Unit 1 section A 练习提高版2026-2027学年人教版九年级英语上册

**基本信息** 人教版九上Unit1 SectionA同步练，聚焦乡村发展主题，通过三级分层设计实现词汇语境辨析到语篇综合应用的递进，助力新授课语言能力与思维品质培养。 **分层设计** |层次|知识覆盖|设计特色| |----|----------|----------| |基础层|核心词汇（10题）、易混短语（10题）、基础语法（15题单选）|单词词义语境辨析（如link多义选择），短语填空（used to do等）强化基础语言能力| |进阶层|句型转换（6题）、语法纠错（6题）|主动变被动等转换，聚焦时态/语态/从句，提升语法应用与思维准确性| |综合层|语篇完形（15题）、高级互译（6题）|完形填空串联乡村环境变化情境，互译题（如非限制性定语从句）融合文化意识与综合表达|

人教版九上Unit1 The Changing World SectionA 一、单词词义语境辨析（共10小题） 1. A new high‑speed highway, which links several remote villages to the coastal economic zone, greatly reduces local transport pressure. A.网络链接 B.（交通）连通 C.抽象关联 D.人际沟通 2. Deep‑rooted bushes are planted along the hillside to hold the soil firmly, whenever heavy rain falls. A.握住 B.固定（土壤） C.举办 D.持有 3. With well‑protected ancient houses and fresh mountain air, the small mountain village has become a world‑famous attraction. A.吸引力 B.旅游景点 C.人格魅力 D.娱乐乐趣 4. After years of discussion, researchers finally found the real root of repeated sandstorm disasters in this dry region. A.植物根系 B.问题根源 C.地下根茎 D.建筑地基 5. The environmental improvement plan they put forward was still too rough to be carried out across the whole countryside. A.道路崎岖 B.方案不成熟 C.性格粗暴 D.做工简陋 6. Without enough capital from local government, the project of building countrywide cycling tracks had to be put off. A.首都 B.资金 C.首要的 D.省会城市 7. Surrounded by thick forests, the dirt track that once connected two villages has become a popular running track for local sports lovers. A.乡间土路 B.跑道 C.铁轨 D.山间小径 8. The thick stone wall, built hundreds of years ago, can support the weight of heavy snow, even in the coldest winter. A.帮扶他人 B.承重支撑 C.赞同观点 D.供养家庭 9. As digital farming tools become widely used, traditional farming skills are facing huge challenges in many rural areas. A.数字的 B.电子化的 C.手指的 D.精密仪器的 10. Over the past decade, wide‑ranging environmental policies have brought unexpected changes to people’s daily life in remote villages. A.宽阔的 B.范围广泛的 C.完全的 D.成功的 2、 短语易混辨析填空 used to do / be used to doing / be used to do be covered with / be covered by a lack of / be short of over the years / many years ago 1. Before public transport appeared, local villagers ________ walk dozens of kilometres to buy daily supplies. 2. Since plenty of trees have been planted, the once‑barren hills ________ thick green bushes. 3. During long dry seasons, mountain villages often ________ clean drinking water for daily use. 4. Amazing changes in public service have taken place ________, which no one could predict twenty years ago. 5. In ancient times, hard wood ________ make simple farming tools for villagers to grow crops on farmland. 6. After living in the quiet mountain village for five years, the young designer ________ living without noisy city traffic. 7. The whole valley ________ thick dust and sand twenty years ago, before the local environmental project started. 8. ________(填写A lack of) suitable farming land, a large number of young villagers chose to leave their hometown for city jobs before 2012. 9. ________, few visitors knew about this hidden beautiful village surrounded by green mountains. 10. This set of simple hand‑made tools ________ cut grass and feed farm animals when my grandfather was young. 三、单项选择 1. Before the bridge connecting the two valleys was built, it ______ local villagers more than three hours to walk across the river valley. A. takes B. took C. has taken D. will take 2. Since the country road was widened and repaired, the quiet small town ______ thousands of travelling visitors every single month. A. attracts B. attracted C. has attracted D. attract 3. Local environmental workers plant large numbers of native trees ______ prevent sandstorms from destroying farmland nearby. A. so that B. to C. for D. and 4. Thanks to ten‑year tree‑planting projects, the whole hillside ______ different kinds of fruit‑bearing trees at the present time. A. covers with B. is covered with C. covered by D. cover 5. —What makes this unknown village so popular among city visitors? —Its main ______ lies in its original countryside scenery without too much modern reconstruction. A. root B. attraction C. track D. soil 6. ______ with long‑term policy support from the government, the dry sandy hills have turned into green forests within twelve years. A. Support B. Supported C. Supporting D. To support 7. People in this mountain area ______ travel on muddy dirt roads for hours, but now they can drive on smooth highways to neighbouring cities. A. used to B. are used to C. were used to D. use 8. Lots of narrow country roads that were built fifty years ago ______ wide, safe highways over the past fifteen years. A. become B. became C. have become D. will become 9. After several months of field research, the research group found the real ______ of local food and water supply problem. A. capital B. root C. bush D. product 10. ______ you witness the great environmental changes with your own eyes, you will truly understand the value of the ten‑year tree‑planting project. A. Once B. Before C. Unless D. Though 11. Hand‑made local snacks and farm products ______ online widely since local farmers began to accept mobile payment services. A. sold B. are sold C. have been sold D. were sold 12. The brand‑new village road, which links the inland village with a busy port city, brings more business chances for local farmers. A. what B. which C. where D. whose 13. The earliest plan for village tourism development was far too ______, so local leaders refused to put it into practice at the very beginning. A. sandy B. rough C. wide D. digital 14. Not only the surrounding hills but also the nearby farmland ______ wild fruit trees and green bushes after years of ecological repair. A. is covered B. are covered C. covers D. cover 15. Villagers here ______ carry heavy goods along narrow mountain paths, while modern transport has completely changed their way of life. A. used to B. are used C. were used D. use to 3、 句型转换 1. People used to suffer from terrible sandstorms in this dry mountain area.（改为一般疑问句） __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Newly‑built country roads shorten the travelling time between villages and downtown towns.（改为被动语态） __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The local government offered long‑term support to villagers, so the whole ecological environment became much better year by year.（用过去分词作状语改写） __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Great changes took place within the whole mountain village ten years ago.（用over the years改写为现在完成时） __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. It took local farmers a whole day to reach the nearest market town in the old days.（用spend句型改写，体现今昔对比） __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Sand once covered most of the hills in this area, while green trees and bushes grow on these hills nowadays.（用be covered with改写为并列复合句） __________________________________________________________________________________ 五、单句改错 1. Around the whole village, there are plenty of farmlands that provide fresh vegetables for nearby town citizens. ________ 2. Twenty years ago, the large hill near our community was covered by thick sand without any green plants. ________ 3. Used to live in big industrial cities, many young workers choose to return to their home villages to start new businesses now. ________ 4. The serious shortage of safe drinking water in several mountain villages were finally solved with government help last year. ________ 5. The small village, that sits beside a clear river, draws thousands of sightseeing tourists during every holiday season. ________ 6. After long‑time investigation, scientists found the root for local environmental damage caused by sand movement. ________ 六、完形填空 阅读短文，选择最佳选项 Whenever I travel back to my hometown nowadays, I can hardly recognize the little mountain village I 1.________ live in during my early childhood. In those old days, all the hills surrounding the village 2.________ completely covered with loose yellow sand. Violent sandstorms broke out 3.________ every spring without warning. At that period of time, there existed a serious 4.________ of clean drinking water and rich farmland. As a result, most young people 5.________ their hometown for crowded big cities in order to make enough money for their family. 6.________ continuous financial and policy support from the local government, villagers started a long‑term environmental project. Large numbers of 7.________ and small trees were planted step by step across the sandy land. The real 8.________ of all these terrible natural disasters was the broken local ecosystem, so every villager tried their best to take part in the environmental repair work. Those narrow and rocky dirt 9.________ have slowly turned into smooth wide highways which 10.________ our village directly to a nearby coastal port. This once‑forgotten little place has become a well‑known tourist 11.________ and receives hundreds of visitors month after month. Now the thick outer walls of old farm‑houses can 12.________ heavy rain and strong wind during rainy seasons. No local official will reuse that 13.________ village‑building plan which was made ten years ago. Local farmers no longer finish farm work only 14.________ their bare hands; they make full use of modern farming machines. All kinds of local farm 15.________ goods can be sold across the whole country through online shopping platforms. 1. A. used to B. am used to C. was used to D. use   2. A. is B. was C. are D. will be   3. A. almost B. hardly C. never D. seldom   4. A. root B. shortage C. attraction D. track   5. A. leave B. left C. will leave D. leaves   6. A. With B. For C. To D. On   7. A. corn B. ports C. bushes D. capitals   8. A. soil B. root C. product D. support   9. A. tracks B. sands C. corns D. woods   10. A. links B. link C. linked D. linking   11. A. capital B. root C. attraction D. bush   12. A. support B. attract C. widen D. link   13. A. sandy B. rough C. digital D. wide   14. A. in B. with C. by D. on   15. A. digital B. sandy C. rough D. wide   7、 高级中英互译 1. 在过去，村民往往需要花费整整一天，步行进城就医。（It takes句型，加入修饰限定成分） __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. 如今山坡上长满低矮灌木，极具破坏性的沙尘暴已经彻底消失。（be covered with，并列分句） __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. 在政府十余年持续扶持之下，这片曾经黄沙漫天的土地已经发展成为热门乡村旅游打卡地。（分词作状语，attraction熟词生义） __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. 十多年来这里发生了翻天覆地的变化，当地村民的生活品质得到持续改善。（现在完成时考点，时间状语后置） __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. 这条连通沿海港口的新建公路，极大改善了周边山区村民日常物资运输条件。（非限制性定语从句） __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. 那个最初并不成熟的乡村振兴建设方案，经过多次修改之后如今已经顺利落地实施。（rough熟词生义，现在完成时） __________________________________________________________________________________ 参考答案+逐题考点解析 一、单词词义语境辨析 1.B 解析：语境为公路连接村镇，link此处表示交通层面连通，排除抽象含义 2.B 解析：hold the soil固定搭配，（植物根系）固住土壤 3.B 解析：tourist attraction固定熟词生义，旅游景点 4.B 解析：the root of disaster 灾难的根源，抽象含义 5.B 解析：主语plan计划，rough表示（方案）不成熟、不完善 6.B 解析：capital后接project工程项目，含义为资金 7.A 解析：前半句once connected two villages，指旧时乡间土路 8.B 解析：主语stone wall石墙，support表示物理层面承重支撑 9.B 解析：digital farming tools 电子化、数字化农具 10.B 解析：wide‑ranging policies 范围广泛的政策，wide抽象用法 二、短语易混辨析填空 1. used to do 解析：before提示过去状态，过去常常做某事 2. are covered with 解析：now提示一般现在时，be covered with固定搭配 3. are short of 解析：描述常态缺水状态，be short of后直接接名词 4. over the years 解析：现在完成时标志性时间短语 5. were used to do 解析：ancient times古代，被动语态，木头被用来制作工具 6. is used to doing 解析：after…five years，习惯于居住在乡村 7. was covered with 解析：twenty years ago一般过去时，固定介词with 8. A lack of 解析：名词短语作句首状语，缺少耕地 9. Many years ago 解析：描述过去事实，一般过去时语境 10. were used to do 解析：when my grandfather was young过去时间，被动语态 三、单项选择 1.B 解析：before引导过去时间状语从句，主句一般过去时 2.C 解析：since引导时间状语从句，主句使用现在完成时 3.B 解析：不定式to do作目的状语，表植树目的是抵御沙尘暴 4.B 解析：at present提示现在时态，be covered with固定搭配 5.B 解析：主语it指代村庄，attraction此处指吸引人之处 6.B 解析：过去分词supported置于句首作原因状语，逻辑主语为hills 7.A 解析：后半句now提示今昔对比，used to do过去常常 8.C 解析：over the past fifteen years现在完成时标志词 9.B 解析：the root of ……问题的根源，抽象熟词生义 10.A 解析：once引导条件状语从句，一旦亲眼见证变化 11.C 解析：since从句，现在完成时被动语态，产品被线上售卖 12.B 解析：which引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词road 13.B 解析：主语plan方案，rough表示方案不成熟不完善 14.A 解析：not only…but also主谓就近原则，谓语动词用is 15.A 解析：后半句now进行今昔对比，used to do过去常常 四、句型转换 1. Did people use to suffer from terrible sandstorms in this dry mountain area? 解析：used to一般疑问句，句首加Did，used变回动词原形use 2. The travelling time between villages and downtown towns is shortened by newly‑built country roads. 解析：一般现在时被动语态，宾语提前作主语 3. Supported by the local government, the whole ecological environment became much better year by year. 解析：过去分词作原因状语，省略原句so连接词，精简句式 4. Great changes have taken place within the whole mountain village over the years. 解析：over the years替换ten years ago，时态改为现在完成时，take place无被动 5. Local farmers spent a whole day getting to the nearest market town in the old days. 解析：sb. spend time doing sth固定句型，对应过去语境 6. The hills used to be covered with sand, but they are covered with green trees and bushes nowadays. 解析：be covered with改写两处分句，形成今昔对比并列复合句 五、单句改错 1.farmlands → farmland 解析：farmland农田为不可数名词，不存在复数变形 2.by → with 解析：be covered with固定介词搭配，不用by 3.Used to live → Having lived 解析：现在分词完成式作让步状语，曾经长期居住在城市 4.were → was 解析：主语shortage为单数抽象名词，谓语动词使用单数was 5.that → which 解析：逗号隔开的非限制性定语从句，关系代词只能用which 6.for → of 解析：固定搭配the root of ……的根源，介词只能用of 六、完形填空（答案） 1.A 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.B 6.A 7.C 8.B 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.B 14.C 15.A 逐题简要解析 1.used to 曾经居住，对应童年时期，今昔对比主题 2.was，in those old days过去时间，be动词用were 3.almost every spring几乎每年春天，描述沙尘暴频发状态 4.shortage 名词，a shortage of固定搭配，物资短缺 5.left，as a result结果，过去时态，年轻人离开家乡 6.With support from… 在……扶持之下，with伴随状语 7.bushes灌木丛，生态修复植树种草 8.root，the root of disaster灾害根源，抽象词义 9.tracks，dirt tracks乡间土路，课文核心名词 10.link，先行词highways为复数，定语从句谓语动词原形 11.attraction，tourist attraction旅游景点熟词生义 12.support，墙体可以承重抵御暴雨，物理支撑含义 13.rough，rough plan不成熟方案，熟词生义 14.by their bare hands 依靠双手劳作，固定介词搭配 15.digital goods线上数字化售卖商品，digital熟词含义 七、中英互译参考答案（中考踩分版） 1. It took villagers a whole day to walk to the town hospital for medical treatment in the past. 2. The hillsides are covered with low bushes now, and destructive sandstorms have disappeared completely. 3. Supported by the government for more than ten years, this once sandy land has become a popular tourist attraction. 4. Great changes have taken place here over more than ten years, and local villagers’ quality of life has been improved continuously. 5. The newly‑built highway, which links the coastal port, has greatly improved the material‑transport conditions for villagers in surrounding mountain areas. 6. The rough original construction plan for rural revitalization has been carried out smoothly after several rounds of revision. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 人教版九上Unit1 The Changing World SectionA 一、单词词义语境辨析（共10小题） 1. A new high‑speed highway, which links several remote villages to the coastal economic zone, greatly reduces local transport pressure. A.网络链接 B.（交通）连通 C.抽象关联 D.人际沟通 2. Deep‑rooted bushes are planted along the hillside to hold the soil firmly, whenever heavy rain falls. A.握住 B.固定（土壤） C.举办 D.持有 3. With well‑protected ancient houses and fresh mountain air, the small mountain village has become a world‑famous attraction. A.吸引力 B.旅游景点 C.人格魅力 D.娱乐乐趣 4. After years of discussion, researchers finally found the real root of repeated sandstorm disasters in this dry region. A.植物根系 B.问题根源 C.地下根茎 D.建筑地基 5. The environmental improvement plan they put forward was still too rough to be carried out across the whole countryside. A.道路崎岖 B.方案不成熟 C.性格粗暴 D.做工简陋 6. Without enough capital from local government, the project of building countrywide cycling tracks had to be put off. A.首都 B.资金 C.首要的 D.省会城市 7. Surrounded by thick forests, the dirt track that once connected two villages has become a popular running track for local sports lovers. A.乡间土路 B.跑道 C.铁轨 D.山间小径 8. The thick stone wall, built hundreds of years ago, can support the weight of heavy snow, even in the coldest winter. A.帮扶他人 B.承重支撑 C.赞同观点 D.供养家庭 9. As digital farming tools become widely used, traditional farming skills are facing huge challenges in many rural areas. A.数字的 B.电子化的 C.手指的 D.精密仪器的 10. Over the past decade, wide‑ranging environmental policies have brought unexpected changes to people’s daily life in remote villages. A.宽阔的 B.范围广泛的 C.完全的 D.成功的 2、 短语易混辨析填空 used to do / be used to doing / be used to do be covered with / be covered by a lack of / be short of over the years / many years ago 1. Before public transport appeared, local villagers ________ walk dozens of kilometres to buy daily supplies. 2. Since plenty of trees have been planted, the once‑barren hills ________ thick green bushes. 3. During long dry seasons, mountain villages often ________ clean drinking water for daily use. 4. Amazing changes in public service have taken place ________, which no one could predict twenty years ago. 5. In ancient times, hard wood ________ make simple farming tools for villagers to grow crops on farmland. 6. After living in the quiet mountain village for five years, the young designer ________ living without noisy city traffic. 7. The whole valley ________ thick dust and sand twenty years ago, before the local environmental project started. 8. ________(填写A lack of) suitable farming land, a large number of young villagers chose to leave their hometown for city jobs before 2012. 9. ________, few visitors knew about this hidden beautiful village surrounded by green mountains. 10. This set of simple hand‑made tools ________ cut grass and feed farm animals when my grandfather was young. 三、单项选择 1. Before the bridge connecting the two valleys was built, it ______ local villagers more than three hours to walk across the river valley. A. takes B. took C. has taken D. will take 2. Since the country road was widened and repaired, the quiet small town ______ thousands of travelling visitors every single month. A. attracts B. attracted C. has attracted D. attract 3. Local environmental workers plant large numbers of native trees ______ prevent sandstorms from destroying farmland nearby. A. so that B. to C. for D. and 4. Thanks to ten‑year tree‑planting projects, the whole hillside ______ different kinds of fruit‑bearing trees at the present time. A. covers with B. is covered with C. covered by D. cover 5. —What makes this unknown village so popular among city visitors? —Its main ______ lies in its original countryside scenery without too much modern reconstruction. A. root B. attraction C. track D. soil 6. ______ with long‑term policy support from the government, the dry sandy hills have turned into green forests within twelve years. A. Support B. Supported C. Supporting D. To support 7. People in this mountain area ______ travel on muddy dirt roads for hours, but now they can drive on smooth highways to neighbouring cities. A. used to B. are used to C. were used to D. use 8. Lots of narrow country roads that were built fifty years ago ______ wide, safe highways over the past fifteen years. A. become B. became C. have become D. will become 9. After several months of field research, the research group found the real ______ of local food and water supply problem. A. capital B. root C. bush D. product 10. ______ you witness the great environmental changes with your own eyes, you will truly understand the value of the ten‑year tree‑planting project. A. Once B. Before C. Unless D. Though 11. Hand‑made local snacks and farm products ______ online widely since local farmers began to accept mobile payment services. A. sold B. are sold C. have been sold D. were sold 12. The brand‑new village road, which links the inland village with a busy port city, brings more business chances for local farmers. A. what B. which C. where D. whose 13. The earliest plan for village tourism development was far too ______, so local leaders refused to put it into practice at the very beginning. A. sandy B. rough C. wide D. digital 14. Not only the surrounding hills but also the nearby farmland ______ wild fruit trees and green bushes after years of ecological repair. A. is covered B. are covered C. covers D. cover 15. Villagers here ______ carry heavy goods along narrow mountain paths, while modern transport has completely changed their way of life. A. used to B. are used C. were used D. use to 3、 句型转换 1. People used to suffer from terrible sandstorms in this dry mountain area.（改为一般疑问句） __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Newly‑built country roads shorten the travelling time between villages and downtown towns.（改为被动语态） __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The local government offered long‑term support to villagers, so the whole ecological environment became much better year by year.（用过去分词作状语改写） __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Great changes took place within the whole mountain village ten years ago.（用over the years改写为现在完成时） __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. It took local farmers a whole day to reach the nearest market town in the old days.（用spend句型改写，体现今昔对比） __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Sand once covered most of the hills in this area, while green trees and bushes grow on these hills nowadays.（用be covered with改写为并列复合句） __________________________________________________________________________________ 五、单句改错 1. Around the whole village, there are plenty of farmlands that provide fresh vegetables for nearby town citizens. ________ 2. Twenty years ago, the large hill near our community was covered by thick sand without any green plants. ________ 3. Used to live in big industrial cities, many young workers choose to return to their home villages to start new businesses now. ________ 4. The serious shortage of safe drinking water in several mountain villages were finally solved with government help last year. ________ 5. The small village, that sits beside a clear river, draws thousands of sightseeing tourists during every holiday season. ________ 6. After long‑time investigation, scientists found the root for local environmental damage caused by sand movement. ________ 六、完形填空 阅读短文，选择最佳选项 Whenever I travel back to my hometown nowadays, I can hardly recognize the little mountain village I 1.________ live in during my early childhood. In those old days, all the hills surrounding the village 2.________ completely covered with loose yellow sand. Violent sandstorms broke out 3.________ every spring without warning. At that period of time, there existed a serious 4.________ of clean drinking water and rich farmland. As a result, most young people 5.________ their hometown for crowded big cities in order to make enough money for their family. 6.________ continuous financial and policy support from the local government, villagers started a long‑term environmental project. Large numbers of 7.________ and small trees were planted step by step across the sandy land. The real 8.________ of all these terrible natural disasters was the broken local ecosystem, so every villager tried their best to take part in the environmental repair work. Those narrow and rocky dirt 9.________ have slowly turned into smooth wide highways which 10.________ our village directly to a nearby coastal port. This once‑forgotten little place has become a well‑known tourist 11.________ and receives hundreds of visitors month after month. Now the thick outer walls of old farm‑houses can 12.________ heavy rain and strong wind during rainy seasons. No local official will reuse that 13.________ village‑building plan which was made ten years ago. Local farmers no longer finish farm work only 14.________ their bare hands; they make full use of modern farming machines. All kinds of local farm 15.________ goods can be sold across the whole country through online shopping platforms. 1. A. used to B. am used to C. was used to D. use   2. A. is B. was C. are D. will be   3. A. almost B. hardly C. never D. seldom   4. A. root B. shortage C. attraction D. track   5. A. leave B. left C. will leave D. leaves   6. A. With B. For C. To D. On   7. A. corn B. ports C. bushes D. capitals   8. A. soil B. root C. product D. support   9. A. tracks B. sands C. corns D. woods   10. A. links B. link C. linked D. linking   11. A. capital B. root C. attraction D. bush   12. A. support B. attract C. widen D. link   13. A. sandy B. rough C. digital D. wide   14. A. in B. with C. by D. on   15. A. digital B. sandy C. rough D. wide   7、 高级中英互译 1. 在过去，村民往往需要花费整整一天，步行进城就医。（It takes句型，加入修饰限定成分） __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. 如今山坡上长满低矮灌木，极具破坏性的沙尘暴已经彻底消失。（be covered with，并列分句） __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. 在政府十余年持续扶持之下，这片曾经黄沙漫天的土地已经发展成为热门乡村旅游打卡地。（分词作状语，attraction熟词生义） __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. 十多年来这里发生了翻天覆地的变化，当地村民的生活品质得到持续改善。（现在完成时考点，时间状语后置） __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. 这条连通沿海港口的新建公路，极大改善了周边山区村民日常物资运输条件。（非限制性定语从句） __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. 那个最初并不成熟的乡村振兴建设方案，经过多次修改之后如今已经顺利落地实施。（rough熟词生义，现在完成时） __________________________________________________________________________________ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $