精品解析：北京朝阳区2025-2026学年高二下学期7月期末英语试题

2025 ~2026学年度第二学期期末检测 高二英语试卷 (考试时间100分钟 满分100分) 本试卷共10页。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。 第一部分 知识运用(共三节，30分) 第一节 完形填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 I was eleven when I spotted my elderly neighbour, Julie, gardening on a sunny day. After chatting over the fence, she invited me to help cut back an overgrown hedge (灌木丛) ____1____ a nearby pathway. I loved the idea of helping Julie and our community, so we worked together to ____2____ the hedge and posted photos of our handiwork in our local online group. The community reaction was ____3____. One wheelchair user was grateful because he didn’t have to go on the road anymore to pass the hedge. The whole town felt motivated to follow our ____4____. Many residents volunteered to do more to keep our town ____5____, from cleaning up flower beds to collecting litter. With many willing hands, our town has gradually ____6____. Before, the town looked a bit run-down, but now, it looks cleaner and more organized. When we first launched a clean-up campaign, we had almost nothing and relied on equipment borrowed from my parents’ garage. But as time went on, donations from the local community ____7____. Our garage got filled up so ____8____ with gardening tools that we had to move all of this to Julie’s spare garage. I also created an online page and website to support the campaign, allowing hundreds of volunteers to ____9____ their efforts and organize clean-up activities. I’m so pleased that 6 years later, the campaign is still in full swing. Our ____10____ will not stop. We hope our story will inspire other communities around the world to do the same. 1. A. decorating B. facing C. blocking D. shading 2. A. clear B. hide C. cover D. empty 3. A. objective B. amazing C. negative D. confusing 4. A. advice B. rule C. instruction D. lead 5. A. tidy B. safe C. quiet D. wealthy 6. A. settled B. transformed C. expanded D. diversified 7. A. dried up B. levelled out C. came in D. dropped off 8. A. easily B. secretly C. suddenly D. slowly 9. A. reward B. increase C. appreciate D. share 10. A. struggle B. mission C. commitment D. reaction 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. B 【解析】 【导语】文章讲述作者11岁时帮邻居修剪堵塞小路的灌木丛，意外带动全镇居民自发开展社区清洁公益活动，后续搭建线上平台、收获物资捐赠，公益活动持续六年仍在开展，并希望激励全球其他社区行动。 【1题详解】 考查动词。句意：在篱笆边聊过天之后，她邀请我帮忙修剪一处挡住附近小路的、长得过于茂密的灌木丛。A. decorating 装饰；B. facing 面对；C. blocking 挡住、阻塞；D. shading 遮蔽。根据下文“One wheelchair user was grateful because he didn’t have to go on the road anymore to pass the hedge”可知，之前轮椅使用者为了绕过灌木丛不得不走机动车道，说明这个灌木丛完全挡住了原本的小路通行空间。 【2题详解】 考查动词。句意：我很乐意帮助朱莉、也想为社区出一份力，所以我们一起清理了这处灌木丛，还把我们劳动成果的照片发到了当地的线上社群里。A. clear 清理、清除；B. hide 隐藏；C. cover 覆盖；D. empty 清空。根据上文“cut back an overgrown hedge”可知，上文提到灌木丛过于茂密挡住了小路，两人的行动就是把阻碍通行的灌木清理掉，恢复小路的通行功能。 【3题详解】 考查形容词。句意：社区的反响好得惊人。A. objective 客观的；B. amazing 令人惊喜的、惊人的；C. negative 消极的；D. confusing 令人困惑的。根据下文“One wheelchair user was grateful because he didn’t have to go on the road anymore to pass the hedge.”和“Many residents volunteered to do more ”可知，下文提到有轮椅使用者特意表达感谢，全镇的居民都被带动起来参与志愿活动，说明大家的反馈非常积极热烈，完全超出了两人最初的预期，是令人惊讶的。 【4题详解】 考查名词。句意：整个小镇都受到鼓舞，纷纷效仿我们的做法。A. advice 建议；B. rule 规则；C. instruction 指导；D. lead 榜样、引领。固定搭配follow one’s lead表示“效仿某人、跟着某人的引领做”，此处指大家跟着作者和朱莉的行动，一起参与社区维护。 【5题详解】 考查形容词。句意：很多居民主动报名，自愿付出更多努力来让我们的小镇保持整洁，大家有的清理花坛，有的捡拾垃圾。A. tidy 整洁的；B. safe 安全的；C. quiet 安静的；D. wealthy 富有的。根据下文“ cleaning up flower beds”和“collecting litter”可知，清理花坛和捡拾垃圾这两类行为都是为了让环境干净整洁。 【6题详解】 考查动词。句意：靠着众人的齐心协力，我们的小镇逐渐发生了转变。A. settled 定居、安顿；B. transformed 转变、改观；C. expanded 扩张；D. diversified 多样化。根据下文“Before, the town looked a bit run-down, but now, it looks cleaner and more organized.”可知，下文明确对比了小镇前后的状态：之前有些破败，现在干净又规整，说明小镇的整体面貌发生了彻底的正向改变。 【7题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：最开始我们发起清洁运动的时候几乎一无所有，只能靠从我父母的车库里借来的设备开展工作，但随着时间推移，来自当地社区的捐赠源源不断地到来。A. dried up 枯竭、耗尽；B. levelled out 趋于平稳；C. came in 收到、涌入；D. dropped off 减少、下降。根据下文“with gardening tools that we had to move all of this to Julie’s spare garage.”可知，捐赠物资不断送过来。 【8题详解】 考查副词。句意：我们的车库里很快就堆满了园艺工具，最后不得不把所有东西都搬到了朱莉闲置的车库里。A. easily 轻易地；B. secretly 秘密地；C. suddenly 一下子、很快地；D. slowly 缓慢地。上文提到捐赠不断涌入，工具的数量快速增长，原本的车库很快就被塞满，这个过程的变化速度超出了他们最初的预料。 【9题详解】 考查动词。句意：我还创建了一个线上主页和网站来支持这场运动，让数百名志愿者可以在这里共享他们的行动进度，统筹安排各类清洁活动。A. reward 奖励；B. increase 增加；C. appreciate 感激；D. share 分享。根据上文“I also created an online page and website to support the campaign,”可知，线上平台的作用就是给志愿者提供信息互通的渠道，大家可以在这里发布自己的行动内容、协调时间和分工，也就是共享各自的行动相关信息。 【10题详解】 考查名词。句意：我们的使命不会停下脚步。A. struggle 挣扎；B. mission 使命；C. commitment 承诺；D. reaction 反应。根据下文“We hope our story will inspire other communities around the world to do the same.”可知，下文提到他们希望用自己的故事激励全世界更多的社区参与同类行动，说明这场社区清洁公益已经从一次偶然的劳动，变成了他们想要长期坚持、向外传递影响力的事业使命。 第二节 选词填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分) 阅读下面句子，根据句意，从方框中选择恰当的词或词组，并用其正确形式填空。 Inquire Wander Slip away Reflect on Be capable of Preserve Reveal Motivate Appeal to Apologize for 11. My parents always ________ me to follow my dreams. 12. Without proper planning, success may easily ________. 13. The broken window ________ how strong the wind had been. 14. The AI system ________ analyzing complex data within seconds. 15. The movie strongly ________ audiences of all ages upon its release. 16. It is important to ________ cultural traditions for future generations. 17. After finishing the book, she sat quietly and ________ its deeper meaning. 18. He enjoys ________ on the city streets to find inspiration for his paintings. 19. Visitors can ________ at the front desk for more information about the museum. 20. She realized her mistake and ________ interrupting the teacher during the lecture. 【答案】11. motivate 12. slip away 13. revealed 14. is capable of 15. appealed to 16. preserve 17. reflected on 18. wandering 19. inquire 20. apologized for 【解析】 【11题详解】 考查动词。句意：父母总是激励我追逐梦想。结合“me to follow my dreams”可知，用固定短语motivate sb. to do sth.，表示“激励某人做某事”；根据always可知，使用一般现在时，主语parents为复数，动词用原形。 【12题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：缺少合理规划，成功很容易溜走。结合“Without proper planning”可知，用固定短语slip away，意为“悄然消失、溜走”，情态动词may后接动词原形。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：破碎的窗户显现出当时的风有多猛烈。结合“how strong the wind had been”可知，用动词reveal，意为“揭示，显露”，从句谓语had been为过去完成时，主句动作发生在过去，用一般过去时，reveal用过去式revealed。 【14题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：这套人工智能系统能够在数秒内分析复杂数据。结合“analyzing complex data within seconds”可知，用固定短语be capable of doing sth.，意为“能够做某事”；陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语 the AI system 是单数，be动词用is。 【15题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：这部电影一经上映，就深深吸引了各年龄段观众。结合“audiences of all ages”可知，用固定短语appeal to sb.，意为“吸引某人”；根据upon its release可知，此处为一般过去时，appeal变过去式appealed。 【16题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：为后代保护文化传统十分重要。结合“cultural traditions”可知，用动词preserve，意为“保护、保存”，It is important to do sth.为固定句型，不定式符号to后接动词原形。 【17题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：读完书后，她静静坐着，思索它深层的含义。结合“its deeper meaning”可知，用固定短语reflect on，意为“反思”，and 连接并列谓语，sat为过去式，reflect on也用过去式reflected on。 【18题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他喜欢在城市街道漫步，为画作寻找灵感。结合“on the city streets to find inspiration for his paintings”可知，用动词wander，意为“漫步”，固定搭配enjoy doing sth.意为“喜欢做某事”；wander的动名词形式是wandering。 【19题详解】 考查动词。句意：游客可以在前台咨询更多博物馆相关信息。结合“at the front desk for more information about the museum”可知，用动词inquire，意为“询问，咨询”，情态动词can后接动词原形。 【20题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：她意识到自己的错误，为课堂上打断老师而道歉。结合“She realized her mistake”可知，用固定短语apologize for doing sth.，意为“为做某事道歉”，and连接并列谓语，realized是过去式，句子时态为一般过去时，动词apologize也用过去式 apologized for。 第三节 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分) 阅读下面句子，根据句子内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 21. I ________ (finish) all my tasks before we sat down for dinner.(所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】had finished 【解析】 【详解】句意：在我们坐下吃晚饭之前，我就已经完成了所有任务。finish发生在sat down之前，表示“过去的过去”，用过去完成时，空处需填had finished。 22. She opened the window, ________ (let) fresh air into the room. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】letting 【解析】 【详解】句意：她打开窗户，让新鲜空气进到屋里。let的逻辑主语是前面的句子，两者之间是主动关系，用现在分词作状语。 23. Students should focus on ________ the teacher emphasized in class. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】what 【解析】 【详解】句意：学生们应该专注于老师在课堂上所强调的内容。focus on后接宾语从句，连接词在从句中作emphasized的宾语，表示强调的内容，所以用what引导。 24. We live in a time ________ technology is changing everything rapidly. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】when 【解析】 【详解】句意：我们生活在一个科技迅速改变一切的时代。该空引导定语从句修饰前面名词time，并指代先行词在从句中作时间状语，应填when。 25. ________ (give) enough time, the project can be successfully carried out. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】Given 【解析】 【详解】句意：如果给予充足时间，这个项目能够顺利开展。the project与give是被动关系，故用过去分词作条件状语。首字母大写。 26. The library ________ (decorate) for the reading festival when I walked in. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】was being decorated 【解析】 【详解】句意：我走进去的时候，图书馆正在为读书节布置装饰。根据时间状语when I walked in可知，此处表示过去某个具体时刻正在进行的动作，使用过去进行时，the library和decorate为被动关系，需用被动语态，主语为单数名词，be动词用was。 27. Scientists rely on ________ (accuracy) evidence to draw reliable conclusions. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】accurate 【解析】 【详解】句意：科学家依靠准确的证据来得出可靠的结论。修饰名词evidence用形容词accurate，作定语。 28. Tom is an ________ (intelligence) boy who always solves problems efficiently. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】intelligent 【解析】 【详解】句意：汤姆是一个聪明的男孩，他总能高效地解决问题。空处修饰名词boy，需用形容词intelligent，作定语。 29. They ________ (discuss) new rules for the school club since the meeting began. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】have been discussing##have discussed 【解析】 【详解】句意：自从会议开始后，他们一直在讨论学校社团的新规定。根据时间状语“since the meeting began”以及复数主语“They”可知，此空可用现在完成进行时have been discussing或现在完成时have discussed，表示动作持续到现在，或仍在进行的动作。 30. The Tianshan Tunnel, _______ (complete) last year, has greatly improved transportation. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】completed 【解析】 【详解】句意：天山隧道于去年完工，极大地改善了交通运输状况。句中有谓语动词has improved，提示词complete是动词，应用非谓语动词，和逻辑主语The Tianshan Tunnel是被动关系，且动作已完成，用过去分词作后置定语。 第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，38分) 第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A The English Pathways programme, offered at Dukes Cambridge Summer School for teens, gives you two weeks to improve your language skills through engaging, practical work. Programme Features • Academic Content: 20 hours of subject — specific academic content per week with experienced teachers, delivered through interactive and hands — on practical workshops. • Fieldwork: Taking learning beyond the classroom and into the city, where you can carry out research on site and test ideas through practical experiments that connect theory with real-world contexts. • Time to Shine: Opportunities to apply and share knowledge with your peers through group projects. In week one, gather short reports, interviews, and reflections on your learning, and then edit them into a magazine. In week two, deliver a group presentation. • Committed Academic Coaching: Designed to support you in applying for a UK university, whether that’s writing a personal statement or preparing for a presentation. Our Approach to Your Learning The programme balances language study with real-world use, encouraging you to practise reading, writing, speaking, and listening in both academic and everyday contexts. Through interactive classes, cooperative projects, and guided discussion, you’ll strengthen grammar, expand vocabulary, and refine pronunciation. With small group teaching, teachers provide individual support, helping you use English more effectively and with greater clarity across different contexts. Key Learning Outcomes • Strengthen core English skills for both academic and practical use. • Apply English in real-world contexts through projects, discussions, and presentations. • Develop analytical and critical thinking in English by interpreting texts, structuring arguments, and evaluating information. • Build communication skills and confidence through group projects and cross-cultural cooperation. • Get a Certificate of Achievement from Dukes Cambridge and a personalized letter of reference on request. 31. What will the teens do in the programme? A. Finish a UK university application. B. Conduct research in real-world settings. C. Take a twenty-hour course every two weeks. D. Produce a magazine about language development. 32. In the programme, teachers support teens’ learning by ________. A. encouraging independent study B. providing courses on communication skills C. offering personalized support in small groups D. focusing on memorizing grammar and vocabulary 33. The programme enables teens to ________. A. work in English-related professions B. get recommended by Dukes Cambridge C. lead cross-cultural collaborative projects D. strengthen the ability to think critically in English 【答案】31. B 32. C 33. D 【解析】 【导语】剑桥公爵暑期学校的英语提升项目为期两周，融合课堂、实地实践与小组任务，小班教学因材施教，既能夯实英语实用能力，也培养英文思辨能力，结业可获证书与推荐信。 【31题详解】 细节理解题。根据Programme Features部分“Taking learning beyond the classroom and into the city, where you can carry out research on site and test ideas through practical experiments that connect theory with real-world contexts.(将学习从课堂延伸到城市，你可以在现场开展研究，并通过实践实验验证想法，将理论与现实情境相结合)”可知，青少年在项目中在真实环境中开展研究。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据Our Approach to Your Learning部分“With small group teaching, teachers provide individual support, helping you use English more effectively and with greater clarity across different contexts.(在小班教学中，教师提供个性化支持，帮助你在不同情境下更有效地、更清晰地使用英语)”可知，在项目中，教师通过为小团体提供个性化支持，帮助青少年学习。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据Key Learning Outcomes部分“Develop analytical and critical thinking in English by interpreting texts, structuring arguments, and evaluating information.(通过解读文本、构建论点和评估信息，发展英语中的分析与批判性思维)”可知，该项目帮助青少年提升用英语进行批判性思维的能力。 B My first year of high school is over and I have an enormous amount of free time. Over the school year, I have complained of being too busy. Now that I have that time, I don’t know how to use it. I miss going to school, doing group assignments and laughing with my friends. School filled me with purpose and a sense of achievement. I find that I, as well as my friends, feel sad about school coming to an end. I went on a journey to find out how to free myself from “Summer Blues”. To get to the root of “Summer Blues,” I tried to visualize it through my inner eye, by painting it. I added different shades of blue and stormy clouds to express my thoughts through creativity. Art always helps me sort out my emotions and understand them. Plus, art is fun, and I can do it with any materials I have! After finishing my first painting, my brain was awake, and my imagination was ticking. I knew that artists couldn’t just stay in their room, though. To discover a paintbrush’s potential, you need to take it out of its box. I then stepped into my yard. I noticed little things I had previously overlooked — the vines climbing up to reach for sunlight and the clouds shaped like bunnies and hippos. I initially didn’t notice the ant hill which I unfortunately stepped on. My sister and I burst out laughing and did a funny little dance to get the ants off our shoes. Connecting with nature allowed me to clear my head and stop worrying for a minute. Now that I have taken action to care for myself, it is time to care for others as well. I started with something simple by donating clothes, books, and food. I also researched a cause I am passionate about — protecting the environment — and found ways to contribute. I found that using my time productively while doing good for others is another step in overcoming “Summer Blues”. I went from feeling down to finding a new purpose in life; a purpose to find happiness for myself. I didn’t have to create happiness; I had to find it. 34. What does “Summer Blues” most probably refer to in the passage? A. The anxiety about summer studies. B. The fear of spending summer alone. C. The feeling of emptiness during summer. D. The dislike of outdoor summer activities. 35. The author believes that “artists couldn’t stay in their room” because ________. A. painting outside brings people closer B. staying indoors is bad for their health C. going outside opens up new possibilities D. painting indoors cannot express emotions 36. Which of the following would best describe the author’s personality? A. Proactive and reflective. B. Sensitive and serious. C. Adventurous and sociable. D. Determined and ambitious. 37. What can we learn from this passage? A. Nature is the only cure for sadness. B. Happiness depends on school success. C. Free time results in negative feelings. D. Happiness comes from taking meaningful action. 【答案】34. C 35. C 36. A 37. D 【解析】 【导语】本文主要讲述了作者高一结束后拥有大量空闲时间却不知如何利用，因结束校园生活感到空虚难过（即“夏日忧郁”），随后作者通过一系列积极行动走出负面情绪，重新找到生活目标与快乐的故事。 【34题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段中“Now that I have that time, I don’t know how to use it. I miss going to school, doing group assignments and laughing with my friends. School filled me with purpose and a sense of achievement. I find that I, as well as my friends, feel sad about school coming to an end. I went on a journey to find out how to free myself from “Summer Blues”.(现在有了这些时间，却不知该如何利用。我怀念上学的日子、小组作业，以及和朋友们一起欢笑的时光。学校曾让我充满目标感和成就感。如今，我和朋友们都感到难过，因为学校即将结束。于是，我踏上了一段旅程，试图摆脱“夏日忧郁”)”可知，“夏日忧郁”指的就是暑假空闲时期的空虚感受。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“To discover a paintbrush’s potential, you need to take it out of its box. I then stepped into my yard. I noticed little things I had previously overlooked — the vines climbing up to reach for sunlight and the clouds shaped like bunnies and hippos. I initially didn’t notice the ant hill which I unfortunately stepped on. My sister and I burst out laughing and did a funny little dance to get the ants off our shoes. Connecting with nature allowed me to clear my head and stop worrying for a minute.(要发掘画笔的潜力，你需要把它拿出盒子。于是我走进了自己的院子。我注意到一些之前忽略的小细节——藤蔓向上攀爬，渴望阳光；还有像兔子和河马形状的云朵。起初我并没有注意到蚁丘，不幸的是踩到了它们。我和妹妹忍不住大笑起来，还跳起了一段有趣的舞蹈，把蚂蚁赶走。与自然的连接让我暂时平静下来，也停止了焦虑)”可推知，作者说“我知道艺术家不能只是待在房间里”这句话想表达的是走出去能发掘新的可能，带来不一样的收获。 【36题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“I went on a journey to find out how to free myself from “Summer Blues”.(于是，我踏上了一段旅程，试图摆脱“夏日忧郁”)”，第二段中“To get to the root of “Summer Blues,” I tried to visualize it through my inner eye, by painting it. I added different shades of blue and stormy clouds to express my thoughts through creativity. Art always helps me sort out my emotions and understand them.(为了找到“夏日忧郁”的根源，我尝试通过内心的眼睛来描绘它，用绘画表达。我加入了各种深浅不一的蓝色和乌云，以创意的方式表达自己的思绪。艺术总能帮助我梳理情绪，理解它们)”，再结合第四段中“Now that I have taken action to care for myself, it is time to care for others as well. I started with something simple by donating clothes, books, and food. I also researched a cause I am passionate about — protecting the environment — and found ways to contribute.(现在我已经开始主动关心自己，接下来也该关心他人了。我从一些简单的事情做起，比如捐赠衣物、书籍和食物。我还研究了一个我非常热衷的公益事业——保护环境，并找到了为它贡献的方式)”提到作者后续主动走进自然、投身公益的行动，可推知作者是积极主动且善于反思的。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Connecting with nature allowed me to clear my head and stop worrying for a minute.(与自然的连接让我暂时平静下来，也停止了焦虑)”、第四段中“I found that using my time productively while doing good for others is another step in overcoming “Summer Blues”.(我发现，高效利用我的时间，同时做对他人有益的事，也是克服“夏日忧郁”的另一步)”和最后一段“I went from feeling down to finding a new purpose in life; a purpose to find happiness for myself. I didn’t have to create happiness; I had to find it.(我从感到低落，转变为找到了人生的新目标——为自己寻找幸福。我不必创造幸福，而是要去发现它)”可知，快乐来自于有意义的行动。 C Why does the same request for help get an automatic “of course” for a best friend but hesitation for a stranger? Psychologists call this “social discounting”: we give up more for those we feel close to, and generosity declines as social distance grows. But what happens in the brain when we make these decisions? The amygdala — a tiny brain region — is traditionally linked to emotion, yet its basolateral (基底外侧的) part serves as a social center. By studying a rare population with selective damage to this structure, my colleagues and I found it essential for calibrating generosity based on social distance. One possibility is that it balances prosocial motives against self-interest: you prioritize a friend’s benefit over personal cost, while for strangers the calculation shifts. To test this, we invited five women with damage to the basolateral amygdala and 16 controls to complete a social discounting task. Each participant listed eight people from close friends to strangers. Across rounds, they received a fixed sum of money and decided how much to share with each, measuring willingness to share based on social distance. As expected, generosity declined as social distance increased. But participants with basolateral amygdala damage were less generous and showed sharper discounting: helping the closest, yet far less to slightly more distant others. The basolateral amygdala damage disrupts the fine-tuning of generosity without eliminating altruism (利他主义). Personality and empathy did not explain this; rather, those with damage could not flexibly vary generosity. At first glance, our findings contradict earlier studies: in the trust game, people with the basolateral amygdala damage gave more even to untrustworthy partners; in moral dilemmas, they refused to give up one to save many — a pattern named “pathological (病态的) altruism”. Yet in our task, they showed sharper discounting. How to explain these opposite patterns? We argue the basolateral amygdala builds a model of the social world — enabling decisions that weigh context and norms. When this system fails, people fall back on rigid, revision-resistant rules: “others are trustworthy” in the trust game, “never harm anyone” in moral dilemmas, and “maximize one’s own payoff unless emotionally close” in our task. Admittedly, our study had only a few participants, yet the unique basolateral damage pattern, consistent with a growing body of evidence, confirms that amygdala function is central to social behavior. This calculus plays out daily: helping a friend is automatic, but helping a stranger demands flexible weighing of norms, empathy, and self-care — precisely the gray area where the basolateral amygdala does its most important work. Generosity is not all-or-nothing but a model-based behavior shaped by social distance, and the amygdala helps perform that calculation. 38. What does the word “calibrating” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Appreciating. B. Monitoring. C. Increasing. D. Adjusting. 39. What can be inferred about people with basolateral amygdala damage? A. They are as generous to strangers as to close friends. B. Their personality differences account for their behaviors. C. They cannot tailor their generosity to emotional distance. D. They show a gradual decline in generosity as distance grows. 40. Why does the author mention the contradictory findings? A. To question the credibility of the earlier studies. B. To reveal a common mechanism in different contexts. C. To compare the amygdala’s effects across different tasks. D. To stress the differences between the current and earlier studies. 41. What does the author mainly intend to tell us? A. People should follow fixed rules when deciding to help. B. The basolateral amygdala supports model-based generosity. C. Social discounting is determined by personality and empathy. D. Damage to the basolateral amygdala eliminates altruistic behavior. 【答案】38. D 39. C 40. B 41. B 【解析】 【导语】本文围绕社会贴现效应展开，探究大脑基底外侧杏仁核在人们根据社交亲疏调整慷慨程度时的核心作用。 【38题详解】 词句猜测题。根据下文“One possibility is that it balances prosocial motives against self-interest: you prioritize a friend’s benefit over personal cost, while for strangers the calculation shifts.(一种合理猜想是：该脑区会平衡利他动机与个人私利：面对朋友，你会把对方利益放在个人损失之上；面对陌生人，这套权衡标准则会发生转变。)”和第四段“Personality and empathy did not explain this; rather, those with damage could not flexibly vary generosity.(人格特质与共情能力无法解释这一现象；真正的原因是，脑部受损者无法灵活调整自己的慷慨程度。)”可知，基底外侧杏仁核对依据社交距离调节自身慷慨程度不可或缺，由此可知，calibrating意为“调节”。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“But participants with basolateral amygdala damage were less generous and showed sharper discounting: helping the closest, yet far less to slightly more distant others.(但杏仁核基底外侧区受损的受试者表现得更吝啬，且利益折扣效应更明显：他们只会帮助关系最亲近的人，对稍疏远之人的付出则大幅减少。)”和“Personality and empathy did not explain this; rather, those with damage could not flexibly vary generosity.(人格特质与共情能力无法解释这一现象；真正的原因是，脑部受损者无法灵活调整自己的慷慨程度。)”可知，基底外侧杏仁核受损人群的特点是他们无法根据情感亲疏调整自己的慷慨程度。 【40题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段“How to explain these opposite patterns?(该如何解释这些截然相反的行为模式？)”和第六段“We argue the basolateral amygdala builds a model of the social world — enabling decisions that weigh context and norms. When this system fails, people fall back on rigid, revision-resistant rules(我们认为，基底外侧杏仁核会构建一套对社交环境的认知模型，使人能够结合具体情境与社会规范做出权衡判断。一旦这套机制失灵，人们就只能依靠僵化、难以变通的处事准则行事。)”可知，作者提及矛盾实验结果的目的是为了揭示不同场景下统一的底层大脑机制。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“The amygdala — a tiny brain region — is traditionally linked to emotion, yet its basolateral (基底外侧的) part serves as a social center. By studying a rare population with selective damage to this structure, my colleagues and I found it essential for calibrating generosity based on social distance.(杏仁核是一处微小脑区，传统上认为它与情绪相关，而它的基底外侧区域是大脑的社交中枢。我和同事研究了一组该脑区选择性受损的特殊人群，发现基底外侧杏仁核对依据社交距离调节自身慷慨程度不可或缺。)”和最后一段“Generosity is not all-or-nothing but a model-based behavior shaped by social distance, and the amygdala helps perform that calculation.(慷慨并非非此即彼的极端选择，而是一种依托认知模型、受社交亲疏距离影响形成的行为，杏仁核正是负责完成这一权衡计算的脑区。)”可知，文章主要写作意图是说明基底外侧杏仁核支撑依托认知模型产生的慷慨行为。 D It is hardly fair that only the tall have access to tall genes, nor that only the smart have access to smart genes. A start-up company argues that genetics should not be left to chance. Its goal is to give parents the option to choose genes for their children, rather than accept inborn inequality. A more immediate question, however, is whether genetic enhancement of children is actually possible. To assess what might be achievable, we can turn to the list of “protective and enhancing” gene variants maintained by biologist George Church. Among over 100 items, Church has picked out gene variants that might have an unusually large “positive effect” like protecting against certain diseases. A closer look at Church’s list reveals that some “genetic enhancements” are far from desirable. One example is a gene variant that could give a person six fingers per hand to improve hand control, but it would also bring everyday inconveniences, such as difficulty buying gloves. Also listed are two gene deletions that result in insensitivity to pain. However, children who cannot feel pain often end up with serious injuries. Genetic enhancement is not opposed in principle. However, the idea that humans can safely edit their way to “super-babies” is far from proven. It is true that a few gene variants on the list are linked to broadly appealing traits like longer life or higher intelligence. But there is still great uncertainty about whether engineering them into children would actually work. Some may work only in combination with other certain genes. Worse, trade-offs are common. One gene variant associated with higher intelligence may increase the risk of blindness later in life. A reasonable person might prefer being slightly less intelligent. That said, genetic enhancement may be preferable to leaving it to chance. Yet there is little reason to believe it should be attempted anytime soon. To reach a point where serious consideration is possible, long-term studies need to be expanded to gain a much clearer understanding of the pros and cons of genetic variants like those on Church’s list. As for the company’s fairness claim, it is questionable. A fifth of children are shorter and less smart simply because they are not fed properly. Anyone concerned about genetic fairness should focus on helping those children reach their existing potential, rather than boosting a few rich children’s genes. 42. What can we learn from the passage? A. Pain-insensitivity genes are generally beneficial. B. Genetic intervention has broad scientific support. C. The six-finger trait brings more benefits than drawbacks. D. Some genetic variants rely on other genes to work as intended. 43. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Unlocking children’s potential is the priority. B. All gene variants on Church’s list are desirable. C. Genetic enhancement will replace natural selection. D. The benefits of genetic enhancement outweigh the risks. 44. What would be the best title for the passage? A. Feeding Children First: Does It Ensure Fairness? B. A Risky Genetic Choice: Is Fairness Achievable? C. Editing Children’s Genes: Weighing the Pros and Cons D. Genetic Enhancement: A Promising Fix to Inborn Inequality 【答案】42. D 43. A 44. B 【解析】 【导语】主要探讨婴儿基因编辑技术，列举各类基因变体的利弊，指出技术存在诸多未知风险，呼吁优先保障儿童先天成长公平。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It is true that a few gene variants on the list are linked to broadly appealing traits like longer life or higher intelligence. But there is still great uncertainty about whether engineering them into children would actually work. Some may work only in combination with other certain genes.(清单上的一些基因变体的确和长寿、更高智商这类广受青睐的特征相关。但把它们植入儿童体内是否真的有效，仍然存在很大的不确定性。有一些变体只有和其他特定基因搭配时才能起作用。)”可知，部分基因变体需要依靠其他基因配合才能实现预期效果。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第六段中的“A fifth of children are shorter and less smart simply because they are not fed properly. Anyone concerned about genetic fairness should focus on helping those children reach their existing potential, rather than boosting a few rich children’s genes.(五分之一的孩子长得矮、智力不佳，仅仅是因为他们没有得到恰当的喂养。任何关心基因公平的人都应当专注于帮助这些孩子发挥他们本身具备的潜能，而不是提升少数富裕孩子的基因。)”可知，文章暗含挖掘孩子本身的潜能才是首要之事。 【44题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是首段中的“A start-up company argues that genetics should not be left to chance. Its goal is to give parents the option to choose genes for their children, rather than accept inborn inequality.(一家初创公司认为基因不应听天由命，旨在让父母自主选择孩子基因，摆脱先天基因不公。)” 以及尾段中的“As for the company’s fairness claim, it is questionable.(至于该公司所宣称的公平性，是值得质疑的。)” 可知，文章围绕基因编辑这一存在风险的技术展开，探讨其能否真正实现基因公平，所以 A选项“充满风险的基因选择：公平能否实现？” 最能概括全文核心，适合作为最佳标题。 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 What if we could obtain the memory and perception benefits of brief naps (打盹)? A recent study published in Science suggests that at least some of our primate cousins can. ____45____ They then reproduced this boost by stimulating the brains of awake monkeys in a way that imitated sleep activity. The process, if effective in humans, might one day help boost cognition and treat sleep disorders. The team first trained five monkeys on a task evaluating image directions and tested them twice. During a 30-minute gap between tests, the monkeys either had brief naps or merely rested. Those that slept performed significantly better on the second test. ____46____ In monkeys that slept between tests, neural activity was, oddly, less synchronized (同步的) during the second test than during the first. Sleep is a synchronizing phenomenon in which neurons fire together. But the level of synchrony after sleep is reduced compared with before. Moreover, the size of this “desynchronizing” correlated with the performance boost. ____47____ What is actually behind the performance boost? Since the sleeping monkey’s brain activity is known to be dominated by low-frequency “delta” brain waves, the researchers wondered whether they are responsible. To test it, they conducted the experiment again. ____48____ This “artificial brief nap” also led to both reduced neural synchrony and better performance. The results in primates strongly suggest “artificial brief nap” effects will translate to humans. ____49____ This research further demonstrates that stimulating the brain when awake at delta frequency can imitate sleep’s benefits. The researchers used electrodes placed in the monkeys’ brains for stimulation, but they plan to test noninvasive techniques in people with sleep disorders in the near future. A. The researchers then recorded thousands of neurons’ activity in the monkeys’ brains. B. This suggests that more independent firing among neurons may drive the improvement. C. Evidence already exists that electrical stimulation during sleep can benefit humans’ memory. D. This time they observed how the monkeys’ delta brain waves changed naturally during sleep. E. Researchers found that brief naps enhanced monkeys’ performance on a visual-perception task. F. The findings show that the performance boost results from a higher level of synchrony among neurons. G. Instead of letting the monkeys sleep, researchers stimulated their brains with an electrical signal imitating delta waves. 【答案】45. E 46. A 47. B 48. G 49. C 【解析】 【导语】介绍了一项发表于《科学》杂志的研究。该研究发现短暂打盹能提升猴子在视觉感知任务中的表现，通过刺激清醒猴子大脑模仿睡眠活动也能产生类似效果，若此过程对人类有效，未来可能有助于提升认知和治疗睡眠障碍。 【45题详解】 前文提到“A recent study published in Science suggests that at least some of our primate cousins can. (最近发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究表明，至少我们的一些灵长类近亲可以。)”，后文“They then reproduced this boost by stimulating the brains of awake monkeys in a way that imitated sleep activity. (然后，他们通过以模仿睡眠活动的方式刺激清醒猴子的大脑，重现了这种提升。)”。E选项“Researchers found that brief naps enhanced monkeys’ performance on a visual - perception task. (研究人员发现，短暂打盹能提高猴子在视觉感知任务中的表现。)”中的“brief naps enhanced monkeys’performance”与后文“reproduced this boost”相呼应，说明了研究人员发现短暂打盹对猴子的作用，引出后文通过刺激大脑重现这种提升的内容。 【46题详解】 后文“In monkeys that slept between tests, neural activity was, oddly, less synchronized (同步的) during the second test than during the first. (在两次测试之间睡觉的猴子中，奇怪的是，第二次测试期间的神经活动比第一次测试期间的同步性更低。)”，此句描述了猴子大脑神经活动情况。A选项“The researchers then recorded thousands of neurons’activity in the monkeys’ brains. (然后研究人员记录了猴子大脑中数千个神经元的活动。)”中的“recorded thousands of neurons’ activity”与后文对猴子神经活动的描述相衔接，表明研究人员记录神经活动后得出了后文关于神经活动同步性的结论， 【47题详解】 前文“Moreover, the size of this “desynchronizing” correlated with the performance boost. (此外，这种“去同步化”的程度与表现提升相关。)”，说明了去同步化与表现提升的关系。B选项“This suggests that more independent firing among neurons may drive the improvement.(表明神经元之间更多的独立放电可能推动了这种提升。)”中的“more independent firing among neurons”解释了前文“desynchronizing”（去同步化），进一步说明神经元独立放电与表现提升的关系。 【48题详解】 前文“Since the sleeping monkey’s brain activity is known to be dominated by low - frequency “delta” brain waves, the researchers wondered whether they are responsible. To test it, they conducted the experiment again. (由于已知睡眠中的猴子大脑活动主要由低频‘δ’脑电波主导，研究人员想知道是否是它们起作用。为了验证这一点，他们再次进行了实验。)”，后文“This “artificial brief nap” also led to both reduced neural synchrony and better performance. (这种“人工短暂打盹”也导致了神经同步性降低和表现提升。)”。G选项“Instead of letting the monkeys sleep, researchers stimulated their brains with an electrical signal imitating delta waves. (研究人员没有让猴子睡觉，而是用模仿δ波的电信号刺激它们的大脑。)”，说明了再次实验的方式，即通过模仿δ波刺激大脑，引出后文这种“人工短暂打盹”的结果。 【49题详解】 前文“The results in primates strongly suggest “artificial brief nap” effects will translate to humans. (在灵长类动物身上的结果强烈表明“人工短暂打盹”的效果将适用于人类。)”，后文“This research further demonstrates that stimulating the brain when awake at delta frequency can imitate sleep’s benefits. (这项研究进一步表明，在清醒时以δ频率刺激大脑可以模仿睡眠的益处。)”。C选项“Evidence already exists that electrical stimulation during sleep can benefit humans’ memory. (已经有证据表明，睡眠期间的电刺激可以有益于人类的记忆。)”中的“electrical stimulation during sleep can benefit humans’memory”与前文“effects will translate to humans”及后文“stimulating the brain when awake at delta frequency can imitate sleep’s benefits”相呼应，说明已有证据表明睡眠电刺激对人类有益，进一步阐述了研究结果对人类的作用。 第三部分 书面表达(共两节，32 分) 第一节(共4小题;第50、51题各2分，第52题3分，第53题5分，共12分) 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。 People always think that the loudest have the most important things to say, especially in a competitive society where they talk over one another. I enjoy expressing my thoughts by painting, singing or writing, but not always through words. Just because I don’t voice my ideas doesn’t mean I don’t have any. My English teacher once said it’s better to write a strong sentence in fewer words than a long run-on sentence. I didn’t believe it at first, but now I realize she was right. Introverts, often quiet and reflective, have the capability to change the world without words. They just don’t put their capabilities in the spotlight, which leads to people thinking that they don’t have any capabilities. Last year, I tried out improv (即兴喜剧). When I told my friends, they were surprised, “But you’re so quiet!” The next night during the show, I set aside all of their doubts about me being in improv and I made people laugh. I didn’t become a different person, but I still made it. In society, introverts are often labeled as shy or unsociable while extroverts are seen as friendly and enthusiastic. But we need both. In group projects, the natural leader is always the one who talks the most; it’s an unspoken understanding. Whenever an outside observer watches group discussions, all they see is the group leader pouring out ideas, but not the person behind the curtain — the introvert who considers everyone’s opinions. To all introverts: you don’t have to change yourself to be heard. People should change themselves to listen. Your traits are not weaknesses — they make you wonderful. You are making a bigger difference than you will ever give yourself credit for. 50. What does the author enjoy doing to express thoughts? _______________________________________________________________ 51. How are introverts and extroverts generally viewed in society? _______________________________________________________________ 52. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Introverts should work on their weaknesses to make a difference. _______________________________________________________________ 53. Are you more introverted or extroverted, and how do you contribute to group projects? (In about 40 words) _______________________________________________________________ 【答案】50. The author enjoys expressing thoughts by painting, singing or writing. 51. Introverts are often labeled as shy or unsociable, while extroverts are seen as friendly and enthusiastic. 52. Introverts should work on their weaknesses to make a difference. Explanation: The writer says introverts’ quiet traits are not weaknesses but what makes them wonderful, and they don’t need to change themselves to be heard. 53. I am more introverted. In group work, I listen carefully to everyone’s ideas, think them through calmly and offer practical, thoughtful suggestions to help our group finish tasks well. 【解析】 【导语】本文打破了“外向者更有能力、更易获得认可”的社会刻板印象，肯定了内向者安静、善于思考的独特价值，呼吁大众学会倾听内向者的声音，点明内向者无需刻意改变自身特质，仅凭自身优势也能创造远超自我认知的积极影响。 【50题详解】 考查细节理解。根据第一段“I enjoy expressing my thoughts by painting, singing or writing, but not always through words.(我喜欢通过绘画、歌唱或是写作来抒发内心想法，并非总是依靠语言文字。)”可知，作者喜欢通过绘画、歌唱或写作来抒发内心想法。 【51题详解】 考查细节理解。根据第四段“In society, introverts are often labeled as shy or unsociable while extroverts are seen as friendly and enthusiastic.(在社会中，内向者常常被贴上害羞、不合群的标签，而外向者则被认为友善又热情。)”可知，内向的人常被贴上害羞、不善交际的标签，而外向的人则被看作友善、热情的人。 【52题详解】 考查细节理解。根据最后一段“To all introverts: you don’t have to change yourself to be heard. People should change themselves to listen. Your traits are not weaknesses — they make you wonderful. You are making a bigger difference than you will ever give yourself credit for.(致所有内向者：你不必为了被人听见而改变自己。该学着做出改变、学会倾听的是别人。你的性格特质并非缺点——它们让你令人惊叹。你所产生的影响远比你自己认为的要多。)”可知，作者表示，内向者安静的特质并非缺点，反而正是这些特质让他们独具魅力；他们无需改变自己才能发挥自身价值。因此原句中“should work on their weaknesses”的表述完全违背作者核心观点。 【53题详解】 考查开放性试题。可以参考的答案是：I am more introverted. In group work, I listen carefully to everyone’s ideas, think them through calmly and offer practical, thoughtful suggestions to help our group finish tasks well.(我性格偏内向。小组合作时，我会认真倾听每个人的想法，冷静仔细地思考，再提出切实可行、考虑周全的建议，助力小组顺利完成任务。)（答案不唯一，言之有理即可） 第二节(20分) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2025 ~2026学年度第二学期期末检测 高二英语试卷 (考试时间100分钟 满分100分) 本试卷共10页。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。 第一部分 知识运用(共三节，30分) 第一节 完形填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 I was eleven when I spotted my elderly neighbour, Julie, gardening on a sunny day. After chatting over the fence, she invited me to help cut back an overgrown hedge (灌木丛) ____1____ a nearby pathway. I loved the idea of helping Julie and our community, so we worked together to ____2____ the hedge and posted photos of our handiwork in our local online group. The community reaction was ____3____. One wheelchair user was grateful because he didn’t have to go on the road anymore to pass the hedge. The whole town felt motivated to follow our ____4____. Many residents volunteered to do more to keep our town ____5____, from cleaning up flower beds to collecting litter. With many willing hands, our town has gradually ____6____. Before, the town looked a bit run-down, but now, it looks cleaner and more organized. When we first launched a clean-up campaign, we had almost nothing and relied on equipment borrowed from my parents’ garage. But as time went on, donations from the local community ____7____. Our garage got filled up so ____8____ with gardening tools that we had to move all of this to Julie’s spare garage. I also created an online page and website to support the campaign, allowing hundreds of volunteers to ____9____ their efforts and organize clean-up activities. I’m so pleased that 6 years later, the campaign is still in full swing. Our ____10____ will not stop. We hope our story will inspire other communities around the world to do the same. 1. A. decorating B. facing C. blocking D. shading 2. A. clear B. hide C. cover D. empty 3. A. objective B. amazing C. negative D. confusing 4. A. advice B. rule C. instruction D. lead 5. A. tidy B. safe C. quiet D. wealthy 6. A. settled B. transformed C. expanded D. diversified 7. A. dried up B. levelled out C. came in D. dropped off 8. A. easily B. secretly C. suddenly D. slowly 9. A. reward B. increase C. appreciate D. share 10. A. struggle B. mission C. commitment D. reaction 第二节 选词填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分) 阅读下面句子，根据句意，从方框中选择恰当的词或词组，并用其正确形式填空。 Inquire Wander Slip away Reflect on Be capable of Preserve Reveal Motivate Appeal to Apologize for 11. My parents always ________ me to follow my dreams. 12. Without proper planning, success may easily ________. 13. The broken window ________ how strong the wind had been. 14. The AI system ________ analyzing complex data within seconds. 15. The movie strongly ________ audiences of all ages upon its release. 16. It is important to ________ cultural traditions for future generations. 17. After finishing the book, she sat quietly and ________ its deeper meaning. 18. He enjoys ________ on the city streets to find inspiration for his paintings. 19. Visitors can ________ at the front desk for more information about the museum. 20. She realized her mistake and ________ interrupting the teacher during the lecture. 第三节 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分) 阅读下面句子，根据句子内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 21. I ________ (finish) all my tasks before we sat down for dinner.(所给词的适当形式填空) 22. She opened the window, ________ (let) fresh air into the room. (所给词的适当形式填空) 23. Students should focus on ________ the teacher emphasized in class. (用适当的词填空) 24. We live in a time ________ technology is changing everything rapidly. (用适当的词填空) 25. ________ (give) enough time, the project can be successfully carried out. (所给词的适当形式填空) 26. The library ________ (decorate) for the reading festival when I walked in. (所给词的适当形式填空) 27. Scientists rely on ________ (accuracy) evidence to draw reliable conclusions. (所给词的适当形式填空) 28. Tom is an ________ (intelligence) boy who always solves problems efficiently. (所给词的适当形式填空) 29. They ________ (discuss) new rules for the school club since the meeting began. (所给词的适当形式填空) 30. The Tianshan Tunnel, _______ (complete) last year, has greatly improved transportation. (所给词的适当形式填空) 第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，38分) 第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A The English Pathways programme, offered at Dukes Cambridge Summer School for teens, gives you two weeks to improve your language skills through engaging, practical work. Programme Features • Academic Content: 20 hours of subject — specific academic content per week with experienced teachers, delivered through interactive and hands — on practical workshops. • Fieldwork: Taking learning beyond the classroom and into the city, where you can carry out research on site and test ideas through practical experiments that connect theory with real-world contexts. • Time to Shine: Opportunities to apply and share knowledge with your peers through group projects. In week one, gather short reports, interviews, and reflections on your learning, and then edit them into a magazine. In week two, deliver a group presentation. • Committed Academic Coaching: Designed to support you in applying for a UK university, whether that’s writing a personal statement or preparing for a presentation. Our Approach to Your Learning The programme balances language study with real-world use, encouraging you to practise reading, writing, speaking, and listening in both academic and everyday contexts. Through interactive classes, cooperative projects, and guided discussion, you’ll strengthen grammar, expand vocabulary, and refine pronunciation. With small group teaching, teachers provide individual support, helping you use English more effectively and with greater clarity across different contexts. Key Learning Outcomes • Strengthen core English skills for both academic and practical use. • Apply English in real-world contexts through projects, discussions, and presentations. • Develop analytical and critical thinking in English by interpreting texts, structuring arguments, and evaluating information. • Build communication skills and confidence through group projects and cross-cultural cooperation. • Get a Certificate of Achievement from Dukes Cambridge and a personalized letter of reference on request. 31. What will the teens do in the programme? A. Finish a UK university application. B. Conduct research in real-world settings. C. Take a twenty-hour course every two weeks. D. Produce a magazine about language development. 32. In the programme, teachers support teens’ learning by ________. A. encouraging independent study B. providing courses on communication skills C. offering personalized support in small groups D. focusing on memorizing grammar and vocabulary 33. The programme enables teens to ________. A. work in English-related professions B. get recommended by Dukes Cambridge C. lead cross-cultural collaborative projects D. strengthen the ability to think critically in English B My first year of high school is over and I have an enormous amount of free time. Over the school year, I have complained of being too busy. Now that I have that time, I don’t know how to use it. I miss going to school, doing group assignments and laughing with my friends. School filled me with purpose and a sense of achievement. I find that I, as well as my friends, feel sad about school coming to an end. I went on a journey to find out how to free myself from “Summer Blues”. To get to the root of “Summer Blues,” I tried to visualize it through my inner eye, by painting it. I added different shades of blue and stormy clouds to express my thoughts through creativity. Art always helps me sort out my emotions and understand them. Plus, art is fun, and I can do it with any materials I have! After finishing my first painting, my brain was awake, and my imagination was ticking. I knew that artists couldn’t just stay in their room, though. To discover a paintbrush’s potential, you need to take it out of its box. I then stepped into my yard. I noticed little things I had previously overlooked — the vines climbing up to reach for sunlight and the clouds shaped like bunnies and hippos. I initially didn’t notice the ant hill which I unfortunately stepped on. My sister and I burst out laughing and did a funny little dance to get the ants off our shoes. Connecting with nature allowed me to clear my head and stop worrying for a minute. Now that I have taken action to care for myself, it is time to care for others as well. I started with something simple by donating clothes, books, and food. I also researched a cause I am passionate about — protecting the environment — and found ways to contribute. I found that using my time productively while doing good for others is another step in overcoming “Summer Blues”. I went from feeling down to finding a new purpose in life; a purpose to find happiness for myself. I didn’t have to create happiness; I had to find it. 34. What does “Summer Blues” most probably refer to in the passage? A. The anxiety about summer studies. B. The fear of spending summer alone. C. The feeling of emptiness during summer. D. The dislike of outdoor summer activities. 35. The author believes that “artists couldn’t stay in their room” because ________. A. painting outside brings people closer B. staying indoors is bad for their health C. going outside opens up new possibilities D. painting indoors cannot express emotions 36. Which of the following would best describe the author’s personality? A. Proactive and reflective. B. Sensitive and serious. C. Adventurous and sociable. D. Determined and ambitious. 37. What can we learn from this passage? A. Nature is the only cure for sadness. B. Happiness depends on school success. C. Free time results in negative feelings. D. Happiness comes from taking meaningful action. C Why does the same request for help get an automatic “of course” for a best friend but hesitation for a stranger? Psychologists call this “social discounting”: we give up more for those we feel close to, and generosity declines as social distance grows. But what happens in the brain when we make these decisions? The amygdala — a tiny brain region — is traditionally linked to emotion, yet its basolateral (基底外侧的) part serves as a social center. By studying a rare population with selective damage to this structure, my colleagues and I found it essential for calibrating generosity based on social distance. One possibility is that it balances prosocial motives against self-interest: you prioritize a friend’s benefit over personal cost, while for strangers the calculation shifts. To test this, we invited five women with damage to the basolateral amygdala and 16 controls to complete a social discounting task. Each participant listed eight people from close friends to strangers. Across rounds, they received a fixed sum of money and decided how much to share with each, measuring willingness to share based on social distance. As expected, generosity declined as social distance increased. But participants with basolateral amygdala damage were less generous and showed sharper discounting: helping the closest, yet far less to slightly more distant others. The basolateral amygdala damage disrupts the fine-tuning of generosity without eliminating altruism (利他主义). Personality and empathy did not explain this; rather, those with damage could not flexibly vary generosity. At first glance, our findings contradict earlier studies: in the trust game, people with the basolateral amygdala damage gave more even to untrustworthy partners; in moral dilemmas, they refused to give up one to save many — a pattern named “pathological (病态的) altruism”. Yet in our task, they showed sharper discounting. How to explain these opposite patterns? We argue the basolateral amygdala builds a model of the social world — enabling decisions that weigh context and norms. When this system fails, people fall back on rigid, revision-resistant rules: “others are trustworthy” in the trust game, “never harm anyone” in moral dilemmas, and “maximize one’s own payoff unless emotionally close” in our task. Admittedly, our study had only a few participants, yet the unique basolateral damage pattern, consistent with a growing body of evidence, confirms that amygdala function is central to social behavior. This calculus plays out daily: helping a friend is automatic, but helping a stranger demands flexible weighing of norms, empathy, and self-care — precisely the gray area where the basolateral amygdala does its most important work. Generosity is not all-or-nothing but a model-based behavior shaped by social distance, and the amygdala helps perform that calculation. 38. What does the word “calibrating” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Appreciating. B. Monitoring. C. Increasing. D. Adjusting. 39. What can be inferred about people with basolateral amygdala damage? A. They are as generous to strangers as to close friends. B. Their personality differences account for their behaviors. C. They cannot tailor their generosity to emotional distance. D. They show a gradual decline in generosity as distance grows. 40. Why does the author mention the contradictory findings? A. To question the credibility of the earlier studies. B. To reveal a common mechanism in different contexts. C. To compare the amygdala’s effects across different tasks. D. To stress the differences between the current and earlier studies. 41. What does the author mainly intend to tell us? A. People should follow fixed rules when deciding to help. B. The basolateral amygdala supports model-based generosity. C. Social discounting is determined by personality and empathy. D. Damage to the basolateral amygdala eliminates altruistic behavior. D It is hardly fair that only the tall have access to tall genes, nor that only the smart have access to smart genes. A start-up company argues that genetics should not be left to chance. Its goal is to give parents the option to choose genes for their children, rather than accept inborn inequality. A more immediate question, however, is whether genetic enhancement of children is actually possible. To assess what might be achievable, we can turn to the list of “protective and enhancing” gene variants maintained by biologist George Church. Among over 100 items, Church has picked out gene variants that might have an unusually large “positive effect” like protecting against certain diseases. A closer look at Church’s list reveals that some “genetic enhancements” are far from desirable. One example is a gene variant that could give a person six fingers per hand to improve hand control, but it would also bring everyday inconveniences, such as difficulty buying gloves. Also listed are two gene deletions that result in insensitivity to pain. However, children who cannot feel pain often end up with serious injuries. Genetic enhancement is not opposed in principle. However, the idea that humans can safely edit their way to “super-babies” is far from proven. It is true that a few gene variants on the list are linked to broadly appealing traits like longer life or higher intelligence. But there is still great uncertainty about whether engineering them into children would actually work. Some may work only in combination with other certain genes. Worse, trade-offs are common. One gene variant associated with higher intelligence may increase the risk of blindness later in life. A reasonable person might prefer being slightly less intelligent. That said, genetic enhancement may be preferable to leaving it to chance. Yet there is little reason to believe it should be attempted anytime soon. To reach a point where serious consideration is possible, long-term studies need to be expanded to gain a much clearer understanding of the pros and cons of genetic variants like those on Church’s list. As for the company’s fairness claim, it is questionable. A fifth of children are shorter and less smart simply because they are not fed properly. Anyone concerned about genetic fairness should focus on helping those children reach their existing potential, rather than boosting a few rich children’s genes. 42. What can we learn from the passage? A. Pain-insensitivity genes are generally beneficial. B. Genetic intervention has broad scientific support. C. The six-finger trait brings more benefits than drawbacks. D. Some genetic variants rely on other genes to work as intended. 43. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Unlocking children’s potential is the priority. B. All gene variants on Church’s list are desirable. C. Genetic enhancement will replace natural selection. D. The benefits of genetic enhancement outweigh the risks. 44. What would be the best title for the passage? A. Feeding Children First: Does It Ensure Fairness? B. A Risky Genetic Choice: Is Fairness Achievable? C. Editing Children’s Genes: Weighing the Pros and Cons D. Genetic Enhancement: A Promising Fix to Inborn Inequality 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 What if we could obtain the memory and perception benefits of brief naps (打盹)? A recent study published in Science suggests that at least some of our primate cousins can. ____45____ They then reproduced this boost by stimulating the brains of awake monkeys in a way that imitated sleep activity. The process, if effective in humans, might one day help boost cognition and treat sleep disorders. The team first trained five monkeys on a task evaluating image directions and tested them twice. During a 30-minute gap between tests, the monkeys either had brief naps or merely rested. Those that slept performed significantly better on the second test. ____46____ In monkeys that slept between tests, neural activity was, oddly, less synchronized (同步的) during the second test than during the first. Sleep is a synchronizing phenomenon in which neurons fire together. But the level of synchrony after sleep is reduced compared with before. Moreover, the size of this “desynchronizing” correlated with the performance boost. ____47____ What is actually behind the performance boost? Since the sleeping monkey’s brain activity is known to be dominated by low-frequency “delta” brain waves, the researchers wondered whether they are responsible. To test it, they conducted the experiment again. ____48____ This “artificial brief nap” also led to both reduced neural synchrony and better performance. The results in primates strongly suggest “artificial brief nap” effects will translate to humans. ____49____ This research further demonstrates that stimulating the brain when awake at delta frequency can imitate sleep’s benefits. The researchers used electrodes placed in the monkeys’ brains for stimulation, but they plan to test noninvasive techniques in people with sleep disorders in the near future. A. The researchers then recorded thousands of neurons’ activity in the monkeys’ brains. B. This suggests that more independent firing among neurons may drive the improvement. C. Evidence already exists that electrical stimulation during sleep can benefit humans’ memory. D. This time they observed how the monkeys’ delta brain waves changed naturally during sleep. E. Researchers found that brief naps enhanced monkeys’ performance on a visual-perception task. F. The findings show that the performance boost results from a higher level of synchrony among neurons. G. Instead of letting the monkeys sleep, researchers stimulated their brains with an electrical signal imitating delta waves. 第三部分 书面表达(共两节，32 分) 第一节(共4小题;第50、51题各2分，第52题3分，第53题5分，共12分) 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。 People always think that the loudest have the most important things to say, especially in a competitive society where they talk over one another. I enjoy expressing my thoughts by painting, singing or writing, but not always through words. Just because I don’t voice my ideas doesn’t mean I don’t have any. My English teacher once said it’s better to write a strong sentence in fewer words than a long run-on sentence. I didn’t believe it at first, but now I realize she was right. Introverts, often quiet and reflective, have the capability to change the world without words. They just don’t put their capabilities in the spotlight, which leads to people thinking that they don’t have any capabilities. Last year, I tried out improv (即兴喜剧). When I told my friends, they were surprised, “But you’re so quiet!” The next night during the show, I set aside all of their doubts about me being in improv and I made people laugh. I didn’t become a different person, but I still made it. In society, introverts are often labeled as shy or unsociable while extroverts are seen as friendly and enthusiastic. But we need both. In group projects, the natural leader is always the one who talks the most; it’s an unspoken understanding. Whenever an outside observer watches group discussions, all they see is the group leader pouring out ideas, but not the person behind the curtain — the introvert who considers everyone’s opinions. To all introverts: you don’t have to change yourself to be heard. People should change themselves to listen. Your traits are not weaknesses — they make you wonderful. You are making a bigger difference than you will ever give yourself credit for. 50. What does the author enjoy doing to express thoughts? _______________________________________________________________ 51. How are introverts and extroverts generally viewed in society? _______________________________________________________________ 52. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Introverts should work on their weaknesses to make a difference. _______________________________________________________________ 53. Are you more introverted or extroverted, and how do you contribute to group projects? (In about 40 words) _______________________________________________________________ 第二节(20分) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $