板块1 专题3 第1讲 名 词（教用Word）-【精微方案】2027年高考一轮总复习讲义·英语语法串讲高分写作

该高中英语讲义聚焦名词三大高考核心考点，即可数名词的数、名词所有格与名词作定语、名词词形转换，按“基础规则-特殊用法-实际应用”逻辑分层，通过考点梳理（如复数变化规则表格）、真题讲解（2025年新高考等实例）、即时演练（单句语法填空）等环节，帮助学生系统突破名词难点。 讲义以真题为导向，通过“规则表格化+真题情境化”策略，如用表格归纳可数名词复数规则，结合2025年浙江卷真题讲解名词所有格，培养学生语言能力和思维品质。设置基础到综合的分层练习，确保复习效率，为教师精准教学提供清晰路径。

板块一 词法 名词、形容词和副词篇 第一讲　名　词 考点一　可数名词的数 1.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)The sun-dried clothes smell especially pleasant where I live, thanks to the absence of smog and plenty of blue sky ____________ (afternoon) with lots of fresh air. afternoons　解析：考查名词复数。afternoon“下午”是可数名词，此处指不止一个下午，应用复数形式。 2.(2025·浙江卷1月)As people now choose to wear more clothes fewer ____________ (time), clothing rental services have become increasingly popular. times　解析：考查名词复数。根据空前的fewer可知，空处应用可数名词复数形式。 3.(2025·八省联考)The goal was two-fold: to celebrate cultural diversity as well as to promote the equal use of all six ____________ (tongue). tongues　解析：考查名词复数。 tongue“语言”是可数名词，被six修饰，应用复数形式。 要点一　可数名词 1.可数名词的规则变化 情　况 构　成 示　例 一般情况 加-s bag→bags　book→books 以-s、-x、-ch、-sh等结尾的词 加-es approach→approaches crash→crashes virus→viruses　box→boxes 例外 stomach→stomachs 以辅音字 母加-y结 尾的词 将y变为i再加-es discovery→discoveries facility→facilities 以-o结 加-s studio→studios 尾的词 加-es hero→heroes　potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes 加-s或 -es均可 motto→mottos/mottoes volcano→volcanos/volcanoes 以-f或 将f或fe 变为v再 加-es knife→knives　thief→thieves wolf→wolves -fe结尾 的词 加-s gulf→gulfs　cliff→cliffs roof→roofs　chief→chiefs belief→beliefs　proof→proofs 2.可数名词的不规则变化 变化方式 示　例 单复数同形 deer、sheep、means、aircraft、works(工厂)、series、species、head[头(表示牲畜的头数)]、Chinese、Japanese、Swiss 变内部元音 foot→feet　tooth→teeth　goose→geese　man→men　woman→women 词尾加-ren/-en child→children　ox→oxen 特殊名词 变化 crisis→crises　analysis→analyses criterion→criteria　phenomenon→phenomena 3.复合名词的复数变化规则 形　式 变化规则 示　例 有主体名词 将主体名词变为复数 passer-by→passers-by editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief 无主体名词 在最后加-s grown-up→grown-ups go-between→go-betweens 含man/ woman 若man/woman在词尾，把man/woman变成复数 firewoman→firewomen 若man/woman前置，各组成部分皆变为复数 man doctor→men doctors 4.复数形式有特殊意义的名词 单数形式 复数形式 单数形式 复数形式 arm胳膊 arms武器 paper纸 papers文件； 报纸；试卷 custom习俗 customs海关 spirit精神 spirits情绪 good好处 goods商品，货品 water水 waters水域 manner方式；态度 manners礼貌，礼仪 wood木材 woods树林 要点二　不可数名词 1.常考的不可数名词：advice(建议)、baggage/luggage(行李)、change(零钱)、equipment(设备)、fun(乐趣)、furniture(家具)、health(健康)、information(信息)、jewellery(珠宝)、luck(运气)、music(音乐)、news(新闻)、progress(进步)、weather(天气)、work(工作)。 2.不可数名词一般不能用数来计算，既没有单复数变化，也不能和a/an连用。如果要表达数量的多少，常与表示数量的名词或限定词连用，即“表示数量的词＋单位词＋of＋不可数名词” ，如a loaf of bread(一条面包)、two pieces of advice(两条建议)等。 3.不可数名词的转化 情　况 示　例 物质名词表示数量、种类、份数等时，可转化为可数名词 fish鱼→all kinds of fishes各种各样的鱼 rain雨→a rain一场雨 抽象名词表示具体的人或事物时，可转化为可数名词 success成功→a success一个成功的人或一件成功的事 surprise惊讶→a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 【即时演练】——单句语法填空 1.(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)These plants included modern Western ____________(favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. favourites　解析：考查名词复数。分析句子结构可知，空处作动词included的宾语，应用名词；根据空后的such as rosemary，lavender and fennel可知，空处表示复数概念，应用名词复数。 2.(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Although they could never have met, there are common ____________(theme) in their works, said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. themes　解析：考查名词复数。根据空前的there are可知，此处应用名词复数。 3.(2024·全国甲卷)They are ____________(treasure) of American heritage (遗产). treasures　解析：考查名词复数。根据空前的are和空后的of可知，空处应用名词复数，表示“它们是美国遗产中的珍宝”。 4.(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings，Beijing is also a place which welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural ____________ (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. wonders　解析：考查名词复数。分析句子结构可知，空处应用名词作宾语；根据句意可知，此处是指很多奇观，应用名词复数形式。 5.(2023·浙江卷1月)Thanks to Beijing's long history as the capital of China，almost every hutong has its stories，and some are even associated with historic ____________ (event). events　解析：考查名词复数。event意为“事件”，为可数名词，且historic 前面没有不定冠词，故空处应用名词复数形式。 6.(人教必修三 U1)Festivals are an important part of society. They reflect people's wishes, ____________(belief), faiths, and attitudes towards life. beliefs　解析：考查名词复数。分析句子结构可知，空处与wishes、faiths和attitudes并列，表示“人类的信仰”，应用名词复数形式。 7.(北师大选必一 U1)I can't even imagine going without social networking for a week—think of all the important appointments, invitations and news ____________(update) you would miss! updates　解析：考查名词复数。update意为“最新消息”时，是可数名词。根据 all可知，空处应用名词复数形式。 8.(译林选必二 U1)It is advisable to remember that journalists may have different ____________(priority)，which would influence how they report an event. priorities　解析：考查名词复数。根据different可知，记者有不同的优先权，应用名词复数形式。 考点二　名词所有格和名词作定语 1.(2025·浙江卷1月)“I really want to make this work for ____________ (people) lives today, and I know that doesn't always mean returning a dress on the Monday after a special weekend，” she says. people's　解析：考查名词所有格。空处修饰名词lives，应用名词所有格作定语。 2.(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Since June 2017, right before the ____________(arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English. arrival　解析：考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处作介词before的宾语，其前为定冠词the，其后有of the two new pandas对其进行限定，空处应用名词形式，构成of所有格。 3.(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)“He saved my __________ (son) life，” said Mrs. Brown. son's　解析：考查名词所有格。根据句意可知，life与son之间是所属关系，应用名词所有格。 要点一　名词所有格 1.-'s所有格 表示有生命的东西或时间、空间、距离、价格、重量等名词的所有格。 情　况 构　成 示　例 单数名词 加-'s my father's wish我父亲的心愿 the boy's new idea 这个男孩的新想法 以-s结尾的单数名词或专有名词 加-' 或-'s my boss'(s) hat我老板的帽子 Dickens'(s) novels 狄更斯的小说 以-s或-es结尾的复数名词 加-' Teachers' Day教师节 two hours' reading 两个小时的阅读 the students' dining room 学生餐厅 the buses' routes 公共汽车的路线 不以-s或-es结尾的复数名词 加-'s Children's Day儿童节 women's clothes女装 复合名词或名词短语 在最后 一个词 的词尾 加-'s an hour and a half's talk 一个半小时的谈话 my brother-in-law's car 我姐夫的汽车 2.of所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词所有格(但表示事物的“类型”时不用of所有格)。 用　法 示　例 表示所属关系 the door of the room房间的门 the opinion of the majority 大多数人的意见 表示主谓关系 the arrival of Tom汤姆的到来 the departure of the train火车的出发 表示动宾关系 waste of time浪费时间 the destruction of the rainforest破坏雨林 表示同位关系 the city of Shanghai上海市 the year of 2016 2016年 3.双重所有格(名词＋of＋-'s所有格/名词性物主代词) of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的词a(n)、one、some、several、a few、many、any、no等，但不能与定冠词the连用。双重所有格表示整体中的一部分。 *Some friends of my sister's will join us in the game. 我姐姐的一些朋友将和我们一起玩游戏。 要点二　名词作定语 1.名词作定语多用来说明被修饰名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。 a cotton shirt棉布衬衫　a tennis court网球场 summer holidays暑假　school education学校教育 weather report天气预报　air pollution空气污染 2.多数情况下，名词作定语时要使用单数形式；但clothes、goods、sports、sales等名词作定语时，要用复数形式。 a glasses store眼镜店　a clothes shop服装店 a sports meeting运动会　a sales agent销售代理 a customs officer海关官员　a savings bank储蓄银行 【即时演练】——单句语法填空 1.(2026·山西金科大联考)Today, the monks at the Shaolin Temple still believe that combining Kung Fu exercises with those practices can improve their health and well-being by regulating energy in the body and activating the ____________ (body) self-healing abilities. body's　解析：考查名词所有格。