内容正文:
人教版新教材九年级上册(Unit 1—Unit 8)
语法知识点精讲及练习
Unit 1 The Changing World
一、单元语法知识点
一般过去时(Simple Past Tense)vs. 现在完成时(Present Perfect Tense)
一般过去时:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,与现在无联系。常与 ago, last..., in 2017, just now, yesterday 等具体过去时间状语连用。
现在完成时:表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与 already, yet, just, ever, never, for + 时间段, since + 时间点/从句 等连用。
used to do:表示过去常常做某事(现在已不如此),无人称和数的变化。
二、重点句子(来自教材Section A/B语篇)
1. He became a good friend of your grandfather about 20 years ago. —— 一般过去时(ago提示),描述过去成为朋友的事实。
2. They haven't seen each other for ages! —— 现在完成时(for+时间段),表示从过去到现在未见面。
3.We used to have to travel far to see a doctor. —— used to do,描述过去不得不走远路的状况(现在不用了)。
4. Our village has just built a new hospital. —— 现在完成时(just),强调“刚建成”对现在的影响(现在有医院了)。
5. Many people used to work in big cities. —— used to do,描述过去很多人外出打工。
6. Now, more of them have come back to live and work here. —— 现在完成时(have come back),强调“回来了”这个既成事实。
7. The old trains were very slow. —— 一般过去时,描述过去旧火车的客观状况。
8. It took 10 hours to get to Nairobi from Mombasa by train. —— 一般过去时,描述过去花费的时间(现在不同了)。
9. My primary school was near my home, so I used to walk to school. —— 一般过去时+used to,描述小学时的状况和过去的习惯。
10. Now my junior high school is farther from home. —— 一般现在时,描述现在的客观现状,与前一句形成对比。
三、语法精讲
1. 一般过去时(Simple Past Tense)
句式
结构
例句
肯定
主语 + 动词过去式
I visited my hometown last year.
否定
主语 + did not + 动词原形
I did not visit my hometown last year.
疑问
Did + 主语 + 动词原形?
Did you visit your hometown last year?
动词过去式变化规则:
一般直接加 -ed:work → worked
以不发音e结尾加 -d:live → lived
辅音+y结尾变y为i加 -ed:study → studied
重读闭音节双写末尾辅音加 -ed:stop → stopped
不规则变化:go → went, see → saw, take → took, etc.
2. 现在完成时(Present Perfect Tense)
句式
结构
例句
肯定
主语 + have/has + 过去分词
I have visited my hometown.
否定
主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词
I have not visited my hometown yet.
疑问
Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词?
Have you visited your hometown?
过去分词变化规则:
规则变化与过去式相同(+ed)
不规则变化需单独记忆:go → gone, see → seen, take → taken, etc.
现在完成时的两个核心用法:
结果用法:过去动作对现在有影响(常与 already, yet, just 连用)
I have lost my key. (结果:现在我进不去门)
持续用法:过去动作持续到现在(常与 for, since 连用)
I have lived here for 10 years. (10年前开始,一直住到现在)
3. used to 的用法
结构
含义
例句
used to do
过去常常做某事(现在不做了)
I used to get up late.
否定
didn't use to / used not to
I didn't use to like maths.
疑问
Did...use to...? / Used...to...?
Did you use to play football?
4. 一般过去时 vs. 现在完成时 核心区别
对比维度
一般过去时
现在完成时
与现在的关系
与现在无联系,只谈过去
与现在有联系(结果/影响/持续)
时间状语
yesterday, last week, in 2019, ...ago
already, yet, ever, never, for, since, so far
问句标志
When did...? (问具体时间)
Have you ever...? (问经历)
强调重点
强调动作发生在过去
强调动作对现在的影响
口诀:过去时,重事实;完成时,看现在。有具体时间用过去,无具体时间考虑完成。
四、语法填空(原型:主阅读 “On the Fast Track” 蒙内铁路)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的词或括号内单词的正确形式。
In 2017, the new Mombasa-Nairobi railway 1. ______ (open). Before that, the old railway 2. ______ (be) very slow. It 3. ______ (take) 10 hours to get to Nairobi. However, great changes 4. ______ (take) place since 2017. Now, more than two million people 5. ______ (use) the new train every year. Local people 6. ______ (become) richer over the last few years. A businessman said that he 7. ______ (be) able to make deals with ease. Food transport 8. ______ (improve) a lot as well. It used to take hundreds of lorries, but now it takes only two or three trains. My father 9. ______ (work) in Kenya ten years ago. He 10. ______ (not visit) that place since he came back. He misses it very much.
Unit 2 Inspiring People
一、单元语法知识点
It is/was + 形容词 + (for/of sb) + to do sth / that 从句
It is + adj. + for sb + to do:形容词描述事物性质(important, necessary, difficult, easy等)。
It is + adj. + of sb + to do:形容词描述人的品格(kind, nice, brave, creative, wise等)。
It is/was + adj. + that 从句:it作形式主语,真正主语是that从句。
二、重点句子(来自教材主阅读 “The Inspiring Seed Scientist” 及其他)
1. It is important for seed banks to include many different kinds of seeds. —— for sb,说明“包含多种种子”对种子库的重要性(事物性质)。
2. It was very difficult for him to brave the cold weather. —— for him,说明“忍受严寒”这件事是困难的。
3. It was really brave and admirable that he never forgot his task. —— that从句作真正主语,评价“他从未忘记任务”这件事。
4.It is always inspiring to read about great people. —— to do作主语,评价阅读伟人故事这件事。
5. It is important for us to understand the past. —— for us,说明“了解过去”对我们很重要。
6. It was great of Yuan Longping to develop a new kind of rice. —— of sb(of Yuan Longping),评价袁隆平的品质(伟大的)。
7. It was amazing that Marie Curie did research in physics and chemistry. —— that从句,评价居里夫人做研究这件事令人惊叹。
8. It is always important for us to keep going in life. —— for us,说明“坚持”对我们很重要。
9. It was very creative of I.M. Pei to design the glass pyramid. —— of sb,评价贝聿铭的品质(有创造力的)。
10. It is really very nice of his father to support his exchange study. —— of sb,评价他父亲的品质(好的)。
三、语法精讲
1. It作形式主语的三种基本结构
结构
含义
用法
例句
It + be + adj. + (for sb) + to do
做某事(对某人来说)是……的
形容词描述事物本身的性质
It is important for us to learn English.
It + be + adj. + of sb + to do
某人做某事真是……
形容词描述人的品质/品格
It is kind of you to help me.
It + be + adj. + that 从句
……是……的
从句作真正主语
It is clear that he is right.
2. for 和 of 的终极分辨法
方法一:代入法
把 sb 放到形容词前面,如果能构成通顺的“sb + be + adj.”结构 → 用 of
It is kind of you to help. → You are kind. ✅ → 用 of
如果不能构成“sb + be + adj.”,而是“To do + be + adj.”结构 → 用 for
It is important for us to learn. → To learn is important. ✅ → 用 for
方法二:口诀法
for + 形(事物),of + 品(人品)!
常见用于 of 的形容词(描述人的品格):
kind, nice, good, wise, clever, brave, foolish, careless, generous, cruel, honest, polite, rude, selfish, silly, stupid, thoughtful, etc.
常见用于 for 的形容词(描述事物的性质):
important, necessary, difficult, easy, hard, possible, impossible, convenient, dangerous, safe, useful, useless, etc.
3. It be + adj. + that 从句的用法
这类结构中的形容词可以是描述事物性质的(important, clear, obvious, true等),也可以是描述个人感受或评价的(amazing, surprising, wonderful, inspiring等)。
例:*It is surprising that he passed the exam. *(他通过了考试,真是令人惊讶。)
例:*It is obvious that she is telling the truth. *(很明显她在说真话。)
四、语法填空(原型:主阅读 “The Inspiring Seed Scientist” 钟扬)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Zhong Yang was a famous biologist. 1. ______ is important for scientists to collect plant seeds. In 2001, he began his travels across Xizang. 2. ______ was very difficult for him 3. ______ (brave) the cold weather. However, he never gave up. 4. ______ was inspiring that he trained local students. He believed 5. ______ it was important to include more people. Thanks to his efforts, over 40 million seeds 6. ______ (collect). It was really admirable 7. ______ him to devote his whole life to research. He once said, “My students 8. ______ (continue) on this road.” It is always necessary for us 9. ______ (learn) from great people like Zhong Yang. 10. ______ is really nice of them to light up our path forward.
Unit 3 Smart Learning
一、单元语法知识点
宾语从句(Object Clauses)—— 连接词 that / if / whether
that:引导陈述句意义从句,无实义,口语中常省略。
if / whether:引导一般疑问句意义从句,意为“是否”。(whether常与or not连用,介词后只能用whether)
二、重点句子(来自教材主阅读 “How to Become a Successful Learner”)
1. I believe (that) reading is important for learning. —— that引导宾从,作believe的宾语,that省略。
2. wonder if/whether you could help me with my English. —— if/whether引导,意为“是否”。
3. Peter finds (that) he can connect physics with something in real life. —— that引导宾从,作finds的宾语。
4. I want to know if/whether you read English books outside class. —— if/whether引导,表示疑问“是否”。
5. Studies show that the first key to becoming a successful learner is to have a growth mindset. —— that引导宾从,作show的宾语。
6. He suggested that learners should read and take notes carefully. —— that引导宾从,作suggested的宾语。
7. He wondered whether there was a way to continue learning. —— whether引导宾从,意为“是否”。
8. I think that the best way is to do maths problems. —— that引导宾从,作think的宾语。
9. I wonder if there is a way to improve my memory. —— if引导宾从,表示疑问。
10. The teacher said that we needed to practice more. —— that引导宾从,作said的宾语。
三、语法精讲
1. 宾语从句的三要素
要素
说明
例句
连接词
that / if / whether / 特殊疑问词
I think that he is right.
语序
陈述句语序(主语+谓语)
I wonder if he can come.(不说 if can he come)
时态
主句现在时→从句任意时;主句过去时→从句相应过去时
He says he is a teacher. / He said he was a teacher.
2. 连接词 that 的用法
引导陈述句意义的宾语从句,无实际含义,只起连接作用。在口语和非正式文体中常可省略。
例:I think (that) he will come.(that可省略)
不可省略的情况:
从句放在主句之前时:That he is right, I believe.
在宾语从句后还有连接词或从句时:I think that if you try, you will succeed.
作介词的宾语时:He is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.
3. 连接词 if / whether 的用法
引导一般疑问句意义的宾语从句,意为“是否”。不可省略。
例:I wonder if/whether he will come.
4. if 与 whether 的区别
情况
只能用 whether
可用 if/whether
与 or not 连用
✅ whether...or not
❌ if...or not(不正式)
介词后
✅ It depends on whether...
❌
与不定式连用
✅ I don't know whether to go.
❌
从句作主语(句首)
✅ Whether it is true...
❌
引导宾语从句(一般情况)
✅
✅
口诀:whether 用法最全面,or not、介词、不定式;if 只能口语用,日常提问最常用。
5. 宾语从句的语序
从句必须用陈述句语序(主语 + 谓语),不能用疑问句语序!
✅ 正确
❌ 错误
I know where he lives.
I know where does he live.
She asked why I was late.
She asked why was I late.
Tell me what you want.
Tell me what do you want.
6. 宾语从句的时态规则
主句时态
从句时态
例句
一般现在时
任意所需时态
He says he is/was/will be right.
一般过去时
相应的过去时态(一般过去/过去完成/过去将来)
He said he was right.
客观真理
永远用一般现在时
The teacher said the earth goes around the sun.
四、语法填空(原型:主阅读 “How to Become a Successful Learner”)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Everyone has the ability to learn. However, many students don't realize 1. ______ they can be successful learners. Studies show 2. ______ the first key is to have a growth mindset. I wonder 3. ______ you have set goals for yourself. The more you practise, the better you learn. My friend Tony told me 4. ______ he often reviewed his notes. He said 5. ______ it helped him a lot. A teacher suggested 6. ______ we should use the best learning materials. We all think 7. ______ reading is important. I want to know 8. ______ you have tried these methods. I believe 9. ______ everyone can improve. Please tell me 10. ______ you need any help.
Unit 4 Our Memory
一、单元语法知识点
宾语从句(Object Clauses)—— 特殊疑问词引导(what, who, where, when, why, how)
连接词本身在从句中充当成分(主语、宾语、状语等)。从句必须用陈述句语序。
二、重点句子(来自教材主阅读 “How to Boost Your Memory”)
1. I don't understand what she's going through. —— what引导宾从,作understand的宾语,what在从句中作through的宾语。
2. I can't remember which things you asked me to buy. —— which引导宾从,作remember的宾语,which在从句中作buy的宾语。
3. Study how they are different from each other. —— how引导宾从,作study的宾语,how作方式状语。
4. Could you tell me why it is easy to forget a word? —— why引导宾从,作tell的间接宾语,why作原因状语。
5. She cannot remember where she put the opera ticket. —— where引导宾从,作remember的宾语,where作地点状语。
6. Bob does not know who took his wallet. —— who引导宾从,作know的宾语,who在从句中作主语。
7. Can you tell me when the next test is? —— when引导宾从,when作表语(注意陈述语序the next test is,而非is the next test)。
8.I do not understand why you didn't invite him. —— why引导宾从,作understand的宾语,why作原因状语。
9.I wonder where it grows here. —— where引导宾从,作地点状语。
10.I realized where the grapevine came from. —— where引导宾从,作from的宾语。
三、语法精讲
1. 特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句的结构
连接词(特殊疑问词)+ 主语 + 谓语(陈述句语序)
连接词
含义
在从句中充当的成分
例句
what
什么
主语/宾语/表语
I don't know what he is doing.(宾语)
who
谁
主语/宾语/表语
She asked who would come.(主语)
whom
谁(宾格)
宾语
I wonder whom she met.(宾语)
whose
谁的
定语
Tell me whose book it is.(定语)
where
哪里
地点状语
Can you tell me where she lives?
when
何时
时间状语
I wonder when the train will arrive.
why
为什么
原因状语
He explained why he was late.
how
如何/怎样
方式状语
Could you tell me how I can get there?
which
哪一个
主语/宾语/定语
I can't remember which book he borrowed.(定语)
2. 核心考点:陈述句语序
从句必须用陈述句语序(主语+谓语),不能用疑问句语序!
✅ 正确
❌ 错误
I know where he lives.
I know where does he live.
She asked why I was late.
She asked why was I late.
Tell me what you want.
Tell me what do you want.
I wonder when she will come.
I wonder when will she come.
3. 特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句的时态规则
规则
例句
主句现在时 → 从句任意所需时态
I don't know where he is/was/will be.
主句过去时 → 从句相应过去时态
He asked where I lived.
客观真理 → 永远一般现在时
The teacher asked why the earth goes around the sun.
4. 注意:疑问词本身作主语时,语序不变
当疑问词在从句中作主语时,从句语序与疑问句语序形式上一致(但本质仍是陈述语序)。
例:Do you know who can help us? (who在从句中作主语,can help是谓语,语序为“主语+谓语”,正确)
例:I wonder what is wrong with him. (what在从句中作主语,is wrong是谓语,语序正确)
口诀:特殊疑问词来引导,陈述语序要记牢。主谓位置不能倒,时态呼应别忘了。what作主时最特殊,看似疑问实陈述!
四、语法填空(原型:主阅读 “How to Boost Your Memory”)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Do you know 1. ______ memory works? There are two main kinds. Can you tell me 2. ______ short-term memory is? It helps you remember things for a short time. I want to know 3. ______ we can make information enter long-term memory. First, pay attention. You should remember 4. ______ you have learned. I don't understand 5. ______ some students forget things easily. The reason is 6. ______ they don't review. My teacher explained 7. ______ we should use senses. She showed us 8. ______ to create mind maps. I finally realized 9. ______ I needed to sleep well. Now I know 10. ______ important it is to stay healthy for our memory.
Unit 5 Power of Ideas
一、单元语法知识点
一般现在时、一般过去时的被动语态(Passive Voice with Simple Present & Past Tenses)
结构:am/is/are + done(现在);was/were + done(过去)。
含情态动词的被动:情态动词 + be + done。
2、 重点句子(来自教材主阅读 “An Invention That Changed the World” 造纸术)
1. A mini-camera is connected to the front of the glasses. —— 一般现在时被动(is connected),描述客观功能。
2. The oil and salt are also added by the machine itself. —— 一般现在时被动(are added),强调被机器添加。
3. Toys can all be made by the 3D printer. —— 含情态动词被动(can be made)。
4. The object is produced by building up plastic. —— 一般现在时被动(is produced)。
5. The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876. —— 一般过去时被动(was invented),描述过去的发明事实。
6. The world's oldest wheel was found in Eastern Europe. —— 一般过去时被动(was found),过去被发现。
7. The Qinghai-Xizang Railway was completed in 2006. —— 一般过去时被动(was completed)。
8. Pipes were used to keep the ground hard. —— 一般过去时被动(were used)。
9. A radio message was sent across the Atlantic Ocean in 1901. —— 一般过去时被动(was sent)。
10. Different materials were used to write on. —— 一般过去时被动(were used)。
三、语法精讲
1. 被动语态的概念
语态
含义
例句
主动语态
主语是动作的执行者(发出者)
We clean the room every day.
被动语态
主语是动作的承受者(接受者)
The room is cleaned by us every day.
2. 被动语态的结构
基本结构:be + 过去分词(done);be动词体现时态和人称/数的变化;过去分词体现被动的含义(永远不变)
3. 主动变被动的三步法
① 找宾语(动作承受者)→ ② 改谓语(be + 过去分词)→ ③ 加by + 执行者(可省略)
示例:People speak English all over the world.
① 宾语是 English → 作被动句主语
② 谓语改为 is spoken(speak→spoken,be动词用is)
③ by people(可省略,因为“人们”不重要)
→ English is spoken all over the world.
4. 一般现在时的被动语态
句式
结构
例句
肯定
am/is/are + 过去分词
The room is cleaned every day.
否定
am/is/are + not + 过去分词
The room is not cleaned every day.
疑问
Am/Is/Are + 主语 + 过去分词
Is the room cleaned every day?
5. 一般过去时的被动语态
句式
结构
例句
肯定
was/were + 过去分词
The telephone was invented in 1876.
否定
was/were + not + 过去分词
The telephone was not invented in 1800.
疑问
Was/Were + 主语 + 过去分词
Was the telephone invented in 1876?
6. 含情态动词的被动语态
句式
结构
例句
肯定
情态动词 + be + 过去分词
Homework must be finished today.
否定
情态动词 + not + be + 过去分词
Homework must not be finished today.
疑问
情态动词 + 主语 + be + 过去分词
Should homework be finished today?
常见情态动词:can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would, shall, need等。
7. be made of / from / in / by / into 的区分
短语
含义
例句
be made of
由……制成(看得出原材料)
The table is made of wood.(看得到木头)
be made from
由……制成(看不出原材料)
Paper is made from wood.(看不出木头)
be made in
在……制造(产地)
This car is made in China.
be made by
由……制造(制造者/方式)
This cake is made by my mom.
be made into
被制成……(成品)
Wood is made into paper.
口诀:of看原料,from看不出,in加地点,by加人物,into接成品。
四、语法填空(原型:主阅读 “An Invention That Changed the World” 蔡伦造纸)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Before Cai Lun, many materials 1. ______ (use) to write on, but they were too expensive. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, a new kind of paper 2. ______ (invent) by Cai Lun. First, the ingredients 3. ______ (mix) and boiled in water. Then, the material 4. ______ (beat) and cut up. Next, the liquid 5. ______ (pour) over a bamboo screen. Finally, the fibre 6. ______ (dry) and pressed. This paper was cheap and easy to make. It 7. ______ (consider) a great invention. Today, paper 8. ______ (use) all over the world. Many things can 9. ______ (make) from wood. I think more useful things 10. ______ (create) by Chinese people in the future.
Unit 6 Beyond Earth
一、单元语法知识点
一般将来时的被动语态(Passive Voice with Simple Future Tense)
结构:will be + done 或 am/is/are going to be + done。
表示:将来某个时间被做。
二、重点句子(来自教材主阅读 “To the Stars and Beyond”)
1. New technology will soon be developed. —— 一般将来时被动(will be developed)。
2. Exploration of the planet Mars will be continued. —— 一般将来时被动(will be continued)。
3. International research stations will be built on the moon and Mars. —— 一般将来时被动(will be built)。
4. Will life be found on another planet? —— 一般将来时被动疑问(Will...be found)。
5. Will you be visited by other astronauts? —— 一般将来时被动疑问(Will you be visited)。
6. More satellites will be positioned in space. —— 一般将来时被动(will be positioned)。
7. The trip to the space museum will be cancelled. —— 一般将来时被动(will be cancelled)。
8. An article about future space travel will be published next month. —— 一般将来时被动(will be published)。
9. More astronauts will be sent to the space station. —— 一般将来时被动(will be sent)。
10.The spacecraft was launched in 1977. —— 一般过去时被动(was launched,作背景提示)。
三、语法精讲
1. 一般将来时被动语态的结构
句式
结构
例句
肯定
will be + 过去分词
A new bridge will be built next year.
否定
will not (won't) be + 过去分词
The meeting will not be held tomorrow.
疑问
Will + 主语 + be + 过去分词
Will the work be finished soon?
2. 另一种表达:be going to be + 过去分词
表示“计划/打算被做”
例:The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.(这个问题将在会上被讨论。)
3. 被动语态各种时态总结表
时态
结构
例句
一般现在时
am/is/are + done
The room is cleaned every day.
一般过去时
was/were + done
The room was cleaned yesterday.
一般将来时
will be + done
The room will be cleaned tomorrow.
含情态动词
情态动词 + be + done
The room must be cleaned now.
4. 主动变被动(不同时态对比)
时态
主动句
被动句
一般现在时
People speak English.
English is spoken (by people).
一般过去时
Edison invented the light bulb.
The light bulb was invented (by Edison).
一般将来时
They will build a new school.
A new school will be built (by them).
含情态动词
We must finish the work.
The work must be finished (by us).
5. 被动语态解题“三步法”
第一步:判断语态 —— 主语是动作的承受者 → 用被动
第二步:确定时态 —— 看时间状语(yesterday→过去;next week→将来;often→现在)
第三步:写出结构 —— be + 过去分词(be动词体现时态和人称/数)
6. 被动语态的用法场景
场景
说明
例句
不知道执行者
不知道是谁做的
My wallet was stolen.
没必要说明执行者
谁做的不重要
The hospital was built in 2000.
需要强调承受者
强调某物被怎样了
The bridge is being repaired.
正式文体(科技/新闻)
客观陈述
The experiment was conducted.
四、语法填空(原型:主阅读 “To the Stars and Beyond”)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Since ancient times, people have looked up at the stars. A spacecraft called Voyager 1 1. ______ (launch) in 1977. It is far away now. In the future, new technologies 2. ______ (develop) to explore space. More advanced rockets 3. ______ (send) to Mars. I think a space station 4. ______ (build) on the moon one day. Will humans 5. ______ (visit) by aliens? Probably not. But many problems still need 6. ______ (solve). For example, special sleeping bags 7. ______ (use) to help astronauts sleep. I believe the dream of reaching the stars 8. ______ (realize) someday. What do you think 9. ______ (do) to make it happen? More international cooperation 10. ______ (need) in the future.
Unit 7 Feel the Rhythm
一、单元语法知识点
定语从句(Relative Clauses)—— 关系代词 that / which / who / whom / whose
定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词(先行词)。
关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语或定语。
二、重点句子(来自教材主阅读 “Chopin: A Great Inspiration” 及听力)
1. I love traditional music that tells a story. —— that引导定从,指物(music),在从句中作主语。
2. I prefer music which is full of joy. —— which引导定从,指物(music),在从句中作主语。
3. I like musicians who are creative. —— who引导定从,指人(musicians),在从句中作主语。
4. The song which uses the violin is my favourite. —— which指物(song),作主语。
5. The girl who I met at university is a poet. —— who指人(girl),在从句中作met的宾语(口语中可省略,但这里未省)。
6. He is listening to the music which he downloaded. —— which指物(music),作downloaded的宾语。
7. People there who used to play chess now listen to music. —— who指人(People),作主语。
8. He is a shy boy who finds it difficult to talk to others. —— who指人(boy),作主语。
9. This is advice that is still followed by musicians. —— that指物(advice),作主语。
10. Polish folk music was a kind of music that some people looked down on. —— that指物(music),作on的宾语(可省略,但保留)。
三、语法精讲
1. 定语从句的基本概念
先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词,是关系代词的“所指对象”。
关系代词:连接主句和从句,同时在从句中充当主语、宾语或定语。
基本结构:先行词 + 关系代词 + 定语从句
2. 如何找先行词
找先行词四步法:
1. 找到定语从句的位置(通常紧跟在被修饰词后面)。
2. 看定语从句前面那个名词或代词是什么。
3. 判断这个名词/代词在定语从句中作什么成分(主语?宾语?定语?)。
4. 根据先行词和成分选择正确的关系代词。
示例:The book that I read yesterday is interesting.
① 定从:that I read yesterday
② 先行词:the book(定从前紧邻的名词)
③ 成分:the book 在从句中作 read 的宾语(I read the book)
④ 关系代词:指物、作宾语 → that/which(可省略)
3. 关系代词的用法详表
关系代词
指代
在从句中作
例句
that
人或物
主语/宾语
He is the man that helped me.(主语)
This is the book that I like.(宾语)
which
物
主语/宾语
This is the book which I like.(宾语)
I like music which tells a story.(主语)
who
人
主语/宾语(主语常用)
She is the teacher who teaches us.(主语)
The girl who I met is my friend.(宾语)
whom
人
宾语(正式)
The man whom you met is my uncle.(宾语)
He is the person whom we should thank.(宾语)
whose
人或物
定语(表所属)
I know the girl whose mother is a doctor.(定语)
4. 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略
作主语(不可省略)
作宾语(可省略)
I like music that tells a story.(that不能省)
I like music (that) I can dance to.(that可省)
先行词 music 是 tell 的主语
先行词 music 是 dance to 的宾语
判断技巧:
从句中缺主语 → 关系代词必须保留(因为要靠它作主语)
从句中有主语 → 关系代词作宾语 → 可以省略
5. 定语从句中谓语动词的单复数规则
定从谓语动词的单复数 = 先行词的单复数
先行词
定语从句谓语
例句
单数
单数
This is the teacher who teaches English.(teaches单数)
复数
复数
They are the teachers who teach English.(teach复数)
单数
单数
I like the book that is interesting.(is单数)
复数
复数
I like the books that are interesting.(are复数)
6. that 和 which 的区别
只能用 that 的情况(五类)
情况
例句
① 先行词是 不定代词(all, everything, nothing, anything, few, little, much, none等)
All that I know is true. / Everything that he said is right.
② 先行词被 序数词 修饰(first, second, last, next等)
This is the first book that I have read.
③ 先行词被 形容词最高级 修饰(best, most, etc.)
This is the best movie that I have seen.
④ 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰
It's the only thing that I can do. / She is the very person that I want to see.
⑤ 先行词同时有人和物
We talked about the people and things that we remembered.
只能用 which 的情况(两类)
情况
例句
① 非限制性定语从句(有逗号隔开,补充说明)
The book, which I bought yesterday, is interesting.
② 介词 + which 结构(作介词宾语,介词前置)
This is the house in which I lived. / The pencil with which he writes.
7. who 和 whom 的区别
关系代词
用法
例句
who
指人,可作主语或宾语(口语中常作宾语)
The man who called you is my friend.(主语)
The man who you met is my friend.(宾语,口语)
whom
指人,只能作宾语(书面语/正式)
The man whom you met is my friend.(宾语)
He is the person whom we should thank.(宾语)
口语中,whom 很少用,常用 who 或 that 代替。
8. whose 的用法
whose = 先行词 + 's,表示“谁的”,后接名词作定语。
例:I know the boy whose father is a doctor. = The boy's father is a doctor.
例:This is the book whose cover is red. = The book's cover is red.
9. 定语从句解题三步法
第一步:找先行词(定语从句前面的名词/代词)
第二步:判成分(先行词在从句中作什么:主语?宾语?定语?)
第三步:选关系词(指人/物 + 成分 = 正确的关系代词)
示例:The man ______ is standing there is my teacher.
① 先行词:The man(人)
② 成分:The man 在从句中作 is standing 的主语
③ 答案:指人 + 作主语 → who/that
四、语法填空(原型:主阅读 “Chopin: A Great Inspiration”)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Frederic Chopin was one of the greatest musicians 1. ______ ever lived. He was a gifted composer 2. ______ left behind more than 200 works. The advice 3. ______ he gave to his students is still followed today. Chopin loved Polish folk music, 4. ______ was seen as too simple at that time. He created music 5. ______ encouraged his people. The works 6. ______ he composed are full of deep emotion. He was a pianist 7. ______ performances touched millions. His music, 8. ______ is still popular today, brings people together. The story of Chopin is one 9. ______ inspires us all. Do you know the musician 10. ______ music brings you peace?
Unit 8 More than a Game
一、单元语法知识点
主谓一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)
主谓一致指主语和谓语动词在人称和数上要保持一致。主要遵循三大原则:
语法一致:形式上单数用单数谓语,复数用复数谓语。
意义一致:根据实际意义(而非形式)决定谓语单复数。
就近一致:谓语与最近的主语在数上一致。
二、重点句子(来自教材听力及主阅读 “An Olympic Swimmer Who Nearly Drowned”)
1. Everybody is looking forward to the relay. —— 不定代词(everybody)作主语,谓语用单数(is looking)。
2. Either Wang Yaming or Adam is a possible choice. —— either...or... 连接主语,遵循就近原则(离is最近的是Adam,单数)。
3. Both are quite fast. —— both作主语,表示复数,谓语用are。
4. Neither is really suitable for me. —— neither作主语,表示“两者都不”,谓语用单数(is)。
5. My family also watch sports together. —— family强调整体成员,译为“家人们”,谓语用复数(watch)。
6. Tennis requires strength. —— 单数名词作主语,谓语用单数(requires)。
7. Both kung fu and boxing are popular. —— both...and...连接两个主语,谓语用复数(are)。
8. Neither winning nor losing is everything. —— neither...nor...就近原则(losing是单数,is)。
9. Everyone looks forward to the opening ceremony. —— 不定代词everyone,谓语单数(looks)。
10. The Winter Olympics start next month. —— 专有名词(Olympics)形式为复数,谓语用复数(start)。
三、语法精讲
1. 语法一致原则
语法一致是指主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致:单数主语→单数谓语,复数主语→复数谓语。
规则
例句
单数名词/代词作主语
He runs fast. / The boy is tall.
复数名词/代词作主语
They run fast. / The boys are tall.
不可数名词作主语
Water is important. / Information is useful.
不定式/动名词作主语
Reading is fun. / To learn is important.
不定代词(everyone, nobody, somebody, anyone等)作主语
Everyone likes music. / Nobody knows the truth.
each / every + 单数名词
Each student has a book.
从句作主语
What he said is true.
2. 意义一致原则
意义一致是指谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的实际意义(概念意义),而非其语法形式。
规则
例句
集体名词强调整体→单数;强调成员→复数
My family is large.(整体)/ My family are watching TV.(成员)
The team is strong.(整体)/ The team are arguing.(成员)
The class is small.(整体)/ The class are excited.(成员)
时间、金钱、距离作主语,表整体概念→单数
Three years is a long time. / 100 dollars is enough.
以-s结尾的学科名词(physics, maths, politics, economics)→单数
Physics is my favourite subject. / Maths is difficult.
以-s结尾的新闻/疾病名词(news, measles)→单数
The news is good.
国家/组织名称(the United States, the United Nations)→单数
The United States is a big country.
3. 就近一致原则
就近一致是指谓语动词与最近的主语在数上保持一致。主要适用于以下结构:
结构
例句
either...or...(要么……要么……)
Either you or he is right.(离is最近的是he)
neither...nor...(既不……也不……)
Neither he nor I am wrong.(离am最近的是I)
not only...but also...(不仅……而且……)
Not only the students but also the teacher is excited.(离is最近的是the teacher)
there be(有……)
There is a pen and two books on the desk.(离is最近的是a pen)
There are two books and a pen on the desk.(离are最近的是two books)
4. 随前原则(特殊情况)
以下结构谓语与前面的主语一致(不受后面名词影响):
结构
含义
例句
with / together with
和……一起
The teacher with his students is there.(随teacher)
along with
和……一起
Tom along with his friends is coming.
as well as
以及
My sister as well as my parents likes music.
besides
除了……还有
John besides his brothers is going.
except / but
除了
Everyone except Tom is here.
5. 特殊考点汇总
结构
谓语形式
例句
both...and...
复数
Both Tom and Jack are students.
a number of + 复数名词
复数(许多)
A number of students are here.
the number of + 复数名词
单数(……的数量)
The number of students is 50.
none of + 复数名词/代词
单数/复数均可
None of them is/are here.
all of + 复数名词
复数
All of the students are here.
all of + 不可数名词
单数
All of the water is gone.
each of + 复数名词
单数
Each of the students has a book.
neither of + 复数名词
单数
Neither of them is right.
6. 集合名词特别提示
英语中常见的集合名词(集体名词)有:
family, team, class, group, public, audience, crowd, staff, committee, government等。
区分技巧:
如果强调这个整体 → 谓语用单数
如果强调这个整体中的成员 → 谓语用复数
口诀:单数复数看主语,语法意义要兼顾。就近原则三结构,either neither not only。and连接多复数,with/along随前走。number前a复the单,none单复两都行!
四、语法填空(原型:听力中的接力赛及主阅读 “An Olympic Swimmer Who Nearly Drowned”)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Sports Day is coming! Everyone 1. ______ (look) forward to it. Either Wang Yaming or Adam 2. ______ (be) going to run the 100-metre race. Both of them 3. ______ (be) very fast. Neither Peter nor I 4. ______ (want) to miss the 4×100-metre relay. My family 5. ______ (be) going to watch the games. The team 6. ______ (train) hard these days. A number of students 7. ______ (plan) to take part. The number of the participants 8. ______ (be) over 100. Eric Moussambani is my favourite athlete. He never gave up although swimming 9. ______ (be) difficult for him. His story shows that everyone 10. ______ (have) a chance to succeed.
综合性辨析与运用(宾语从句 VS 定语从句)—— 10题专项练习
这是学生们最容易混淆的地方。下面通过10道对比练习,彻底理清它们。
一、功能与概念对比
对比维度
宾语从句
定语从句
功能
在句子中充当宾语
在句子中充当定语(修饰名词)
修饰对象
动词或介词
名词(先行词)
引导词是否做成分
that不做成分;特殊疑问词做成分
必须做成分(主语、宾语或定语)
从句结构
通常完整(不缺主要成分)
通常不完整(缺主语/宾语/定语)
二、专项练习(10题)
请判断空格处应填什么词,并回答后面的问题。
1. I believe ______ you can do it well.
(1)填什么?______ (2)这是什么从句?______ (3)引导词在从句中作什么成分?______
2. The book ______ I read yesterday is very interesting.
(1)填什么?______ (2)这是什么从句?______ (3)引导词在从句中作什么成分?______
3. Can you tell me ______ she lives?
(1)填什么?______ (2)这是什么从句?______ (3)引导词在从句中作什么成分?______
4. This is the school ______ I studied ten years ago.
(1)填什么?______ (2)这是什么从句?______ (3)引导词在从句中作什么成分?______
5. I don't know ______ he didn't come to the party.
(1)填什么?______ (2)这是什么从句?______ (3)引导词在从句中作什么成分?______
6. I'll never forget the day ______ we spent together in the countryside.
(1)填什么?______ (2)这是什么从句?______ (3)引导词在从句中作什么成分?______
7.Could you please tell me ______ I can get to the nearest station?
(1)填什么?______ (2)这是什么从句?______ (3)引导词在从句中作什么成分?______
8. The girl ______ won the first prize is my classmate.
(1)填什么?______ (2)这是什么从句?______ (3)引导词在从句中作什么成分?______
9. I wonder ______ he will come to the meeting or not.
(1)填什么?______ (2)这是什么从句?______ (3)引导词在从句中作什么成分?______
10. Do you know the boy ______ mother is a famous doctor?
(1)填什么?______ (2)这是什么从句?______ (3)引导词在从句中作什么成分?______
参考答案汇总
Unit 1 The Changing World
1. was opened —— 一般过去时被动(in 2017提示过去时间)
2. was —— 一般过去时(描述过去旧火车的客观状况)
3. took —— 一般过去时(描述过去花费的时间,it takes/took sb + time to do sth)
4. have taken —— 现在完成时(since 2017提示,强调变化从过去持续到现在)
5. use —— 一般现在时(every year提示,描述现在每年的客观事实)
6. have become —— 现在完成时(over the last few years提示,强调“已经变得更富裕”这个结果)
7. was —— 一般过去时(主句谓语said为过去时,宾语从句用相应的过去时态)
8. has improved —— 现在完成时(as well和上下文暗示,强调对现在的积极影响)
9. worked —— 一般过去时(ten years ago提示具体过去时间)
10. hasn't visited —— 现在完成时(since he came back提示,强调“自从回来后就一直没去过”)
Unit 2 Inspiring People
1. It —— 形式主语,真正主语是后面的不定式to collect plant seeds
2. It —— 形式主语,真正主语是后面的不定式to brave the cold weather
3. to brave —— 不定式作真正主语,It was difficult for him to brave...
4. It —— 形式主语,真正主语是that从句(that he trained local students)
5. that —— 宾语从句连接词,believe that...
6. were collected —— 一般过去时被动(over 40 million seeds作主语,是动作承受者,描述过去被收集)
7. of —— 固定结构It was + adj. + of sb to do(形容词admirable描述人的品质)
8. will continue —— 一般将来时(引语中表示将来的动作)
9. to learn —— 不定式作真正主语,It is necessary for us to learn...
10. It —— 形式主语,It is really nice of them to...
Unit 3 Smart Learning
1. that —— 宾语从句连接词(don't realize that...,此处that可省略,但填空时需补全)
2. that —— 宾语从句连接词(show that...)
3. if/whether —— 宾语从句连接词,意为“是否”(I wonder if/whether...)
4. that —— 宾语从句连接词(told me that...)
5. that —— 宾语从句连接词(said that...)
6. that —— 宾语从句连接词(suggested that...,注意suggest表“建议”时,that从句用should+动词原形,但这里填连接词)
7. that —— 宾语从句连接词(think that...)
8. if/whether —— 宾语从句连接词,意为“是否”(want to know if/whether...)
9. that —— 宾语从句连接词(believe that...)
10. if/whether —— 宾语从句连接词(tell me if/whether...)
Unit 4 Our Memory
1. how —— 特殊疑问词引导宾语从句,作方式状语(how memory works)
2. what —— 特殊疑问词引导宾语从句,what在从句中作表语
3. how —— 特殊疑问词引导宾语从句,作方式状语
4. what —— 特殊疑问词引导宾语从句,what在从句中作learned的宾语
5. why —— 特殊疑问词引导宾语从句,作原因状语
6. that —— 表语从句连接词(The reason is that...,注意reason作主语时,表语从句用that不用because)
7. that —— 宾语从句连接词(explained that...)
8. how —— 特殊疑问词+不定式结构(how to create...),作showed的宾语
9. that —— 宾语从句连接词(realized that...)
10. how —— 感叹句变来的宾语从句(how important it is...,注意陈述语序)
Unit 5 Power of Ideas
1. were used —— 一般过去时被动(many materials是复数,描述过去被使用)
2. was invented —— 一般过去时被动(paper是单数,invented by Cai Lun)
3. were mixed —— 一般过去时被动(ingredients是复数,被混合)
4. was beaten —— 一般过去时被动(material是单数,被捶打)
5. was poured —— 一般过去时被动(liquid是单数,被倾倒)
6. was dried —— 一般过去时被动(fibre是单数,被干燥)
7. was considered —— 一般过去时被动(it指代paper,被认为)
8. is used —— 一般现在时被动(描述现在的客观事实)
9. be made —— 含情态动词被动(can + be + made,make的过去分词为made)
10. will be created —— 一般将来时被动(in the future提示,things作主语表被创造)
Unit 6 Beyond Earth
1. was launched —— 一般过去时被动(in 1977提示具体过去时间,Voyager 1作主语表被发射)
2. will be developed —— 一般将来时被动(In the future提示)
3. will be sent —— 一般将来时被动(语境提示将来)
4. will be built —— 一般将来时被动(one day提示将来)
5. be visited —— 含情态动词被动(Will...be visited,visit的过去分词为visited)
6. to be solved —— need to be done结构(need作实义动词时,后接不定式,此处为不定式的被动形式)
7. will be used —— 一般将来时被动(语境提示将来)
8. will be realized —— 一般将来时被动(someday提示将来)
9. will be done —— 一般将来时被动(What作主语,被做)
10. will be needed —— 一般将来时被动(in the future语境提示)
Unit 7 Feel the Rhythm
1. that/who —— 定语从句关系代词,指人(musicians),在从句中作主语(that/who...ever lived)
2. who/that —— 定语从句关系代词,指人(composer),在从句中作主语(who/that left behind)
3. that/which —— 定语从句关系代词,指物(advice),在从句中作gave的宾语(可省略)
4. which —— 非限制性定语从句关系代词,指物(Polish folk music),有逗号,只能用which
5. that/which —— 定语从句关系代词,指物(music),在从句中作主语
6. that/which —— 定语从句关系代词,指物(works),在从句中作composed的宾语(可省略)
7. whose —— 定语从句关系代词,表所属(pianist's performances),whose在从句中作定语
8. which —— 非限制性定语从句关系代词,指物(His music),有逗号,只能用which
9. that/which —— 定语从句关系代词,指物(one指代story),在从句中作主语
10. whose —— 定语从句关系代词,表所属(musician's music),whose在从句中作定语
Unit 8 More than a Game
1. is looking —— 现在进行时,everyone作主语用单数(is looking forward to)
2. is —— either...or...就近原则(离is最近的是Adam,单数)
3. are —— both作主语,谓语用复数
4. wants —— neither...nor...就近原则,最近的是I,但此处更强调neither的含义,中考倾向用单数 wants
5. are —— family强调整体成员时用复数(are going),此处语境“我家人要去看比赛”强调成员
6. is training —— 现在进行时(these days提示),team强调整体成员正在训练
7. are planning —— a number of + 复数名词,谓语用复数
8. is —— the number of + 复数名词,谓语用单数(表示“……的数量是……”)
9. was —— 一般过去时(描述过去的客观状况)
10. has —— everyone作主语,谓语用单数
综合性辨析(10题)参考答案
题号
答案
从句类型
引导词在从句中的作用
1
that(可省略)
宾语从句
that不做任何成分(从句you can do it well结构完整)
2
that/which(可省略)
定语从句
that/which作read的宾语(从句缺宾语:I read ___)
3
where
宾语从句
where作地点状语(从句she lives结构完整)
4
where(也可填that/which,但语境不同)
定语从句
where作地点状语(从句I studied ___,缺地点状语)
5
why
宾语从句
why作原因状语(从句he didn't come结构完整)
6
that/which(可省略)
定语从句
that/which作spent的宾语(从句we spent ___ together)
7
how
宾语从句
how作方式状语(从句I can get to...结构完整)
8
who/that
定语从句
who/that作主语(从句___ won the first prize,缺主语)
9
whether(不能用if)
宾语从句
whether不做成分(从句he will come...结构完整)
10
whose
定语从句
whose作定语(修饰mother,表所属关系)
综合性被动语态练习答案
1. was built —— 一般过去时被动(in 1998提示具体过去时间)
2. will be repaired —— 一般将来时被动(next year提示将来时间)
3. is used —— 一般现在时被动(every day提示经常性动作)
4. be kept —— 含情态动词被动(must + be + kept,keep的过去分词为kept)
总评与教学建议
单元
核心语法点
易错点提醒
Unit 1
一般过去时 vs. 现在完成时
注意区分“过去事实”与“现在结果”
Unit 2
It作形式主语(for/of辨析)
用代入法判断用for还是of
Unit 3
宾语从句(that/if/whether)
that可省,if/whether不可省,注意陈述语序
Unit 4
宾语从句(特殊疑问词)
陈述语序是最大考点
Unit 5
被动语态(现在/过去时)
be made of/from/in/by的区分
Unit 6
被动语态(一般将来时)
will be + done结构
Unit 7
定语从句
找先行词→判成分→选关系词三步法
Unit 8
主谓一致
三大原则:语法一致、意义一致、就近一致
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