高一说明文阅读理解各个击破(精选各地期末试题)

**基本信息** 精选6篇各地高一期末说明文真题，覆盖科技、健康、社会主题，聚焦细节理解、推理判断等核心题型，构建“主题-题型-能力”三维训练逻辑，提升语言理解与思维分析能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |科技类|3篇（深圳/杭州/武汉卷）|细节理解（28题）、推理判断（31题）|以“问题-解决方案”为逻辑链，考查对技术原理、应用价值的理解，培养信息筛选与逻辑推理能力| |健康类|2篇（南通/龙岩卷）|主旨大意（31题）、词义猜测（10题）|围绕“现象-影响-建议”展开，分析生理现象对心理的作用，提升归纳概括与语境解读能力| |社会类|1篇（济南卷）|观点态度（5题）、标题选择（7题）|通过人物事迹展现社会价值，考查对文本主旨与作者意图的把握，涵养文化意识与社会责任感|

高一说明文阅读理解 各个突破（精选各地期末考试试题) 1.广东深圳市罗湖区2025-2026学年度高一第二学期期末考试英语试题 According to the United Nations, 2.2 billion people still lack access to safe drinking water, making the search for reliable water sources increasingly pressing. Many regions rely on salt-removal plants to turn seawater into fresh, drinkable water. Traditional methods, however, cost a great deal of money, use large amounts of electricity, and produce concentrated saltwater known as brine (高盐度水), which, when released into the ocean, can damage ocean life and ecosystems.  To address these problems, researchers at the University of Rochester have developed a new method. Their sun-powered system can produce fresh water efficiently, work without chemical pre-treatment, and reduce brine waste. The system uses special plates made of black metal treated with femtosecond lasers (飞秒激光). This treatment gives the surface two key features: maximum sunlight absorption and a superwicking (超亲水性) effect — steadily and evenly drawing water up and across the surface. As the plate absorbs sunlight, seawater is heated and turns into steam. Meanwhile, the remaining salty water moves away from the working area and collects on untreated parts of the plate.  Apart from the salt content, seawater also contains many other components (组分), some of which can dry into hard blocks, preventing water flow and reducing system efficiency. To avoid this, researchers purposefully leave tiny cuts on the metal surface to guide the solution away before it builds up. Additionally, the system applies the “coffee ring effect.” As the researchers explain, when a drop of coffee dries, a ring forms at the edge as small pieces of material move outward. In the same way, the remaining salt solution is directed toward the non-working area.  Instead of being wasted, the collected salts can also be put to good use. By adding a special chemical medium into the cuts, the plates can separate lithium (锂) from other elements. Using water from Utah’s Great Salt Lake, they successfully recycled about 50 percent of the lithium remaining after the salt-removal process. 28. What is an advantage of the new method over the traditional ones? A. Less use of chemicals. B. More accessible energy source. C. Simpler byproducts. D. Higher salt-removal efficiency. 29. Which is a feature of the plates’ surface? A. High sunlight reflection. B. Low heat conductivity. C. Full-surface working area. D. Strong water-guiding capacity. 30. How do the researchers prevent blockage? A. By applying ring cuts. B. By adding working areas. C. By breaking down blocking materials. D. By removing brine from working areas. 31. Why does the author mention Great Salt Lake in the last paragraph? A. To call for more experiments on the lake. B. To put forward improvements to the method. C. To present another application of the method. D. To highlight the rich lithium resources of the lake. 2.浙江杭州市2025-2026学年第二学期高一年级期末教学质量检测英语试卷 Animals have long played a major role in science, helping researchers understand cell communication, nerve signals and medical technology. In the United States alone, millions are still used in basic research and in testing the safety of drugs and other products. Yet scientists are increasingly seeking alternatives because animals are costly, time-consuming to raise and care for, and often poor models for human biology. As Nicole Kleinstreuer of the National Institutes of Health points out, humans are not simply large rats. Animals can respond very differently from people to the same substances. Aspirin, for example, is safe for most adults but can be poisonous to rats, while some drugs that appear safe in animals fail in humans. More than 90 percent of cancer drugs that looked promising in animal studies did not help people. These limits have pushed researchers to develop methods based on human biology that may be faster, cheaper and more accurate. One important alternative is artificial intelligence. AI can help researchers analyze papers, screen chemical databases and predict how people might react to medicines or products. In one study, an AI system screened 190,000 chemicals for toxicity (毒性) with 87 percent accuracy, performing better than repeated animal testing. During the pandemic (流行病), AI also helped researchers identify promising vaccine targets faster, reducing the number of substances that needed animal testing. Another promising approach is “organs on a chip” — tiny devices containing living human cells arranged to copy organs such as the liver, lungs, heart or brain. These chips can reproduce features like blood flow and movement, and in some cases may outperform animal models, especially for diseases animals do not naturally get, such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s. Scientists are now trying to link several chips together to create “body-on-a-chip” systems, which may even be personalized using a patient’s own stem cells. Although animal research will not disappear immediately, advances like AI and organ models are helping science move toward a future with far fewer lab animals — and, potentially, better science. 8. What do the examples in paragraph 2 intend to show? A. Drugs function similarly in animals and humans. B. Animal testing plays a vital part in medical research. C. Animals are not always reliable for medical research. D. It is morally wrong to use animals for medical testing. 9. What is mainly talked about in paragraph 3? A. Why AI works better than traditional testing in accuracy. B. Why animal testing remains widely used in medical research. C. How chemical databases contribute to modern animal research. D. How AI helps make research faster and less dependent on animals. 10. What is the main function of “organs on a chip”? A. To model human organs. B. To predict people’s reactions. C. To store data for reproduction. D. To create personalized stem cells. 11. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To compare different testing methods. B. To introduce new research approaches. C. To challenge a popular theory on animals. D. To present the latest findings in AI research. 3.湖北武汉市四区2025-2026学年下学期期末考试高一英语试卷 One of the great hopes for AI — at least, among workers — is that it will cut down workloads, freeing people up for more high-level, creative pursuits. So far, the opposite is happening, new data show. In fact, AI is increasing the speed, strength and difficulty of work rather than reducing it, according to an analysis of 164,000 workers’ digital work activity. Examining AI users’ digital activity 180 days before and after they began using such tools on the job, ActivTrak found AI intensified activity across nearly every type: The time they spent on email, messaging and chat apps more than doubled, while their use of business-management tools, such as accounting software, rose 94%. Meanwhile, the amount of time AI users devoted to focused work — the kind of concentration often required for figuring out tough problems, creative work — fell 9%, compared with nearly no change for nonusers. Yet, evidence so far suggests that many AI users aren’t using the technology’s advantages to give themselves a break. The ActivTrak analysis backs up findings of an eight-month study on how AI is shaping work habits at a tech company with about 200 employees. The research, still under way, has so far found the tools didn’t reduce work, but increased it. The employees worked at faster paces, took on broader areas of tasks and ended up working more hours. People often end up doing more work, not less, “because AI makes additional tasks feel easy and accessible, creating a sense of progress,” said a professor at the University of California, Berkeley’s Haas School of Business, who is leading that study. The former findings were published in a recent Harvard Business Review article. Such changes in behavior may improve productivity but they should also be a warning sign to employers, he says. “Over time this can lead to burnout, poorer decision-making, and falling work quality, even if workers appear more productive in the short run.” 8. What is the main contrast mentioned in Paragraph 1? A. Creative pursuits vs daily digital work. B. Workload before vs after AI application. C. Expected AI benefits vs real work effects. D. Hoped workload cut vs faster working speed. 9. What does the underlined word “intensified” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Strengthened. B. Diversified. C. Simplified. D. Controlled. 10. Why can’t AI users reduce working hours? A. Employers add extra AI task. B. Workers underuse AI’s productivity. C. AI takes users more time on hard work. D. AI simplifies tasks, bringing more work. 11. Which is the most suitable title for the text? A. More production from AI B. The negative impacts of AI C. AI’s hidden cost for workers D. AI’s effect on creative work 4.江苏南通市2025-2026学年度第二学期高一期末考试英语试卷 Many people think dieting is a great way to become healthier. Celebrities (名人) often support this idea. But let’s face it: dieting can also be terrible. It’s not a fun way to cut calories. Being hungry can mess up your mind in many ways. One example is making you “hangry” — that angry feeling you get when you haven’t eaten for too long. This is a problem that goes much deeper than dieting. In a world where many people struggle to feed themselves, it’s worth remembering that hunger can contribute to inequality. Without enough nutrients and calories, it is hardly surprising that our brains might struggle to develop or function properly. But how does everyday hunger also affect how we think? Hunger often leads to negative emotions and a low mood, which can greatly change how we see the world. If you are in low spirits, you remember negative things more easily, which can make you feel even worse. This idea might be a game changer for people on diets. Most of us know the feeling: when we are hungry, we can’t stop thinking about chocolate cake, crispy fries, or spicy noodles. Studies show this is very common. Hunger makes us pay more attention to food. This makes sense because the physiological feeling of hunger may make us go out and get food. If it happens, the first step is to stop focusing on what we are doing and start thinking about eating. Hunger is a powerful signal because it helps us survive. But, as a result, it can also seriously affect our thinking. When we are hungry, we may find it hard to deal with difficult tasks, understand small details, or stay focused. When we feel angry, act without thinking, blame others, or only care about the present time — especially if we don’t realize these feelings are simply caused by hunger — our thinking becomes even more confused. So being aware of this can be hugely useful. The next time you are angry or low, for example, it may help to ask yourself whether you’re really just hungry. That one small question can pull you back from the edge of a bad decision. Listen to your hunger — and you might just save yourself from a fight that never needed to happen. 28. The text is intended to ________ A. explain a new concept B. challenge a common belief C. promote a healthy food D. introduce a weight-loss plan 29. How does hunger influence our view of the world? A. By weakening our confidence. B. By letting go of unhappy events. C. By pushing us to think more positively. D. By enhancing our memory of negatives. 30. What does the author want to say in the last paragraph? A. Dieting is the major reason for low spirits. B. Anger usually has nothing to do with hunger. C. We should keep away from the feeling of anger. D. Checking our hunger can lead to a better choice. 31. What’s the text mainly about? A. How we can get rid of negative emotions. B. How dieting affects our mind and behavior. C. Why dieting becomes increasingly popular. D. Why we should skip a single meal regularly. 5.山东省济南市2025-2026学年高一下学期期末学情检测英语试题 Childhood cancer is a major deadly disease affecting numerous American children. When 8-year-old Teagan Stedman learned his friend Alex had cancer in 2008, he wanted to help; to get involved (参与); to make a difference — all while lifting his friend’s spirits. However, he hit a wall: related charity programs limited youth participation simply because of his young age. Then Teagan founded Shred Kids’ Cancer (SKC), a kid-centered nonprofit that empowers children to aid childhood cancer research and build supportive communities. To broaden its influence, he channeled his passion for music into the project and hosted Shredfest benefit concert, a landmark event featuring youth musicians. Since then, the project has gained a great deal of social support. By 2024, SKC had raised over $500,000 and funded nine clinical studies, inspiring countless children to set up local branches. Teagan said, “We measure our impact not by the money raised but by how many kids we affect and how empowered they feel to change the world.” At 17, he lost his friend Ashley, a board member of SKC, due to the irreparable effects of chemotherapy — the same treatment given to adults and the only available option — so he decided to act and improve survival rates for children with cancer. Inspired by a cartoon series The Magic School Bus, where a tiny bus travels inside the body, he wondered if cancer drugs could be delivered like a tiny bus making specific stops, killing cancer cells (细胞) while sparing healthy ones. He began studying nanotechnology (纳米技术) and biology independently, eventually developing a creative drug delivery vehicle during research at the University of Connecticut. He furthered his scientific journey at top universities and is now pursuing a Ph.D. at Columbia University, focusing on controlling cancer development. From a young fundraiser to a promising cancer researcher, Teagan proves that age is never a barrier (障碍) to doing good. 4. What directly drove Teagan to start his own program? A. The death of one of his best friends. B. The seriousness of childhood cancer. C. The spirit condition of young patients. D. The refusal of charitable organizations. 5. What can we learn about Shred Kids’ Cancer? A. It taps into musical talents. B. It values children’s power. C. It discourages branching. D. It aims to make money. 6. What is special about Teagan’s treatment for childhood cancer? A. It is wide-ranging. B. It is instant-acting. C. It is target-directed. D. It is tradition-based. 7. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Never Too Old to Learn B. Friendship Lasts Forever C. Young Enough to Do Good D. Science Shapes Profession 6.福建龙岩市2025-2026学年高一下学期7月期末英语试题 Few people enjoy the darkness that comes with winter in the world’s higher latitudes (纬度). In up to a tenth of the population, the long nights can cause depression (抑郁症) known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD). The exact causes are unclear, but possible factors include lower melatonin (褪黑素), a drop in serotonin (血清素), and changes to the body’s inner clock. Antidepressants may help but often have side-effects. Many people prefer to treat the root cause with bright light tools like desk lamps. Many doctors recommend them as a first-line treatment for the disorder. Testing how well they work is tricky. In a drug trial, for instance, it is relatively straightforward to give some patients real pills, but light treatment tests would mean keeping people away from daylight for long periods. Even if you can find the volunteers, doing so is only really possible in big institutions such as hospitals or care homes. A few studies have been done along these lines, however, most have to make do with less strict controls. Despite those limitations, the findings look good. Last year a review of 21 studies, led by Tu Zhe-Ming at the Jingzhou Mental Health Centre in China, concluded that light treatment does indeed seem to work. Another review was published in March by Mihaela Bucuta, a psychologist at the Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, in Romania. It concluded that between 60% and 90% of patients see “symptom remission” with daily use. The benefits appear great enough that a good deal of research has been done into whether light treatment can help patients with other, non-SAD forms of depression. Here, again, the findings seem promising. Dr Bucuta’s review concluded that light treatment alone can help with depression in 44% of cases. When applied with antidepressants, that number rises to 76%. Doing both together seems better than taking drugs alone. All that makes for a cheerful thought as autumn nights draw in. For those who suffer from winter depression, the light at the end of the tunnel may shine out of a lamp. 8. What is SAD according to the text? A. A drop in some body chemicals. B. A disorder of the body’s inner clock. C. A kind of drug used to treat depression. D. A mood disorder caused by long winter nights. 9. Why is it hard to carry out light treatment tests? A. It is short of strict standards. B. It’s hard to avoid daylight for long. C. It lacks qualified volunteers. D. It needs professional lab equipment. 10. What does the underlined words “symptom remission” in paragraph4 mean? A. The improvement of sight. B. A return of old signs. C. The relief of SAD signs. D. The sudden mood change. 11. What treatment works best for SAD according to the text? A. Bathing in daylight daily. B. Taking antidepressants. C. Using both light with drugs. D. Having a long indoor rest. 高一说明文阅读理解各个击破（精选自各地期末试题）— 参考答案 1. 广东深圳市罗湖区2025-2026学年度高一第二学期期末考试英语试题 28. B 29. D 30. A 31. C 2. 浙江杭州市2025-2026学年第二学期高一年级期末教学质量检测英语试卷 8. C 9. D 10. A 11. B 3. 湖北武汉市四区2025-2026学年下学期期末考试高一英语试卷 8. C 9. A 10. D 11. C 4. 江苏南通市2025-2026学年度第二学期高一期末考试英语试题 28. B 29. D 30. D 31. B 5. 山东省济南市2025-2026学年高一下学期期末学情检测英语试题 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. C 6. 福建龙岩市2025-2026学年高一下学期7月期末英语试题 8. D 9. B 10. C 11. C 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $