Unit 1 Period 3 Using Language（知识清单）英语人教版选择性必修第二册

该高中英语知识清单围绕“Science and Scientists”主题，系统梳理语言知识体系。从重点单词及变形（如concrete→concretely）、必备词块（如break out, in charge of）到核心词汇（8个，附即学即练），再到经典句式（否定词+比较级表最高级等），形成从基础积累到句式应用的递进式学习支架。 知识链路按“词汇-词块-句式-辨析-应用”逻辑清晰呈现，核心词汇结合原文语境与拓展练习，经典句式配语法分析及即学即练。通过词汇易混辨析（如impact/effect）和易错点提示，培养语言能力与思维品质，同时提供科学主题表达框架，助力提升学习能力与综合语言运用。

Unit 1 Science and Scientists Using Language Of all its many values, the greatest must be the freedom to doubt. —Richard P. Feynman 译文：在科学的诸多价值中，最重要的莫过于怀疑的自由。 解读：根据理查德·费曼在《科学的价值》中的论述，这句话强调：科学最宝贵的精神并不是宣称自己掌握了绝对真理，而是允许人们对已有结论、传统观念和权威说法提出质疑。费曼认为，科学知识具有不同程度的确定性，没有任何结论是绝对不可修正的；只有承认无知、保留怀疑，并不断通过观察、实验和证据检验观点，科学才能持续进步。因此，“怀疑的自由”并非消极地否定一切，而是一种开放、诚实和理性的态度，也是防止错误观念被当作真理的关键。 一、重点单词 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. n. 阴影；影子；背光处 2. n. 彩虹 3. n. 混凝土；adj. 具体的 4. n. 机械师；机械修理工 5. n. 助理；助手 6. n. 导弹 7. n. 领导；领导地位；领导才能 8. n. 概念；观念 9. n. 天文学家 10. n. 望远镜 11. n. 弱点；过错 12. n. 改变；轮班；vi. & vt. 转移；移动；转向 13. trace vt. 追溯；查出；n. 痕迹；遗迹；踪迹 14. vt. 保卫；防守；辩解 15. vt. 投射；向……投以（视线、笑容）；投掷 16. vt. 倒出；倾泻；斟（饮料） 17. adj. 爱国的 18. adj. 机械的；发动机的；机器的 19. adj. 优秀的；杰出的；明显的 20. adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 21. adj. 抽象的；理论的；n.摘要 22. adj. 稳定的；平稳的；稳步的 23. adj. 聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的 24. adj. 生动的；鲜明的；丰富的 25. adv. 此外；再者 26. prep. 除……之外（还）；adv. 而且；此外 二、重点单词变形 1. concrete adj. 具体的；确实的；混凝土制的→ adv. 具体地；确切地 2. mechanic n. 机械师；机械修理工→ adj. 机械的；机器的→ adv. 机械地；呆板地→ n. 力学；机械学 3. assistant n. 助手；助理→ vt. 帮助；协助→ n. 帮助；援助 4. leadership n. 领导；领导才能→ n. 领导者；领袖→ v. 领导；带领 5. concept n. 概念；观念→ adj. 概念的；观念上的→ vt. 使形成概念；构想 6. astronomer n. 天文学家→ n. 天文学→ adj. 天文学的；极大的 7. fault n. 弱点；过错→ adj. 有错误的；有缺陷的→ adj. 无过错的；完美的 8. defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解→ n. 防御；保卫；辩护→ adj. 防御的；戒备的→ n. 防守者；捍卫者 9. patriotic adj. 爱国的→ n. 爱国者→ n. 爱国主义；爱国精神 10. outstanding adj. 优秀的；杰出的→ adv. 非常；显著地 11. gifted adj. 有天赋的；天资聪慧的→ n. 天赋；才能；礼物 12. abstract adj. 抽象的；n. 摘要→ n. 抽象；抽象概念→ adv. 抽象地；理论上 13. steady adj. 稳定的；平稳的→ adv. 稳定地；持续地→ n. 稳定；平稳 14. brilliant adj. 聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的→ n. 才华；卓越；光辉→ adv. 出色地；灿烂地 15. vivid adj. 生动的；鲜明的→ adv. 生动地；清晰地→ n. 生动；鲜明 16. shadow n. 阴影；影子→ adj. 阴暗的；模糊的 三、必备词块 1. （战争）突然开始；爆发 2. 患（病）；染上（小病） 3. 主管；掌管 4. 最重要的是；尤其是 5. ...对……有影响 6. 上学 7. 把……转换到…… 8. 空军 9. 保护……不受…… 10. 攻读研究生 11. 在……的过程中 12. 研究生助理 13. 进行研究 14. 阻止某人做某事 15. 接受挑战 16. 在某人的领导下 17. 发射第一颗人造卫星 18. 追溯到 19. 在前沿科学研究领域 20. 脱颖而出；突出 21. 对……熟悉 22. 获得名声；成名 23. 问答环节 24. 站立，站起来 25. 指出 26. 愿意做某事 四、核心词汇 1. break out (战争、打斗等不愉快的事情) 突然开始；爆发 原文：However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country. 不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。 常见搭配：break out of + 地点：从某处逃脱 break out in + 汗、皮疹等：突然出汗或出现皮疹 拓展：break away from 脱离；挣脱 break down 出故障；坏掉；失败；(身体等)垮掉 break in 插话；破门而入 break into 破门而入 break up 打碎；结束 注意：① break out、take place、happen、occur都有“发生”之意，都不能用于进行时态，也不能用于被动语态。② break out 是不及物短语动词，通常由战争、火灾、疾病或冲突等作主语，不能直接接宾语。 例句：When conflict breaks out, courage is not the absence of fear but the choice to protect others. 冲突爆发时，勇气并非毫无恐惧，而是在恐惧中仍选择保护他人。 【即学即练】 1. Three prisoners broke out the heavily guarded jail during the storm last night. 2. After hearing the unexpected news, he broke out a cold sweat immediately. 3. Several members broke away the party and formed a new political group. 4. Our school bus broke halfway home, so we waited beside the road. 5. I hated to break , but the discussion was moving far off topic. 6. Someone broke the office and stole several computers during the night. 7. She broke the chocolate into small pieces and shared it with everyone. 8. A serious fire broke in the factory shortly after midnight yesterday. 2. defend vt.保卫；防守；辩解 原文：However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country. 不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。 词形变化：defence n. 防御；保护；辩护 defender 防守者；捍卫者 defensive 防御性的；戒备的 常见搭配：defend ... against/from (doing ...) 保护……不受…… defend oneself 自卫；为自己辩护 in defence (of ...) 保护(……)；为了保卫(……)；(为……) national defence 国防 self-defence自卫 take a defensive position 采取防守姿态 例句：Those who defend truth with courage often discover that lasting integrity is stronger than temporary fear. 勇敢捍卫真理的人，终会发现持久的正直比短暂的恐惧更加强大。 【即学即练】 1. Education remains one of society’s strongest (defend) against ignorance and prejudice. 2. He became a determined (defend) of children who could not speak for themselves. 3. People often become (defend) when criticism threatens their carefully protected self-image. 4. The security system was designed to defend the airport possible missile attacks. 5. Learning basic martial arts can help people defend (them) during sudden attacks. 6. Several scientists spoke defence of the research after it was publicly criticized. 3. assistant n．助理；助手 原文：As a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s，Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion ... 20世纪30年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的重要研究工作。 词形变化：assistance n. 协助；援助 assist v. 帮助；协助；促进 assistant n. 助理；助手 adj. 助理的；副的 常见搭配：assist sb in doing sth = assist sb to do sth = assist sb in/with sth 帮助某人做某事 ask for/seek assistance 请求／寻求帮助 come to sb.’s assistance 前来帮助某人 with the assistance of sb. 在某人的帮助下 work/serve as an assistant 担任助理 例句：A wise assistant does not merely follow instructions but helps others discover better questions and clearer paths. 明智的助手不只是服从指示，还会帮助他人发现更好的问题和更清晰的道路。 【即学即练】 1. The laboratory (assist) carefully recorded every change during the difficult experiment. 2. She became an (assist) professor after completing years of demanding scientific research. 3. With timely technical (assist), the team solved the problem before the deadline. 4. The technician assisted the researchers the installation of the new equipment. 5. Several volunteers assisted in (organize) food supplies for families affected by flooding. 6. A trained nurse assisted the patient (walk) safely after the operation. 7. Nobody came her assistance when her car broke down. 8. The work was completed the assistance of local carpenters. 4. in charge of主管；掌管 原文：He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 他在祖国受到了英雄般的欢迎，并被委以重任，不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学，还负责其航天和导弹项目。 常见搭配：① charge n. 指控；费用；负责；管理 take charge of ... 负责/主管…… in/under the charge of sb＝in/under one's charge 在某人的掌管之下 free of charge 免费 ② charge v. 收费；要价；指控 charge (sb) for sth 为……(向某人)收费/要价 charge sb sth (for sth) (为某物)向某人收费 charge sb with (doing) sth 指控某人(做)某事 例句：Those who are in charge of others must first learn to be responsible for themselves. 负责管理他人的人，首先必须学会对自己负责。 【即学即练】 1. When the manager became ill, Maria took charge the entire project immediately. 2. During the summer camp, the younger children remained the charge of experienced teachers. 3. he hotel did not charge us using the swimming pool after dinner. 4. The police charged the driver causing the accident through careless speeding. 5. 这家博物馆完全免费为当地学生提供导览服务。 5. gifted adj.有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 原文：Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics. 史蒂芬·霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。 词形变化：gift n. 天赋；才能；礼物 v. 赠送 常见搭配：be gifted/talented in/at sth 擅长做某事 be gifted with ... 天生具备…… have a gift for ... 有……天赋；擅长…… 例句：Talent opens the door, but discipline determines how far a gifted mind can travel in life. 天赋为人打开大门，但自律决定一个有才华的人一生能走多远。 【即学即练】 1. She is naturally gifted at (explain) difficult ideas in clear and memorable language. 2. Michael struggled with mathematics, but he was remarkably gifted learning foreign languages. 3. Schools often fail to meet the educational and emotional needs of (gift) children. 4. Our teacher is gifted extraordinary patience when students repeatedly make mistakes. 5. He has a gift languages and remembers unfamiliar expressions remarkably quickly. 6. 这个孩子具有天生的音乐才华，但才华仍然需要自律来培养。 6. come down with患(病)；染上(小病) 原文：Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles, his world became one of abstract thought. 他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界。 拓展：come across (偶然)遇见；碰见；被理解 come about 发生(无被动形式) come out 出来；出版；结果是；(花)开放 come to 达到；谈到 when it comes to ... 当谈及…… come up 走近；发芽；(太阳)升起；发生；被提出；被讨论(无被动形式) come up with 想出(答案)；提出(想法、主意等) 例句：When we come down with illness, we often discover that stillness can reveal strengths hidden by constant motion. 当我们生病时，往往会发现，静止能够显露被忙碌掩藏的力量。 【即学即练】 1. While clearing the attic, I came several letters written by my grandfather. 2. How did such a serious misunderstanding come between two close friends? 3. Her long-awaited biography will come shortly before the winter holidays. 4. The total cost of repairing the roof came nearly ten thousand dollars. 5. A stranger came to me and asked where the station was. 6. After thinking quietly, she came up the correct answer herself. 7. above all最重要的是；尤其是 原文：Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. 最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。 拓展：not/no/never/...at all 根本不 after all 毕竟；终究 first of all 首先(强调顺序) in all 一共；总计 all in all 总的说来；总而言之 例句：Above all, remember that true wisdom begins when we accept how much we still have to learn. 最重要的是，要记住：真正的智慧始于承认自己仍有许多东西需要学习。 【即学即练】 1. The rain has stopped, so the game will go ahead all. 2. This is the eighth volume in the series, which totals twenty-one volumes all. 3. Any furniture you buy must be cheap, attractive and, all, practical. 4. 他闷闷不乐地回答说，她根本没有兴趣和他们一起去。 5. 这次邮轮旅行并不完美，但总的说来还是很不错的。 8. fault n. 弱点；过错 原文：Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. 最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。 词形变化：faulty adj. 有错误的；有缺陷的 faultless adj. 无缺点的；完美无瑕的 常见搭配：find fault with ... 对……不满；挑剔…… be at fault 有过错；有责任 admit one’s faults 承认自己的缺点或错误 It is one’s fault that… ……是某人的过错 例句：Those who honestly face their faults gain the wisdom and courage needed to become better human beings. 诚实面对自身缺点的人，能够获得成为更好的自己所需要的智慧与勇气。 【即学即练】 1. The investigator concluded that both drivers were partly fault in the accident. 2. My supervisor constantly finds fault details that do not affect the final result. 3. The engineers discovered that (fault) wiring had caused the machine to stop suddenly. 4. 整个团队错过最后期限是他的过错。 5. 即使最明智的领导者也有必须学会正视的缺点。 五、经典句式 1. 否定词和比较级连用，表示最高级含义 原文：Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. 也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。 分析：“否定词＋比较级”是一种用比较级形式表达最高级意义的句式。其逻辑是：通过否定“存在比某人或某物更……”的可能性，表明该对象在特定范围内已经达到最高程度。常见否定词包括no、not、never、nothing、nobody等；句意通常相当于“没有比……更……”或“……是最……的”。理解和翻译时，应根据比较范围将其转换为最高级含义，而不能仅按字面理解为普通否定比较。 拓展：表示最高级含义的其他表达法： (1) 否定词＋so/as＋形容词/副词原级＋as ＋ all the other＋可数名词复数 ＋ the other＋可数名词复数 (2) 比较级＋than ＋ any other＋可数名词单数 ＋ any of the other＋可数名词复数 ＋ anything else/ anyone else/ all the others 例句：Nothing is more important than maintaining good health, because it provides the foundation for a happy and productive life. 没有什么比保持健康更重要，因为健康是幸福而充实生活的基础。 【即学即练】 1. 在我看来，没有什么比坚持自己的梦想更重要。（否定词＋比较级） 2. 在我们学校，没有其他学生像李华一样乐于助人。（否定词＋as...as） 3. 这项发明对现代生活的影响比其他所有发明都大。（比较级＋than＋all the other） 4. 在所有参赛者中，她比其他任何一位选手都表现得更加自信。（比较级＋than＋any of the other） 2. not only ... but also ... 原文：He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。 分析：“not only ... but also ...”是表示递进关系的并列结构，意为“不但……而且……”，用于连接两个语法性质和结构形式相同的成分，如主语、谓语、宾语、表语、状语或分句，其重点通常落在but also后面的内容上。连接两个主语时，谓语动词一般遵循“就近原则”，与靠近它的主语在人称和数上保持一致；not only 位于句首并连接两个分句时，not only所在分句须使用部分倒装，而but also所在分句通常采用正常语序。实际使用中，also有时可以省略，但not only与but之间所连接的成分必须保持平行和对称。 例句：Qian Xuesen not only advanced China’s aerospace science but also inspired generations of young scientists to serve the nation. 钱学森不仅推动了中国航天科学的发展，而且激励了一代又一代青年科学家报效祖国。 【即学即练】 1. Not only the students but also their teacher invited to attend the opening ceremony. 2. Not only the teacher but also the students willing to take part in the environmental protection campaign. 3. The activity not only increased students’ awareness of traditional culture but also (encourage) them to protect it. 4. 阅读不仅能丰富我们的知识，而且能提高我们的思维能力。 5. 不仅学生们对这次活动感兴趣，他们的老师也很支持。 6. 参加社会实践不仅有助于学生了解社会，而且能培养他们解决实际问题的能力。 3. 状语从句的省略 原文：When asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?” ... 有人问他：“我们中国人有可能制造出导弹吗？”…… 分析：状语从句的省略是指在不影响句意理解的前提下，将状语从句中的部分成分删去，使其成为更简洁的非限定结构。通常，当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语含有be动词时，可以省略从句的主语和be；当从句主语为形式主语it且谓语含有be时，也可将二者省略。若从句使用实义动词，则常将谓语转换为现在分词表示主动意义，或用过去分词表示被动意义，同时可保留引导词以明确时间、条件、让步等逻辑关系。使用此结构时，省略后成分的逻辑主语原则上必须与主句主语一致，否则容易形成悬垂结构或造成语义歧义。 例句：When faced with unexpected difficulties, students should remain calm, analyze the situation carefully, and seek practical solutions. 面对突如其来的困难时，学生应保持冷静，认真分析情况，并寻求切实可行的解决办法。 【即学即练】 1. 将下列句子改为状语从句的省略形式 ① When he was asked about his future plan, he said that he hoped to become an engineer. → ② While she was walking through the park, she noticed an old man sitting alone on a bench. → ③ Although he was tired after the long journey, he continued working on the important project. → 2. 当被问及成功的秘诀时，他强调了坚持和努力的重要性。 3. 过马路时，你应该密切注意来往的车辆。 一、词汇易混辨析 1. impact / effect/ influence impact强调某事造成的强烈、明显或重要影响，重点在影响的“力度、规模或重要性”。它既可以作名词，也可以作动词。 effect强调某个原因产生的结果、后果或具体变化，重点是“事情最终造成了什么”。通常作名词，常用于可以观察、描述或测量的结果。 influence强调对人的思想、行为、决定或事物发展产生的间接、渐进或潜移默化的作用。它可以作名词，也可以作动词。 简单区分：三者虽然意思接近，但不能机械互换。Impact通常比effect更强调影响的显著程度；effect强调具体结果；influence更强调产生改变的力量或过程。这里的区别是常见语义倾向，并不是绝对的强弱等级。 impact：影响有多强、多重要？ effect：最终产生了什么结果？ influence：什么力量逐渐改变了思想、行为或发展？ 易错点：表示某件事产生的具体结果时，通常用effect，不要随意用 nfluence。 ✅ The new medicine had several positive effects on patients during the clinical trial. ❌ The new medicine had several positive influences on patients during the clinical trial. 错误理由：这里强调的是药物产生的具体、可观察结果，因此应使用effects。Influence更常表示对思想、行为或发展过程产生的间接作用。 2. well-respected / respectable/ respectful well-respected强调“受到别人尊敬的、享有声望的”，侧重外界对某人或某事物的评价。常修饰因能力、品格或成就而广受尊敬的人、机构或职业，如a well-respected scholar/doctor/institution。可以理解为“别人尊敬他”。 respectable强调“体面的、正派的、符合社会标准的”，表示某人或某事物在品行、外表、社会地位等方面可以被接受；修饰数量、收入、成绩等时，还可表示“相当不错的、可观的”，如a respectable family, a respectable salary, a respectable score。它不一定表示“广受敬仰”，而可能只表示“正派、尚可”。 respectful强调“表示尊重的、恭敬有礼的”，侧重一个人的态度、言语或行为表现出了尊重。常见搭配有 a respectful attitude/tone, be respectful to/towards somebody 和 be respectful of something。可以理解为“他尊敬别人”。 记忆：well-respected受尊敬；respectable够体面；respectful显尊重。 易错点：表示“受人尊敬”时误用respectful。respectful表示主动尊重别人，而well-respected表示受到别人的尊敬。 ✅ Professor Lin is a well-respected historian whose research has influenced scholars across several countries. ❌ Professor Lin is a respectful historian whose research has influenced scholars across several countries. 错误理由：句子想表达林教授因研究成就而“受到学界尊敬”，强调的是别人对他的评价，所以应使用well-respected。Respectful只能说明他待人恭敬，不能表达他本人享有声望。 3. inspired / inspiring inspired强调“受到启发、鼓舞后的状态或结果”，表示某人产生了动力、信心或创意，相当于“感到受鼓舞的、有灵感的”。 inspiring强调某人或某事物具有“鼓舞别人、激发动力”的作用，相当于“鼓舞人心的、启发人的”。它描述的是产生影响的一方，可以修饰人物、故事、演讲、经历等。 记忆：inspired = 被鼓舞、受到启发 inspiring = 令人受到鼓舞、能够启发别人 易错点：容易把“受到鼓舞的人”和“鼓舞别人的人或事物”混淆。不能简单理解为-ed只能形容人，-ing只能形容事物：一个人也可以是inspiring，而一个作品也可以是inspired by nature。关键要看主语是接受影响，还是产生影响。 ✅ After hearing her teacher’s speech, Maya felt inspired to pursue environmental science at university. ❌ After hearing her teacher’s speech, Maya felt inspiring to pursue environmental science at university. 错误理由：玛雅是“受到演讲鼓舞的人”，描述的是她的感受和状态，所以应该使用inspired。Inspiring表示“能够鼓舞别人”，不能放在felt后表示自己受到鼓舞。Feel inspired to do something 是常见结构。 ✅ The professor was inspiring because she made every nervous student believe success was possible. ❌ The professor was inspired because she made every nervous student believe success was possible. 错误理由：句中的教授让学生产生信心，是“鼓舞别人的一方”，所以应该使用inspiring。Inspired 表示教授自己受到了启发，与后面的原因“她使学生相信自己能够成功”不一致。 4. gifted / talented gifted强调某人具有突出、非凡的天赋或智力，通常暗示这种能力很大程度上是天生的，语气比talented 更强。它常用于描述智力超常的儿童、学生，或者在数学、音乐、体育等方面天赋特别突出的人，例如a gifted child、a gifted mathematician。 talented表示某人在某个具体领域有才能、技艺出色，语气更中性，适用范围也更广，常用于演员、歌手、运动员、设计师及其他专业人士。它既可以涉及天生能力，也可以描述经过培养和练习后表现出的突出技能。 易错点：不要简单地认为“gifted只表示天生，talented只表示后天”。事实上，talented也可以指天生才能。真正的区别主要在于：gifted通常表示程度更高，并且更突出天赋或智力；talented则更常用于评价某一领域中的优秀能力。 ✅ The school designed an accelerated science course for gifted children with exceptional reasoning abilities. ⚠ The school designed an accelerated science course for talented children with exceptional reasoning abilities. 错误理由：这个句子涉及学校为智力或认知能力超常的儿童设置进阶课程，gifted children是教育语境中更固定、更准确的表达。Talented children并非语法错误，但含义较宽，可能只表示孩子在音乐、体育或绘画等某个领域有才能，不能准确突出“智力超常”。 ✅ After years of disciplined practice, Maya became a highly talented and reliable concert pianist. ❌ After years of disciplined practice, Maya became a highly gifted and reliable concert pianist. 错误理由：Became gifted after years of practice 容易让人理解成“通过练习才获得了天赋”，与gifted强调先天禀赋的倾向不协调。这里重点是她经过多年训练发展出了高水平的专业能力，因此用talented更自然。若她从小就表现出非凡天赋，则可以说：Maya was a gifted pianist from an early age. 5. defend/ protect/ guard defend强调通过反击、辩护或抵抗来“保卫、维护”，通常面对已经发生或可能发生的攻击、批评、指控等。常见搭配是defend somebody/something against/from…。此外，defend还可表示在争论或法律案件中“为……辩护”。 protect含义最广，强调采取措施，使某人或某物免受伤害、损坏或损失。它通常带有预防意味，不一定存在正在发生的攻击。常见搭配是protect somebody/something from/against…。 guard强调通过看守、监视或保持警戒来保护某人、地点或物品，常用于防止袭击、盗窃或逃跑。常见结构有guard somebody/something和guard against something。 简单区分： defend：有攻击或批评，需要“抵抗、还击或辩护”。 protect：采取措施，避免受到一般性的伤害或损坏。 guard：有人持续看守、监视，对可能出现的危险保持警戒。 易错点1：表示衣物、设备或规则能避免一般伤害时，误用defend。这类预防性保护通常用protect。 ✅ This helmet protects construction workers from serious head injuries during dangerous building operations. ❌ This helmet defends construction workers from serious head injuries during dangerous building operations. 错误理由：头盔提供的是预防性保护，因此应使用protects。Defends通常表示主动抵抗攻击或威胁，不能自然地描述头盔的作用。 易错点2：表示警卫、士兵等持续看守入口、建筑或犯人时，误用protect。强调“站岗、监视”时应使用 guard。 ✅ Two officers guarded the prisoner carefully to prevent his escape during the transfer. ❌ Two officers protected the prisoner carefully to prevent his escape during the transfer. 错误理由：句子的目的是说明警官“看守犯人以防逃跑”，因此应使用guarded。Protected表示保护犯人免受伤害，与“防止他逃跑”的意思不一致。 易错点3：表示为某人抵抗批评、指控或法律诉讼时，误用guard。面对批评或指控进行辩护，应使用defend。 ✅ She defended her colleague against unfair criticism during the tense departmental meeting yesterday. ❌ She guarded her colleague against unfair criticism during the tense departmental meeting yesterday. 错误理由：这里指她通过说话和论证维护同事，因此应使用defended。Guarded强调身体上的看守或警戒，不能表示“为某人辩护”。 6. trace / track/ trail trace强调根据线索、记录或证据向回追查，最终目的是查明某人或某物的来源、起因、历史或下落。常用结构为trace A to B（查明 A 来自 B）和trace A back to B（把 A 追溯到 B）。 track强调在一段时间内持续关注某人或某物的位置、移动、变化或进展，可以依靠脚印、数据、雷达、卫星或其他电子设备。常见宾语包括车辆、包裹、风暴、位置、进度和支出等。 trail强调沿着某人或动物留下的踪迹追赶，或者在其后面跟随。它常用于警察尾随嫌疑人、猎人追踪动物等场景，有时含有秘密跟踪或保持距离的意味，但“秘密”并不是这个词本身必须具备的含义。 记忆：trace＝查源头：根据证据向回追查；track＝盯动态：持续掌握位置或变化；trail＝跟在后：沿踪迹或在目标后面跟随 易错点1：表示“持续监测位置”时误用trace ✅ The app tracks each delivery truck’s location and updates customers every few minutes. ❌ The app traces each delivery truck’s location and updates customers every few minutes. 错误理由：句中的every few minutes表明应用正在持续、动态地监测车辆位置，因此应使用track。Trace通常强调通过线索查明位置、来源或过去的路径，而不是持续显示实时位置。 易错点2：表示“在目标后面尾随”时误用trace ✅ Plainclothes officers trailed the suspect through three crowded stations without revealing their identities. ❌ Plainclothes officers traced the suspect through three crowded stations without revealing their identities. 错误理由：这里描述的是警察当时亲自在嫌疑人后面跟随，因此应使用trailed。Traced会让人理解为警察根据录像、记录或其他线索，事后查出了嫌疑人经过这些车站的路线，改变了原句的意思。 7. steady / stable steady强调事物进行或发展的过程持续、均匀、有规律，几乎没有突然的波动或中断；也可以形容手、声音、呼吸等“不颤抖、保持平稳”。常见搭配有steady growth、steady progress、steady pace、steady speed、steady flow、steady breathing、a steady hand。 stable强调事物的整体状态或结构稳固、可靠，不容易移动、改变、恶化、倒塌或失控。常见搭配有a stable condition、a stable economy、a stable government、a stable relationship、stable prices、a stable platform。 简单区分： steady = 过程稳：虽然事物可能正在变化，但变化得均匀、持续。 stable = 状态稳：事物基本保持原状，不容易发生明显变化或出现问题。 易错点：看到中文“稳定”就一律使用stable。当句子强调增长、进步、速度或流量“持续而均匀”时，通常应该使用steady；当句子强调状况、结构或系统“不容易改变或出问题”时，通常使用stable。 （1）强调持续、均匀的发展过程 ✅ The company achieved steady growth by increasing sales gradually throughout the entire financial year. ⚠ The company achieved stable growth by increasing sales gradually throughout the entire financial year. 错误理由：句子强调销售额在一段时间内“逐步、持续而均匀地增长”，描述的是增长的过程和速度，所以steady growth更准确。Stable growth并非在所有语境中都绝对错误，但它更容易被理解为“增长率保持不变”，不如steady growth自然、明确。 （2）强调不发生性质变化的状态 ✅ This chemical compound remains stable when stored below twenty degrees in a sealed container. ❌ This chemical compound remains steady when stored below twenty degrees in a sealed container. 错误理由：这里表示化合物在特定条件下“不容易分解或发生化学变化”，强调的是其整体性质保持稳定，所以应该使用stable。Steady通常表示动作、速度或发展过程均匀持续，不能准确表达物质具有化学稳定性。 8. fault / mistake /error fault强调“责任、过错归谁”，即某件坏事是谁造成的，常用于be someone’s fault、be at fault。此外，fault还可以表示机器、设备、系统或性格中的“缺陷、故障”，如an electrical fault。 mistake强调某个人因为疏忽、误解或判断不当，做出了错误的行动、决定或判断，是日常英语中最常用的词。常见搭配有make a mistake、by mistake、mistake A for B。与error相比，mistake通常语气较轻，更关注“人不小心做错了什么”。 error强调某个答案、数据、程序或行为偏离了正确的规则、标准或结果，语气通常比mistake更正式、客观。它常用于计算、语法、科学、医学、技术和计算机等语境，如a calculation error、a grammatical error、a system error。 记忆：mistake＝某人做错了一件事；error＝结果或内容不符合正确标准；fault＝责任在谁，或者哪里存在缺陷 易错点1：表示“某人犯了一个错误”时误用fault ✅ I made a serious mistake when I emailed the confidential report to the wrong client. ❌ I made a serious fault when I emailed the confidential report to the wrong client. 错误理由：表示“犯错误”时，通常说make a mistake或make an error，不能说make a fault。fault主要表示“责任”或“缺陷”，而不是某人做出的一个具体错误行为。 易错点二：表示系统、程序或设备出现错误时误用mistake ✅ The software displayed an error after the user entered an invalid password three times. ❌ The software displayed a mistake after the user entered an invalid password three times. 错误理由：软件、程序或设备显示的是an error / an error message，因为 error 表示系统偏离正常规则或无法产生正确结果。mistake通常指人因为疏忽或判断失误而做错事情。软件本身不会像人一样“犯下一个 mistake”，因此displayed a mistake搭配不自然。 9. break out/ take place/ happen/ occur break out危险、暴力或令人不快的事情突然爆发。 take place某个活动或事件举行、发生，尤其常见于事先安排的事情。 happen最普通、最口语化的“发生”，常带有偶然、意外的意味。 occur较正式的“发生”，常用于新闻、报告、学术及技术语境。 在表示“发生”时，它们都属于不及物用法，后面不能直接接宾语，也通常不能改成被动语态。 记忆：危险突然爆发用break out；安排好的活动用take place；日常“发生”用happen；正式报告用occur。 易错点1：安排好的活动误用 break out 或过度使用 happen ✅ The annual awards ceremony will take place in the main hall next Friday. ❌ The annual awards ceremony will break out in the main hall next Friday. 错误理由：颁奖典礼是事先安排的活动，不是突然爆发的危险事件，因此不能使用 break out。 易错点2：认为happen和occur在所有结构中都能互换 ✅ I happened to meet our former teacher while shopping downtown yesterday afternoon. ❌ I occurred to meet our former teacher while shopping downtown yesterday afternoon. 错误理由：happen to do something是固定结构，表示“碰巧做某事”；occur不能使用：occur to do something。 二、短语搭配易错 1. devote oneself to doing sth 致力于做某事 devote oneself to + 动名词，表示“全身心投入或致力于做某事”。其中，to是介词，后面的动词必须使用动名词形式；oneself要根据主语变成myself、yourself、himself、herself、ourselves 或 themselves。 易错点：把介词to后面的动词误用成动词原形。 例子：✅ She devoted herself to helping homeless children in her community every weekend. ❌ She devoted herself to help homeless children in her community every weekend. 2. be familiar with / to 熟悉…… / 为……所熟悉 be familiar with + 人或事物，表示“熟悉某人或某事”，主语通常是人；be familiar to + 人，表示“为某人所熟悉”，主语通常是事物。with后面接熟悉的对象，to 后面接感到熟悉的人。 易错点：混淆be familiar with 和 be familiar to的主语及搭配对象。（学生经常会犯的错） ✅ She is familiar with the new software after using it for several weeks. ❌ She is familiar to the new software after using it for several weeks. ✅ This traditional song is familiar to many children in our small town. ❌ This traditional song is familiar with many children in our small town. 3. in charge of / in the charge of in charge of + 名词，表示“负责、管理……”，句子的主语通常是负责人；in the charge of + 名词，表示“由……负责、由……管理”，句子的主语通常是被管理的人或事物。两者的主语和宾语关系正好相反。 易错点：混淆“谁负责谁”，或在in the charge of中漏掉定冠词 the。（学生经常会犯的错） ✅ Ms. Green is in charge of the school library this semester. ❌ The school library is in charge of Ms. Green this semester. ✅ The school library is in the charge of Ms. Green this semester. ❌ The school library is in charge of Ms. Green this semester. 三、句型易错点 1. not only...but also...连接并列成分 课文：He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 易错点：not only与but also后面的成分应保持平行。 例子：✅ Maria was put in charge of not only organizing the conference but also training the new volunteers. ❌ Maria was put in charge of not only organizing the conference but also trained the new volunteers. 2. 时间状语从句的省略 课文：When asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?”, his reply was a determined “Why not?” 易错点：省略主语和be动词后，过去分词的逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语一致。 例子：✅ When invited to speak at the ceremony, Maria gave a calm and confident answer before the guests. ❌ When invited to speak at the ceremony, Maria’s answer sounded calm and confident before the guests. 3. What引导主语从句 课文：What might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things. 易错点：what在从句中作主语，使用陈述句语序，不能加入疑问句中的助动词倒装；整个主语从句一般视为单数。 例子：✅ What caused the repeated power failures remains unknown to the engineers inspecting the building’s electrical system. ❌ What caused the repeated power failures remain unknown to the engineers inspecting the building’s electrical system. 4. 两者中的另一个：the other，而不是another 课文：The other was the big bang theory, which holds that the universe began at a single point. 易错点：两者间，使用one...the other...；another表示三个或更多事物中的“另一个”。 例子：✅ Of the two routes, the other option was safer, which meant that fewer travelers faced danger. ❌ Of the two routes, another option was safer, which meant that fewer travelers faced danger. 一、描述科学与科学发展的常用表达 scientific research 科学研究 scientific knowledge 科学知识 scientific discovery 科学发现 scientific progress 科学进步 technological innovation 技术创新 conduct an experiment 进行实验 carry out research 开展研究 collect and analyze data 收集并分析数据 test a theory 验证理论 prove a hypothesis 证明假设 solve a scientific problem 解决科学问题 explore the unknown 探索未知领域 uncover the secrets of nature 揭示自然界的奥秘 push the boundaries of human knowledge 拓展人类知识的边界 make a major breakthrough 取得重大突破 open up new possibilities 开辟新的可能性 lay the foundation for… 为……奠定基础 contribute to the development of… 促进……的发展 change the way we understand the world 改变我们理解世界的方式 二、描述科学家的品质 be curious about the world 对世界充满好奇 have a strong desire for knowledge 有强烈的求知欲 have an inquiring mind 具有探索精神 think independently 独立思考 think critically 批判性思考 be creative and imaginative 富有创造力和想象力 be careful and precise 认真且严谨 pay close attention to details 密切关注细节 remain patient and focused 保持耐心和专注 show great determination 表现出坚定的决心 have the courage to question accepted ideas 敢于质疑公认观点 refuse to give up 拒绝放弃 learn from failure 从失败中吸取教训 devote oneself to science 献身科学 dedicate one’s life to research 将一生奉献给研究 pursue the truth 追求真理 have a strong sense of responsibility 具有强烈的责任感 work for the benefit of humanity 为人类福祉而努力 三、描述科学家的研究过程 提出问题 raise an important question 提出一个重要问题 become interested in… 对……产生兴趣 wonder why/how… 想知道为什么／如何…… identify a problem 发现问题 进行研究 develop a theory 提出理论 form a hypothesis 形成假设 design an experiment 设计实验 observe a phenomenon 观察现象 gather evidence 收集证据 record the results 记录结果 analyze the findings 分析研究结果 面对困难 encounter difficulties 遇到困难 suffer repeated failures 经历多次失败 face doubt and criticism 面对质疑和批评 overcome technical challenges 克服技术难题 continue despite setbacks 尽管受挫仍继续努力 取得成果 reach a conclusion 得出结论 make an important discovery 作出重要发现 achieve a breakthrough 取得突破 publish one’s findings 发表研究成果 gain worldwide recognition 获得世界认可 be awarded the Nobel Prize 获得诺贝尔奖 四、描述科学成就的影响 have a great influence on… 对……产生重大影响 have a lasting impact on society 对社会产生深远影响 improve people’s quality of life 提高人们的生活质量 save countless lives 挽救无数生命 improve medical treatment 改善医疗手段 promote economic and social development 促进经济和社会发展 make everyday life more convenient 使日常生活更加便利 provide a solution to… 为……提供解决方案 benefit future generations 惠及后代 bring hope to humanity 给人类带来希望 transform modern society 改变现代社会 lead to further discoveries 推动更多新发现 inspire young people to study science 激励年轻人学习科学 五、高分句型积累 1. 强调科学家的品质 What makes a great scientist is not only intelligence, but also curiosity, patience and perseverance. 成就一位伟大科学家的，不仅是智慧，还有好奇心、耐心和毅力。 It was his determination and courage that enabled him to overcome countless difficulties. 正是他的决心和勇气使他克服了无数困难。 Rather than accepting existing ideas blindly, she dared to question them. 她没有盲目接受已有观点，而是敢于提出质疑。 2. 描述困难与坚持 Although he failed many times, he never lost confidence in his research. 尽管失败了许多次，他从未对自己的研究失去信心。 Faced with repeated setbacks, she chose to continue instead of giving up. 面对一次又一次的挫折，她选择继续前进，而不是放弃。 Every failure brought him one step closer to success. 每一次失败都使他离成功更近一步。 3. 描述贡献与影响 His discovery not only changed the field of medicine, but also saved millions of lives. 他的发现不仅改变了医学领域，还挽救了数百万人的生命。 Thanks to her pioneering work, scientists gained a deeper understanding of… 多亏了她的开创性研究，科学家对……有了更深入的认识。 The significance of this discovery lies in the fact that it opened up a new field of research. 这一发现的重要意义在于，它开辟了一个新的研究领域。 Without the contributions of scientists, many modern technologies would not have been possible. 如果没有科学家的贡献，许多现代技术都不可能出现。 4. 表达个人感悟 What I admire most about him is his lifelong devotion to science. 我最钦佩他的是他一生对科学的奉献。 Her story teaches us that success often comes from years of hard work. 她的故事告诉我们，成功往往来自多年的努力。 He is not only an outstanding scientist but also a role model for young people. 他不仅是一位杰出的科学家，也是年轻人的榜样。 Inspired by these scientists, I hope to explore the unknown and make a difference in the future. 受到这些科学家的鼓舞，我希望将来探索未知并有所作为。 $Unit 1 Science and Scientists Using Language Of all its many values, the greatest must be the freedom to doubt. —Richard P. Feynman 译文：在科学的诸多价值中，最重要的莫过于怀疑的自由。 解读：根据理查德·费曼在《科学的价值》中的论述，这句话强调：科学最宝贵的精神并不是宣称自己掌握了绝对真理，而是允许人们对已有结论、传统观念和权威说法提出质疑。费曼认为，科学知识具有不同程度的确定性，没有任何结论是绝对不可修正的；只有承认无知、保留怀疑，并不断通过观察、实验和证据检验观点，科学才能持续进步。因此，“怀疑的自由”并非消极地否定一切，而是一种开放、诚实和理性的态度，也是防止错误观念被当作真理的关键。 一、重点单词 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. shadow n. 阴影；影子；背光处 2. rainbow n. 彩虹 3. concrete n. 混凝土；adj. 混凝土制的；具体的 4. mechanic n. 机械师；机械修理工 5. assistant n. 助理；助手 6. missile n. 导弹 7. leadership n. 领导；领导地位；领导才能 8. concept n. 概念；观念 9. astronomer n. 天文学家 10. telescope n. 望远镜 11. fault n. 弱点；过错 12. shift n. 改变；轮班；vi. & vt. 转移；移动；转向 13. trace vt. 追溯；查出；n. 痕迹；遗迹；踪迹 14. defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解 15. cast vt. 投射；向……投以（视线、笑容）；投掷 16. pour vt. 倒出；倾泻；斟（饮料） 17. patriotic adj. 爱国的 18. mechanical adj. 机械的；发动机的；机器的 19. outstanding adj. 优秀的；杰出的；明显的 20. gifted adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 21. abstract adj. 抽象的；理论的；n.（文献等）摘要 22. steady adj. 稳定的；平稳的；稳步的 23. brilliant adj. 聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的 24. vivid adj. 生动的；鲜明的；丰富的 25. furthermore adv. 此外；再者 26. besides prep. 除……之外（还）；adv. 而且；此外 二、重点单词变形 1. concrete adj. 具体的；确实的；混凝土制的→concretely adv. 具体地；确切地 2. mechanic n. 机械师；机械修理工→mechanical adj. 机械的；机器的→mechanically adv. 机械地；呆板地→mechanics n. 力学；机械学 3. assistant n. 助手；助理→assist vt. 帮助；协助→assistance n. 帮助；援助 4. leadership n. 领导；领导才能→leader n. 领导者；领袖→lead v. 领导；带领 5. concept n. 概念；观念→conceptual adj. 概念的；观念上的→conceptualize vt. 使形成概念；构想 6. astronomer n. 天文学家→astronomy n. 天文学→astronomical adj. 天文学的；极大的 7. fault n. 弱点；过错→faulty adj. 有错误的；有缺陷的→faultless adj. 无过错的；完美的 8. defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解→defence/defense n. 防御；保卫；辩护→defensive adj. 防御的；戒备的→defender n. 防守者；捍卫者 9. patriotic adj. 爱国的→patriot n. 爱国者→patriotism n. 爱国主义；爱国精神 10. outstanding adj. 优秀的；杰出的→outstandingly adv. 非常；显著地 11. gifted adj. 有天赋的；天资聪慧的→gift n. 天赋；才能；礼物 12. abstract adj. 抽象的；n. 摘要→abstraction n. 抽象；抽象概念→abstractly adv. 抽象地；理论上 13. steady adj. 稳定的；平稳的→steadily adv. 稳定地；持续地→steadiness n. 稳定；平稳 14. brilliant adj. 聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的→brilliance n. 才华；卓越；光辉→brilliantly adv. 出色地；灿烂地 15. vivid adj. 生动的；鲜明的→vividly adv. 生动地；清晰地→vividness n. 生动；鲜明 16. shadow n. 阴影；影子→shadowy adj. 阴暗的；模糊的 三、必备词块 1. break out （战争）突然开始；爆发 2. come down 患（病）；染上（小病） 3. in charge of 主管；掌管 4. above all 最重要的是；尤其是 5. have an impact on ...对……有影响 6. attend school上学 7. switch ... to ...把……转换到…… 8. air force空军 9. defend ... against/from ... 保护……不受…… 10. pursue one’s graduate studies攻读研究生 11. over the course of ...在……的过程中 12. graduate assistant研究生助理 13. conduct research进行研究 14. discourage sb from doing sth阻止某人做某事 15. take on the challenge 接受挑战 16. under sb’s leadership在某人的领导下 17. launch its first man­made satellite发射第一颗人造卫星 18. trace back to追溯到 19. in the area of frontier science research在前沿科学研究领域 20. stand out脱颖而出；突出 21. be familiar with 对……熟悉 22. achieve fame获得名声；成名 23. question and answer period问答环节 24. stand up站立，站起来 25. point out指出 26. be willing to do sth愿意做某事 四、核心词汇 1. break out (战争、打斗等不愉快的事情) 突然开始；爆发 原文：However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country. 不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。 常见搭配：break out of + 地点：从某处逃脱 break out in + 汗、皮疹等：突然出汗或出现皮疹 拓展：break away from 脱离；挣脱 break down 出故障；坏掉；失败；(身体等)垮掉 break in 插话；破门而入 break into 破门而入 break up 打碎；结束 注意：① break out、take place、happen、occur都有“发生”之意，都不能用于进行时态，也不能用于被动语态。② break out 是不及物短语动词，通常由战争、火灾、疾病或冲突等作主语，不能直接接宾语。 例句：When conflict breaks out, courage is not the absence of fear but the choice to protect others. 冲突爆发时，勇气并非毫无恐惧，而是在恐惧中仍选择保护他人。 【即学即练】 1. Three prisoners broke out of the heavily guarded jail during the storm last night. 2. After hearing the unexpected news, he broke out in a cold sweat immediately. 3. Several members broke away from the party and formed a new political group. 4. Our school bus broke down halfway home, so we waited beside the road. 5. I hated to break in, but the discussion was moving far off topic. 6. Someone broke into the office and stole several computers during the night. 7. She broke the chocolate up into small pieces and shared it with everyone. 8. A serious fire broke out in the factory shortly after midnight yesterday. 2. defend vt.保卫；防守；辩解 原文：However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country. 不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。 词形变化：defence n. 防御；保护；辩护 defender 防守者；捍卫者 defensive 防御性的；戒备的 常见搭配：defend ... against/from (doing ...) 保护……不受…… defend oneself 自卫；为自己辩护 in defence (of ...) 保护(……)；为了保卫(……)；(为……) national defence 国防 self-defence自卫 take a defensive position 采取防守姿态 例句：Those who defend truth with courage often discover that lasting integrity is stronger than temporary fear. 勇敢捍卫真理的人，终会发现持久的正直比短暂的恐惧更加强大。 【即学即练】 1. Education remains one of society’s strongest defences (defend) against ignorance and prejudice. 2. He became a determined defender (defend) of children who could not speak for themselves. 3. People often become defensive (defend) when criticism threatens their carefully protected self-image. 4. The security system was designed to defend the airport against/ from possible missile attacks. 5. Learning basic martial arts can help people defend themselves (them) during sudden attacks. 6. Several scientists spoke in defence of the research after it was publicly criticized. 3. assistant n．助理；助手 原文：As a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s，Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion ... 20世纪30年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的重要研究工作。 词形变化：assistance n. 协助；援助 assist v. 帮助；协助；促进 assistant n. 助理；助手 adj. 助理的；副的 常见搭配：assist sb in doing sth = assist sb to do sth = assist sb in/with sth 帮助某人做某事 ask for/seek assistance 请求／寻求帮助 come to sb.’s assistance 前来帮助某人 with the assistance of sb. 在某人的帮助下 work/serve as an assistant 担任助理 例句：A wise assistant does not merely follow instructions but helps others discover better questions and clearer paths. 明智的助手不只是服从指示，还会帮助他人发现更好的问题和更清晰的道路。 【即学即练】 1. The laboratory assistant (assist) carefully recorded every change during the difficult experiment. 2. She became an assistant (assist) professor after completing years of demanding scientific research. 3. With timely technical assistance (assist), the team solved the problem before the deadline. 4. The technician assisted the researchers with/ in the installation of the new equipment. 5. Several volunteers assisted in organizing (organize) food supplies for families affected by flooding. 6. A trained nurse assisted the patient to walk (walk) safely after the operation. 7. Nobody came to her assistance when her car broke down. 8. The work was completed with the assistance of local carpenters. 4. in charge of主管；掌管 原文：He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 他在祖国受到了英雄般的欢迎，并被委以重任，不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学，还负责其航天和导弹项目。 常见搭配：① charge n. 指控；费用；负责；管理 take charge of ... 负责/主管…… in/under the charge of sb＝in/under one's charge 在某人的掌管之下 free of charge 免费 ② charge v. 收费；要价；指控 charge (sb) for sth 为……(向某人)收费/要价 charge sb sth (for sth) (为某物)向某人收费 charge sb with (doing) sth 指控某人(做)某事 例句：Those who are in charge of others must first learn to be responsible for themselves. 负责管理他人的人，首先必须学会对自己负责。 【即学即练】 1. When the manager became ill, Maria took charge of the entire project immediately. 2. During the summer camp, the younger children remained in the charge of experienced teachers. 3. he hotel did not charge us for using the swimming pool after dinner. 4. The police charged the driver with causing the accident through careless speeding. 5. 这家博物馆完全免费为当地学生提供导览服务。 The museum offers guided tours to local students completely free of charge. 5. gifted adj.有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 原文：Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics. 史蒂芬·霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。 词形变化：gift n. 天赋；才能；礼物 v. 赠送 常见搭配：be gifted/talented in/at sth 擅长做某事 be gifted with ... 天生具备…… have a gift for ... 有……天赋；擅长…… 例句：Talent opens the door, but discipline determines how far a gifted mind can travel in life. 天赋为人打开大门，但自律决定一个有才华的人一生能走多远。 【即学即练】 1. She is naturally gifted at explaining (explain) difficult ideas in clear and memorable language. 2. Michael struggled with mathematics, but he was remarkably gifted in/ at learning foreign languages. 3. Schools often fail to meet the educational and emotional needs of gifted (gift) children. 4. Our teacher is gifted with extraordinary patience when students repeatedly make mistakes. 5. He has a gift for languages and remembers unfamiliar expressions remarkably quickly. 6. 这个孩子具有天生的音乐才华，但才华仍然需要自律来培养。 The child has a natural gift for music, but talent still requires discipline. 6. come down with患(病)；染上(小病) 原文：Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles, his world became one of abstract thought. 他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界。 拓展：come across (偶然)遇见；碰见；被理解 come about 发生(无被动形式) come out 出来；出版；结果是；(花)开放 come to 达到；谈到 when it comes to ... 当谈及…… come up 走近；发芽；(太阳)升起；发生；被提出；被讨论(无被动形式) come up with 想出(答案)；提出(想法、主意等) 例句：When we come down with illness, we often discover that stillness can reveal strengths hidden by constant motion. 当我们生病时，往往会发现，静止能够显露被忙碌掩藏的力量。 【即学即练】 1. While clearing the attic, I came across several letters written by my grandfather. 2. How did such a serious misunderstanding come about between two close friends? 3. Her long-awaited biography will come out shortly before the winter holidays. 4. The total cost of repairing the roof came to nearly ten thousand dollars. 5. A stranger came up to me and asked where the station was. 6. After thinking quietly, she came up with the correct answer herself. 7. above all最重要的是；尤其是 原文：Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. 最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。 拓展：not/no/never/...at all 根本不 after all 毕竟；终究 first of all 首先(强调顺序) in all 一共；总计 all in all 总的说来；总而言之 例句：Above all, remember that true wisdom begins when we accept how much we still have to learn. 最重要的是，要记住：真正的智慧始于承认自己仍有许多东西需要学习。 【即学即练】 1. The rain has stopped, so the game will go ahead after all. 2. This is the eighth volume in the series, which totals twenty-one volumes in all. 3. Any furniture you buy must be cheap, attractive and, above all, practical. 4. 他闷闷不乐地回答说，她根本没有兴趣和他们一起去。 He replied sulkily that she had no interest at all in going with them. 5. 这次邮轮旅行并不完美，但总的说来还是很不错的。 The cruise wasn’t perfect, but all in all it was pretty good. 8. fault n. 弱点；过错 原文：Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. 最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。 词形变化：faulty adj. 有错误的；有缺陷的 faultless adj. 无缺点的；完美无瑕的 常见搭配：find fault with ... 对……不满；挑剔…… be at fault 有过错；有责任 admit one’s faults 承认自己的缺点或错误 It is one’s fault that… ……是某人的过错 例句：Those who honestly face their faults gain the wisdom and courage needed to become better human beings. 诚实面对自身缺点的人，能够获得成为更好的自己所需要的智慧与勇气。 【即学即练】 1. The investigator concluded that both drivers were partly at fault in the accident. 2. My supervisor constantly finds fault with details that do not affect the final result. 3. The engineers discovered that faulty (fault) wiring had caused the machine to stop suddenly. 4. 整个团队错过最后期限是他的过错。 It was his fault that the entire team missed the final deadline. 5. 即使最明智的领导者也有必须学会正视的缺点。 Even the wisest leaders have faults that they must learn to recognize. 五、经典句式 1. 否定词和比较级连用，表示最高级含义 原文：Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. 也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。 分析：“否定词＋比较级”是一种用比较级形式表达最高级意义的句式。其逻辑是：通过否定“存在比某人或某物更……”的可能性，表明该对象在特定范围内已经达到最高程度。常见否定词包括no、not、never、nothing、nobody等；句意通常相当于“没有比……更……”或“……是最……的”。理解和翻译时，应根据比较范围将其转换为最高级含义，而不能仅按字面理解为普通否定比较。 拓展：表示最高级含义的其他表达法： (1) 否定词＋so/as＋形容词/副词原级＋as ＋ all the other＋可数名词复数 ＋ the other＋可数名词复数 (2) 比较级＋than ＋ any other＋可数名词单数 ＋ any of the other＋可数名词复数 ＋ anything else/ anyone else/ all the others 例句：Nothing is more important than maintaining good health, because it provides the foundation for a happy and productive life. 没有什么比保持健康更重要，因为健康是幸福而充实生活的基础。 【即学即练】 1. 在我看来，没有什么比坚持自己的梦想更重要。（否定词＋比较级） In my opinion, nothing is more important than sticking to our dreams. 2. 在我们学校，没有其他学生像李华一样乐于助人。（否定词＋as...as） No other student in our school is as helpful as Li Hua. 3. 这项发明对现代生活的影响比其他所有发明都大。（比较级＋than＋all the other） This invention has had a greater impact on modern life than all the other inventions. 4. 在所有参赛者中，她比其他任何一位选手都表现得更加自信。（比较级＋than＋any of the other） Of all the competitors, she performed more confidently than any of the other competitors. 2. not only ... but also ... 原文：He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。 分析：“not only ... but also ...”是表示递进关系的并列结构，意为“不但……而且……”，用于连接两个语法性质和结构形式相同的成分，如主语、谓语、宾语、表语、状语或分句，其重点通常落在but also后面的内容上。连接两个主语时，谓语动词一般遵循“就近原则”，与靠近它的主语在人称和数上保持一致；not only 位于句首并连接两个分句时，not only所在分句须使用部分倒装，而but also所在分句通常采用正常语序。实际使用中，also有时可以省略，但not only与but之间所连接的成分必须保持平行和对称。 例句：Qian Xuesen not only advanced China’s aerospace science but also inspired generations of young scientists to serve the nation. 钱学森不仅推动了中国航天科学的发展，而且激励了一代又一代青年科学家报效祖国。 【即学即练】 1. Not only the students but also their teacher was invited to attend the opening ceremony. 2. Not only the teacher but also the students are willing to take part in the environmental protection campaign. 3. The activity not only increased students’ awareness of traditional culture but also encouraged (encourage) them to protect it. 4. 阅读不仅能丰富我们的知识，而且能提高我们的思维能力。 Reading can not only enrich our knowledge but also improve our thinking ability. 5. 不仅学生们对这次活动感兴趣，他们的老师也很支持。 Not only are the students interested in the activity, but their teacher also supports it. 6. 参加社会实践不仅有助于学生了解社会，而且能培养他们解决实际问题的能力。 Taking part in social practice not only helps students understand society but also develops their ability to solve practical problems. 3. 状语从句的省略 原文：When asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?” ... 有人问他：“我们中国人有可能制造出导弹吗？”…… 分析：状语从句的省略是指在不影响句意理解的前提下，将状语从句中的部分成分删去，使其成为更简洁的非限定结构。通常，当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语含有be动词时，可以省略从句的主语和be；当从句主语为形式主语it且谓语含有be时，也可将二者省略。若从句使用实义动词，则常将谓语转换为现在分词表示主动意义，或用过去分词表示被动意义，同时可保留引导词以明确时间、条件、让步等逻辑关系。使用此结构时，省略后成分的逻辑主语原则上必须与主句主语一致，否则容易形成悬垂结构或造成语义歧义。 例句：When faced with unexpected difficulties, students should remain calm, analyze the situation carefully, and seek practical solutions. 面对突如其来的困难时，学生应保持冷静，认真分析情况，并寻求切实可行的解决办法。 【即学即练】 1. 将下列句子改为状语从句的省略形式 ① When he was asked about his future plan, he said that he hoped to become an engineer. → When asked about his future plan, he said that he hoped to become an engineer. ② While she was walking through the park, she noticed an old man sitting alone on a bench. → While walking through the park, she noticed an old man sitting alone on a bench. ③ Although he was tired after the long journey, he continued working on the important project. → Although tired after the long journey, he continued working on the important project. 2. 当被问及成功的秘诀时，他强调了坚持和努力的重要性。 When asked about the secret of his success, he stressed the importance of perseverance and hard work. 3. 过马路时，你应该密切注意来往的车辆。 When crossing the road, you should pay close attention to the passing vehicles. 一、词汇易混辨析 1. impact / effect/ influence impact强调某事造成的强烈、明显或重要影响，重点在影响的“力度、规模或重要性”。它既可以作名词，也可以作动词。 effect强调某个原因产生的结果、后果或具体变化，重点是“事情最终造成了什么”。通常作名词，常用于可以观察、描述或测量的结果。 influence强调对人的思想、行为、决定或事物发展产生的间接、渐进或潜移默化的作用。它可以作名词，也可以作动词。 简单区分：三者虽然意思接近，但不能机械互换。Impact通常比effect更强调影响的显著程度；effect强调具体结果；influence更强调产生改变的力量或过程。这里的区别是常见语义倾向，并不是绝对的强弱等级。 impact：影响有多强、多重要？ effect：最终产生了什么结果？ influence：什么力量逐渐改变了思想、行为或发展？ 易错点：表示某件事产生的具体结果时，通常用effect，不要随意用 nfluence。 ✅ The new medicine had several positive effects on patients during the clinical trial. ❌ The new medicine had several positive influences on patients during the clinical trial. 错误理由：这里强调的是药物产生的具体、可观察结果，因此应使用effects。Influence更常表示对思想、行为或发展过程产生的间接作用。 2. well-respected / respectable/ respectful well-respected强调“受到别人尊敬的、享有声望的”，侧重外界对某人或某事物的评价。常修饰因能力、品格或成就而广受尊敬的人、机构或职业，如a well-respected scholar/doctor/institution。可以理解为“别人尊敬他”。 respectable强调“体面的、正派的、符合社会标准的”，表示某人或某事物在品行、外表、社会地位等方面可以被接受；修饰数量、收入、成绩等时，还可表示“相当不错的、可观的”，如a respectable family, a respectable salary, a respectable score。它不一定表示“广受敬仰”，而可能只表示“正派、尚可”。 respectful强调“表示尊重的、恭敬有礼的”，侧重一个人的态度、言语或行为表现出了尊重。常见搭配有 a respectful attitude/tone, be respectful to/towards somebody 和 be respectful of something。可以理解为“他尊敬别人”。 记忆：well-respected受尊敬；respectable够体面；respectful显尊重。 易错点：表示“受人尊敬”时误用respectful。respectful表示主动尊重别人，而well-respected表示受到别人的尊敬。 ✅ Professor Lin is a well-respected historian whose research has influenced scholars across several countries. ❌ Professor Lin is a respectful historian whose research has influenced scholars across several countries. 错误理由：句子想表达林教授因研究成就而“受到学界尊敬”，强调的是别人对他的评价，所以应使用well-respected。Respectful只能说明他待人恭敬，不能表达他本人享有声望。 3. inspired / inspiring inspired强调“受到启发、鼓舞后的状态或结果”，表示某人产生了动力、信心或创意，相当于“感到受鼓舞的、有灵感的”。 inspiring强调某人或某事物具有“鼓舞别人、激发动力”的作用，相当于“鼓舞人心的、启发人的”。它描述的是产生影响的一方，可以修饰人物、故事、演讲、经历等。 记忆：inspired = 被鼓舞、受到启发 inspiring = 令人受到鼓舞、能够启发别人 易错点：容易把“受到鼓舞的人”和“鼓舞别人的人或事物”混淆。不能简单理解为-ed只能形容人，-ing只能形容事物：一个人也可以是inspiring，而一个作品也可以是inspired by nature。关键要看主语是接受影响，还是产生影响。 ✅ After hearing her teacher’s speech, Maya felt inspired to pursue environmental science at university. ❌ After hearing her teacher’s speech, Maya felt inspiring to pursue environmental science at university. 错误理由：玛雅是“受到演讲鼓舞的人”，描述的是她的感受和状态，所以应该使用inspired。Inspiring表示“能够鼓舞别人”，不能放在felt后表示自己受到鼓舞。Feel inspired to do something 是常见结构。 ✅ The professor was inspiring because she made every nervous student believe success was possible. ❌ The professor was inspired because she made every nervous student believe success was possible. 错误理由：句中的教授让学生产生信心，是“鼓舞别人的一方”，所以应该使用inspiring。Inspired 表示教授自己受到了启发，与后面的原因“她使学生相信自己能够成功”不一致。 4. gifted / talented gifted强调某人具有突出、非凡的天赋或智力，通常暗示这种能力很大程度上是天生的，语气比talented 更强。它常用于描述智力超常的儿童、学生，或者在数学、音乐、体育等方面天赋特别突出的人，例如a gifted child、a gifted mathematician。 talented表示某人在某个具体领域有才能、技艺出色，语气更中性，适用范围更广，常用于演员、歌手、运动员、设计师及其他专业人士。它既可以涉及天生能力，也可以描述经过培养和练习后表现出的突出技能。 易错点：不要简单地认为“gifted只表示天生，talented只表示后天”。事实上，talented也可以指天生才能。真正的区别主要在于：gifted通常表示程度更高，并且更突出天赋或智力；talented则更常用于评价某一领域中的优秀能力。 ✅ The school designed an accelerated science course for gifted children with exceptional reasoning abilities. ⚠ The school designed an accelerated science course for talented children with exceptional reasoning abilities. 错误理由：这个句子涉及学校为智力或认知能力超常的儿童设置进阶课程，gifted children是教育语境中更固定、更准确的表达。Talented children并非语法错误，但含义较宽，可能只表示孩子在音乐、体育或绘画等某个领域有才能，不能准确突出“智力超常”。 ✅ After years of disciplined practice, Maya became a highly talented and reliable concert pianist. ❌ After years of disciplined practice, Maya became a highly gifted and reliable concert pianist. 错误理由：Became gifted after years of practice 容易让人理解成“通过练习才获得了天赋”，与gifted强调先天禀赋的倾向不协调。这里重点是她经过多年训练发展出了高水平的专业能力，因此用talented更自然。若她从小就表现出非凡天赋，则可以说：Maya was a gifted pianist from an early age. 5. defend/ protect/ guard defend强调通过反击、辩护或抵抗来“保卫、维护”，通常面对已经发生或可能发生的攻击、批评、指控等。常见搭配是defend somebody/something against/from…。此外，defend还可表示在争论或法律案件中“为……辩护”。 protect含义最广，强调采取措施，使某人或某物免受伤害、损坏或损失。它通常带有预防意味，不一定存在正在发生的攻击。常见搭配是protect somebody/something from/against…。 guard强调通过看守、监视或保持警戒来保护某人、地点或物品，常用于防止袭击、盗窃或逃跑。常见结构有guard somebody/something和guard against something。 简单区分： defend：有攻击或批评，需要“抵抗、还击或辩护”。 protect：采取措施，避免受到一般性的伤害或损坏。 guard：有人持续看守、监视，对可能出现的危险保持警戒。 易错点1：表示衣物、设备或规则能避免一般伤害时，误用defend。这类预防性保护通常用protect。 ✅ This helmet protects construction workers from serious head injuries during dangerous building operations. ❌ This helmet defends construction workers from serious head injuries during dangerous building operations. 错误理由：头盔提供的是预防性保护，因此应使用protects。Defends通常表示主动抵抗攻击或威胁，不能自然地描述头盔的作用。 易错点2：表示警卫、士兵等持续看守入口、建筑或犯人时，误用protect。强调“站岗、监视”时应使用 guard。 ✅ Two officers guarded the prisoner carefully to prevent his escape during the transfer. ❌ Two officers protected the prisoner carefully to prevent his escape during the transfer. 错误理由：句子的目的是说明警官“看守犯人以防逃跑”，因此应使用guarded。Protected表示保护犯人免受伤害，与“防止他逃跑”的意思不一致。 易错点3：表示为某人抵抗批评、指控或法律诉讼时，误用guard。面对批评或指控进行辩护，应使用defend。 ✅ She defended her colleague against unfair criticism during the tense departmental meeting yesterday. ❌ She guarded her colleague against unfair criticism during the tense departmental meeting yesterday. 错误理由：这里指她通过说话和论证维护同事，因此应使用defended。Guarded强调身体上的看守或警戒，不能表示“为某人辩护”。 6. trace / track/ trail trace强调根据线索、记录或证据向回追查，最终目的是查明某人或某物的来源、起因、历史或下落。常用结构为trace A to B（查明 A 来自 B）和trace A back to B（把 A 追溯到 B）。 track强调在一段时间内持续关注某人或某物的位置、移动、变化或进展，可以依靠脚印、数据、雷达、卫星或其他电子设备。常见宾语包括车辆、包裹、风暴、位置、进度和支出等。 trail强调沿着某人或动物留下的踪迹追赶，或者在其后面跟随。它常用于警察尾随嫌疑人、猎人追踪动物等场景，有时含有秘密跟踪或保持距离的意味，但“秘密”并不是这个词本身必须具备的含义。 记忆：trace＝查源头：根据证据向回追查；track＝盯动态：持续掌握位置或变化；trail＝跟在后：沿踪迹或在目标后面跟随 易错点1：表示“持续监测位置”时误用trace ✅ The app tracks each delivery truck’s location and updates customers every few minutes. ❌ The app traces each delivery truck’s location and updates customers every few minutes. 错误理由：句中的every few minutes表明应用正在持续、动态地监测车辆位置，因此应使用track。Trace通常强调通过线索查明位置、来源或过去的路径，而不是持续显示实时位置。 易错点2：表示“在目标后面尾随”时误用trace ✅ Plainclothes officers trailed the suspect through three crowded stations without revealing their identities. ❌ Plainclothes officers traced the suspect through three crowded stations without revealing their identities. 错误理由：这里描述的是警察当时亲自在嫌疑人后面跟随，因此应使用trailed。Traced会让人理解为警察根据录像、记录或其他线索，事后查出了嫌疑人经过这些车站的路线，改变了原句的意思。 7. steady / stable steady强调事物进行或发展的过程持续、均匀、有规律，几乎没有突然的波动或中断；也可以形容手、声音、呼吸等“不颤抖、保持平稳”。常见搭配有steady growth、steady progress、steady pace、steady speed、steady flow、steady breathing、a steady hand。 stable强调事物的整体状态或结构稳固、可靠，不容易移动、改变、恶化、倒塌或失控。常见搭配有a stable condition、a stable economy、a stable government、a stable relationship、stable prices、a stable platform。 简单区分： steady = 过程稳：虽然事物可能正在变化，但变化得均匀、持续。 stable = 状态稳：事物基本保持原状，不容易发生明显变化或出现问题。 易错点：看到中文“稳定”就一律使用stable。当句子强调增长、进步、速度或流量“持续而均匀”时，通常应该使用steady；当句子强调状况、结构或系统“不容易改变或出问题”时，通常使用stable。 （1）强调持续、均匀的发展过程 ✅ The company achieved steady growth by increasing sales gradually throughout the entire financial year. ⚠ The company achieved stable growth by increasing sales gradually throughout the entire financial year. 错误理由：句子强调销售额在一段时间内“逐步、持续而均匀地增长”，描述的是增长的过程和速度，所以steady growth更准确。Stable growth并非在所有语境中都绝对错误，但它更容易被理解为“增长率保持不变”，不如steady growth自然、明确。 （2）强调不发生性质变化的状态 ✅ This chemical compound remains stable when stored below twenty degrees in a sealed container. ❌ This chemical compound remains steady when stored below twenty degrees in a sealed container. 错误理由：这里表示化合物在特定条件下“不容易分解或发生化学变化”，强调的是其整体性质保持稳定，所以应该使用stable。Steady通常表示动作、速度或发展过程均匀持续，不能准确表达物质具有化学稳定性。 8. fault / mistake /error fault强调“责任、过错归谁”，即某件坏事是谁造成的，常用于be someone’s fault、be at fault。此外，fault还可以表示机器、设备、系统或性格中的“缺陷、故障”，如an electrical fault。 mistake强调某个人因为疏忽、误解或判断不当，做出了错误的行动、决定或判断，是日常英语中最常用的词。常见搭配有make a mistake、by mistake、mistake A for B。与error相比，mistake通常语气较轻，更关注“人不小心做错了什么”。 error强调某个答案、数据、程序或行为偏离了正确的规则、标准或结果，语气通常比mistake更正式、客观。它常用于计算、语法、科学、医学、技术和计算机等语境，如a calculation error、a grammatical error、a system error。 记忆：mistake＝某人做错了一件事；error＝结果或内容不符合正确标准；fault＝责任在谁，或者哪里存在缺陷 易错点1：表示“某人犯了一个错误”时误用fault ✅ I made a serious mistake when I emailed the confidential report to the wrong client. ❌ I made a serious fault when I emailed the confidential report to the wrong client. 错误理由：表示“犯错误”时，通常说make a mistake或make an error，不能说make a fault。fault主要表示“责任”或“缺陷”，而不是某人做出的一个具体错误行为。 易错点二：表示系统、程序或设备出现错误时误用mistake ✅ The software displayed an error after the user entered an invalid password three times. ❌ The software displayed a mistake after the user entered an invalid password three times. 错误理由：软件、程序或设备显示的是an error / an error message，因为 error 表示系统偏离正常规则或无法产生正确结果。mistake通常指人因为疏忽或判断失误而做错事情。软件本身不会像人一样“犯下一个 mistake”，因此displayed a mistake搭配不自然。 9. break out/ take place/ happen/ occur break out危险、暴力或令人不快的事情突然爆发。 take place某个活动或事件举行、发生，尤其常见于事先安排的事情。 happen最普通、最口语化的“发生”，常带有偶然、意外的意味。 occur较正式的“发生”，常用于新闻、报告、学术及技术语境。 在表示“发生”时，它们都属于不及物用法，后面不能直接接宾语，也通常不能改成被动语态。 记忆：危险突然爆发用break out；安排好的活动用take place；日常“发生”用happen；正式报告用occur。 易错点1：安排好的活动误用 break out 或过度使用 happen ✅ The annual awards ceremony will take place in the main hall next Friday. ❌ The annual awards ceremony will break out in the main hall next Friday. 错误理由：颁奖典礼是事先安排的活动，不是突然爆发的危险事件，因此不能使用 break out。 易错点2：认为happen和occur在所有结构中都能互换 ✅ I happened to meet our former teacher while shopping downtown yesterday afternoon. ❌ I occurred to meet our former teacher while shopping downtown yesterday afternoon. 错误理由：happen to do something是固定结构，表示“碰巧做某事”；occur不能使用：occur to do something。 二、短语搭配易错 1. devote oneself to doing sth 致力于做某事 devote oneself to + 动名词，表示“全身心投入或致力于做某事”。其中，to是介词，后面的动词必须使用动名词形式；oneself要根据主语变成myself、yourself、himself、herself、ourselves 或 themselves。 易错点：把介词to后面的动词误用成动词原形。 例子：✅ She devoted herself to helping homeless children in her community every weekend. ❌ She devoted herself to help homeless children in her community every weekend. 2. be familiar with / to 熟悉…… / 为……所熟悉 be familiar with + 人或事物，表示“熟悉某人或某事”，主语通常是人；be familiar to + 人，表示“为某人所熟悉”，主语通常是事物。with后面接熟悉的对象，to 后面接感到熟悉的人。 易错点：混淆be familiar with 和 be familiar to的主语及搭配对象。（学生经常会犯的错） ✅ She is familiar with the new software after using it for several weeks. ❌ She is familiar to the new software after using it for several weeks. ✅ This traditional song is familiar to many children in our small town. ❌ This traditional song is familiar with many children in our small town. 3. in charge of / in the charge of in charge of + 名词，表示“负责、管理……”，句子的主语通常是负责人；in the charge of + 名词，表示“由……负责、由……管理”，句子的主语通常是被管理的人或事物。两者的主语和宾语关系正好相反。 易错点：混淆“谁负责谁”，或在in the charge of中漏掉定冠词 the。（学生经常会犯的错） ✅ Ms. Green is in charge of the school library this semester. ❌ The school library is in charge of Ms. Green this semester. ✅ The school library is in the charge of Ms. Green this semester. ❌ The school library is in charge of Ms. Green this semester. 三、句型易错点 1. not only...but also...连接并列成分 课文：He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 易错点：not only与but also后面的成分应保持平行。 例子：✅ Maria was put in charge of not only organizing the conference but also training the new volunteers. ❌ Maria was put in charge of not only organizing the conference but also trained the new volunteers. 2. 时间状语从句的省略 课文：When asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?”, his reply was a determined “Why not?” 易错点：省略主语和be动词后，过去分词的逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语一致。 例子：✅ When invited to speak at the ceremony, Maria gave a calm and confident answer before the guests. ❌ When invited to speak at the ceremony, Maria’s answer sounded calm and confident before the guests. 3. What引导主语从句 课文：What might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things. 易错点：what在从句中作主语，使用陈述句语序，不能加入疑问句中的助动词倒装；整个主语从句一般视为单数。 例子：✅ What caused the repeated power failures remains unknown to the engineers inspecting the building’s electrical system. ❌ What caused the repeated power failures remain unknown to the engineers inspecting the building’s electrical system. 4. 两者中的另一个：the other，而不是another 课文：The other was the big bang theory, which holds that the universe began at a single point. 易错点：两者间，使用one...the other...；another表示三个或更多事物中的“另一个”。 例子：✅ Of the two routes, the other option was safer, which meant that fewer travelers faced danger. ❌ Of the two routes, another option was safer, which meant that fewer travelers faced danger. 一、描述科学与科学发展的常用表达 scientific research 科学研究 scientific knowledge 科学知识 scientific discovery 科学发现 scientific progress 科学进步 technological innovation 技术创新 conduct an experiment 进行实验 carry out research 开展研究 collect and analyze data 收集并分析数据 test a theory 验证理论 prove a hypothesis 证明假设 solve a scientific problem 解决科学问题 explore the unknown 探索未知领域 uncover the secrets of nature 揭示自然界的奥秘 push the boundaries of human knowledge 拓展人类知识的边界 make a major breakthrough 取得重大突破 open up new possibilities 开辟新的可能性 lay the foundation for… 为……奠定基础 contribute to the development of… 促进……的发展 change the way we understand the world 改变我们理解世界的方式 二、描述科学家的品质 be curious about the world 对世界充满好奇 have a strong desire for knowledge 有强烈的求知欲 have an inquiring mind 具有探索精神 think independently 独立思考 think critically 批判性思考 be creative and imaginative 富有创造力和想象力 be careful and precise 认真且严谨 pay close attention to details 密切关注细节 remain patient and focused 保持耐心和专注 show great determination 表现出坚定的决心 have the courage to question accepted ideas 敢于质疑公认观点 refuse to give up 拒绝放弃 learn from failure 从失败中吸取教训 devote oneself to science 献身科学 dedicate one’s life to research 将一生奉献给研究 pursue the truth 追求真理 have a strong sense of responsibility 具有强烈的责任感 work for the benefit of humanity 为人类福祉而努力 三、描述科学家的研究过程 提出问题 raise an important question 提出一个重要问题 become interested in… 对……产生兴趣 wonder why/how… 想知道为什么／如何…… identify a problem 发现问题 进行研究 develop a theory 提出理论 form a hypothesis 形成假设 design an experiment 设计实验 observe a phenomenon 观察现象 gather evidence 收集证据 record the results 记录结果 analyze the findings 分析研究结果 面对困难 encounter difficulties 遇到困难 suffer repeated failures 经历多次失败 face doubt and criticism 面对质疑和批评 overcome technical challenges 克服技术难题 continue despite setbacks 尽管受挫仍继续努力 取得成果 reach a conclusion 得出结论 make an important discovery 作出重要发现 achieve a breakthrough 取得突破 publish one’s findings 发表研究成果 gain worldwide recognition 获得世界认可 be awarded the Nobel Prize 获得诺贝尔奖 四、描述科学成就的影响 have a great influence on… 对……产生重大影响 have a lasting impact on society 对社会产生深远影响 improve people’s quality of life 提高人们的生活质量 save countless lives 挽救无数生命 improve medical treatment 改善医疗手段 promote economic and social development 促进经济和社会发展 make everyday life more convenient 使日常生活更加便利 provide a solution to… 为……提供解决方案 benefit future generations 惠及后代 bring hope to humanity 给人类带来希望 transform modern society 改变现代社会 lead to further discoveries 推动更多新发现 inspire young people to study science 激励年轻人学习科学 五、高分句型积累 1. 强调科学家的品质 What makes a great scientist is not only intelligence, but also curiosity, patience and perseverance. 成就一位伟大科学家的，不仅是智慧，还有好奇心、耐心和毅力。 It was his determination and courage that enabled him to overcome countless difficulties. 正是他的决心和勇气使他克服了无数困难。 Rather than accepting existing ideas blindly, she dared to question them. 她没有盲目接受已有观点，而是敢于提出质疑。 2. 描述困难与坚持 Although he failed many times, he never lost confidence in his research. 尽管失败了许多次，他从未对自己的研究失去信心。 Faced with repeated setbacks, she chose to continue instead of giving up. 面对一次又一次的挫折，她选择继续前进，而不是放弃。 Every failure brought him one step closer to success. 每一次失败都使他离成功更近一步。 3. 描述贡献与影响 His discovery not only changed the field of medicine, but also saved millions of lives. 他的发现不仅改变了医学领域，还挽救了数百万人的生命。 Thanks to her pioneering work, scientists gained a deeper understanding of… 多亏了她的开创性研究，科学家对……有了更深入的认识。 The significance of this discovery lies in the fact that it opened up a new field of research. 这一发现的重要意义在于，它开辟了一个新的研究领域。 Without the contributions of scientists, many modern technologies would not have been possible. 如果没有科学家的贡献，许多现代技术都不可能出现。 4. 表达个人感悟 What I admire most about him is his lifelong devotion to science. 我最钦佩他的是他一生对科学的奉献。 Her story teaches us that success often comes from years of hard work. 她的故事告诉我们，成功往往来自多年的努力。 He is not only an outstanding scientist but also a role model for young people. 他不仅是一位杰出的科学家，也是年轻人的榜样。 Inspired by these scientists, I hope to explore the unknown and make a difference in the future. 受到这些科学家的鼓舞，我希望将来探索未知并有所作为。 $