl running on the playground is the monitor of our class. 5. The teacher advises us to spend at least half an hour reading English every day. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $