Unit 3 Food-2026-2027学年高中英语语法专项精讲精练必修二（沪外版）

Unit 3 Food 语法专项精讲精练 语法概览 女同步语法一：-ing/-ed形式作定语 ★同步语法二：词汇分类拓展：下义词(Hyponyms) 语法精讲精练一 ()基本定义 -ig形式（现在分词）和-ed形式（过去分词）作定语时，均相当于形容词，修饰名词或代 词。核心区别在于：-ig表主动/进行，-ed表被动/完成。这是高考语法填空、短文改错、阅 读理解中非谓语动词作定语的必考考点。 (二)核心用法与位置 类型 位置 含义 示例 名词主动发出 单个-ing作前置 直接放在名词 a running boy(一个正在跑的男孩) a 动作，或动作 定语 前 boring lecture(一场合人乏味的讲座) 正在进行 单个-ed作前置 直接放在名词 名词承受动作 a broken window(一扇被打碎的窗 (被动)，或动 定语 前 户)fallen leaves(落叶，已完成) 作已完成 The boy running on the -ing短语作后置 放在名词后， 名词主动发出 定语 相当于主动/进 动作，或与名 playground is my brother.The boy who is running on the 行的定语从句 词为主动关系 playground... -ed短语作后置定 放在名词后， 名词承受动作 The bridge built last year is 语 相当于被动/完 (被动)，或动 strong.The bridge which was 成的定语从句 作已完成 built last year... (三) 核心含义区分 (高考必考对比) 分词形式 逻辑关系 时间意味 典型例词 进行中或一 exciting news(今人兴奋的消息)←- -ing (doing) 主动 般状态 news excites people 已发生或状 excited fans(兴奋的粉丝)←fans are -ed (done) 被动或完成 态 excited 仅表完成， 不及物动词-ed 动作已完成 retired worker(退休工人)、gone days 无被动 (逝去的日子) (四)高考高频考点总结 1.位置判断：单个分词前置，分词短语后置。 2.主动/被动辨析：看名词与分词动作的逻辑关系。 The stealing man→男人主动偷窃（主动） The stolen wallet→钱包被偷（被动） 3.完成/进行辨析：有明确时间状语或语境时，-ed常表已发生，-ig表正在发生。 O例句：The building being built now is our library.(正在被建) Q例句：The building built last year is our library.(已建成) 4.不定式作定语常表"将来"，与-ing/-ed区分。 The meeting to be held tomorrow(将被举行)→将来被动 The meeting held yesterday(已举行)→过去被动 二、专项练习 ()单项选择(10小题) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1.The lecture really put the audience to sleep A.bored B.boring C.being bored D.having bored 2.All the passengers were rescued from the ship A.trapping B.trapped C.being trapped D.to trap 3.The girl in the corner is my cousin. A.cried B.crying C.to cry D.having cried 4.The look on his face suggested that he didn't understand the question. A.puzzling B.puzzled C.puzzle D.being puzzled 5.The novel into many languages is popular worldwide. A.translating B.translated C.being translated D.to translate 6.Don't wake up the baby. A.sleeping B.slept C.sleep D.to sleep 7.The old man sat under a tree,smoking a pipe. A.shading B.shaded C.shade D.to shade 8.The problem at the conference tomorrow is about climate change. A.discussing B.discussed C.to be discussed D.being discussed 9.The teacher walked into the classroom,with a expression. A.concerning B.concerned C.concern D.to concern 10.The leaves from the trees in autumn are often collected by children. A.falling B.fallen C.fell D.to fall (二)用所给词的适当形式填空(8小题) 根据句子语境，用括号内动词的正确形式填空（注意谓语或非谓语、成分需求）。 1.The (frustrate)look on his face suggested that he had failed the test 2.I can't imagine (live)in such a noisy place. 3.The castle (date)back to the 12th century is well preserved. 4.The problem (discuss)now is about environmental protection. 5.His (come)late made the teacher angry. 6.The boy (name)after his grandfather is very clever. 7.She was seen (enter)the library with a book. 8.The (break)glass should be cleaned up immediately. (三)篇章语法填空(10小题) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内所给词的正确形式。 Last weekend,I visited an old museum 1. (locate)in the city center.There was a large hall 2. (fill)with paintings 3. (create)by local artists. Among them,a picture 4 (show)a young girl playing the violin caught my eye.The girl,5. (dress)in a white dress,seemed to be lost in the music. In the next room,we saw a collection of 6.(break)pottery pieces from the Ming Dynasty.A guide 7.(call)Mr.Li explained how these items were discovered.He told us a 8. (surprise)story about a hidden treasure 9. (bury)under the museum itself.The whole experience was truly 10. (reward).I left feeling both educated and inspired. 三、参考答案 (一)单项 1.B;2.B;3.B;4.B;5.B;6.A;7.B;8.C;9.B;10.B 选择 (二)用所 给词的适当 1.excited 2.broken 3.written 4.following 5.stolen 6.shining 7.bored 8.finished 形式填空 (三)篇章 1.located 2.filled 3.created 4.showing 5.dressed 6.broken 语法填空 7.called 8.surprising 9.buried 10.rewarding 章 语法精讲精练二 (一）)基本定义 下义词(Hyponym)是指语义上被包含在另一个更广义的词（上义词，Hypernym)中 的词。两者构成“上下位关系(Hyponymy）)",是词汇语义学的重要概念，在高考英语阅 读理解、完形填空及写作中高频出现，用于精准表达和词汇拓展。 (仁)核心用法与分类 下义词的运用能提升语言的具体性与生动性，常见分类如下表： 上义词 (Hypernym) 下义词(Hyponym) 说明 下义词为动物类下属物 animal(动物) dog,cat,tiger,elephant 种 flower(花) rose,lily,tulip,sunflower 下义词为具体花卉种类 vehicle(交通工具) car,bus,train,bicycle 下义词为具体交通工具 job(职业) teacher,doctor,engineer, 下义词为具体职业名称 lawyer fruit(水果) apple,banana,orange,peach 下义词为具体水果品种 color(颜色) red,blue,green,yellow 下义词为具体色彩名称 (三)核心含义区分 1.上下义关系是“包含与被包含”，而非“同义”。 例：furniture(上义词)包含chair,table,bed（(下义词)；furniture≠chairo 2.下义词可层层细分： 例：animal→mammal→dog→Golden Retriever(由粗到精)。 3高考常见考点：在语境中识别上下义关系，用于猜测生词、避免重复、丰富句式。 (四)高考高频考点及用法 1.阅读理解：利用上下义关系推断词义。 例：文中出现"poultry(家禽)"，后文列举“chicken,duck,goose”,则poultry 为上义词，可通过下义词推出其含义。 2完形填空：根据上下文逻辑选择恰当下义词替代上义词。 例：The garden was full of colorful Roses,lilies,and tulips bloomed everywhere.→空格应填flowers(上义词)，因为后文都是下义词。 3.写作提升：使用下义词代替笼统的上义词，使表达更精确。 例：I like sports.→I like swimming and basketball..(用下义词替代sports) 4词汇归类记忆：将单词按上下义关系分组，提高记忆效率。 例：交通工具→car,bus,subway,plane;学科→math,physics,history, art. 二、专项练习 (一）单项选择(10小题) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1.The zoo has many different kinds of such as lions,tigers,and bears. A.flowers B.animals C.fruits D.vehicles 2.Which word is a hyponym of"furniture"? A.Table B.House C.Wood D.Room 3.In the sentence "She bought some apples,bananas,and grapes.", the best word for the blank is A.drinks B.vegetables C.fruit D.snacks 4.The word "rose"is a hyponym of A.color B.plant C.flower D.tree 5.To make the sentence more specific,change "I read a book"to "I read a A.novel B.paper C.thing D.material 6.Which pair shows a hypernym-hyponym relationship? A.big -small B.happy -sad C.furniture -chair D.run -walk 7.The menu includes various such as pizza,pasta,and salad. A.drinks B.dishes C.desserts D.fruits 8.The word "poodle"is a hyponym of. A.animal B.mammal C.dog D.pet 9.If "tool"is the hypernym,which word is NOT its hyponym? A.Hammer B.Saw C.Knife D.Box 10.In the passage "Birds like eagles,sparrows,and pigeons are common in the city.",the word "birds"is a A.hyponym B.hypernym C.synonym D.antonym (二)根据上义词，写出至少两个下义词（每空1分，共8空） 从方框中选择合适的下义词填空，每个词仅用一次。方框：tulip,bus,engineer, cabbage,guitar,sofa,tiger,diamond 1.flower: 2.vehicle: 3.job: 4.furniture: (三)篇章填空(10空) 阅读下面短文，根据上下文从括号内提供的下义词中选择恰当的词填空（注意动词形 式)。 (备选项：novel,tulips,subway,lawyer,.piano,banana,jeans,doctor,orange, blouse) Last weekend,I went to a large bookstore.I was looking for a good 1. (book novel)to read.After browsing,I chose a 2._(magazine/novel) about space.Later,I took the 3. _(vehicle /subway)to meet my friend.She works as a 4._ (job lawyer)in a law firm.We had lunch at a cafe and she ordered a 5.(fruit banana)smoothie.In the evening, we attended a concert.The musician played the 6. (instrument piano)beautifully.On my way home,I bought some 7. (flowers tulips)for my mother.She had just bought a new 8. (clothes blouse)and was very happy.My father,a 9. (profession doctor), came home late.He was wearing a pair of 10. (trousers jeans)and a casual shirt.It was a wonderful day. 三、参考答案 (一)单项 1.B;2.A;3.C;4.C;5.A;6.C;7.B;8.C;9.D;10.B 选择 (二)根据 上义词，写 出至少两个 1.tulip,rose 2.bus,subway 3.engineer,lawyer 4.sofa,table 下义词 (三)篇章 1.novel 2.novel 3.subway 4.lawyer 5.banana 6.piano 7. 填空 tulips 8.blouse 9.doctor 10.jeans