基础必备 选择性必修第二册 UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS（配套教参）-【创新教程】2027年高考英语总复习大一轮讲义（人教版）

选择性必修第二册 基础必备 UNIT 1 主题语境人与社会 科学家精神 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS 话题词块 话题佳句 1.be enthusiastic about... 对…有热情l.When facing failure,he always reflects on himself 2.have a gift/talent for 对…有天赋 and tries to find solutions. 3.make great contributions to 对…作出巨大贡献 面对失败，他总是反思自己，并尽力寻求方法。 4.devote oneself to 致力于；献身于 2.The scientist,aware of the shortage of food in the 5.make a difference 有影响；有重要作用 world,devoted himself to the research of agriculture. 6.play an important role in... 在…方面重要作用 意识到世界粮食的短缺，这位科学家致力于农业 7.do/carry out the research 做研究 研究。 8.a person of great determination 意志坚强的人3.What is important should be put in the first place 9.achieve one's goal 实现目标 and one should be well-organized. 10.face difficulties bravely 勇敢面对困难 重要的事情应置于前位，一个人应做事有序。 聚焦层级突破 学生用书 P154 聚焦核心要点落实 第一板块 [练通]—用适当的介词填空 LDIYIBANKUAI 词汇点拔台 DTo our disappointment,varieties of birds in the [核心词汇一逐点清] forest are on the decrease. l.blame vt.把…归咎于；责怪；指责n.指责；责备 2 Population growth is decreasing by 1.4%each (1)blame sb.for(doing)sth. year. 为某事责备某人/责备某人做了某事 3The number of employees has already decreased to blame sth.on sb. 把某事归咎于某人 twenty after the manager laid off them. be to blame(for) ④(2025·全国二卷)Our study showed that there 应（为…）承担责任；该（为…）受责备 was a 30%decrease in sick leave for people who (2)lay/put the blame on 把…归咎于… were in plant-rich workplaces. take/bear the blame for 承担…责任 [金句]一一句多译 由于人类活动，一些稀有动物的数目在减少。 [练通]—一单句语法填空 5Because of human activities,the number of some DThe boss didn't blame his assistant for the mis- rare animals is on the decrease.(decrease n. take,which was beyond expectations. 6Because of human activities,the number of some ②(2023·北京卷)These biased perspectives cannot rare animals is decreasing.(decrease v. be blamed on one single cause. 3.defend vt..保卫；防守；辩解 3It was the professor rather than his assistant that 保护…以免受 was to blame(blame)for what had happened in (1 defend...from/against defend oneself 为自己辩护；自卫 the lab. (2)defence n. 防御；保卫 [金句]一句式升级 in defence(of)保护；为了保卫；（为…）辩护 ④（情绪描写）Alice was in low spirits because she in one's defence 为某人辩护 was blamed for the breakdown of the school com- puter network. [练通]—单句语法填空 >Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer DThey help the body defend itself against/from network,.Alice was in low spirits.（分词作状语) some kinds of infections. 2.decrease n.减少；降低；减少量vt.&i.(使大小、 2 Some people may defend themselves by saying 数量等)减少；减小；降低 that snake meat is nutritious. 3Mr.Green stood up in defence(defend)of the 16- (1)decrease by 减少了 year-old boy,saying that he was not the one to decrease(from...)to (从…)减少到 blame. decrease in 在某方面下降 ④(2024·新课标I卷)If he seems a little defensive (2)on the decrease 在下降；在减少 (defend),it might be because even some of his co- (3)increase n.&.v. 增加；增长 workers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. 147 高考总复习英语 [金句]一读后续写之肢体动作描写 2I was very upset to find out that he didn't like my ⑤看到这条凶猛的蛇，他像箭一样冲过去保护儿子。 gift at all. -Seeing the fierce snake,he rushed to defend his 3The little girl was anxious and began to tremble. son like an arrow.(defend) After all,it was the first time that she had been on Seeing the fierce snake,he rushed in defence of the stage. his son like an arrow.(defence) [金句]一应用文之邀请信 4.break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开 4All in all,I sincerely invite you to come to our 始；爆发 school and see for yourself. break down 总之，我真诚地邀请你到我们学校来亲自看看。 出故障；（身体）垮掉；（谈判）失败；消除（隔阂） 7.come down with患（病）；染上（小病） break in 强行进入（不及物）；打断，扰乱 come across (偶然)遇见；碰见；被理解 break into 强行闯入（及物）；突然开始（唱、笑等） come about 发生（无被动形式） break through 有新的重大发现；突破 come on 加油；到来；得了吧 break up come out 出版；结果是；（花）开放 (团体)解散；（关系）破裂；（学校）期终放假 come up 走近；上来；被提出 break away (from) 突然挣脱；脱离 come up with 提出；想出（主意、计划、回答等） [练通]—完成句子 when it comes to.当谈及 ①I was still sleeping when the fire broke out(火灾 [练通]一用come的相关短语填空 爆发)，and then it spread quickly: DAbove all,tell me how the accident came about ②He broke into my house(闯进我家)and stole my immediately. money. 2My assistant's first novel came out,which made 3Once you join them,you can never break away me proud of him. from them(脱离他们). 3When it comes to English learning,I have the fol- 4If you go on working like that,you will break lowing practical suggestions to share.Firstly, down sooner or later(迟早你会累垮的). when you come across unfamiliar words,don't al- 5.in charge of主管；掌管 ways refer to the dictionary.Besides,when (1)in the charge of 由…来负责；被…掌管 teachers'questions come up in class,you should take charge of 负责/看管（表动作） try to come up with answers.Lastly,if you fail, free of charge 免费 you must say to yourself,"Come on!" (2)charge(sb.)for sth. 为…要价 [金句]一完成句子 charge sb.with(doing)sth.指控某人（做）某事 ④(2022·浙江1月卷，情绪十动作描写)Knowing [练通]一完成句子 that my partner came down with a serious disease, DI'm going to visit the museum which doesn't I had knots in my throat and rushed to hospital charge for admission(不收门票)tomorrow morning. anxiously. 2You can take as many as you like,because they are 得知我的伙伴染上重病，我不禁哽咽，焦急地赶往 free of charge(免费). 医院。 ③He was charged with murder(被指控谋杀)and [教师专享间考词] sentenced to death. 1.subscribe vi.认购（股份）；定期订购；定期缴纳 [金句]—一句多译 (会费) 下周厂长不在时，我将负责整个工厂。 [练通]一写出下列句中加黑词汇的含义 DI'll be in charge of the whole factory next week DI would like to subscribe to a Dictionary of Amer- when the manager is away. ican Slang every year. 定期订购 5I'll take charge of the whole factory next week 2 We mustn't subscribe till we've got the money; when the manager is away. don't you know that? 认购（股份） 6The whole factory will be in the charge of me next 3He subscribes money regularly to Amnesty Inter- week when the manager is away. national. 定期缴纳（会费） 6.above all最重要的是；尤其是 2.transform vt.使改观；使改变形态vi.改变；转变 after all 毕竞；终究 [练通]一单句语法填空 in all 全部；合计 DHe was transformed into a controversial figure, first of all 首先 which affected his reputation a great deal. at all (否定句)一点也不；（疑问句）到底；究竟 2Every moment of every day,energy is being [练通]一用all的相关短语填空 transformed from one form into another. DIf you want to achieve success,above all,you must 3The economic framework of the 21st century is be strict with yourself. going through new transformation (transform). ·148· 基础必备选择性必修第二册 主题语境·培优词汇库 子话题1一各类科学家 子话题2一工作职责与资格 ①physicist m. 物理学家 ②astronomer n. 天文学家 ①certificate n. 证明；证（明）书 资格；学历 ③geographer n. 地理学家 ②qualification n. 动物学家 ③invent vt. ④zoologist n. 发明；创造 ⑤mathematician n. 数学家 ④undertake vt. 承担；从事；负责 生物学家 ⑤charge vt.. 负责；主管 ⑥biologist n. 植物学家 ⑥responsibility m. 责任：负责 ⑦botanist n. 第二板块 LDIERBANKUAI- 句式精剖析 【总结规律·由此及彼] not until所引导的状语从句和till引导的状语 1.主语（表事物）+see十宾语 从句都表示时间，表示“到…时间为止”，但是 Through Snow's tireless efforts,water companies 主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作起（开始）止 began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. (结束)却相反。(1)Not until引导状语从句 通过斯诺的不懈努力，供水公司开始销售清洁饮用 时，主句的谓语动词为 且表示 水，世界各地的霍乱威胁也大量减少。 (2)until/til引导状语从句时，主句的谓语动词 句中see意为“见证，目睹，经历”时，常以表示时 为 且表示 代、年代、世纪或地点的名词作主语，表示某时或某 单句语法填空： 地“目睹、发生、经历”了某事。 1.My uncle (marry)until he was forty 与see用法相同的动词有find,witness,say,experi- five. ence等，这些词在句中作谓语，用物作主语时，表示 2.They (watch)the train until it disap 种拟人的手法，以增添语言色彩，使表达更形象。 peared in the distance. [练通]—完成句子 答案：(1)短暂性起（开始）(2)延续性止 DThe old temple has seen/witnessed great changes of the village in the past two hundred years. (结束)l.didn'tmarry.2.watched 这座古庙见证了过去二百年里这个村庄的巨大变迁。 [练通]—单句语法填空 2Our school has witnessed/seen great changes in ①(2o24·新课标I卷)I dreamed of entering cycle the last few years. races until I flew to San Diego to visit my sister. 我们学校在过去几年里发生了巨大的变化 2It was not until I settled down and lived in Beijing 2.until引导的时间状语从句 that I had a chance to pay a visit to the Great Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases Wall. in the world,until a British doctor,John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. [金句]—句式升级 在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱 3I wasn't aware that bad fortune might be the door 之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。 waiting to be opened until I experienced the accident. (1)not..until..意为“直到…才…”，引导时 >Not until I experienced the accident was I aware 间状语从句； that bad fortune might be the door waiting to be (2)在not..until..句型结构中，可以把not until opened.(部分倒装) 提到句首，此时主句用部分倒装语序； >It was not until I experienced the accident that I (3)not..until..句型的强调句式为Itis/was not was aware that bad fortune might be the door until...that... waiting to be opened..(强调句型) 进阶>多维检测 学生用书P157 夯基固本多维运用 [维度1]词形转换 4.In spite of this,the number of people having mo- 用括号内所给词的适当变形填空 bile phones is increasing steadily (steady). 1.Every job has its frustration.Sometimes the narrow- 5.He was severely (severe)criticized and removed minded people make me frustrated (frustrate). from his post. 6.The polluted river is the living proof(prove)of 2.To our great joy,the result is consistent with the the environmental pollution caused by the chemi- findings(find)of the police. cal factory. 3.He has made a complete transformation(trans 7.If you are short in money but still want the bicycle,ask form)from a comedian into a dramatic actor. the shop assistant(assist)to reduce the price. ·149· 高考总复习英语 8.Though initially (initial)depressed at the terrible 1.活动时间； diagnoses,Hawking soon returned to his research. 2.活动主题； 9.Jeremy Shu-How Lin is a gifted(gift)basketball 3.期待他开幕式上发言。 player and always performs well. 注意：1.词数80左右； 10.He has his faults(fault),but all in all he is a con- 2.请在相应位置做答。 scientious man. [维度2]固定用法 1.We come down with illnesses more easily when under stress. 2.Politicians are skilled at defending themselves against their critics. 3.Yet I did not know the real American society until [参考范文] I was injured in a car accident. Dear Frank, 4.She listened,shifting nervously from one foot to How is everything going?Learning that you are another. a great enthusiast for science and technology,I'm 5.What made the assistant annoyed was that he was writing to invite you to attend the first campus sci- suspected of stealing his money. ence and technology festival to be held by my 6.In reality,experts believe that the illness is linked school. to the use of chemical pesticide. The festival,whose subject is "Science and 7.The Great Wall is so splendid that a large number technology light up life",is scheduled to be held in of tourists visit it every day. our Science Exhibition Hall from 9:00 a.m.next 8.Amy thought it was worthwhile to read English Saturday.Many students will attend it and present newspapers every day so she subscribed to the their special science projects and amazing inven- 21st Century. tions.We also anticipate that you can speak at the [维度3]话题写作（邀请信） opening ceremony. 假定你是李华，你校即将举行第一届校园科技 Looking forward to your participation. 节，请给你的外教Frank写封信邀请他参加，内 Yours, 容包括： Li Hua 读后续写微技能22一学好科学，造福人类 精彩词汇记牢 单句续写运用 用左栏的表达续写下列句子。 under control (被)控制住 DThanks to the development of science and technology, 跟上…的步伐 human society has enjoyed continuous prosperity and keep up with be exposed to 接触；面对 more convenience. 是…的职责；由…决定 2We should study hard to keep up with the rapid devel- be up to in demand 需求大 opment of society and make more contributions to our continuous prosperity 持续繁荣 country. 3Through tireless efforts,the doctors finally got the virus under control. 培优>提能加餐 学生用书P158 高老对接素养培优 [培优1] 单元知识链高考 一、熟词生义 check all the details,make suggestions,and then l.(2021·天津卷)I see our lizard,raw and nearly handle the actual reservations. .应付；处理 new. adj.娇嫩的 5.(2022·全国甲卷)The way you handle chopsticks 2.They shifted their viewpoints frequently. is important to avoid annoying your companions. t.改变（观点或态度等） vt.触；碰；拿 二、一词多义一据语境选出suspect的含义 3."Small does not mean weak,sir,"she defended herself."I was born in the country of Wisconsin. A.vt.怀疑 B.n.嫌疑犯；可疑对象 I've driven teams of horses and carried water. C.adj.可疑的；靠不住的 Making a full-length clay (figure would not 1.He resigned after being suspected to be a criminal. A exhaust my strength-and that is what I intend to 2.Some of the evidence they produced was highly do!” y.辩解 suspect. C 4.(2023·浙江1月卷)Consider turning your travel 3.What a disgrace!Her son is a murder suspect in plan over to a travel agent and letting him double- the case. B ·150· 基础必备选择性必修第二册 [培优2]高考语篇培素养 ◆真题文本 ◆真题再做 (2023·北京卷)What is life?Like most great questions this one is 1.Regarding Alan Smith's de- easy to ask but difficult to answer.The reason is simple:we know of fence of ALife,the author is just one type of life and it's challenging to do science with a sample size of one.The field of artificial life-called ALife for short-is the sys- tematic attempt to spell out life's fundamental principles.Many of these A.supportive B.puzzled practitioners,so-called ALifers,think that somehow making life is the C.unconcerned D.doubtful surest way to really understand what life is. 2.What does the word "enam- So far no one has convincingly made artificial life.This track re- cord makes ALife a ripe target for criticism,such as declarations of the ored"underlined in Paragraph field's doubtful scientific value.Alan Smith,a complexity scientist,is 3 most probably mean？ tired of such complaints.Asking about "the point"of ALife might be, A.Shocked. B.Protected. well,missing the point entirely,he says."The existence of a living C.Attracted. D.Challenged. system is not about the use of anything."Alan says."Some people ask me,'So what's the worth of artificial life?'Do you ever think,'What is the 3.What can we learn from this worth of your grandmother?'" passage? As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research's appli- A.ALife holds the key to hu- cations,the attempts to create artificial life could have practical pay- man future. offs.Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that re- searchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended B.ALife and AI share a com- evolution().This is the capacity for a system to create essentially mon feature. endless complexity,to be a sort of "novelty generator".The only sys- C.AI mirrors the developments of tem known to exhibit this is Earth's biosphere.If the field of ALife ALife. manages to reproduce life's endless "creativity"in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. D.AI speeds up the process of Compared with the developments of AI,advances in ALife are har- human evolution. der to recognize.One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central con- 4.Which would be the best title cept-life itself-is undefined.The lack of agreement among ALifers for the passage? doesn't help either.The result is a diverse line of projects that each ad- vance along their unique paths.For better or worse,ALife mirrors the A.Life Is Undefined.Can AI very subject it studies.Its muddled(混乱的)progression is a striking Be a Way Out? parallel(平行线)to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth B.Life Evolves.Can AI Help biosphere. ALife Evolve,Too? Undefined and uncontrolled,ALife drives its followers to repur- pose old ideas and generated novelty.It may be,of course,that these C.Life Is Undefined.Can ALife characteristics aren't in any way surprising or singular.They may apply Be Defined One Day? universally to all acts of evolution.Ultimately ALife may be nothing D.Life Evolves.Can Attempts to special.But even this dismissal suggests something:perhaps,just like Create ALife Evolve,Too? life itself throughout the universe,the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了 tific value.Alan Smith,a complexity scientist,is ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。 tired of such complaints.Asking about the l.A[推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many point'of ALife might be,well,missing the point ALifers hate emphasizing their research's applica- entirely,he says.'The existence of a living sys- tions,the attempts to create artificial life could tem is not about the use of anything.'Alan says. have practical payoffs.(尽管许多ALifer讨厌强 “Some people ask me,‘So what's the worth of ar- 调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会 tificial life?'Do you ever think,What is the 有实际的回报。)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的 worth of your grandmother?,”(到目前为止，还没 尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“So far n0one 有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使 has convincingly made artificial life.This track 生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑 record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, 科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦·史密斯厌 such as declarations of the field's doubtful scien- 倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的‘意义’可能 ·151· 高考总复习英语 完全没有抓住要点。‘一个生命系统的存在与任何 (二)由文本积累阅读词汇 东西的使用无关。’Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人 1.challenging adj. 具有挑战性的 工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的 2.systematic adj. 有系统的，体系的 价值是什么？’”)可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服 3.convincingly adv 令人信服地；有说服力地 地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评 4.emphasize v. 强调，着重 (认为其没有科学价值)的成熟目标，作者认为这是 5.capacity n. 容量；才能；能力 不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对 6.complexity n. 复杂性 这种观，点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife 繁殖；复制 的辩护，作者表示支持。] 7.reproduce v. 8.universe n. 宇宙；思想等范围 2.C[词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Artificial in (三)由文本辨熟词生义（将词义对应的字母填到横线上） telligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a con- 1.sample cept called open-ended evolution(演化).（人工智 A.样品：货样B.样品的C.品尝D选录 能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的 DSample the colourful fruits and vegetables at a 研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enam farmers'market. C ored。)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表 2Thousands of people have written in to us for a 亲，说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处，可推测 free sample. A 是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进 2.mirror 化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观，点。故画线词意 为“吸引”。] A镜子B反射面C.写照D.反射：反映 3.B[推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelli- DThese novels mirror life in today's Japan from va- gence may be considered ALife's cousin in that re- rious angles. D searchers in both fields are enamored by a concept 2The only wall decorations are candles and a single called open-ended evolution(演化).（人工智能可 mirror. A 能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究 ◆素养提升（阅读理解之最佳标题题） 人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引。)”可 标题选择属于主旨要义题的一种。通常由称为主 知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。] 题句(topic sentence)的句子来表示。一般主题句 4.D[主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply 包括两部分：Topic(主题)和Controlling Idea(控制 universally to all acts of evolution.Ultimately 概念)。控制概念用在段落中表达讨论的控制 ALife may be nothing special.But even this dis- 范围。 missal suggests something:perhaps,just like life 主题句一般位于首段，有的明显，有的隐含在段中。 itself throughout the universe,the rise of ALife 本文的主题句在首段。请找出主题句。 will prove unavoidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有 主题句：Many of these practitioners,so-called 进化行为。最终，ALife可能没有什么特别的。但 ALifers,think that somehow making life is the 即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整 个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证明 surest way to really understand what life is. 是不可避免的。)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否 本文第4题：结合主题句，making life与life evolve 也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造 相近，而主题句中心ALifer是指“artificial life”研 ALife的尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。] 究者指明了生命的方向：人工生命。故选D项。 ◆素材积累 ◆[针对训练]Too much TV-watching can harm (一)由文本积累主题词块 children's ability to learn and even reduce their 1.the field of artificial life 人工生命领域 chances of getting a college degree,new studies 2.for short 简称；缩写 suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects 3.the field's doubtful scientific value of television on children. 该领域值得怀疑的科学价值 4.be tired of such complaints 厌倦了这样的抱怨 What would be the best title for this text? 5.the existence of a living system生命系统的存在 A.Computers or Television 6.a concept called open-ended evolution B.Effects of Television on Children 一个叫作开放式进化的概念 C.Studies on TV and College Education 7.give rise to truly inventive machines D.Television and Children's Learning Habits 产生真正有创造力的机器 解析：B[以上片段的主题句为：New studies..,·, 8.apply universally to all acts of evolution on children.结合文章开头Too much TV-watching.. 普遍适用于所有进化行为 可得出正确选项为B。] ·152·