选择性必修第2册 UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS（Word练习）-【精讲精练】2027年高考英语一轮复习（人教版）

**基本信息** 聚焦语言能力与思维品质，通过阅读、完形、语法三大模块系统提炼解题方法，构建“题型-方法-逻辑”一体化训练体系。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解|2篇8题|细节定位、词义猜测、主旨归纳、推理判断|从具体信息到篇章结构，培养信息筛选与逻辑分析能力| |完形填空|1篇15题|语境分析、逻辑推理、词汇辨析|从词汇到语篇，构建“上下文关联-情感线索-主旨呼应”逻辑链| |语法填空|1篇10题|时态语态、非谓语、从句、冠词等|从基础语法到语境应用，强化语法规则在语篇中的灵活运用|

(限时：40分钟) 说明：阅读理解题每题2.5分，完形填空题每题1分，语法填空题每题1.5分，本试卷共50分。 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A (2026·贵阳贵州一模)In a study conducted by Fralin Biomedical Research Institute scientists Pearl Chiu and Brooks Casas, they investigate how brain signals involved in reward learning might help personalize treatment for depression.A brain signal that lights up when we anticipate rewards may hold the secret to helping people overcome depression, and Virginia Tech researchers are working to unlock its potential. Professors Pearl Chiu and Brooks Casas are pioneering a personalized approach to treating depression by exploring how our brains process rewards and setbacks.Their study examines two brain signals—prediction error and expected value—that may predict whether someone with depression is likely to see their symptoms improve. Major depression affects over 21 million Americans annually, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and remains a leading cause of disability worldwide.Yet current treatment often falls short, leaving many without lasting relief. “Major depression isn't one­size­fits­all，” said Chiu.“People with depression learn and respond to rewards and setbacks differently, often in ways that align with specific symptoms.” Using computer models, researchers studied how the brain's reward system works in people with depression, especially those who can't feel pleasure.By looking at dopamine (多巴胺) responses, they found unique brain patterns that might predict who will recover. Their responses reveal the brain's capacity to learn from outcomes, Chiu said, and could form the basis for a new kind of therapy (疗法) using tailored learning processes to guide the brain's responses to different outcomes. The study identified two key brain signals—prediction error and expected value—as essential indicators of recovery potential for depression.Expected value, which reflects the brain's anticipation of rewards and guides decision­making, emerged as a consistent predictor of remission across treatment types.Prediction error, which highlights gaps between expected and actual outcomes to help individuals adjust their behavior, offered additional insights. Together, prediction error and expected value provided a richer understanding of how unique learning patterns influence mental health outcomes, paving the way for tailored, symptom­specific therapies. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了弗吉尼亚理工大学的科学家 Pearl Chiu 和 Brooks Casas 进行的一项研究，该研究旨在探索大脑中与奖励学习相关的信号，期望找到个性化治疗抑郁症的方法。 1．What is the main purpose of the study? A．To find the cause of depression. B．To develop a new drug for depression. C．To explore personalized treatment for depression. D．To test the efficiency of current treatment for depression. 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段“A brain signal that lights up when we anticipate rewards may hold the secret to helping people overcome depression, and Virginia Tech researchers are working to unlock its potential.以及第二段 “Professors Pearl Chiu and Brooks Casas are pioneering a personalized approach to treating depression by exploring how our brains process rewards and setbacks.”可知，该研究的主要目的是探索个性化治疗抑郁症的方法。故选C。 答案　C 2．What is the underlined part “align” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Match. B．Differ. C．Contrast. D．Conflict. 解析　词义猜测题。根据第四段“Major depression isn't one­size­fits­all(重度抑郁症并不是一刀切的)”和“People with depression learn and respond to rewards and setbacks differently, often in ways that align with specific symptoms.”可知，抑郁症的治疗是复杂的，这是因为患者对奖励和挫折的学习和反应方式不同，且这些方式常有特定的症状，即与特定症状一致。所以这里的 “align” 意思是“与……一致”。故选 A。 答案　A 3．What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about? A．The research process. B．The models scientists created. C．The study method and its result. D．The dopamine found in human cells. 解析　主旨大意题。通读第五段可知，该段主要讲了研究方法(使用计算机模型和观察多巴胺反应)和研究结果(发现独特大脑模式可预测康复情况)。故选C。 答案　C 4．What are the signals of prediction error and expected value used for? A．Measuring physical health. B．Predicting recovery from depression. C．Assessing the severity of depression. D．Identifying the symptoms of depression. 解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The study identified two key brain signals—prediction error and expected value—as essential indicators of recovery potential for depression.”可知，预测误差和预期价值这两种信号用于预测抑郁症的康复情况。故选B。 答案　B B (2026·浙江杭州模拟)When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928，he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any colonies it touched.Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus.He identified the bacteria­killing substance, which he called “penicillin”， and seemingly in a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics (抗生素). That's how most people see innovation：A flash of brilliance and Eureka, a new world is born.The truth, however, is messier.It wasn't until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use. To put Fleming's discovery in context, consider Ignaz Semmelweis, who pioneered hand washing in maternity wards (产房), significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scorn instead of fame.That was because in the 1850s, his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory, which attributed disease to “bad airs”．After his death in 1865, germ theory was accepted, paving the way for Fleming's later work. Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator.When he published his results in 1929, few took notice.In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming's paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity.By 1943，with World War Ⅱ raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass­produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics.Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945. Penicillin owes much of its success to government support.For many other groundbreaking innovations like the Internet and GPS, their innovators, while carving their own path, are often uncertain of where the opportunity lies until they team up with other visionaries and corporations, who might have the resources to fast­track their ideas.So, look at any significant innovation and the myth of the lone genius and the “eureka moment” breaks down. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了青霉素的发现和发展历程，通过这一实例揭示了创新是一个复杂且漫长的过程，并非是人们通常认为的天才的灵光一闪。 5．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about? A．An account of a lab story. B．Redefinition of a traditional view. C．Correction of a popular misconception. D．An analysis of a scientific phenomenon. 解析　主旨大意题。第一段讲述弗莱明发现青霉素的过程。根据第二段 “That's how most people see innovation：A flash of brilliance and Eureka, a new world is born.The truth, however, is messier.”可知，前两段主要是纠正人们对创新的普遍误解，即认为创新是一蹴而就的这种错误观念。故选C。 答案　C 6．What is the message conveyed in paragraph 3? A．Great minds think alike. B．The early bird catches the worm. C．Luck's got your back when it comes to success. D．Early work is a stepping stone to later breakthroughs. 解析　推理判断题。根据文章第三段“That was because in the 1850s, his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory, which attributed disease to ‘bad airs’．After his death in 1865，germ theory was accepted, paving the way for Fleming's later work.”可推知，早期塞麦尔维斯的工作为后来弗莱明的突破奠定了基础，即早期工作是后来突破的垫脚石。故选D。 答案　D 7．What does the underlined part “ushering in” in the paragraph 4 mean? A．Delaying. B．Introducing. C．Predicting. D．Transforming. 解析　词句猜测题。根据文章第四段 “By 1943, with World War Ⅱ raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass­produce penicillin, saving countless lives ”，可知，大规模生产抗生素，使得抗生素进入了新时代。所以“ushering in” 意思是 “引入，开启”，故选B。 答案　B 8．Which of the following can be the best title? A．Great Innovations：Individuals Are True Heroes B．From Failure to Success：The Story of Penicillin C．The Lone Genius：Fleming's Discovery of Penicillin D．The Long Road to Penicillin：How Innovation 　 Happens 解析　标题归纳题。文章主要讲述了青霉素从弗莱明的发现，到经过一系列的发展，包括前人工作的铺垫、其他人的进一步研究以及政府的支持等，最终才得以广泛应用，开启了抗生素新时代，强调了创新是一个漫长的过程。选项 D“通往青霉素的漫长道路：创新是如何发生的”为短文的最佳标题，故选D。 答案　D Ⅱ.完形填空 (2025·山东济南三模)In just a few weeks, the University of Northern Colorado will be filled with students eager to take on the new school year.Yet for now, Candelaria Hall is 9 ， and Terri Ball, an administrative assistant in the School of Communication, is waiting for the cheerful 10 of the first week of the new term. Ball has been working for the university for nearly a decade, and has 11 every moment of her role.The main section of Ball's job is to 12 with the lively students in her department, guiding them toward the right 13 for their unique college journey.Her 14 mindset not only puts students at ease but also inspires them to approach challenges with optimism. For Ball, being 15 is the core of who she is, without which she feels she would be 16 ， and she works hard to share this belief with her students. Ball's devotion 17 students continuous encouragement and assistance.She recalled a shy young man who 18 under her guidance—from struggling with basic shading to mastering polished portraits (肖像).In his senior year, the invitation from a national gallery offered him a chance to showcase his works and his confidence Ball helped 19 ． Likewise, Ball develops a warm feeling in her heart, as she witnesses each student's victory—a scholarship 20 ， a voice found in debate club, even a nervous application 21 a promising career path.These moments become evidence of her consistent 22 ．Ball smiles, certain that the seeds she sows in young minds will 23 push through the ground. [语篇解读]　本文是记叙文。文章讲述了北科罗拉多大学行政助理Terri Ball通过积极引导和帮助学生，见证他们成长与蜕变的故事，展现了她对学生的奉献及其工作的意义。 9．A.bright B．silent C．crowded D．locked 解析　句意：现在，坎德拉里亚大厅一片寂静，而传播学院的行政助理 Terri Ball 正在等待新学期第一周的热闹混乱。根据上文“In just a few weeks, the University of Northern Colorado will be filled with students”可知，目前学生尚未返校，大厅应处于“寂静”状态，与下文“cheerful”形成对比。故选B。 答案　B 10．A.means B．chaos C．disaster D．attitude 解析　句意：同上。根据常识可知，新学期伊始通常伴随新生入学的忙乱，“chaos (混乱)”符合“cheerful”所描述的热闹且略带忙乱的氛围。故选B。 答案　B 11．A.managed B．tolerated C．assessed D．enjoyed 解析　句意：Ball已经在这所大学工作了近十年，并且享受她角色中的每一刻。根据下文描述 Ball 积极投入工作、帮助学生，可推知她对工作充满热情，“enjoyed”符合其态度。故选D。 答案　D 12．A.connect B．wrestle C．live D．pair 解析　句意：Ball的主要工作是与她所在部门活泼的学生建立联系，引导他们走上适合自己独特大学之旅的正确轨道。根据下文“guiding them toward the right”可知，Ball的工作是与学生互动并引导他们，“connect with (与……建立联系)”为固定搭配，符合语境。故选A。 答案　A 13．A.balance B．routine C．track D．major 解析　句意：同上。“track”在此比喻“人生轨道/路径”，与“college journey”呼应，指适合学生的发展道路。故选C。 答案　C 14．A.refreshing B．uplifting C．flexible D．practical 解析　句意：她积极向上的心态不仅让学生感到轻松，还激励他们以乐观的态度迎接挑战。根据下文“inspires them to approach challenges with optimism”可知，Ball的心态具有激励性，“uplifting”符合“乐观”的语境。故选B。 答案　B 15．A.ambitious B．confident C．positive D．insightful 解析　句意：对Ball来说，保持积极是她的核心本质，没有这一点，她会感到迷失，她努力与她的学生分享这一信念。根据上文“Her 14 mindset not only puts students at ease but also inspires them to approach challenges with optimism.”可知，保持积极是她的核心本质。故选C。 答案　C 16．A.fooled B．ashamed C．spent D．lost 解析　句意：同上。“without which”指缺乏“positive”的心态，与之对应的状态是“lost (迷失)”，表示失去自我核心。故选D。 答案　D 17．A.feeds B．earns C．saves D．awards 解析　句意：Ball对学生的奉献为她赢得了持续的鼓励和帮助。根据上文“Ball's devotion”以及根据下文学生在她帮助下成长的事例，可知，她的奉献“earns (赢得)”了学生的信任与反馈。故选B。 答案　B 18．A.bounced B．rocketed C．celebrated D．stretched 解析　句意：她回忆起一个害羞的年轻人在她的指导下迅速成长——从艰难应对基础阴影描绘到掌握精致的肖像画。根据下文“from struggling with basic shading to mastering polished portraits (肖像)” 可知，学生从困难到精通，进步显著，“rocketed”形象地表达“迅速成长”。故选B。 答案　B 19．A.shift B．admire C．evaluate D．build 解析　句意：在大四那年，一家国家美术馆的邀请给了他一个展示作品和Ball帮助建立起来的自信的机会。根据上文“a shy young man”到“showcase his works”的变化，可知自信是在Ball的帮助下“build (建立)”起来的。故选D。 答案　D 20．A.secured B．established C．gathered D．discovered 解析　句意：同样，当Ball目睹每个学生的胜利——获得奖学金，在辩论俱乐部发言，甚至是紧张的申请通往前途光明的职业道路时，她的内心也产生了一种温暖的感觉。根据上文“she witnesses each student's victory”可知，空处指获得奖学金。故选A。 答案　A 21．A.bringing in B．arising from C．giving away D．leading to 解析　句意：同上。根据下文“a promising career path”可知，此处应是通往成功的道路。leading to“通往”。故选D。 答案　D 22．A.memory B．wisdom C．commitment D．possession 解析　句意：这些时刻成为她始终如一的奉献的证明。根据上文“Ball's devotion”可知，全文围绕Ball对学生的“devotion (奉献)”展开，“commitment”与上文呼应，指她的持续付出。故选C。 答案　C 23．A.hardly B．definitely C．likely D．immediately 解析　句意：Ball微笑着，确信她在年轻人心中播下的种子一定会破土而出。根据上文“smiles, certain that”可知，Ball对学生的成长充满信心，“definitely (肯定地)”强调必然性。故选B。 答案　B Ⅲ.语法填空 Acupuncture (针灸) has been a treatment for countless patients for thousands of years in China. Before modern medicine came to life, stone tools 24. (use) to relieve pain. Over time, this natural practice developed into a comprehensive medical system and shaped the root of acupuncture. Acupuncture is a treatment that is aimed 25. (promote) the body's self­regulating functions. Its principles are in line with the philosophical concepts of traditional Chinese medicine, 26. emphasizes comprehensive treatment, meridian (经脉) adjustment and balance of bodily functions. 27． (practice) vary in forms. Needle insertion (插入) is the most common method, which is carried out 28. inserting hair­thin needles into meridians, or specific points on the body that channel vital energy. Practitioners use needles to 29. (effective) unblock the flow of energy and restore yin and yang balance. Looking beyond China, acupuncture has become a global treatment. Over the years，acupuncture 30. (see) many advancements in scientific research and modern medicine. According to a 2019 WHO report, acupuncture is used in 113 of its 120 member countries, 31. (illustrate) its widespread recognition and application. Acupuncture，as 32. ancient Chinese treatment, is a reflection of a rich history and 33. (significance) Chinese culture. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了针灸的历史、治疗方法以及它在现代医学中的地位。 24．were used/had been used　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据Before引导的时间状语从句可知，此处说的是过去的事情，空处既可用一般过去时陈述过去的事情，也可用过去完成时表示对后来的影响。且主语“stone tools”与“use”之间为被动关系，故填were used/had been used。句意：在现代医学发展起来之前，石制工具被用来减轻疼痛。 25．to promote　考查非谓语动词。aim to do sth是固定用法，表示“旨在”，故填to promote。句意：针灸旨在提升身体的自我调节功能，是一种治疗手段。 26．which　考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，先行词“the philosophical concepts of traditional Chinese medicine”指物。故填which。句意：它的规则与传统中医的哲学观念类似，这一观念强调全面治疗、经脉调理和身体机能的平衡。 27．Practices　考查名词复数。空处在句中作主语，根据空后谓语动词vary的形式可知，practice在此作可数名词，应用复数形式。故填Practices。注意：动名词作主语时，谓语动词应用单数形式。句意：通常的做法在形式上有变化。 28．by　考查介词。此处介绍扎针的方式，表示“通过”。故填by。句意：扎针是最常见的方法，是通过将头发细的针插入经脉或者输送生命力的特定身体部位。 29．effectively　考查副词。空后unblock为动词，此空应填副词，effective为形容词，加­ly变为副词形式。故填effectively。句意：针灸者用针有效地疏通能量流，恢复阴阳平衡。 30．has seen　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“Over the years”可知，此处应用现在完成时，空前主语acupuncture为单数形式，且与谓语动词为主动关系。故填has seen。句意：多年来，针灸在科学研究和现代医学方面取得了许多进步。 31．illustrating　考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，空处应用非谓语动词作结果状语。故填illustrating。句意：根据世界卫生组织2019年的一份报告，针灸在其120个成员国中的113个国家使用，这说明针灸得到了广泛的认可和应用。 32．an　考查冠词。此处意为“古代中国的一种治疗方法”，表示泛指，且ancient的发音以元音音素开头。故填不定冠词an。 33．significant　考查形容词。空后“Chinese culture”为名词短语，空处应填significance的形容词形式significant“重要的，有重大意思的”。句意：针灸，作为一个古老的中国疗法，是一个具有丰富历史和有重大意义的中国文化的反映。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $