Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world（三）-2026-2027学年高中英语教材全解必修三（译林版）

Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world 教材全解（三） bomb evil involve scientific credit moral apply; ⊙单元核心词汇 negate intellectual mystery ignorance freedom; authority permit responsibility declare;nationality; evolution;publish等 ⊙单元同步语法 名词性从句综合 。单元文章对话 核心范文句型 教材同步词汇全解全练 重点1 单元词汇 l.evil/'i:l/n.罪恶，恶行；害处，坏处；adj.恶毒的；有害的：恶魔的 词形变化：evilly(adv.)邪恶地；evil-minded(adj.)心术不正的 搭配：good and evil善与恶；evil deeds恶行；the evil eye恶毒的目光 例句：The novel explores the struggle between good and evil. It is a moral duty to fight against social evil. 2.involve /in'volv/vt.包含，牵涉，影响；（使）参加 词形变化：involved(adj.)卷入的；复杂的；involvement(.）参与；牵连 搭配：be involved in参与；涉及；involve doing sth.需要做某事；involve sb..in 使某人卷入 辨析：involve强调“必然包含”或“牵涉”，而include只表示“包括” 例句：The project will involve a lot of research work. He was involved in a serious traffic accident. 3.scientific/,saen'tfk/adj.科学的，关于科学的；细致严谨的 词形变化：science(n.)科学；scientist(.）科学家；scientifically(adv.)科学地 搭配：scientific method科学方法；scientific research科学研究； scientific community科学界 例句：We need a more scientific approach to the problem. His findings were published in a leading scientific journal 4.credit/'kredit/n.赞扬，认可；信用；vt.存入金额；把…归于 词形变化：credible(adi.)可信的；creditor(n.)债权人；discredit(v.)使不可信 搭配：credit sb..with sth.把某事归功于某人；to one's credit值得赞扬；credit card信用卡；give credit给予肯定 辨析：credit常指“把成功归因于”，而attribute更中性；praise侧重口头赞扬 例句：The discovery is credited to a young scientist. To her credit,she finished the task on time. 5.moral/'morl/adj.道德的；道义上的；品行端正的；n.品行，道德；寓意 词形变化：morality(n.）道德；道德观；immoral(adj.)不道德的；morally(adv.) 道德上 搭配：moral dilemma道德困境；moral support道义支持；draw a moral from从 中吸取教训 例句：The story has a clear moral::honesty is the best policy. We have a moral responsibility to help the poor. 6.apply /a'plar/vt&vi.应用；申请；涂；有关 词形变化：application(n.)申请；应用；applicant(.）申请人；applicable(adj.) 适用的 搭配：apply for申请（职位、奖学金等）；apply to适用于；应用于；apply oneself to致力于 辨析：apply for接“目标物”，apply to接“对象或范围” 例句：This rule does not apply to children under five. She applied for a scholarship to study abroad. 7.negate /n'geIt/vt.取消，使无效；否认，否定 词形变化：negation(血.)否定；否定性；negative(adj.)否定的；消极的 搭配：negate the effect抵消效果；negate a statement否定一个说法 辨析：negate比deny更正式，强调“使无效”或“抵消”；deny侧重“否认事 实” 例句：The new evidence negates all previous theories. His hard work was negated by a single mistake. 8.intellectual/,Inta'lektfuol/adj.脑力的；有才智的，智力发达的；n.知识分子，脑力劳 动者 词形变化：intellect(n.)智力；才智；intellectually(adv.)智力上；intellectual property知识产权 搭配：intellectual development智力开发；intellectual curiosity求知欲；public intellectual公共知识分子 例句：She has a sharp intellectual mind, Many intellectuals took part in the debate. 9.ignorance/'Ignerens/n.无知 词形变化：ignorant(adj.)无知的；ignorantly(adv.)无知地 搭配：in ignorance of对…不知情；ignorance is bliss无知是福（谚语) 辨析：ignorance强调“缺乏知识”，而stupidity强调“智力低下” 例句：Ignorance of the law is no excuse.. She remained in complete ignorance of the truth. 10.authority/o:'prati/n.权威，权力；官方 词形变化：authoritative(adj.)权威的；authorize(v.)授权；author(n.）作者 搭配：have authority over对…有管辖权；local authorities地方当局；an authority on某方面的权威 例句：He is a leading authority on climate change. The police have the authority to arrest suspects ll.permit/p3'rt/vt.&vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能；n.许可证 词形变化：permission(n.）允许；permissible(adji.)可允许的；permissive(adj.) 宽容的 搭配：permit sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事；weather permitting天气允许的话； work permit工作许可证 辨析：permit和allow常可互换，但permit更正式；permit后可接动名词作宾语 (permit doing) 例句：Smoking is not permitted in this building You need a special permit to enter the area. l2.responsibility/r,sppnsa'brlati/n.责任，负责；职责，义务 词形变化：responsible(adj.)负责的；responsibly(adv.)负责地；irresponsible (adj.)不负责任的 搭配：take responsibility for对…负责；a sense of responsibility责任感；bear responsibility承担责任 例句：Parents have a responsibility to educate their children. The company accepted full responsibility for the accident. 考点通关 单元词汇 (一)单句填空（用所给词的适当形式填空) 1.It is widely believed that knowledge is power,but (ignorant)is a weakness. 2.The scientist (credit)with the discovery of a new planet. 3.This new policy does not (application)to foreign companies. 4.The story warns us about the (moral)of greed and its consequences 5.Many volunteers got (involve)in the community clean-up activity. 6.To be a true (intellect),one must read widely and think critically. 7.He was punished for showing no (responsible)for his actions. 8.The bad weather completely (negate)our plan for a picnic. 9.The local (author)have decided to close the school due to safety concerns. 10.You need a special (permit)to film inside the museum. (二)短文填空 In modern society,it is our 1. (moral)duty to fight against 2. (evil) of any kind.Many 3. (intellectual)promote the idea that 4. (scientific)progress should be used for good purposes.However,some people often 5. (apply)the same technology to harmful ends.6. (ignorance)of these dangers can lead to serious consequences.Governments and 7. (authoritative) must take 8. (responsible)for regulating such matters.They should also 9. (permit)public discussion to raise awareness.Only by working together can we 10. (negate)the negative effects of misuse. 参考答案 (一)单句填空 1.ignorance;2.was credited;3.apply;4.moral;5.involved;6.intellectual; 7.responsibility;8.negated;9.authorities;10.permit 1.moral;2.evil;3.intellectuals;4.scientific;5.apply;6.Ignorance;7.authorities; (二)短文填空 8.responsibility;9.permit;10.negate 教材同步语法全解全练 重点1 名词性从句综合 名词性从句综合 项目 内容 定义 名词性从句是指在句子中起名词作用的从句，可充当主语、宾语、表语或 同位语。 引导词：that、whether、if(是否)、连接代词(what、who、whom、 主语从句 which、whose)、连接副词(when、where、why、how) 例：That he won the game is true. 引导词：that、whether、if、连接代词、连接副词；注意that在动词后常可 宾语从句 省略（介词后的宾语从句除外）。 例：I believe(that)he is honest. 引导词：that、whether、.if、连接代词、连接副词。 表语从句 例：The question is whether we can finish it.. 对抽象名词（如fact、news、idea、suggestion等）进行解释说明。引导词 同位语从句常用that,也可用whether等。 例：The news that he passed the exam excited us. ★hat在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用 that与what★what在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语 的区别 例：What he said is true.(what作宾语)》 例：That he said something is true.(that不充当成分) whether与f主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及介词后的宾语从句中，只能用 whether,不能用if 动词后的宾语从句中两者可互换，但or not紧跟时常用whether 例：Whether he will come or not is unknown..（主语从句，不用if) 所有名词性从句均使用陈述语序（主语+谓语+其他） 语序 例：Idon't know where he lives.(不说where does he live) 主句为现在时，从句时态根据需要 时态 主句为过去时，从句须用相应的过去时态（客观真理用现在时） 主语从句过长时，常用t作形式主语，真正主语后置 形式主语t 例：It is known that the earth is round. √Itis+adj.n.+that从句 √It is said/reported/..+that从句 常用句式 The reason why...is that... √抽象名词+hat从句（同位语从句） 考点通关 名词性从句综合 语法专练一：单项选择(8题) we need is more time. A.That B.What C.Whether D.Which 2.It is obvious she doesn't want to go. A.that B.what C.whether D.if 3.The question is we can arrive on time. A.that B.what C.whether D.if 4.I have no idea he will come or not. A.that B.whether C.if D,what 5. makes the book so popular is its vivid description. A.That B.What C.Whether D.Which 6.The truth the earth goes around the sun is known to all. A.that B.what C.whether D.which 7.Could you tell me the nearest hospital is? A.what B.that C.where D.if 8. he said at the meeting surprised everyone. A.That B.What C.Whether D,When 语法专练二：语法填空(10题) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 1. There is no doubt the Internet plays an important role in our daily life. 2. However we should use it properly is a question. 3. Many people believe the Internet brings us convenience 4. but some may argue it has negative effects. 5. The fact some teenagers are addicted to online games 6 shows we need to be careful. 7. is known to all 8. we should balance online and offline activities. 9. The reason we emphasize this 10. a healthy lifestyle matters. 参考答案 语法专练一：单项选择1.B;2.A;3.C;4.B;5.B;6.A;7.C;8.B 1.that;2.whether;3.that;4.that;5.that;6.that;7.What; 语法专练二：语法填空 8.that;9.why;10.that A 教材同步文章句型精讲 重点句型 Making a Fact File 1.The purpose of this fact file is to celebrate the life and work of Marie Curie. 结构：主语+be动词+todo(表目的/用途) 中文：这个档案的目的是庆祝玛丽·居里的生活和事业。 用法：用于说明某事物的目的或意图，常与purpose、.aim、goal等词搭配；todo在句 中作表语或状语，解释“为什么做这件事”；否定形式为not to do。 2.Featuring key milestones in her career,this fact file provides a comprehensive overview 结构：Ving短语+逗号+主句 中文：突出了她职业生涯的关键里程碑，这个档案提供了全面的概述。 用法：Vng短语常放在句首，表示主句动作发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况； 其逻辑主语与主句主语一致；可转换为相应的状语从句。 3.What makes Marie Curie so inspiring is that she was a pioneer in a male-dominated field. 结构：What+从句+谓语动词+is/was+表语从句 中文：让玛丽·居里如此鼓舞人心的是，她在男性主导的领域是一位先驱。 用法：What引导主语从句，意为“…的事情/东西”，在从句中作主语或宾语；整 个主语从句视为单数，谓语动词用单数形式；that在此处引导表语从句。 4.It is her dedication to her work and her belief in the power of science that continues to inspire scientists today. 结构：Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子剩余部分 中文：是她对工作的奉献和对科学力量的信仰，持续激励着今天的科学家。 用法：用于强调句子中的某一部分（主语、宾语、状语)；去掉Itis.that.后，剩余 部分应仍为一个完整的句子；强调人时可用who,强调物或状语时用that。 5.Scientists are also visionaries and leaders,who use their knowledge and expertise to make the world a better place. 结构：先行词+逗号+who/which/whom+从句 中文：科学家也是梦想家和领导者，他们利用自己的知识和专业知识让世界变得更美 好。 用法：对先行词进行补充说明，与主句关系不紧密，去掉后主句依然完整；用逗号与 主句隔开；who指人，which指物，whom指人（作宾语）；不能使用that。 6.Anyone,regardless of their gender or background,can make a difference. 结构：regardless of-+名词/代词/从句 中文：任何人，无论性别或背景，都能有所作为。 用法：后接名词、代词或what/whether引导的从句；常用于让步状语，表示“不 受…影响”。 考点通关 文章句型 练习一：完成句子（用所给词的适当形式填空） 1.The aim of this project is (find)a cure for the disease. 2. (be)a good student,she always hands in her homework on time. 3. (inspire)me most is her spirit of never giving up. 4.It was at this university she met her husband. 5.The old man, (live)next door,is very kind to everyone. 6.He decided to go abroad (regardless)the difficulties. 7.She spent two hours (do)her homework, (prepare)for the next day's exam. 8 (what)he said at the meeting surprised us all. 9.It is the teacher's encouragement helps me make progress. 10.The story, (tell)by my grandmother,is very touching. 练习二：翻译句子（在横线上写出完整句子) 1.这个讲座的目的是鼓励年轻人追求科学事业。 2.介绍了她的主要成就，这个报告提供了她生活的全面概述。 3.让她如此成功的是她对工作的奉献。 4.正是在20世纪，她发现了镭。 5.我的老师，她是一位非常有耐心的人，经常帮助我。 6.不论种族或性别，每个人都应该被尊重。 7. 他周末加班，以完成这个重要的项目。 8.我们需要的是更多的经验。 9.是他的努力使得梦想成真。 10.这位医生，他的研究拯救了许多生命，受到了高度赞扬。 参考答案 1.to find;2.Being;3.What inspires /What has inspired; 练习一：完成句子 4.that;5.living;6.regardless of;7.doing;preparing;8.What; 9.that;10.told 1.The purpose of this lecture is to encourage young people to pursue a career in science.2.Featuring her major achievements, the report provides a comprehensive overview of her life. 3.What makes her so successful is her dedication to her work.; 4.It was in the 20th century that she discovered radium;5.My 练习二：翻译句子 teacher,who is a very patient person,often helps me. 6.Everyone should be respected,regardless of their race or gender.;7.He worked overtime on the weekend,to finish this important project.;8.What we need is more experience.;9.It is his effort that makes the dream come true.10.This doctor, whose research has saved many lives,is highly praised. A 教材同步单元练习 一、阅读理解 Passage A Since the dawn of civilization,humanity has been plagued by invisible enemies:infectious diseases.For centuries,plagues like smallpox and polio swept across continents,leaving death and despair in their wake.The tumning point came with the development of vaccines,a medical breakthrough that represents one of the greatest triumphs of modern science.The story of vaccines is not merely a scientific chronicle; it is a testament to human ingenuity and perseverance in the face of immense suffering. The principle behind vaccination is elegantly simple:it exposes the body to a weakened or inactivated form of a pathogen,training the immune system to recognize and fight it without causing the disease itself.The first successful vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner in 1796 to combat smallpox.Jenner observed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox,a milder disease,seemed immune to smallpox.His risky but revolutionary experimentinjecting fluid from a cowpox blister into a young boy and then exposing him to smallpox-proved his theory.This laid the foundation for modern immunology The 20th century witnessed an explosion in vaccine development.Scientists like Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin raced to create a vaccine for polio,a disease that paralyzed hundreds of thousands of children each year.Salk's inactivated polio vaccine (IPV),announced in 1955,was hailed as a miracle.It was followed by Sabin's live,oral polio vaccine(OPV),which was easier to administer and became the key to global eradication efforts.Thanks to widespread vaccination,smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980,and polio is now on the verge of extinction. However,the path of vaccination is not without its hurdles.Today,a major challenge is vaccine hesitancy, often fueled by misinformation and a lack of public understanding of science.This resistance threatens to undo decades of progress.As scientists continue to develop vaccines for new threats like HIV and emerging diseases such as COVID-19,the need for clear,consistent public education has never been more critical.The legacy of Jenner and Salk reminds us that the fight against disease is as much a social and educational battle as it is a scientific one.The future of global health depends not only on what happens in the laboratory but also on how effectively scientific knowledge is communicated to the world ()1.What is the main idea of the passage? A.The history of infectious diseases. B.The principle and challenges of vaccine development. C.The competition between scientists to find a polio vaccine. D.The reasons for public resistance to vaccines ()2.What can be inferred from Jenner's experiment? A.Smallpox and cowpox are the same disease. B.Cowpox infection could provide immunity against smallpox. C.Milkmaids were the only people who could get cowpox D.The experiment was widely accepted without any risk. ()3.Why was Sabin's polio vaccine considered important? A.It was the first vaccine ever invented. B.It was more effective than Salk's vaccine C.It was easier to use on a large scale. D.It could cure people who already had polio. ()4.What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A.Scientists should focus only on laboratory research. B.The fight against disease is entirely a social problem. C.Public understanding of science is crucial for health progress. D.Vaccine hesitancy will prevent any future vaccine development. Passage B The profound impact of scientific discovery often challenges our most fundamental assumptions about the universe and our place within it.Few discoveries have been as paradigm-shifting as the theory of evolution by natural selection,proposed by Charles Darwin in his 1859 masterpiece,On the Origin of Species.Darwin's theory not only revolutionized biology but also ignited a firestorm of debate that continues,in various forms,to this day.It is a powerful example of how a scientific idea can reshape our worldview. Before Darwin,the prevailing view in the Westemn world was that species were immutable-created in their current form and unchanging over time.This idea was deeply intertwined with religious and philosophical beliefs about a designed,orderly universe.Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle, particularly his observations in the Galapagos Islands,provided the empirical evidence to challenge this static view.He noticed that finches on different islands had distinct beak shapes,each adapted to a specific food source.This led him to the radical idea that species are not fixed but change over time in response to their environment. The core mechanism Darwin identified was natural selection.He argued that individuals within a population exhibit natural variations.Those with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive,reproduce,and pass on these advantageous traits to their offspring.Over countless generations, this process leads to the accumulation of changes,eventually resulting in new species.The theory provided a unified explanation for the diversity oflife on Earth,from the smallest bacteria to the largest mammals,without the need for supernatural intervention. The controversy Darwin sparked was immediate and intense.His theory clashed with the literal interpretation of creation stories in the Bible and challenged the idea that humans were uniquely created in God's image.The famous 1860 Oxford debate,where Thomas Huxley defended Darwin against Bishop Samuel Wilberforce,symbolized this clash between science and religion.While the theory of evolution is now the cornerstone of modern biology,accepted by the overwhelming majority of scientists,it remains a point of contention in some public and educational spheres.The story of Darwin and his theory serves as a powerful lesson:great scientific ideas are rarely accepted without struggle,and they force us to constantly re-evaluate our most cherished beliefs. ()1.What did Darwin's observations of finches in the Galapagos Islands suggest? A.All finches on the islands were exactly the same. B.Finch beaks changed randomly without purpose. C.Species could adapt to their specific environments over time. D.The environment had no effect on the physical traits of finches. ()2.Which of the following best describes the "core mechanism"of Darwin's theory? A.The sudden appearance ofnew species. B.The inheritance of traits acquired during an organism's life C.The survival and reproduction of the fittest individuals. D.The intentional design of organisms for their environment. ()3.Why did Darwin's theory cause so much controversy? A.It was based on a single voyage and not enough evidence. B.It contradicted widely held religious and philosophical beliefs. C.It was only accepted by a small group ofscientists D.It provided a complete explanation for the origin of life itself. ()4.What is the author's attitude towards the theory of evolution? A.Highly critical. B.Strongly supportive C.Neutral and objective. D.Slightly dismissive. 二、完形填空 The history of science is filled with stories of serendipity,where a chance observation leads to a monumental breakthrough.One such story is that ofAlexander Fleming and the discovery of penicillin In 1928,Fleming,a Scottish bacteriologist,returned from a holiday to find something in his laboratory.He had been studying the bacteria Staphylococcus,and one of his culture dishes had been contaminated by a mold. Instead of the contaminated plate,Fleming examined it closely.He noticed that the area around the mold was clear of bacteria.The mold,it seemed,was producing a substance that was the Staphylococcus bacteria.He identified the mold as belonging to the genus Penicillium and named the bacteria-killing substance "penicillin." Fleming's discovery was a classic example of scientific He recognized the potential of his observation and published his findings.However,his initial work on penicillin was not a complete success.He found it difficult to the substance in large quantities and in a pure form,and its effectiveness in treating infections in living animals was uncertain.For a time,the of penicillin seemed to have been forgotten. It took the urgency of World War II to renewed interest in penicillin.Scientists Howard Florey and Erst Boris Chain,at the University of Oxford,took up the challenge.They developed new methods for and purifying penicillin,turning a laboratory curiosity into a life-saving drug.By 1944, penicillin was being mass-produced and was used to treat thousands of wounded soldiers, countless lives from infections that would have been fatal just a few years earlier. The story of penicillin highlights a crucial aspect of scientific discovery:it is rarely the work of a single person.It involves perseverance,collaboration,and often,a bit of luck.Fleming opened the door,but it was the work of others that truly the potential ofhis discovery.The development of penicillin the beginning of the modern age of antibiotics,forever changing the practice of medicine 1.A.ordinary B.unusual C.dangerous D.beautiful 2.A.studying B.destroying C.discarding D.cleaning 3.A.killing B.feeding C.avoiding D.creating 4.A.failure B.curiosity C.anxiety D.laziness 5.A.produce B.observe C.identify D.consume 6.A.name B.danger C.potential D.problem 7.A.lose B.spark C.express D.hide 8.A.discovering B.using C.examining D.growing 9.A.ending B.risking C.saving D.taking 10.A.luck B.competition C.confusion D.noise 11.A.limited B.realized C.doubted D.ignored 12.A.delayed B.marked C.ended D.prevented 三、阅读短文回答问题 Read the following passage and answer the questions (each answer in no more than 8 words) Rosalind Franklin was a British chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose work was critical to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA,RNA,viruses,coal,and graphite.Although her contributions were largely unrecognized during her lifetime,she is now celebrated as a pioneering female scientist. Franklin's most famous contribution came from her work at King's College London in the early 1950s. Using a technique called X-ray crystallography,she produced high-resolution images of DNA fibers.Her most famous image,known as"Photo 51,"was a crucial piece of evidence that revealed the helical structure of DNA.Without her permission,her colleague Maurice Wilkins showed this photograph to James Watson at the University of Cambridge.Upon seeing it,Watson instantly recognized that DNA was a double helix. Watson and his colleague Francis Crick famously used the evidence from Photo 51,along with other data,to build their accurate model of the DNA double helix.In 1962,Watson,Crick,and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery.Franklin died of ovarian cancer in 1958 at the age of 37.Because the Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumously,she was not eligible to share the prize. For many years,Franklin was portrayed as a victim whose work was stolen.However,more recent historical accounts have painted a more balanced picture,acknowledging her significant contribution while recognizing that she was not a direct participant in the final model-building process.Today, Rosalind Franklin is recognized as an equal contributor to one of the most important scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century.Her story serves as a powerful reminder of the often-invisible labor of women in science 1.What was Rosalind Franklin's profession? 2.What was the name of Franklin's famous X-ray image? 3.Who showed the photograph to James Watson? 4.Why was Franklin not eligible for the Nobel Prize? 5.What does Franklin's story remind us about women in science? 四、短文填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In the history of science,few figures are as iconic as Albert Einstein.His theory of relativity fundamentally changed our of space,time,and gravity.The famous equation E-mc, demonstrates the equivalence of energy and mass,is perhaps the most well-known scientific formula in the world. Einstein was not just a he was also a passionate humanitarian.He was a vocal advocate for peace and civil rights.A being,he often used his fame to speak out against injustices.He was deeply about the development and use of nuclear weapons,having signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging atomic research,an action he later regretted. The intellectual that drove Einstein's scientific breakthroughs was evident throughout his life. His work was not just a product of genius but also of immense and creative thinking.He once said,"Imagination is more important than knowledge."This quote shows his belief in as a force for His legacy continues to scientists and thinkers around the world.The of the scientist,as Einstein demonstrated,extends beyond the laboratory into the wider world. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 五、写作 假设你是李华，你校英文报正在举办主题为“Scientists Who Changed the World的征文活动。请 你写一篇短文投稿，内容包括： 1.你心中最伟大的科学家及其主要贡献： 2.该科学家对你的启发或影响。 注意： 1.写作词数应为80左右： 2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 一、 阅读理解Passage A:1.B2.B3.C4.C Passage B:1.C2.C3.B4.B 二、完形填空1.B,2.C,3.A,4.B,5.A,6.C,7.B,8.D;9.C,10.A,11.B,12.B 1.A chemist and X-ray crystallographer./A scientist.2.Photo 51.3.Maurice Wilkins 三、阅读短文 回答问题 4.Because she had died./The prize isn't posthumous.5.Their often-invisible labor. Their unrecognized work./Their contributions are often overlooked. 1.understanding 2.which 3.scientist 4.social 5.social 6.concerned 7.curiosity 8. 四、短文填空 determination 9.imagination 10.discovery 11.inspire 12.responsibility 五、写作 范文： Scientists Who Changed the World In my view,the greatest scientist is Tu Youyou,a Chinese pharmacologist who discovered artemisinin,a life-saving treatment for malaria.This breakthrough has saved millions of lives worldwide,especially in developing countries. Her dedication deeply inspires me.Working tirelessly with ancient texts and modern science,she showed us that perseverance and innovation can conquer even the toughest problems.Her story encourages me to pursue my own goals with equal passion and to use knowledge for the benefit of humanity.