Unit 2 Natural disasters-2026-2027学年高中英语语法专项精讲精练必修三（译林版）

Unit 2 Natural disasters 语法专项精讲精练 语法概览 女同步语法一：动词不定式作定语和结果状语 ★同步语法二：时态和语态综合 语法精讲精练 (一)基本定义 动词不定式(todo)是非谓语动词的一种，在句中可作定语和结果状语。作定语时，用来修 饰名词或代词，相当于一个定语从句，常表达将来、情态、动宾关系等含义；作结果状语时， 表示出乎意料、达到某种程度或结果，常用于so...as to,enough to,too...to,only to do等 结构中。这是高考语法填空、短文改错、写作中的重要考点。 (二)不定式作定语的核心用法与位置 不定式作定语一般放在被修饰名词的后面（后置定语），极少前置。根据与被修饰词的逻辑关 系，可分为以下三类： 用法类别 含义说明 典型例句 定语从句转换 动作尚未发生，强 The meeting to be The meeting that is 表将来/朱完成 调“将要..…" held tomorrow is to be held tomorrow is important. important. 被修饰词具有某种 She is the only She is the only 表情态/能力 能力、用途、必要 person to solve this person who can solve 性 problem. this problem. 表动宾关系（主动 名词是不定式的逻 I have a lot of work =I have a lot of work 表被动) 辑宾语，但不定式 to do. that I must do. 用主动形式 ★特别提示：当不定式与所修饰名词构成动宾关系，且句子主语是该动作的逻辑主语时，不定 式用主动形式表被动含义，不可使用被动式to be done,除非逻辑主语不明确。例如： I have a letter to write.(W我写，主动表被动) This letter is to be written by you.(W被动式，因主语是letter,逻辑主语是you) ★易错对比： I want something to drink.(我想喝点东西，主动表被动) I want something to be drunk by me.(啰嗦且不自然，高考不推荐) (三)不定式作结果状语的核心用法与结构 不定式作结果状语，通常放在句末，表示主句动作带来的结果，常见结构如下： 结构 含义 例句 表示“结果却…”，常指意外或不 He hurried to the station, only to do 愉快的结局 only to find the train had left. She was so kind as to help so adj./adv.as 表示“如此…以至于…” to do the old man across the street. such noun as It was such a loud noise 表示“如此…以至于…… to do as to wake everyone up. adj./adv.enough 表示“足够.…以至于可以…” The boy is old enough to to do go to school. too adj./adv.to 表示“太…以至于不能…” (否 She is too young to do 定结果) understand this rule so..that..→ 如：He is so strong that he enough to /too...to can lift it.He is strong 句型转换（写作高频） enough to lift it. ★注意区分：不定式作结果状语与作目的状语的区别。作结果状语时，不定式前常有oly, so,enough,too等标志词；作目的状语时，不定式可放在句首或句中，常可转换为in order to so as too (四)不定式作定语Vs分词作定语（高考必考点） 对比项 不定式(todo) 现在分词(doing) 过去分词(done) 时间指向 将来（未发生） 正在进行 已完成/被动 逻辑关系 动宾、情态、目的 主动（名词发出动作） 被动（名词承受动作） 例句 the bridge to be built the bridge being the bridge built next year built now last year ★判断口诀： 明年要建用todo, 正在建造用doing, 已经建成用done。 (五)高考高频考点总结（附例句） 1.不定式作定语时主动表被动 ⑨例句：I have many tasks to finish before Friday..(tasks是finish的宾语，但用主 动形式to finish) 2.only to do表意外结果 O例句：He worked day and night,,only to get a failing grade.(结果却是糟糕 的) 3.too..to与enough to的转换 例句：The box is too heavy for me to carry, The box is not light enough for me to carry 4.不定式与定语从句的互换 ⑨例句：She is the first woman to win the gold medal.. =She is the first woman who has won the gold medal,.(注意完成时也可指过 去，但不定式强调顺序) 5.不定式作后置定语时，若动词为不及物动词，需补充介词 O例句：I need a pen to write with.(with不可丢) 误：I need a pen to write. 二、专项练习 (一)单项选择(8小题) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1.He rushed to the classroom,only that the teacher had already left. A.to find B.finding C.found D.having found 2.The next train from Platform 2 is the Beijing Express. A.arriving B.to arrive C.arrived D.being arrived 3.After the earthquake,the survivors had no house A.to live B.to live in C.living in D.lived 4.The old woman was weak walk any farther. A.too;to B.so;that C.such;that D.enough;to 5.He hurried to the airport, that the plane had already taken off. A.to find B.only to find C.finding D.having found 6.The problem at the next meeting is about climate change A.discussing B.discussed C.to be discussed D.having discussed 7.I need a box_ these books in. A.to put B.putting C.put D.to be put 8.The boy is old enough after himself. A.to looking B.to look C.looking D.looked (二)用所给词的适当形式填空(8小题) 根据句子语境，用括号内动词的适当形式（不定式或分词）填空。 1.She is the first person (volunteer)for the project. 