Unit 3 Period 3 Grammar and usage（配套教参Word）-【步步高】2025-2026学年高一英语必修第一册学习笔记（译林版·新教材）

Period 3　Grammar and usage—Restrictive relative clauses with relative pronouns

阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并分析其在句中所作成分

1．A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.2.A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.3.A real friend is someone who sees our true self，not just the face that we show to the world.4.Yet these days，the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.We may be able to make many friends online，but these friendships can be quite shallow.5.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love.Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting.6.“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matter most to us.7.“Liking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which we share.To make friends a real part of our lives，we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person.

1．在句1和3中，关系代词who在定语从句中均作主语；在句3和4中，关系代词that分别在定语从句中作宾语和主语；在句6和7中，关系代词which分别在定语从句中作主语和宾语；在句5中，关系代词whom在定语从句中作宾语；在句2中，关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语。

2．从上面的句子可以看出，关系代词 who/whom常用来指代人；关系代词 which常用来指代事物；关系代词 that既可以指人也可以指物；关系代词 whom只能用来表示人的宾格；关系代词 whose用来表示人或物的所有格。

一、定语从句的定义

1．在主从复合句中，充当定语，对某一名词、代词或名词短语起修饰作用的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词、代词或名词短语叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。

2．关系词分为关系代词(that，which，who，whom，whose等)和关系副词(when，where，why等)两类。

二、关系代词的基本用法

1．that的用法

that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略。

The number of people that/who come to visit the city reaches one million every year.

每年来参观这座城市的人数达到一百万。

The report (that) Mr Turner handed in was about the motor race.

特纳先生递交的报告是关于摩托车比赛的。

He doesn’t seem to be the man that he was ten years ago.

他看起来已经不是十年前的样子了。

2．which的用法

which指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可省略。

Guilin is a city which has a history of over 2,000 years.

桂林是一座有2 000多年历史的城市。

The gold medal (which) she won has been given to her old school.

她赢得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。

3．who的用法

who指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语。

The person who tricked me was one of my classmates.骗我的那个人是我的一个同学。

In my opinion，my father is the person who I respect most.

在我看来，我的父亲是我最尊敬的人。

4．whom的用法

whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可用who代替，也可省略。在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，用whom，不用who。

Jack is the person (who/whom) you should care about.杰克是你应该关心的人。

The man with whom I chatted just now is my teacher.

刚才和我聊天的那个人是我的老师。

5．whose的用法

whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中修饰名词，作定语。

I have read the book whose characters I like very much.

我已经读了这本书，我很喜欢它里面的人物。

This is the poet whose name is known all over the country.

这就是那位闻名全国的诗人。

[温馨提示]

whose指人时，可与“the＋名词＋of whom/of whom＋the＋名词”互换；whose指物时，可与“the＋名词＋of which/of which＋the＋名词”互换。

I will talk to those students whose homework hasn’t been done on time.

＝I will talk to those students the homework of whom hasn’t been done on time.

＝I will talk to those students of whom the homework hasn’t been done on time.

我将和那些没按时完成作业的学生谈话。

I saw some trees whose leaves were black with disease.

＝I saw some trees the leaves of which were black with disease.

＝I saw some trees of which the leaves were black with disease.

我看到有几棵树因为病害叶子变黑了。

三、关系词宜用 that而不用 which的情况

1．当先行词是all，little，much，something，anything，everything，nothing等不定代词时。

All that can be done has been done.

一切能做的都已经做了。

2．当先行词被all，every，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last，just等修饰时。

Music is the only thing that cheers me up.

音乐是唯一能让我高兴起来的东西。

3．当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。

The movie released recently is the best one that I have ever seen.最近上映的那部电影是我看过的最好看的一部电影。

4．当先行词中既有人又有物时。

She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most.

她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。

5．当先行词前面出现who，which等疑问代词时，为了避免重复，只能用that。

Who is the boy that is playing computer games there?

正在那里玩电脑游戏的那个男孩是谁？

[疑难点津] 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。

Those who are over 45 won’t be allowed to enter the hall.

不允许超过45岁的人进入这间大厅。

[温馨提示] (1)“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。

This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.

这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。

He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.

他是我们班里唯一学过法语的男孩。