1.3.1 自然生态-【创新教程】2022-2026五年高考英语真题分类特训试卷

主题语境3人与自然 1.自然生态 真题题组·实战集训l] Passage1(2026全国二卷，C篇) 海平面作为海拔高度参考点的 题材 体裁 说明文 词数 454 建议用时 8 概念史和现实意义 难度：山 The peak of Mount Qomolangma,8,849 meters above sea level.Chimborazo,6,263 m;Mont Blanc,4,806 m;Pradidali hut,at the foot of the Pala group in the Dolomites,2,278 m.It is common practice to provide the elevation (of a place.Simple readings are now readily available on our phones and wearables.But elevation is necessarily relative:only the choice of a reference point allows us to express numerically the height of an object or a location. The idea of sea level as a reference point for elevations has by now been around for so long as to go essentially unnoticed-we mention it without even considering what it means.That the concept has a history is easily ignored.We tend to forget that sea level is a product of technically and cultural- ly determined assumptions.In this book I tell a story of these assumptions. Appropriately,the book took shape during a summer spent between sea and mountains.A month after visiting the French Riviera and enjoying the sandy beaches of Nice and Menton,I went hiking with friends in the Pala group.Resting on a pass near the Pradidali hut,we began discussing the read- ings offered by our altimeters().Why did they vary ever so slightly from one instrument to the next?This sense of uncertainty led me to think about the meaning of zero.This is how I began my search for the conceptual history of sea level. In this book I examine three crucial stages in the history of mean sea level.These stages mirror the development of human conceptions of the sea.Since I began thinking about this project in August 2011,the issue of sea-level rise and the need to place it historically have only become more urgent:be- tween then and the end of 2022 the global sea rose by almost 5 centimeters,about half of the overall rise recorded by satellites since 1993. 28.What does the author point out at the beginning of the text? A.Some mountains are getting higher. B.Data on wearables are misleading. C.The concept of elevation is relative. D.The reference point is hard to locate. 29.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A.How the altimeter was invented. B.What initiated the author's research. C.Why the digital readings varied. D.Where the author spent his holiday. 30.What does the underlined word "it"refer to in the last paragraph? A.The book. B.The project. C.The issue. D.The development. 31.What can be the title of the book mentioned in the text? A.The Altimeter:A Must-Have B.Sea Level:A History C.Meaning of Zero:Nothing or Everything D.Mountains to Seas:Ups and Downs 68 Passage2(2025天津卷，A篇) 题材 旅游参观 体裁应用文词数 320建议用时5难度： Welcome to our university's Botanic Garden-plan your visit,and find out about what we do! You can either pay at the Ticket Office on arrival,or book your tickets online.Please note: Tickets cannot be used on any date other than the one they were booked for and are non-refundable (不可退款的). Guidelines for Visitors The Garden is an active research facility and a living museum with a collection of over 8,000 plants. Please bear in mind some simple rules for your visit: Only trained working dogs are permitted to enter the Garden. Children must stay with a grown-up at all times. Stick strictly to the paths and lawns(草坪). Do not climb the trees. Please do not pick any part of a growing plant. Cycling and ball games are not permitted in the Garden. Guided Tours in the Garden With over 8,000 plant species and a wonderful range of gardens and plantings to enjoy,there is something for everyone at the Garden,and many different aspects to appeal to a wide variety of inter- est groups. Free Drop-in Weekend Tours Enjoy a free-of-charge Garden tour with one of our expert guides,taking in the seasonal high- lights of the Garden. Our weekend tours are available every Sunday at 11:30 a.m.and 2 p.m.throughout the year. During the months of January and February these tours focus on the Winter Garden,Snowdrops and general winter interest. The free tours last one hour and start from the Fountain,near the Main Lawn. Group Tours Our experienced volunteer guides will help you enjoy the highlights and provide some of the background history and development of this amazing garden. These 90-minute,pre-bookable tours are ideal for adult groups wishing to make the most of their visit to our 40-acre site.Please visit the Group Guided Tours page for more details. 36.What should a potential visitor take note of before booking a ticket to the Garden? A.Whether one can afford the visit. B.Whether the Garden website is accessible. C.Whether one can accept the ticket-booking policy. D.Whether the tickets are still available at the Ticket Office. 37.A kid is allowed to visit the Garden when they are A.well trained B.with a bicycle C.accompanied by an adult D.guided by their working dog 38.What behaviour is acceptable in the Garden? A.Picking a flower. B.Climbing a tree. C.Playing a ball game. D.Walking on the lawns. 39.Where do the free drop-in weekend tours start? A.Snowdrops. B.The Fountain. C.The Main Lawn. D.The Winter Garden. 40.What special service can visitors enjoy on the group tour? A.The company of professional guides. B.The explanation of how the Garden works. C.The extended visit in and around the Garden. D.The introduction to the birth and growth of the Garden. 69 真题题组·氢战集训2] Passage3(2025天津卷，C篇)》 题材 海豹生理科研 体裁说明文词数 330建议用时6' 难度： All animals take in oxygen from the air they breathe in,and release COz from their blood when breathing out.Most mammals can't directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues.Instead,they rely on the rising level of CO2 in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath.But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood,and change their diving behavior in response. To find out if oxygen levels affected seal behavior,Professor McKnight at the University of St. Andrews and his colleagues created a special section in a pool where young seals were held.In one corner,there was a breathing chamber ()where they were sheltered from the rain and the wind. The breathing chamber was surrounded by panels that prevented surface swimming,yet swim- ming below the surface for about 200 feet would give the seals access to a feeder where they could eat as much fish as they liked.Once the seals got familiar with the setup,the researchers started to grad- ually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber,increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO2 to see an effect on their behavior.Sure enough:the higher the level of oxygen,the longer the seals stayed at the feeder. The finding suggests that seals don't just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing,but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior.This ability would put seals in a class beyond any land mammals that have been tested.Since oxygen levels on land remain stable,humans don't seem to have evolved (to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they're about to pass out in free-diving. Therefore,in free-diving without oxygen tanks,accidents are quite common.Our reliance on sensing CO2 levels in our blood instead of oxygen may be to blame.Actually,this is a perfectly rea- sonable strategy on land,where growing COz tends to signal breathing issues.But when holding our breath during diving,relying on CO2 levels is risky,especially on repeated dives.Because every time we surface and breathe in,our sensitivity to CO2 is decreased,even if its levels are already high,and this increases the chance that a person will,without awareness,pass out before they get to the surface. 46.What do most mammals rely on to determine when to take a breath? A.The growing amount of COz in their blood. B.The rising level of oxygen in their lungs. C.The intensity of their physical activity. D.The blood supply to body tissues. 47.When would the seals stay at the feeder for a longer period of time? A.When they needed to take in more food at the feeder. B.When the oxygen level in the chamber grew higher. C.When they familiarized themselves with the setup. D.When the CO2 level in the chamber was raised. 48.What results in humans'inability to notice low oxygen levels in their blood? A.The unstable CO2 levels in the air. B.Their lack of attention to breathing. C.The constant oxygen levels on land. D.Their functionally changeable heart rate. 49.Why do accidents often occur when divers go free-diving? A.Their breath cannot be held long enough. B.They cannot adjust the consumption of oxygen. C.They may fail to notice rising CO2 levels soon enough. D.Their breathing organs stop working properly underwater. 50.Which statement is probably supported by McKnight's seal research? A.Seals have evolved to survive in low oxygen environments. B.Seals are quick to sense oxygen levels and act accordingly. C.Seals can maintain their heart rate even with low blood oxygen levels. D.Seals are more sensitive to changes in the environment than other mammals. 70 Passage4(2025浙江1月卷，C篇) 题材 “矩阵式”种植法 体裁说明文 词数294建议用时8′难度：川 A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide.Referred to as matrix planting,this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden,and even some of the designing.Eschewing fertilizers()and power tools,it's based on an elegantly simple principle:to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly().In a matrix garden,plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground,forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf's gardens popularized this style,adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form,including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.Beautiful year-round,they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail,from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural.While matrix gardens appear wild,they are careful- ly planned,with cultural needs the first consideration.Led by the concept of "right plant,right place",they match plants that enjoy the same soil,sun and weather conditions,and arrange them ac- cording to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both the gardener and planet.With human inputs dramatically reduced,the garden's ecology can develop well.Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens:fertilizer,dividing,regular watering.Compared to traditional garden plots,they increase carbon absorption,reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28.What does the underlined word "Eschewing"in the first paragraph mean? A.Running out of. B.Keeping away from. C.Putting up with. D.Taking advantage of. 29.Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A.To control weeds in large gardens. B.To bring in foreign species of plants. C.To conserve soil and water resources. D.To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30.Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf's gardens? A.Traditional. B.Odd-looking. C.Tasteful. D.Well-protected. 31.Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A.The future of gardening is WILD B.Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C.Matrix gardens need more CARE D.Old garden plots work WONDERS 71 [真题题组·实战集训3] Passage5(2024新课标Ⅱ卷，A篇) 卡洛秋季徒步节的 题材 体裁 应用文 词数 290 建议用时 8' 四项徒步旅行活动 难度： Choice of Walks for Beginner and Experienced Walkers The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a great opportunity for the beginner,experienced or ad- vanced walker to enjoy the challenges of Carlow's mountain hikes or the peace of its woodland walks. Walk 1-The Natural World With environmentalist Eanna Lamhna as the guide,this walk promises to be an informative tour. Walkers are sure to learn lots about the habitats and natural world of the Blackstairs. Date and Time:Saturday,1st October,at 09:00 Start Point:Scratoes Bridge Walk Duration:6 hours Walk 2-Introduction to Hillwalking Emmanuel Chappard,an experienced guide,has a passion for making the great outdoors accessible to all.This mountain walk provides an insight into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure you get the most from future walking trips. Date and Time:Sunday,2nd October,at 09:00 Start Point:Deerpark Car Park Walk Duration:5 hours Walk 3-Moonlight Under the Stars Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone.Breathtaking views of the lowlands of Carlow can be enjoyed in the presence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs.A torch( )along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark.Those who are dressed inappro- priately will be refused permission to participate. Date and Time:Saturday,1st October,at 18:30 Start Point:The Town Hall Walk Duration:3 hours Walk 4-Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest This informative walk led by Richard Smyth introduces you to the basic principles of photography in the wild.Bring along your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest path. Date and Time:Sunday,2nd October,at 11:45 Start Point:Kilbrannish Forest Recreation Area Walk Duration:1.5 hours 21.Which walk takes the shortest time? A.The Natural World. B.Introduction to Hillwalking. C.Moonlight Under the Stars. D.Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest. 22.What are participants in Walk 3 required to do? A.Wear proper clothes. B.Join a walking club. C.Get special permits. D.Bring a survival guide. 23.What do the four walks have in common? A.They involve difficult climbing. B.They are for experienced walkers. C.They share the same start point. D.They are scheduled for the weekend. 72 Passage6(2024全国甲卷，B篇) 题材 了解猫的行为 体裁说明文词数302建议用时8′难度： Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.For instance,almost all animals have dis- tinct vocals()that they rely on to either ask for help,scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter.But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills.They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it.If a pet cat is hun- gry,it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food.However,when a cat is looking for affec- tion,they tend to produce stretched and soft meows.Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses,but their sense of smell is quite impressive.They use their no- ses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger.They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax.However,another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells.Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future.That's why most pet cats are able to tell immedi- ately if their owners were around any other cats,which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit,but cats take this behavior up a notch.Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners.This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators().Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you.These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the be- ginning of time.So just go along with it! 24.What can be learned about cats'meowing from the first paragraph? A.It's a survival skill. B.It's taught by mother cats. C.It's hard to interpret. D.It's getting louder with age. 25.How does a pet cat assess different situations? A.By listening for sounds. B.By touching familiar objects. C.By checking on smells. D.By communicating with other cats. 26.Which best explains the phrase "take...up a notch"in Paragraph 3? A.Perform appropriately. B.Move faster. C.Act strangely. D.Do better. 27.What is a suitable title for the text? A.Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B.Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C.Have Fun with Your Cat D.How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 73 [真题题组·实战集训l4] Passage7(2023全国甲卷，D篇) 题材美国灰熊生存环境和状况体裁说明文词数319 建议用时8'难度： Grizzly bears,which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg,occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere()them even as they give us frightening dreams.Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see,and their answer is often the same:a grizzly bear. "Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,"says bear biologist Chris Servheen.As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven't been seen in a century or more,they're increasingly being sighted by humans. The western half of the U.S.was full of grizzlies when Europeans came,with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans.By the early 1970s,after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers,600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies.In 1975,grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. Today,there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S.Their recovery has been so suc- cessful that the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies,which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted.Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups.For now,grizzlies remain listed. Obviously,if precautions()aren't taken,grizzlies can become troublesome,sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites,grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away."Our hope is to have a clean,attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learn- ing bad habits,"says James Jonkel,longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. 32.How do Americans look at grizzlies? A.They cause mixed feelings in people. B.They should be kept in national parks. C.They are of high scientific value. D.They are a symbol of American culture. 33.What has helped the increase of the grizzly population? A.The European settlers'behavior. B.The expansion of bears'range. C.The protection by law since 1975. D.The support of Native Americans. 34.What has stopped the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service from delisting grizzlies? A.The opposition of conservation groups. B.The successful comeback of grizzlies. C.The voice of the biologists. D.The local farmers'advocates. 35.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A.Food should be provided for grizzlies. B.People can live in harmony with grizzlies. C.A special path should be built for grizzlies. D.Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies. 74 Passage8(2023新课标Ⅱ卷，D篇) 题材城市中的自然场所有益健康体裁说明文词数454建议用时8′难度： As cities balloon with growth,access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming har- der to find.If you're lucky,there might be a pocket park near where you live,but it's unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans,but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park.They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.The researchers then examined these submissions,coding()experiences into different categories.For example,one participant's experience of "We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while'”was assigned the categories“sitting at beach”and“listening to waves..” Across the 320 submissions,a pattern of categories the researchers call a "nature language"be- gan to emerge.After the coding of all submissions,half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors.These include encountering wildlife,walking along the edge of water,and fol- lowing an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language,which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.For example,the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park.Back downtown during a workday,they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. "We're trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.And for that to happen,we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,"said Peter Kahn,a senior author of the study. 32.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A.Pocket parks are now popular. B.Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C.Many cities are overpopulated. D.People enjoy living close to nature. 33.Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A.To compare different types of park-goers. B.To explain why the park attracts tourists. C.To analyze the main features of the park. D.To find patterns in the visitors'summaries. 34.What can we learn from the example given in Paragraph 5? A.Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B.Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C.The same nature experience takes different forms. D.The nature language enhances work performance. 35.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A.Language study. B.Environmental conservation. C.Public education. D.Intercultural communication. 75 Passage9(2022全国甲卷，B篇) 题材鹦鹉识别物体形状实验 体裁说明文词数250建议用时8难度： Goffin's cockatoos,a kind of small parrot native to Australasia,have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.Though not known to use tools in the wild,the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.In a recent experiment,cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it.The clear front of the box had a"keyhole"in a geometric shape,and the birds were given five differently shaped "keys"to choose from.Inserting the correct “key”would let out the nut.. In humans,babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age,but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical(shapes.This abili- ty to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an "allocentric frame of reference".In the experiment,Goffin's cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job,in most cases,by visual recognition alone.Where trial-and-error was used,the cocka- toos did better than monkeys in similar tests.This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space,similar to two-year-old babies. The next step,according to the researchers,is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely en- tirely on visual clues(),or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. 24.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment? A.By following instructions. B.By using a tool. C.By turning the box around. D.By removing the lid. 25.Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text? A.Using a key to unlock a door. B.Telling parrots from other birds. C.Putting a ball into a round hole. D.Grouping toys of different shapes. 26.What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos? A.How far they are able to see. B.How they track moving objects. C.Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D.Whether they use a sense of touch in the test. 27.Which can be a suitable title for the text? A.Cockatoos:Quick Error Checkers B.Cockatoos:Independent Learners C.Cockatoos:Clever Signal-Readers D.Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters 76可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的 其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置。)”可 知使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路 成为可能。 29.C词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that Euro pean railways alone spend approximately 20 billion eu- ros a year on maintenance,including sending mainte- nance staff,often at night,to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure..(据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路雏 护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派 遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施。)”可知花在ma intenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure(检查和维修铁路基础设施)”，由此可知 "That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety..”是指大幅 节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词和C 项：Inspection and repair(检修)含义相近。 30.A细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Engineers are now working on a new concept:the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train,and programmed to run autonomously.Very small drones with advanced sensors and Al and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot.With their ability to see ahead,they could signal any problem,so that fast- moving trains would be able to react in time..(工程师们 现在正在研究一个新概念：未来的铁路无人机。它们 将在列车前方的轨道上运行，并被设定为自动运行。 配备了先进传感器和人工智能的小型无人机可以像副 驾驶员一样引导火车前进。它们有预见未来的能力， 可以发出任何问题的信号，这样快速行驶的列车就能 及时做出反应。)”由此可知，人们期待未来的铁路无人 机具备提供早期预警的功能。 3l.D主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and relia bility of railways and,at the same time,help railway operators save billions of euros each year?That is the very likely future of applying today's 'eyes in the sky' technology to making sure that the millions of kilome ters of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)world- wide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis..(一小群无人机 能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每 年节省数十亿欧元？这很可能是应用今天的·空中之 眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和 基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了 使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成 为可能；第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本 和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用 最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价 值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未 来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文 章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。 Passage 11 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时 使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名 立法者提出使用Textalyzer(短信监控器)的技术来监控司 机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。 8.A推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years,most states have banned texting by drivers,and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of meth- ods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel..(在过去的七年里，大多数州 都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的 9 方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。)”以及第二段中 "Yet the problem,by just about any measure,appears to be getting worse.(然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题 似乎都在恶化。)”可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方 法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来 越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意 为“无效的”，与此相符。 9.B细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws..(这项技术可以确 定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾 驶法不允许的其他事情。)”可知，Textalyzer能够确定的 是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不 允许的行为。B选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此 相符。 l0.D词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,(我们需要 一些能改变人们行为的东西，)”可知，something是能够 改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law,he said,'people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.'(他说，如果 Textalyzer法案成为法律，‘人们会更害怕拿起手机。')” 可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成 为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车 的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。 11.B主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是 “虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们 在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段 中“That is partly because people are driving more..(部分 原因是开车的人越来越多。)”可知，解释了该行为产生 的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问 题，纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer 技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后 一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的 法案，由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。故B选项Tex ting and Driving？Watch Out for the Textalyzer(发短信 还是在开车？防范短信监控器)”适合做文章的标题。 主题语境3人与自然 1.自然生态 Passage 1 [语篇解读]文章主要探讨了海拔高度的相对性，以及海 平面作为参考点的历史演变。作者通过个人经历引出对 海平面概念的思考，并介绍了其著作中关于平均海平面历 史的研究。 28.C细节理解题。根据第一段“But elevation is necessa rily relative:only the choice of a reference point allows us to express numerically the height of an object or a lo- cation.(但海拔必定是相对的：只有选择一个参考点， 我们才能用数字表达一个物体或位置的高度。)”可知， 作者在文章开头指出海拔的概念是相对的。 29.B段落大意题。根据第三段“Resting on a pass near the Pradidali hut,we began discussing the readings of- fered by our altimeters(a测高仪).Why did they vary ever so slightly from one instrument to the next?This sense of uncertainty led me to think about the meaning of zero.This is how I began my search for the concep- tual history of sea level.(在Pradidali小屋附近的山口 休息时，我们开始讨论测高仪上的读数。为什么不同 仪器之间的读数略有差异？这种不确定性让我开始思 考零的含义。这就是我开始探究海平面概念史的原 因。)”可推知，本段主要讲述了作者研究工作的起因。 2 30.C词义猜测题。根据最后一段“Since I began thinking about this project in August 2011,the issue of sea-level rise and the need to place it historically have only be- come more urgent:between then and the end of 2022 the global sea rose by almost 5 centimeters,about half of the overall rise recorded by satellites since 1993. 从我在2011年8月开始思考这个项目以来，海平面上 升的问题以及将它置于历史背景下的必要性变得愈发 紧迫：从那时到2022年底，全球海平面上升了近5厘 米，约占自1993年以来卫星记录的总体上升幅度的一 半。)”可知，划线词“it”指代前文提到的“the issue of sea-level rise”中的“the issue”,即海平面上升的问题。 3l.B推理判断题。通读全文，根据第二段“That the con- cept has a history is easily ignored.We tend to forget that sea level is a product of technically and culturally determined assumptions.In this book I tell a story of these assumptions.(这个概念有一段历史很容易被忽 视。我们往往忘记海平面是技术和文化决定的假设的 产物。在这本书中，我讲述了这些假设的故事。)”以及 第四段“In this book I examine three crucial stages in the history of mean sea level,(在这本书中，我考察了平 均海平面历史的三个关键阶段。)”可推知，该书主要探 讨海平面的历史。因此，这本书最合适的标题是“海平 面：一段历史”。 Passage 2 [语篇解读]这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了大学植物园的 购票规则、游客需遵守的规定，还提及免费周末导览和需 预约的团体导览，助力游客规划参观。 36.C细节理解题。根据第二段“Tickets cannot be used on any date other than the one they were booked for and are non-refundable(不可退款的)，（这些票只能在预订 的日期使用，其他日期不可使用，而且一经售出不予退 款。)”可知，在预订前往花园的门票之前，潜在游客应 该注意是否能接受该门票预订政策。故选C。 37.C细节理解题。根据Guidelines for Visitors部分 “Children must stay with a grown-up at all times.(孩子 们任何时候都必须与成年人在一起。)”可知，孩子由成 人陪同下可以进入花园。故选C。 38.D细节理解题。根据Guidelines for Visitors部分 “Stick strictly to the paths and lawns(草坪).（一定要 沿着人行道和草坪行走。)”可知，在草坪上行走是被允 许的。故选D。 39.B细节理解题。根据◆Free Drop-in Weekend Tours 部分“The free tours last one hour and start from the Fountain,near the Main Lawn,(免费导览活动时长一 小时，从靠近主草坪的喷泉处开始。)”可知，免费的周 末旅游从喷泉处开始。故选B。 40.D细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Our experienced volunteer guides will help you enjoy the highlights and provide some of the background history and develop- ment of this amazing garden,(我们经验丰富的志愿者 导游会帮助您领略这座花园的精华之处，并为您介绍 一些有关这座神奇花园的历史背景和发展历程。)”可 知，团体游中游客可以享受到介绍花园的诞生与成长。 故选D。 Passage 3 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了海豹能 感知血液中氧气量并据此改变潜水行为，人类则因陆地氧 气稳定未演化出此能力。 46.A细节理解题。根据第一段中“Most mammals(哺乳 can't directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues.Instead,they rely on the ris- ing level of CO,in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath..(大多数哺乳动物不能直接检测 供应给组织的血液中的氧气水平。相反，它们依靠血 19 液中二氧化碳水平的上升来发出可能需要呼吸的信 号。)”可知，大多数哺乳动物依靠血液中二氧化碳含量 的上升来判断何时呼吸。故选A。 47.B细节理解题。根据第三段中“O)nce the seals got fa miliar with the setup,the researchers started to gradu- ally change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber,increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO,to see an effect on their behavior.Sure e nough:the higher the level of oxygen,the longer the seals stayed at the feeder.(一旦海豹熟悉了这种设置， 研究人员开始逐渐改变呼吸室中空气的成分，增加或 减少氧气和二氧化碳的水平，以观察对其行为的影响。 果然如此：氧气水平越高，海豹在喂食器停留的时间就 越长。)”可知，当呼吸室中的氧气水平升高时，海豹会 在喂食器停留更长时间。故选B。 48.C细节理解题。根据第四段中“Since oxygen levels on land remain stable,humans don't seem to have evolved (to notice low blood oxygen levels,sometimes not even when they're about to pass out in free-diving. (由于陆地上的氧气水平保持稳定，人类似乎没有进化 出注意到血液中低氧水平的能力，有时甚至在自由潜 水即将昏倒时也没有。)”可知，人类无法察觉血液中低 氧水平是因为陆地上氧气水平稳定。故选C。 49.C细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Because every time we surface and breathe in,our sensitivity to CO2 is de- creased,even if its levels are already high,and this in- creases the chance that a person will,without aware- ness,pass out before they get to the surface,.(因为每次 我们浮出水面吸气时，我们对二氧化碳的敏感性都会 降低，即使其水平已经很高，这也会增加一个人在浮出 水面之前无意识地昏倒的可能性。)”可知，潜水员在 由潜水时经常发生事故是因为他们可能没有及时注意 到二氧化碳水平的上升。故选C。 50.B推理判断题。根据第一段中“But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood,and change their div- ing behavior in response.(但最近发表在《科学》杂志上 的一项研究表明，海豹可以感知血液中的氧气量，并相 应地改变它们的潜水行为。)”和第四段中“The finding suggests that seals don't just physically respond to oxy- gen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing,but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior.(这一发现表明，海豹不仅仅是通过改变心率 或呼吸来对氧气水平做出身体反应，而是它们对氧气 水平有足够的意识来改变它们的行为。)”可知，McK nght的海豹研究表明，海豹能迅速感知氧气水平并据 此采取行动。故选B。 Passage 4 「语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型 园艺设计方法一矩阵种植。 28.B词句猜测题。根据上文“Referred to as matrix planting,this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden,and even some of the designing..(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然 在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工 作。)”可知，矩阵种植是让大自然自身承接更多的工 作；结合常识和划线词所在句“Eschewing fertilizers(化 and power tools,it's based on an elegantly simple principle:to garden more like nature does.(Eschewing 化肥和电动工具，它基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大 自然那样进行园艺种植。)”中“to garden more like na ture does”可推知，要像大自然那样进行园艺种植，让大 自然自身承接更多的工作，就不需要使用化肥和电动 工具。所以划线词“Eschewing”的意思是“避开、远离”， 与B项“Keeping away from.”同义。 3 29.D细节理解题。根据第二段中“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance,(这个概念诞生 于二战后，当时德国城市规划者试图以一种可复制且 需要最少雏护的方式种植大片公园绿地。)”可知，引入 矩阵种植的想法是为了开发低雏护成本的公园绿地。 30.C推理判断题。根据第三段中“Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf's gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while pla- ying with color and form,including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife,(荷兰植物学家兼设计 师Piet Oudolf的花园推广了这种风格，在种植组合中 增添了艺术气息，同时玩转色彩和形态，四季都有看 点，还满足了野生动物的需求。)”可知，Piet)udolf的 花园有艺术气息，很有品味 3l.A主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Referred to as matrix planting,this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden,and even some of the designing.Eschewing fertilizers()and power tools,it's based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(这种被称为矩阵种植 的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作， 甚至承担一些设计工作。它避开化肥和电动工具，基 于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种 拉。)”和最后一段中“With human inputs dramatically reduced,the garden's ecology can develop well.Estab- lished matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens:fertilizer,dividing,regular wa tering.Compared to traditional garden plots,they in- crease carbon absorption,reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.(随着人类 投入的大幅减少，花园的生态系统可以良好发展。成 熟的矩阵花园不需要我们给予大多数花园的维持手 段：化肥、分株、定期浇水。与传统花园地块相比，它们 增加了碳吸收，减少了雨水径流，并显著改善了栖息地 和生物多样性。)”可知，文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种 新型园艺设计方法，它让花园更接近自然、野生的状 态，未来园艺可能会朝着这种更自然、野生的方向发 展。故A项“The future of gardening is WILD(园艺的 未来是自然的)”能概括文章主旨，适合做文章标题。 Passage 5 [语篇解读]本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了参加 卡洛秋季徒步节的几种步行方案，及其日期、起点和步行 时间等相关细节。 21.D细节理解题。通读全文，根据文章所给出的四种方 案中的“Walk Duration(步行时间)”部分比较可知 “Walk4一Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest(步 行4一基尔布兰尼什森林摄影步行)”的步行时间是1.5 小时，用时最短。 22.A细节理解题。根据文章“Walk3一Moonlight Un- der the Stars(步行3一星光下的月光)”部分中的“Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permis- sion to participate.(穿着不当的人将被拒绝参加。)”可知 第三种步行方案的参与者需要穿合适的衣服。 23.D细节理解题。根据四种步行方案中的“Date and Time(日期和时间)”部分比较可知，这四种方案都被安 排在周末。 Passage 6 [语篇解读]文章主要介绍了猫的行为及其背后的原因， 帮助读者更好地理解猫的行为。 24.A细节理解题。由第一段内容可知，动物通过不同的 叫声表达自己的需求，如求助、驱赶危险动物或寻找住所 等，表明和大多数动物一样，猫的叫声也是一种生存技能。 25.C细节理解题。由第二段内容可知，猫通过噢觉来评 估环境和寻找危险的迹象，它们会在选择放松的地方 之前嗅闻特定区域。因此，猫通过嗅觉来评估不同的 情况。 184 26.D词义猜测题。由第三段中“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit,but cats take this be- havior up a notch.”以及接下来的描述可知，猫通过带 回物品给主人来表示爱意，这种行为比狗的取物行为 更进一步，即做得更好。 27.B标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了猫的行为及其背后 的原因，帮助读者更好地理解猫的行为，因此最合适的 标题是“理解你的猫的行为”。 Passage 7 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。讲述了美国灰熊从濒 危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。 32.A细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears,which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. 可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心 理中占据着一个矛盾的角落一即使它们给我们带来 可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们。”可知，美国人对灰熊既有 害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。 33.C推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In1975,griz zlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. 1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》。”以及第四段“T0 day,there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S.Their recovery has been so successful that the U. S.Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies,which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted.如今，美国大约有2000 只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国 鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除 名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。”可 推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了 增长。 34.A细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today,there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S.Their re- covery has been so successful that the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted.Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups.For now,grizzlies remain listed.如今，美国大约有2000只或更多的灰熊。它们 的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局 两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法 律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两 次提案都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上。”可知，是 环保组织的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将 灰熊从频危物种名单上除名」 35.B推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviously,if pre cautions aren't taken,grizzlies can become trouble- some,sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites,grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away.Our hope is to have a clean,attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,'says James Jonkel,longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula,显然，如果不采 取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动 物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱 剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。 在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能 有效地赶走灰熊。‘我们希望有一个千净，没有诱饵的 地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，’詹姆斯·琼克 尔说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉市及其周围熊的生物 学家。”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦， 但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。 Passage 8 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。城市化的发展让人们 越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生 自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一 座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动 可以创造出一种可用的语言，可帮助人们认识和参与最令 人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生 自然。 32.B细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth,access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.If you're lucky,there might be a pocket park near where you live,but it's un- usual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. 着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难 以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可 能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地 方是罕见的。”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在 城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。 33.D推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers,asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.The researchers then examined these submissions,coding (experiences into dif- ferent categories..他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他 们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大 自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交 的信息，将体验分为不同的类别。”可知，研究人员按照 公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客 分类，再根据第四段“Across the320 submissions,a pattern of categories the researchers call a nature lan- guage'began to emerge.After the coding of all submis- sions,half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors,在这320份提交的作品中，一种 被研究人员称为‘自然语言的分类模式开始出现。在 对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对 游客最重要。”可知，研究人员对参与者提交的内容进行 了分类，以便在游客的总结中找到模式并确定对游客最重 要的自然体验。通过这样做，他们能够创造一种“自然语 言，”帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最满意和最有意义 的活动。选项D准确地反映了这一目的。 34.C推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language,which helps peo ple recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.For example,the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park.Back downtown during a workday,they can en- joy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.命名每一种自然 体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参 与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如， 沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在 周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中 心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家 的互动方式。”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造了一种 可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与到对自己来说最 满意和最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人 士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步 让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷 泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们 可以知道一样的自然体验可以以不同的形式呈现。 35.B推理判断题。根据最后一段“We're trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.And for that to happen,we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,'said Peter Kahn,a senior author of the study.'我们正试图创 造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的 日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自 19 然，这样我们才能与它互动，’该研究的资深作者彼 得·卡恩说。”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大 自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。 Passage 9 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种 会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。 24.B细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Though not known to use tools in the wild,the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.(虽然人们不知道这些 鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里 时就能熟练地使用工具。)”以及“the birds were given five differently shaped 'key'to choose from.Inserting the correct‘key’would let out the nut..(研究人员给了 这些鸟5把形状各异的‘钥匙’供它们选择。插入正确 的‘钥匙’会让坚果出来。)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉 是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。 25.C细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans,babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age(在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一 个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知， 一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞 里”的任务。 26.D推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers,is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues,or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selec- tions..（根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤 头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择 它们的形状。)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦 鹊在测试中是否使用触觉。 27.D主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段 "Goffin's cockatoos,a kind of small parrot native to Australasia,have been shown to have similar shape- recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.(科芬的 凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识 别能力与两岁的人类相似。)”可推知，本文主要介绍了 会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters(凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文 意，最适合作为本文标题。 2.环境保护 Passage I [语篇解读]本文聚焦纽约植树计划暗藏的忧患：现有的 主要树种（檬树和胶皮枫香树）会释放异戊二烯，与氨氧化 物反应形成近地面臭氧，威胁空气质量，间接危害人体健 康，引发人们思考。 28.C 推理判断题。本题问这项有关橡树和胶皮枫香树的 新研究说明了什么。根据文章第二段中的“()aks and sweetgums...produce huge amounts of a chemical sub- stance called isoprene...to form ground-level ozone-a major factor in many breathing problems..”可知，椽树和 胶皮枫香树会释放出一种叫作异戊二烯的化学物质， 它与空气中的氨氧化物反应会产生近地面臭氧，是许 多呼吸问题的重要诱因，即这些树木会间接危害人体 健康。故选C项。 29.C推理判断题。本题问科曼基于研究可能提出的建 议。根据文章第二段内容可知，现有的主要树种（橡树 和胶皮枫香树)会间接危害人体健康；第三段中的“f the city maintains past species patterns in new plant ings...ozone levels as much as30%”表明，研究发现， 若在新栽植的树中维持过去的树种模式，异戊二烯和 夏季臭氧水平都将大幅增加：同时根据第四段的科曼 的话可知，科曼赞同多植树，但认为应当谨慎对待植树 活动。由此可推知，科曼可能会建议改变新栽植的树 种。故选C项。 30.B词义猜测题。本题问第五段中的画线短语“oblivi- ous to”的含义。根据第五段第二句“A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago conclu- ded that city trees did release isoprene.”可知，公园部门 5