2.I have a lot of homework (do)tonight. 3.He ran all the way to the station,only (find)the train gone. 4.The book is too difficult for beginners (understand). 5.The building_ (construct)next year will be a library. 6.The teacher assigned us three essays_(write)before Friday. 7.The man was_ (frighten)to say a word when he saw the accident 8.She hurried to the scene, (hope)to catch a glimpse of the star. (三)篇章语法填空(12小题) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内所给动词的正确形式（不定式、现在分词或过去分词）。 Last month,our school organized a volunteer activity to visit a remote village.We were the first group of students 1.(carry)out the project.On the bus,the teacher handed out a list of tasks 2.(finish)during the trip.Some students were too eager 3.(wait)for the moment. When we arrived,we saw many children 4.(play)in the yard.They had no toys 5. (play)with.Our first task was 6.(teach)them English songs At first,the children were too shy 7.(sing)along.But soon,they became excited enough 8.(join)us.One little girl,9.(call)Li Mei,even sang a beautiful Chinese song. In the afternoon,we helped repair the school library.There were many broken bookshelves 10.(fix).We worked all afternoon,only 11.(realize) how much effort was needed.By the end of the day,the library looked clean and bright,ready 12. (use)for the next day's class. 三、参考答案 (一）单项 1.A;2.B;3.B;4.A;5.B;6.C;7.A;8.B 选择 (二)用所 给词的适当 1.to volunteer 2.to do 3.to find 4.to understand 5.to be 形式填空 constructed 6.to write 7.frightened 8.hoping (三)篇章 1.to carry 2.to finish 3.to wait 4.playing 5.to play 6.to teach 语法填空 7.to sing 8.to join 9.called 10.to fix;11.to realize;12.to use 语法精讲精练二 (一)基本概念 时态表示动作发生的时间（现在、过去、将来、过去将来），语态表示主语与动作的关系 (主动：主语是执行者；被动：主语是承受者)。高中阶段要求熟练掌握主动语态与被动 语态在不同时态下的对应形式，并在具体语境中准确判断时态与语态的组合。 (二)核心时态对应的被动语态构成（高考必考） 下表列出常见时态的主动与被动结构对比，注意be动词随主语人称、数和时态变化，过 去分词保持固定形式。 时态 主动语态 被动语态 例句（被动） 一般 The windows are cleaned 现在 do/does am/is/are done 时 every week. 一般 过去 The bridge was built in did was/were done 2020. 时 现在 进行 am/is/are being The house is being am/is/are doing 时 done painted now. 过去 进行 was/were being The car was being was/were doing 时 done repaired at that time. 现在 have/has been The work has been 完成 have/has done 时 done finished already. 过去 The letter had been sent 完成 had done had been done before he arrived. 时 一般 The book will be published 将来 will do will be done 时 next month 过去 将来 He said the problem would do would be done would be solved soon. 时 情态 can/must/should can/must/should be The rules must be 动词 do done followed by everyone. (三)核心用法与判断方法 1.主动还是被动：看主语与动词的关系。若主语发出动作→主动；若主语承受动作→被 动。 √例：The teacher punished the student..(主动，teacher发出punish) V例：The student was punished by the teacher..(被动，studenti承受 punish) 2.时态判断：根据时间状语(yesterday,now,already,by then,next week等)或上 下文语境确定时间。 √例：The experiment _(carry out)last month.→时i间last month, 一般过去时；实验被进行，被动→was carried out。. 3.双宾语动词的被动：give,send,teach,tell,offer等可带双宾语，变被动时有两种方 式：直接宾语作主语或间接宾语作主语。 间接宾语作主语（更常见）：He gave me a book.→I was given a book(by him). 直接宾语作主语：A book was given to me(by him): 4.感官动词/使役动词的被动：see,hear,watch,make,let,have等，在主动句中接不 带to的宾补，变为被动时需还原to(Iet除外)。 They made him work hard.-He was made to work hard. We saw her cross the street.-She was seen to cross the street. (四)高考高频考点与易错点 1现在完成时被动与一般过去时被动的区分：现在完成时被动强调对现在的影响或动作 已完成但时间未明确；一般过去时被动强调过去发生的动作与现在无关。 √例：The window (break)yesterday.（一般过去时被动：was broken) √例：The window (break)already,so we need to fix it.(现在完成 时被动：has been broken) 2进行时态的被动：容易被忽略，常考“正在被.."的语境。 √例：Look!The road (repair).→正在进行且被动-→is being repaired. 3.情态动词被动：注意情态动词后接be done,不可漏掉be。 √例：The problem (solve)immediately.→情态should→should be solved. 4.不及物动词无被动：如happen,occur,appear,rise,fal等，不可用被动语态。 √例：The accident happened last night.(正确)X The accident was happened. 5.主动形式表被动含义：某些动词(write,sell,clean,wash等)后接副词时，常用主 动表被动，主语为物。 /例：his pen writes smoothly.(不用被动writes)/he book sells well.. (不用is sold) 6.时态一致：在复合句中，主从句时态需呼应，被动语态形式随之调整。 /例：He said the work (finish)by the end of that year..→said为 过去，finished发生在said之前，过去完成时被动→had been finished. 二、专项练习 (一)单项选择(10小题) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1.The new library in our town last year. A.built B.was built C.has built D.is building 2.All the tickets for the concert already. A.have sold out B.have been sold out C.are selling out D.were selling out 3.The students to clean the classroom after school every day. A.require B.are required C.required D.have required 4.By the time he arrived,the meeting for ten minutes. A.had begun B.had been begun C.was beginning D.had been brought 5.The bridge now is expected to be completed next year. A.being built B.building C.is being built D.has been built 6.The problem at the meeting tomorrow is about environmental protection. A.discussing B.discussed C.to discuss D.to be discussed 7.The old man once a month by the local doctor. A.is examined B.was examined C.has examined I D.examines 8.I can't use my bike now because it A.is repairing B.has repaired C.is being repaired D.was repaired 9.The songs_ by the popular singer are very famous. A.sung B.were sung C.singing D.to be sung 10.It is said that the stadium in2025. A.will complete B.will be completed C.completes D.is completing (二)用所给动词的适当形式填空(8小题) 根据句子语境，用括号内动词的正确时态和语态形式填空。 1.The book (write)by Lu Xun and it (publish)many years ago. 2.The restaurant (close)now because it (decorate)at the moment. 3.Great changes (take)place in my hometown since 2010. 4.He(not allow)to go out until he (finish)his homework. 5.The machine (must operate)carefully,or it may break down. 6.When I walked past the river,I saw some fish (save)by volunteers 7.The project(complete)by the end of last month,but it was not. 8.English (speak)as a second language in many countries. (三)篇章语法填空(12小题) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内所给动词的正确时态和语态形式（必要时加情态动词 或助动词)。 Last month,a special exhibition 1. (hold)in the city museum.Many ancient artworks 2. (show)for the first time.The most impressive one was a bronze vessel which 3. (create)during the Shang Dynasty.It 4. (discover)by farmers three years ago.Since then,it 5. (keep)in the museum's safe room. During the exhibition,all the artifacts 6. (protect)carefully.Guards 1. (station)at every entrance.Visitors 8. (ask)not to touch anything.A guide told us that the vessel 9.(once use)for religious ceremonies.He added that many similar relics 10.(still study)by archaeologists today. I felt very lucky because such a precious collection 11. (not show)to the public before.It is said that the exhibition 12. (extend)to next month due to its popularity. 三、参考答案 （一)单项 选择 1.B;2.B;3.B;4.B;5.A;6.D;7.A;8.C;9.A;10.B (二)用所 1.was written was published 2.is closed is being decorated 3. 给动词的适 have taken 4.is not allowed finishes 5.must be operated 6. 当形式填空 being saved 7.had been completed 8.is spoken 1.was held 2.were shown 3.was created 4.was discovered 5. (三)篇章 has been kept 6.were protected 7.were stationed 8.were 语法填空 asked 9.was once used 10.are still being studied 11.had not been shown 12.will be extended