Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world（一）-2026-2027学年高中英语教材全解必修三（译林版）

Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world 教材全解（一） republic malaria deadly survival province broad 。单元核心词汇 intend extract herb refer experiment trial limited household container ⊙单元同步语法 动词-ed形式作定语、状语和宾语补足语 ⑦单元文章对话 重点句型讲练 教材同步词汇全解全练 重点1 单元词汇 l.deadly/dedli/adi.致命的；十足的，彻底的 词形变化：dead(adj.)死的；deadliness (n.)致命性 辨析：deadly强调可能致死；fatal也指致命的，但deadly更突出致死性质；lethal 更正式，常指武器等。 搭配：deadly disease致命疾病；deadly weapon致命武器；deadly enemy死敌 例句：Malaria is a deadly disease that still threatens many people.. 2.survival/s3'varvl/n.生存，存活；残存物，幸存事物 词形变化：survive(W.)幸存；survivor(m.)幸存者 搭配：survival skills生存技能；survival rate存活率；struggle for survival为生存 而斗争 例句：The doctor's quick action was crucial for the patient's survival.. 3.intend /In'tend/vt.&vi.想要，计划；意指 词形变化：intention(.)意图，打算；intentional(adi.)故意的；intentionally (adv.)故意地 搭配：intend to do sth.打算做某事；be intended for为…而设计：intend sb.to do打算让某人做 例句：The experiment was intended to test the new medicine's effect. 4.extract/'ekstraekt/n.提取物，选录；/k'strakt/vt.提取；选录；取出；设法得到 词形变化：extraction(n.)提取，拔出；extractor(m.）提取器 搭配：extract.fiom..从…中提取；plant extract植物提取物 例句：Scientists extract a valuable compound from the herb. 5.refer /I'f3:()/vi.提到，谈及；参考，查阅 词形变化：reference(.)参考，提及；referential(adji.)参考的 搭配：refer to查阅；提到；指的是；refer to.as..把…称为… 例句：You can refer to the dictionary for the meaning of the word, 6ial/'trarel/n.试用，试验；审讯，审判；考验；vi.&vt.测试，试验 词形变化：ty(w.)尝试；trial run试运行 搭配：clinical trial临床试验；rial and error反复试验；on trial在试用中；在受审 例句：The new drug is under clinical trial. 7.limited/'lImitrd/adi.有限的 词形变化：limit(m.w.)限制；limitation(m.）限制，局限；unlimited(反义词)无 限的 搭配：limited resources有限的资源；limited time有限的时间；limited edition限量 版 例句：With limited time,we had to make a quick decision. 8.postpone/p3'spaun/vt.延迟，延期 词形变化：postponement(n.)延期 辨析：postpone常指推迟到某个时间点后delay更强调耽搁；put off为同义短 语。 搭配：postpone+doing/,houn推迟做某事；postpone until/to推迟到. 例句：The meeting was postponed due to bad weather. 9.sufficient/sa'fnt/adj.足够的，充足的 词形变化：sufficiency(n.)充足；sufficiently(adv.)足够地；insufficient(反义 词)不足的 搭配：be sufficient for对…足够；sufficient evidence足够的证据 例句：We need sufficient data to support our conclusion., 10.eIror./ere(r)/n.错误，差错 词形变化：er(w.)犯错；erroneous(adj.)错误的；error--free无差错的 搭配：make an error犯错误；human error人为错误；rial and error反复试验 例句：Through trial and error,they found the best solution. ll.beneficial/,benr'fi/adj.有益的，有用的 词形变化：benefit(n./v.)利益，好处；受益；beneficially(adv.)有益地 搭配：be beneficial to/for对…有益；mutually beneficial互利的 例句：Regular exercise is beneficial to health. 考点通关 单元词汇 (一)单句填空（用所给词的适当形式填空） 1.Malaria is a (dead)disease that still kills many people in Africa. 2.The (survive)of the patient depended on the timely treatment. 3.She had no (intend)of giving up despite the difficulties. 4.The (extract)of the compound required advanced equipment. 5.You can make (refer)to the notes for more details. 6.The new product is currently on (ty). 7.With (limit)resources,we must make careful plans. 8.The (postpone)of the game disappointed the fans. 9.The test result was (sufficient)accurate to be trusted. 10.The (error)conclusion led to a major failure. 11.Drinking moderate amounts of red wine is (benefit)to heart health. (二)短文填空 Scientists were studying a 1. disease that affected many people.They 2. to find a cure.They 3. a chemical from a plant.To test its effect, they conducted a clinical 4. However,due to 5. resources,they had to 6. some experiments.They 7. to previous research for help.After making many 8. attempts,they finally got 9.data.The result was 10. to patients'11. 参考答案 1.deadly;2.survival;3.intention;4.extraction;5.reference;6.trial;7.limited; (一)单句填空 8.postponement;9.sufficiently;10.erroneous;11.beneficial 1.deadly;2.intended;3.extracted;4.tial;5.limited;6.postpone;7.referred; (二)短文填空 8.erroneous;9.sufficient;10.beneficial;11.survival 教材同步语法全解全练 重点1 动词-ed形式（过去分词）作定语、状语和宾语补足语 动词-ed形式（过去分词）作定语、状语和宾语补足语 项目 内容 过去分词（短语）放在名词前或后，起修饰作用，表示被动或完成。注 动词-ed形式意：不及物动词的过去分词（如fallen,isen)表示完成，不表示被动。 作定语 ①a broken window(单个分词前位定语)②a letter written by my friend（分词短语后置定语) 过去分词（短语)修饰谓语动词，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或 伴随等，其逻辑主语通常为句子主语，且与主语是被动关系。 动词-ed形式④Given more time,he finished the work.(时间状语)②Surprised by 作状语 the news,she couldn't speak.(原因状语)③Heated,ice turns into water..（条件状语)④The teacher came in,followed by a group of students.(方式/伴随状语) 过去分词用在某些动词的宾语之后，说明宾语的状态或动作，宾语与分词 之间是被动关系。注意区分：have/get+宾语+过去分词（让某人做某事/遭 遇某事)；have+宾语+动词原形（主动让某人做某事）；have+宾语 动词-ed形式+doig(仕某人一直做某事）。 作宾语补足语 ①I had my hair cut.（使役动词)②He got his car repaired.(使役动 词)③I saw the thief caught by the police.(感官动词)④She heard her name called.(感官动词) 考点通关 动词-ed形试作定语状语和宾语补足语 语法专练一：单项选择(8题) 从A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳答案。 1.The window let the cold wind in. A.breaking B.broken C.broke 2 from the top of the mountain,the city looks magnificent. A.Seen B.Seeing C.To see 3.We had the machine yesterday. A.repair B.repairing C.repaired 4. in a white dress,the girl looked like an angel. A.Dressed B.Dressing C.To dress 5.The teacher walked into the classroom, by a group of excited students. A.following B.followed C.to follow 6.The experiment out in the lab last week was a great success. A.carried B.carrying C.to carry 7.I heard the song in English. A.singing B.sung C.sang 8. more attention,the trees could have grown better. A.Given B.Giving C.To give 语法专练二：语法填空(10题) 用括号内动词的适当形式填空（注意使用-ed形式或正确形式）。 1.The bridge in 1900 is still in use. 2. by the teacher,the student made great progress. 3.She kept the door all night. 4.The book by Mo Yan is very popular. 5. with the old model,the new one is much lighter. 6.He had his wallet on the bus. 7.The girl sat in the corner, by her friends. 8.I saw a man down by a car. 9. in spring,the flowers will bloom in summer. 10.The manager wants the work by Friday. 参考答案 语法专练一：单项选择1.B;2.A;3.C;4.A;5.B;6.A;7.B;8.A 1.built;2.Encouraged;3.locked;4.written;5.Compared; 语法专练二：语法填空 6.stolen;7.surrounded;8.knocked;9.Planted;10.finished A 教材同步文章句型精讲 重点句型 Tu Youyou and Artemisinin 1.It is her perseverance and dedication to her work that allowed her to overcome countless obstacles. 结构：Itis/was+被强调部分+that+句子其他部分 中文：正是她的坚持使她克服了无数障碍。 用法：用来强调句子中的某一成分。 2.What makes her achievement so remarkable is that she conducted her research under difficult conditions. 结构：What+从句（主语）+is/was+表语 中文：最令人惊讶的是她在艰苦条件下进行了研究。 用法：wht引导主语从句，在句中作主语，谓语动词用单数。 3.This news report celebrates not only Tu Youyou's scientific achievement but also the rich heritage of traditional Chinese medicine. 结构：not only+A+but also+B 中文：不仅她的科学成就值得庆祝，而且传统中医也值得尊重。 用法：连接两个并列成分，意为“不仅…而且…”。 4.Although she faced many challenges and skepticism during her career,Tu Youyou never gave up. 结构：A1 though+从句，主句 中文：尽管遇到了很多质疑，她从未放弃。 用法：表示“虽然…但是…”，注意不能与t连用。 5 Having spent years testing thousands of herbal remedies,Tu Youyou finally found the key to treating malaria. 结构：Having+过去分词+其他，主句 中文：经过多年试验数千种草药后，她终于找到了治疗方法。 用法：表示该动作发生在主句动作之前，且与主语是主动关系。 6.By following in her footsteps,young scientists can be inspired to pursue their own research 结构：By+动名词短语，主句 中文：通过遵循她的脚步，年轻科学家可以受到启发。 用法：表示“通过做某事”，说明主句动作的方式或手段。 7.a drug that has saved millions of lives from malaria. 结构：先行词+关系代词(that/which)+从句 中文：她发现的药物已经拯救了数百万人的生命。 用法：that和which都可指代物，在从句中作主语或宾语。 考点通关 文章句型 练习一：完成句子（用所给词的适当形式填空) 1.It is her strong will (make)her succeed. 2.What (inspire)us most is her dedication. 3.Not only she discover the drug,but she also helped millions. 4. (face)many difficulties,she never stopped trying. 5.She won the prize by (work)tirelessly. 6.The medicine (save)millions of lives is called artemisinin. 7. (spend)years on research,she found the key. 8.Although it was hard,she (refuse)to give up. 9.It was in the lab she conducted her experiments. 10.What we admire is she overcame obstacles. 练习二：翻译句子（在横线上写出完整句子） 1.正是她的坚持使她克服了无数障碍。 2.最令人惊讶的是她在艰苦条件下进行了研究。 3. 这项发现不仅拯救了生命，而且推动了全球健康事业。 4.尽管遇到了很多质疑，她从未放弃。 5.经过多年试验数千种草药后，她终于找到了治疗方法。 6.通过遵循她的脚步，年轻科学家可以受到启发。 7.她发现的药物已经拯救了数百万人的生命。 8.正是在20世纪70年代，她做出了重大突破。 9.不仅她的科学成就值得庆祝，而且传统中医也值得尊重。 10.最重要的是她从不停歇的努力。 参考答案 1.that makes;2.inspires;3.did;4.Facing/Having faced; 练习一：完成句子 5.working;6.that/which saved;7.Having spent;8.refused; 9.that;10.that 练习二：翻译句子 1.It was her perseverance that helped her overcome countless obstacles.2.What is most amazing is that she conducted her research under difficult conditions.;3.This discovery not only saved lives but also promoted global health.4.Although she faced many doubts,she never gave up.5.Having spent years testing thousands of herbal remedies,she finally found the cure. 6.By following in her footsteps,young scientists can be inspired.7.The drug that she discovered has saved millions of lives.;8.It was in the 1970s that she made the major breakthrough.9.Not only her scientific achievement but also traditional Chinese medicine deserves respect.;10.What matters most is her never-stopping hard work. 教材同步单元练习 一、 阅读理解 Passage A In the early 20th century,a young scientist named Alexander Fleming retumned from a summer vacation to find something unexpected in his laboratory.He had left a stack of petri dishes containing Staphylococcus bacteria before his tip.Upon his return,he noticed that one of the dishes had been contaminated by a mold,and around that mold,the bacteria had been destroyed.This chance observation led to the discovery of penicillin,the world's first antibiotic. Fleming's discovery was not immediately embraced by the scientific community.He published his findings in 1929,but they were largely ignored because he could not isolate and purify the active substance.It was not until a decade later that a team of scientists at Oxford University-Howard Florey, Ernst Boris Chain,and Norman Heatley-took up the challenge.They developed methods to mass- produce penicillin,and by 1944,it was being used to treat wounded soldiers during World War II.The drug dramatically reduced the death rate from bacterial infections,saving countless lives. However,the story does not end there.The widespread use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Today,scientists are engaged in a race against time to develop new drugs that can combat these superbugs.Fleming himself wamed about the possibility ofresistance in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech in 1945."The time may come when penicillin can be bought by anyone in the shops," he said."Then there is the danger that the ignorant man may easily underdose himself and by exposing his microbes to non-lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant." Fleming's accidental discovery underscores the importance of curiosity and observation in science.It also highlights the dual-edged nature of scientific progress:while a discovery can bring immense benefits,its misuse can create new problems.The fight against infectious diseases is a continuous cycle of innovation and adaptation.As we face new threats like COVID-19,the lessons learned from Fleming's work remain deeply relevant. ()1.What did Fleming observe upon retumning from his vacation? A.The mold had destroyed all the bacteria in his lab. B.A mold had killed bacteria in one of the dishes. C.The petri dishes had all been contaminated by mold. D.The bacteria in the dishes had grown faster than before. ()2.Why was Fleming's discovery initially ignored? A.He failed to publish his findings in a major journal. B.He could not produce penicillin in a usable form. C.The scientific community was not interested in antibiotics. D.The Oxford team claimed the discovery for themselves. ()3.What can be inferred about the Oxford team's contribution? A.They discovered a completely different antibiotic. B.They found Fleming's original research to be incorrect. C.They made penicillin practical for medical use D.They were the first to use penicillin on humans. ()4.According to the passage,what concern did Fleming express in his Nobel speech? A.The price of penicillin would become too high. B.The misuse of penicillin could lead to drug resistance C.The production of penicillin would be too slow D.Penicillin would have serious side effects ()5.What is the main message of the last paragraph? A.Scientific discoveries are always beneficial. B.Scientific progress requires constant caution and adaptation. C.Fleming's discovery has finally solved the problem of infections. D.Scientists today should avoid making accidental discoveries. Passage B For centuries,the Nile River has been the lifeblood of Egypt,providing water for agriculture transportation,and daily life.However,in the 1950s,a new threat emerged that would change the lives of millions of Egyptians forever.The construction of the Aswan High Dam was proposed to control flooding,provide inigation,and generate hydroelectric power.But the project came with an enormous hidden cost:the forced relocation of entire communities and the loss ofirreplaceable historical treasures. The dam's construction began in 1960 and was completed in 1970.It created Lake Nasser,one of the largest man-made lakes in the world,stretching over 500 kilometers.While the dam brought undeniable benefits-such as preventing the annual floods that had devastated villages for millenniait also caused immense cultural and human damage.More than 100,000 people,primarily Nubian communities,were displaced from their ancestral lands along the Nile.Many were resettled in new towns that lacked the same sense of community and connection to the niver. Perhaps the most dramatic impact was on the archaeological sites of ancient Egypt.The rising waters of Lake Nasser threatened to submerge the temples ofAbu Simbel,built by Ramesses II around 1264 BCE. In an extraordinary international effort led by UNESCO,the entire temple complex was carefully cut into large blocks,moved to higher ground,and reassembled between 1964 and 1968.This rescue operation cost about $40 million (equivalent to over $300 million today)and involved engineers and archaeologists from more than 50 countries. The story of the Aswan High Dam is a powerful reminder of the complex trade-offs inherent in large technological projects.It shows that progress often comes at a price,and that the decisions made by governments can have profound and lasting effects on both human lives and cultural heritage.Engineers and policymakers today regularly cite this project as a case study in the importance of considering social and environmental impacts before embarking on major infrastructure development. ()1.What was the main reason for proposing the Aswan High Dam? A.To increase the length of the Nile River. B.To move ancient temples to higher ground. C.To solve problems related to flooding and energy. D.To create a larger population in the Nubian region ()2.What does the passage say about the Nubian people? A.They were well compensated for their relocation. B.They were forced to leave their homes and culture. C.They refused to move despite the goverment's orders. D.They were the main beneficiaries of the dam's construction. ()3.How can the rescue ofAbu Simbel be best described? A.A small-scale local effort that was easily done. B.A rapid and simple relocation of a single temple C.A large,costly,and internationally cooperative effort. D.A project that failed and the temples were lost. ()4.The word "submerge"in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to: A.protect B.cover with water. C.expose to air. D.strengthen. ()5.What lesson does the author draw from the Aswan Dam project? A.Large projects should be completed as quickly as possible. B.Technological progress should always take priority over culture. C.Governments must consider social and environmental costs. D.International cooperation is often more harmful than helpful. 二、完形填空 When Tu Youyou was a child,she suffered from a severe case of tuberculosis.This experience left her with a deep to study medicine and help the sick.At the time,there were very few female scientists in China.but she was by her parents to pursue her dreams. In the 1960s,the Vietnam War was raging,and both soldiers and civilians were dying from malaria,a deadly disease spread by mosquitoes.The Chinese government set up a secret project,known as"Project 523,"to find a cure.Tu Youyou was chosen to lead the research team. The team began by ancient Chinese medical texts.They found references to a plant called qinghao(sweet wormwood)that had been used to treat fevers for over 2,000 years.However,the traditional method of boiling the plant seemed to the active ingredient.Tu Youyou realized that if she used a lower-temperature extraction method,she might be able to preserve the compound After hundreds of failed experiments,she finally succeeded in extracting a pure substance from qinghao The first test on a human patient showed results-the patient's fever dropped quickly However,the early trials also revealed some side effects.The team needed to run more clinical to ensure the drug was safe. Tu Youyou faced many during this process.The laboratory conditions were poor,and she often worked long hours without proper rest.In 1972,she even volunteered to be the first human subject to test the drug's safety, her own health to the risk Her dedication paid off.Artemisinin,the drug she discovered,has since saved millions oflives, for malaria deaths worldwide by more than 20%in the last two decades.In 2015,she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Tu Youyou's story is a powerful example ofhow persistence,creativity,and a willingness to leamn from traditional knowledge can to world-changing discoveries.As she said in her Nobel speech, "Every scientist dreams of doing something that can help the world." 1.A.desire B.doubt C.regret D.fear 2.A.stopped B.discouraged C.supported D.questioned 3.A.ignoring B.studying C.destroying D.forgetting 4.A.improve B.release C.destroy D.create 5.A.negative B.promising C.confusing D.disappointing 6.A.trials B.errors C.controls D.surveys 7.A.opportunities B.rewards C.challenges D.solutions 8.A.hiding B.exposing C.protecting D.avoiding 9.A.increasing B.maintaining C.reducing D.stabilizing 10.A.lead B.turn C.refer D.respond 三、阅读短文回答问题 In 1961,Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to travel into outer space.His 108- minute flight aboard Vostok I marked a historic milestone in human exploration.But behind this triumph lay years of intensive scientific research and engineering work.The Soviet space program,led by chief designer Sergei Korolev,had to solve countless technical problems,fiom rocket propulsion to life support systems.Gagarin himself underwent rigorous physical and psychological training.After his flight, Gagarin became a global celebrity,but he remained humble,often saying that he was just the first person to be lucky enough to see the Earth from the outside.His journey inspired a generation of scientists and engineers around the world to push the boundaries of what was possible.Forty-eight years later,in 2009 the United Nations declared April 12 as the International Day of Human Space Flight to celebrate this achievement.Today,space exploration continues,with new missions aimed at returning to the Moon and eventually reaching Mars. 1.How long did Yui Gagarin's space flight last? 2.Who was the chief designer of the Soviet space program? 3.What kind of training did Gagarin have to undergo before his flight? 4.How did Gagarin view his own achievement according to the passage? 5.When was the International Day of Human Space Flight established? 四、短文填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Albert Einstein is one of the most famous(1) in history.His theory of relativity (2) the way we understand time,space,and gravity.Einstein was born in Germany in 1879,but he (3) moved to Switzerland and then to the United States.As a child,he was not considered a (4) student.In fact,he spoke very late and his teachers thought he was slow.However,his curiosity was(5) He read books on science and philosophy,and he often asked questions that his teachers could not answer.In 1905,often called his"miracle year,"Einstein published four groundbreaking papers.One of them(6) the famous equation E-mc2,which showed that mass and energy are (7)This idea later(8) to the development of nuclear energy.Despite his genius,Einstein faced(9) because of his Jewish background when the Nazis came to power in Germany.He left Europe and(10) in the United States,where he continued his research.Einstein's work teaches us that(11) and slow development in early life do not prevent someone from making (12) contributions to the world. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 五、写作 假设你是李华，你所在的学校英语报正在举办以“The Scientist I Admire Most”为主题的征文活 动。请你写一篇短文投稿，内容包括： 1.介绍一位你钦佩的科学家： 2.他/她的主要成就或贡献： 3.他/她对你个人的启发或影响。 要求： 词数120-150； 可适当增加细节，使行文连贯： )不得出现真实姓名和学校信息。 五、写作 范文： The Scientist I Admire Most The scientist I admire most is Tu Youyou,a Chinese pharmacologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015.She is best known for her discovery of artemisinin,a drug that has saved millions of lives from malaria. What makes her achievement so remarkable is that she conducted her research under difficult conditions in the 1970s,using traditional Chinese medicine as her inspiration.After testing thousands ofherbal remedies,she finally found the key to treating malaria.Her perseverance and dedication allowed her to overcome countless obstacles. Tu Youyou's story has deeply inspired me.It shows that with patience and hard work,even the most difficult problems can be solved.She also reminds us that great scientific discoveries often come from combining modern methods with ancient wisdom.I hope to follow in her footsteps and make my own contribution to science in the future. 参考答案 Passage A:1.B 2.B3.C4.B5.B 一、阅读理解 Passage B:6.C 7.B8.C9.B 10.C 二、 完形填空1.A2.C3.B4.C5.B6.A7.C8.B9.C10.A 1.It lasted 108 minutes.His flight lasted 108 minutes. 2.Sergei Korolev. 三、阅读短文3.He underwent rigorous physical and psychological training. 回答问题 4.He remained humble and said he was just the fiurst person lucky enough to see the Earth from the outside. 5.In 2009./It was established in 2009 (I)scientists(②)revolutionized(3)later(4)gifted(⑤)nlimited(⑥)introduced(⑦) 四、短文填空 exchangeable (8)led(9)challenges(10)settled (11)failure (12)extraordinary