此处表示“身体的自愈能力”，应用名词所有格形式。 2.Nowadays, more and more teenagers prefer to eat snacks and other fast food, which accounts for the rise in ____________(weigh) problems. weight　解析：考查名词作定语。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰名词problems，表示问题的类别，应用名词形式作定语。 3.(人教必修一 U5)Written Chinese has also become an important means by which ____________(China) present is connected with its past. China's　解析：考查名词所有格。此处表示“中国的现在”，应用名词所有格形式。 4.There is a longstanding Chinese tradition of including chopsticks in a ____________(girl) dowry (嫁妆)，symbolizing a blessing for the bride's future family. girl's　解析：考查名词所有格。空处修饰 dowry，表示所属关系，应用名词所有格形式。 考点三　名词的词形转换 1.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)“You try to lead the opponent into your trap and force them to follow your ‘____________ (guide)’ till they lose，” explains Wang Wei, a Go player among the visitors to the exhibition. guidance　解析：考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处作follow的宾语，应用名词guidance，意为“引导”，为不可数名词。 2.(2025·浙江卷1月)Tanya's shop offers fashion clothes for women to rent rather than purchase them outright, providing a less expensive ____________ (solve) to one-time event dressing. solution　解析：考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处作宾语，应用名词solution，意为“解决方案”，且有冠词a修饰，应用单数形式。 3.(2025·八省联考)As more and more foreigners start to study the Chinese language and experience Chinese culture, the world will have a better understanding of China and its rich history, its hard-working people, its development through ____________ (innovate), and its inclusiveness. innovation　解析：考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处作介词through的宾语，应用名词innovation，意为“创新”。 要点　常考名词后缀 1.九类动词＋后缀→名词 情　况 示　例 -al表示人、物、行为、状态 approve→approval　survive→survival　arrive→arrival　refuse→refusal propose→proposal -ance/-ence表示性质、状态或行为 appear→appearance　perform→performance　exist→existence　prefer→preference refer→reference　depend→dependence　guide→guidance -ion/-tion/-ation 表示状态或行为 direct→direction　expect→expectation　explain→explanation　invite→invitation　solve→solution　compete→competition　pronounce→pronunciation describe→description　repeat→repetition -(s)sion表示行为或状态 discuss→discussion　admit→admission　decide→decision -ing具有……(特征)的 hear→hearing　listen→listening　begin→beginning -ment表示行为、结果等 achieve→achievement　develop→development　argue→argument -ure/-ture表示行为或状态 fail→failure　press→pressure　mix→mixture　expose→exposure -y表示……的动作(或过程) recover→recovery　discover→discovery -age表示行为、状态、结果或费用 marry→marriage　carry→carriage　pack→package　post→postage　store→storage 2.六类形容词＋后缀→名词 情　况 示　例 -cy表示性质、状态 fluent→fluency　accurate→accuracy　private→privacy　efficient→efficiency -dom表示地位、状况等 free→freedom　wise→wisdom -ness表示性质、状态 dark→darkness　weak→weakness　kind→kindness　cold→coldness aware→awareness -th表示结果、过程、性质、状态 warm→warmth　true→truth　deep→depth　strong→strength　long→length wide→width -y/-ty/-ity表示性质或状态 difficult→difficulty　honest→honesty　safe→safety　cruel→cruelty responsible→responsibility -ence/-ance表示性质、状态、行为、过程 different→difference　silent→silence　patient→patience　absent→absence　present→presence　confident→confidence　convenient→convenience　important→importance 3.九类表示“人”的后缀 变化规则 示　例 加-or translate→translator　act→actor　conduct→conductor　educate→educator 加-ar beg→beggar 加-er strange→stranger　teach→teacher 加-ee train→trainee　interview→interviewee 加-ess host→hostess 加-ist journal→journalist　science→scientist　tour→tourist　piano→pianist 加-ian music→musician　library→librarian 加-ant assist→assistant　account→accountant　attend→attendant 加-(at)ive represent→representative　detect→detective 4.无规律的变形 情　况 示　例 动词→名词 applaud→applause　believe→belief　choose→choice　weigh→weight　tour→tourism vary→variety　lose→loss　behave→behavio(u)r 形容词→名词 enthusiastic→enthusiasm　high→height　proud→pride　poor→poverty 【即时演练】——单句语法填空 1.(2024· 新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route that brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the ____________(rich) of gardening in England. richness　解析：考查名词。空处在定冠词the之后，且空后的of gardening对空处进行限定，因此应用名词richness。 2.(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford's international ____________(visible), said Edmondson. visibility　解析：考查名词。空前的international是形容词，应修饰名词；visible的名词形式为visibility，意为“知名度”，为不可数名词。 3.(2024·全国甲卷)They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the ____________ (complete) of their journey. completion　解析：考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处应用名词作宾语，complete的名词形式为completion，为不可数名词。 4.(2024·浙江卷1月)Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the ____________ (criticize) that they lead to waste. criticism　解析：考查名词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用名词criticism作介词of的宾语，意为“批评”。 5.(2023·全国甲卷)However，Carson's theme is a more weighty ____________(warn) about environmental destruction. warning　解析：考查名词。形容词weighty后接名词形式。根据句中不定冠词a可知，此处应用可数名词的单数形式。 6.Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental ____________ (protect). protection　解析：考查名词。空前的形容词environmental修饰名词。protect的名词形式为protection，为不可数名词。 7.When the answer was no, she declined the ____________ (invite). invitation　解析：考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处应用名词形式作动词declined的宾语。 8.(2026·南昌高三模拟)The oldest ____________(evident) of noodles was from 4，000 years ago in China. evidence　解析：考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处作主语，表示“证据”；再结合谓语动词was 可知，此处应用不可数名词evidence。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1.(2026·甘肃多校联考)The change not only makes the plow frame (犁架) smaller and lighter, but also facilitates flexible ____________ (operate), thus saving manpower and animal power. operation　解析：考查名词。空处作facilitates的宾语，应用名词形式operation，意为“操作”，为不可数名词。 2.(2026·长沙雅礼中学高三月考) Among the Han people, which make up a vast majority of ____________(China) total population, the passage into adulthood is no longer celebrated, except in those very traditional families. China's　解析：考查名词所有格。此处表示“中国的人口总数”，空处与population构成所属关系，应使用名词所有格。 3.(2026·内蒙古名校联考)These ____________ (find) provide crucial physical evidence for studying Quanzhou's iron-smelting technology and production organization of Quanzhou, dating from the Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty. findings　解析：考查名词复数。根据These可知，此处应用名词作主语，find的名词形式是finding，且是可数名词，空处应用名词复数形式。 4.(2026·徐州高三月考)But it turns out that the comfort and convenience have come at a cost both to the environment and to us, especially affecting the ____________ (exist) of aquatic organisms in polluted water systems. existence　解析：考查名词。空前有the，空后有of，空处应用名词作宾语，existence意为“存在”，为不可数名词。 5.(2026·厦门双十中学月考)She went to fetch him a warm blanket on the cold night, not out of care alone but partly out of ____________ (guilty). guilt　解析：考查名词。空处作介词of的宾语，应用名词形式；guilt意为“内疚”，为不可数名词，out of guilt意为“出于愧疚”。 6.(2026·山东名校联盟月考)Wang Yi, deputy director of the Sichuan Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, noted in an interview that they proved cultural exchanges between the ancient Shu Kingdom and other ____________ (region), including Hong Kong. regions　解析：考查名词复数。region是可数名词，空前有other，空处应用名词复数。 7.(2026·湖南新高考教学教研联盟一模) The cultural relics are the product of the cultural exchanges that took place over ____________(century) on the ancient Silk Road. centuries　解析：考查名词复数。空处作介词over的宾语；century意为“世纪”，是可数名词，空前没有限定成分，应用名词复数。 8.(2026·宁波十校二模) The Siberian tiger is the largest of all tigers. An adult male can grow up to 2.9 meters in ____________(long) and weigh as much as 300 kilograms. length　解析：考查名词。空处作介词in的宾语，应使用名词形式；in length 意为“在长度上”，为固定用法。 9.(2026·厦门双十中学月考)Within the ant colony, the complex ____________ (divide) of labor, which comes from a natural drive, guides all tasks from searching for food to caring for the young. division　解析：考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处作句子的主语，应用名词division，为不可数名词。 10.(2026·辽宁省实验中学月考)Each long song is special because singers perform by adding some things that reflect the ____________ (free) of the life of Mongolian people. freedom　解析：考查名词。根据空前的定冠词the和空后的介词of可知，此处应用free的名词形式freedom作reflect的宾语，意为“自由”，且为不可数名词。 Ⅱ.语法填空 (2026·湖南二模)Michael Bock, a 62-year-old baker from Germany, presents the art of traditional bread in China. His bakery in Beijing is neither brightly colored that seems beautiful, 1.____________ is it located in a busy downtown area, but 2.____________ authentic German bread baked attracts customers from all over the city. Bock's father was a baker, but he did not wish for his son to follow in his footsteps. “Being a baker 3.____________ (mean) getting up early every day, hands in lye (碱水), carrying a 10-kg bag of flour...” Bock told Beijing Review. Eager to work 4.____________ his own hands, Bock still chose the road that was foretold to be hard 5.____________ (resolute). At the age of 15, he became a young bread apprentice (学徒). To become a qualified professional baker in Germany, one must undergo occupational education and training, with learning skills both at school and on the job 6.____________ (need). “Every week, I spent one day studying profession-related 7.____________(theory) knowledge. The rest of the days, I would spend in a company learning practical knowledge and work-related regulations. After completing the corresponding hours of work and training, apprentices are required to take an examination 8.____________ they can become a bakery worker.” Bock said. To his delight, he has not lost popularity due to this “9.____________ (rigid)”. Instead, the bakery has attracted many faithful Chinese customers 10.____________(have) a preference for German bread. “It has made me more convinced about my choice.” he said. 【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位62岁的德国面包师在中国呈现传统面包技艺的经历。 1.nor　解析：考查连词。neither...nor...为固定搭配，意为“既不……也不……”。 2.the　解析：考查冠词。 根据句意可知，此处特指“正宗的德国面包”，空处应用定冠词。 3.means　解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处陈述一般事实，应用一般现在时；动名词短语“Being a baker”作主语，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。 4.with　解析：考查介词。根据句意可知，此处表示“用自己的双手劳作；亲自动手工作”，应用介词with。 5.resolutely　解析：考查副词。空处应用副词作状语修饰动词chose。 6.needed　解析：考查非谓语动词。 此处是“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，skills与need之间是被动关系，即“技能被需要”，应用过去分词作宾语补足语。 7.theoretical　解析：考查形容词。空处应用形容词作定语修饰名词knowledge。 8.before　解析：考查时间状语从句。根据句意可知，此处表示“在……之前”，应用before引导时间状语从句。 9.rigidness/rigidity　解析：考查名词。空处作介词的宾语，应用名词rigidness或rigidity，意为“固执”。 10.having　解析：考查非谓语动词。 customers与have之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作后置定语。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $