上海市同济中学2024-2025学年第一学期高三年级期末学业质量调研自编英语学科试卷

**基本信息** 上海市同济中学2024-2025高三期末英语试卷，聚焦塑料污染、垂直农业等时代热点，融合语法、阅读、翻译与写作，全面考查语言运用与思维品质，体现人文关怀与科学素养。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |语法词汇|20题/20分|非谓语、从句、词汇辨析（如vertical farming语境选词）|以环保科技文本为载体，考查语法应用与词汇精准运用| |阅读理解|35题/50分|细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意（如珊瑚白化、碳交易文本）|选取真实社会议题，培养信息筛选与批判性思维| |翻译|4题/20分|固定句型（While引导从句、that宾语从句）|结合环境挑战主题，考查语言转换能力| |写作|1题/25分|观点表达与逻辑构建|以个人与政府应对气候变化为话题，提升思辨与表达能力|

上海市同济中学2024-2025学年第一学期高三年级期末学业质量调研 英语学科试卷 2025.1 考生注意： 1. 考试时间105分钟，试卷满分115分。 2. 本次考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。 3. 务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. The Global Challenge of Plastic Pollution Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing environmental crises of our time. Each year, an estimated 11 million metric tons of plastic waste enter the world's oceans, (1)________ (cause) devastating harm to marine ecosystems. Scientists predict that if current trends continue, there could be more plastic than fish in the ocean by 2050, a projection (2)________ has alarmed environmentalists and policymakers alike. The problem begins with the sheer volume of plastic (3)________ (produce) globally. Since the 1950s, over 8.3 billion metric tons of plastic have been manufactured, and more than three-quarters of it has already become waste. Unlike organic materials, plastic does not decompose in a natural sense; instead, it breaks down into smaller particles known as microplastics, which have been found in the deepest ocean trenches and even in human blood. (4)________ researchers have learned about the extent of plastic contamination, the more urgent the call for action has become. Addressing plastic pollution requires a multi-pronged approach. (5)________ individual actions such as reducing single-use plastics are important, systemic change is essential. Several countries have already implemented bans on certain types of single-use plastics, (6)________ are being replaced with biodegradable alternatives. However, experts argue that recycling alone will not solve the problem, given (7)________ only about 9% of all plastic ever produced has been recycled. Innovation is playing an increasingly important role. Scientists are developing new materials that can break (8)________ naturally without leaving harmful residues. One promising development is a type of plastic made from algae, which biodegrades in marine environments within months rather than centuries. (9)________ (adopt) at scale, such innovations could dramatically reduce the accumulation of plastic waste. The fight against plastic pollution ultimately depends on (10)________ governments, industries, and consumers are willing to work together. As one environmental scientist noted, "Plastic is not the enemy — our throwaway culture is." Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. conventional B. eliminate C. maximize D. expand E. nutrient F. outdoor G. revolutionize H. yield I. stable J. consume K. vertical L. combat Can Vertical Farming Feed the Cities of Tomorrow? By 2050, the global population is expected to reach nearly 10 billion, with two-thirds living in urban areas. Feeding these growing cities poses an extraordinary challenge, especially as (11)________ agriculture already occupies about 40% of the Earth's ice-free land. In response, a growing number of entrepreneurs and scientists are turning to an innovative solution: vertical farming. Unlike traditional field farming, (12)________ farming grows crops in stacked layers inside controlled indoor environments. These farms use LED lighting, hydroponic systems, and climate-control technology to (13)________ growing conditions year-round, regardless of outdoor weather. The results are striking: vertical farms can (14)________ up to 20 times more produce per unit area than conventional methods while using 95% less water. Proponents argue that vertical farming could help (15)________ food insecurity in cities where fresh produce is scarce or expensive. By locating farms closer to consumers, the technology could also sharply reduce the carbon footprint associated with transporting food across continents. Furthermore, because crops are grown in (16)________ indoor environments, there is no need for chemical pesticides or herbicides. However, critics point out that the technology has significant limitations. The energy required to power LED lights and climate-control systems is substantial, raising questions about whether vertical farms are truly more sustainable than (17)________ agriculture when the full energy lifecycle is considered. Additionally, the high initial investment means that vertical farming is currently limited to high-value crops like leafy greens and herbs, rather than staple foods such as wheat or rice that (18)________ the majority of the global diet. Despite these challenges, investment in the sector continues to (19)________ rapidly. Major technology companies and venture capital firms have poured billions into vertical farming startups in recent years, betting that continued innovation will drive down costs. Whether vertical farming will (20)________ food production or remain a small-scale operation depends on solving the energy equation — a challenge that may ultimately determine the fate of this ambitious agricultural experiment. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Maya Torres had spent most of her adult life in a corporate office in São Paulo, staring at spreadsheets and dreaming of something more meaningful. When she turned thirty, she made a decision that (21)________ everyone who knew her: she quit her well-paying job and booked a one-way ticket to Manaus, determined to volunteer with a rainforest conservation project in the Amazon. The first week was a (22)________ adjustment. The humidity was suffocating, the insects were relentless, and the physical labor — planting native tree species under the equatorial sun — was far more demanding than anything she had ever experienced. There were moments when she (23)________ regretted her decision, questioning whether she had made a terrible mistake. But gradually, something (24)________. Maya began to notice the extraordinary complexity of the ecosystem around her — the way every plant, insect, bird, and mammal was connected in an intricate web of interdependence. Her mentor, a local biologist named Carlos, taught her to (25)________ the subtle signs of a healthy forest: the presence of certain orchid species, the calls of howler monkeys at dawn, the tracks of jaguars along muddy riverbanks. The work itself was (26)________ rewarding. Maya and her fellow volunteers helped a local community replant a tract of forest that had been cleared for cattle ranching decades earlier. Watching the first green shoots emerge from the barren soil, she felt a sense of purpose that her corporate job had never (27)________. "In the office, success was measured in quarterly earnings," she later wrote. "Here, success is measured in living things." Yet the experience also exposed her to the (28)________ realities of deforestation. She witnessed firsthand the charred remains of forests set ablaze to make way for soy plantations. She met indigenous families who had been displaced from land their ancestors had (29)________ for generations. The scale of destruction was overwhelming, and at times she felt a deep sense of (30)________. When asked what kept her going, Maya would tell people about a single Brazil nut tree she had helped plant. "That tree will still be standing long after I am gone," she said. "It will provide food, shelter, and shade for (31)________ creatures. That is the power of planting something — you are investing in a future you will never see." After two years in the Amazon, Maya returned to São Paulo, but she was no longer the same person. She now works for an environmental nonprofit, (32)________ scientific research with community organizing. She has learned that conservation is not just about protecting nature; it is about (33)________ the relationship between people and the environment. The rainforest taught her that the most meaningful change often begins not with a grand (34)________, but with a single seed. As she tells anyone who will listen: "You don't have to save the whole world. Just (35)________ with one small patch of it." 21. A. delighted B. astonished C. relieved D. amused 22. A. smooth B. gradual C. brutal D. minor 23. A. never B. secretly C. openly D. rarely 24. A. shifted B. remained C. hardened D. collapsed 25. A. ignore B. broadcast C. recognize D. manufacture 26. A. moderately B. profoundly C. slightly D. barely 27. A. demanded B. provided C. refused D. withheld 28. A. encouraging B. inspiring C. harsh D. fictional 29. A. purchased B. inhabited C. abandoned D. explored 30. A. excitement B. gratitude C. ambition D. helplessness 31. A. countless B. predictable C. domestic D. dangerous 32. A. separating B. comparing C. combining D. rejecting 33. A. severing B. rebuilding C. measuring D. documenting 34. A. celebration B. gesture C. failure D. fortune 35. A. end B. start C. argue D. compete Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Coral Bleaching and the Fragile Future of Marine Ecosystems Coral reefs are often described as the rainforests of the sea, supporting roughly 25% of all marine species despite covering less than 1% of the ocean floor. These vibrant underwater ecosystems provide food, coastal protection, and livelihoods for hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Yet they are among the most vulnerable ecosystems on Earth, and scientists warn that without urgent action, most of the world's coral reefs could disappear by the end of this century. The primary threat is coral bleaching — a phenomenon in which corals expel the colorful algae that live within their tissues, turning ghostly white. These algae, known as zooxanthellae, provide corals with up to 90% of their energy through photosynthesis. When ocean temperatures rise even 1°C above normal seasonal maximums for sustained periods, corals become stressed and expel their algal partners. Without them, the corals effectively starve. If conditions return to normal quickly, corals can recover. If the heat persists, they die. The scale of recent bleaching events is unprecedented. Between 2014 and 2017, a global bleaching event affected more than 70% of the world's coral reefs. Australia's Great Barrier Reef, the largest living structure on the planet, lost approximately half of its coral cover during consecutive bleaching events in 2016 and 2017. Marine biologists who had spent decades studying these reefs described the scenes as "underwater graveyards," with vast stretches of bleached and broken coral skeletons stretching as far as the eye could see. The consequences of widespread coral loss extend far beyond marine biodiversity. Reefs act as natural breakwaters, reducing wave energy by up to 97% and protecting coastal communities from storm surges and erosion. Their destruction would expose millions of people to greater flood risk. Economically, coral reefs generate an estimated $36 billion annually through tourism, fishing, and pharmaceutical discoveries — a figure that would plummet if the reefs disappear. Scientists are pursuing multiple strategies to save coral reefs. Some are developing "super corals" — strains that have demonstrated natural resistance to higher temperatures. Others are experimenting with assisted evolution, selectively breeding corals that can withstand warmer, more acidic waters. A more radical approach involves cloud brightening, in which sea salt particles are sprayed into the atmosphere above reefs to reflect more sunlight and cool the water below. While none of these solutions alone can save the world's reefs, researchers hope that a combination of local interventions and global emissions reductions might give corals enough time to adapt to a changing climate. 36. According to the passage, what happens to corals during a bleaching event? A. They absorb more algae to protect themselves from heat. B. They expel the algae that provide most of their energy, turning white. C. They migrate to cooler waters to escape rising temperatures. D. They produce a protective coating that shields them from sunlight. 37. What does the passage suggest about the bleaching events of 2014-2017? A. They were limited to the Great Barrier Reef only. B. They affected less than half of the world's coral reefs. C. They were unprecedented in scale, affecting over 70% of global reefs. D. They resulted in a complete recovery of affected reefs within two years. 38. The author mentions the economic value of coral reefs primarily to: A. argue that tourism should be restricted to protect reefs. B. demonstrate that coral loss would have consequences beyond environmental damage. C. suggest that pharmaceutical companies should fund reef conservation. D. compare the value of reefs to that of tropical rainforests. 39. What is the main idea of the final paragraph? A. Coral bleaching is irreversible and nothing can be done to stop it. B. Scientists have already found a single definitive solution to save coral reefs. C. Multiple experimental strategies are being explored to help corals survive. D. Cloud brightening is the most promising and cost-effective solution. (B) The EV Battery Recycling Dilemma: Promise and Pitfalls Electric vehicles are widely celebrated as a cornerstone of the transition to a low-carbon future. Global EV sales surpassed 10 million units in 2022, a 55% increase from the previous year, and major automakers have committed to phasing out internal combustion engines entirely within the next two decades. But this rapid growth has created a problem that receives far less attention: what happens to the millions of lithium-ion batteries when they reach the end of their useful life? A typical EV battery lasts between 8 and 15 years before its capacity degrades below 70-80% of its original level, at which point it is generally considered unsuitable for automotive use. By 2030, an estimated 12 million tons of EV batteries will be retired globally. These batteries contain valuable materials — lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese — as well as toxic substances that can leak into soil and groundwater if disposed of improperly. The environmental benefits of electric vehicles could be seriously undermined if battery waste is not managed responsibly. The recycling challenge is both technical and economic. Current recycling methods fall into two categories: pyrometallurgy, which involves heating batteries to high temperatures to extract metals, and hydrometallurgy, which uses chemical solutions to dissolve and separate materials. Pyrometallurgy is energy-intensive and recovers only a fraction of valuable materials, while hydrometallurgy is more efficient but produces toxic wastewater that must be carefully treated. Neither method can yet recover lithium at a cost that competes with newly mined lithium. A new wave of startups is attempting to solve this problem with innovative approaches. One company, based in Nevada, has developed a process that uses a specialized solvent to extract battery materials at room temperature, claiming recovery rates above 95% while reducing energy consumption by 70%. Another firm in Germany is using machine learning to automate the disassembly of battery packs, a task that is currently done by hand and accounts for a significant portion of recycling costs. Policy is also beginning to catch up. The European Union now requires EV manufacturers to ensure that batteries are collected and recycled at the end of their life, with minimum recycled content standards taking effect in 2031. China has established a traceability system that tracks batteries from production to disposal. However, the United States still lacks comprehensive federal regulations on battery recycling, with responsibility largely left to individual states. Experts emphasize that recycling alone, while essential, is not a complete solution. Reducing the material intensity of batteries through advances in chemistry, extending battery lifespan through better management systems, and developing alternative battery technologies that rely on more abundant materials are all critical pieces of the puzzle. As one industry analyst noted, "The most sustainable battery is the one that never needs to be made." 40. According to the passage, when is an EV battery typically considered unsuitable for automotive use? A. After 5 years, regardless of its condition. B. When its capacity falls below 70-80% of its original level. C. As soon as it shows any visible signs of damage. D. After the vehicle has been driven for 100,000 miles. 41. What is a key difference between pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy mentioned in the passage? A. Pyrometallurgy produces toxic wastewater while hydrometallurgy does not. B. Hydrometallurgy recovers lithium more cheaply than newly mined lithium. C. Pyrometallurgy uses high temperatures and recovers fewer materials, while hydrometallurgy is more efficient but produces toxic wastewater. D. Pyrometallurgy is more commonly used in Europe while hydrometallurgy dominates in China. 42. What can be inferred from the examples of recycling startups in the passage? A. The battery recycling industry is stagnating due to a lack of investment. B. Innovation in battery recycling is occurring but has not yet fully solved economic challenges. C. All major technical problems in battery recycling have been resolved. D. Startups have abandoned battery recycling in favor of other environmental technologies. 43. What does the final paragraph suggest about the future of EV battery sustainability? A. Recycling alone is sufficient to address the battery waste problem. B. Reducing material use and extending battery life are equally important as recycling. C. The United States has the most advanced battery recycling regulations. D. Alternative battery technologies have made lithium-ion batteries obsolete. (C) The Global Carbon Trading Game: Winners, Losers, and the Road Ahead Carbon trading has emerged as one of the most widely adopted policy tools for addressing climate change. The basic principle is straightforward: governments set a cap on total carbon emissions and issue permits that companies can buy and sell. Those who can reduce emissions cheaply do so and sell their excess permits to those for whom reduction is more expensive. In theory, this market mechanism achieves emission reductions at the lowest possible cost to the economy. In practice, the reality has been far messier. The European Union Emissions Trading System, the world's largest carbon market, has experienced dramatic price swings since its launch in 2005. Carbon permits that traded at over €30 per ton in 2008 collapsed to less than €3 in 2013 due to an oversupply of permits, rendering the system nearly ineffective for several years. Prices have since recovered to over €80 per ton following major reforms, but the volatility illustrates how fragile these markets can be when political commitment wavers. China launched its own national emissions trading system in 2021, and it is now the world's largest by volume, covering over 2,000 power plants that account for roughly 4 billion tons of annual emissions. Unlike the EU system, China's market initially allocates permits based on output benchmarks rather than absolute caps, which means that a growing company can receive more permits. Critics argue this approach lacks the absolute emission limits needed to drive meaningful reductions, while supporters counter that it provides a politically realistic starting point that can be tightened over time. The proliferation of carbon markets has raised complex questions about equity and fairness. Developing nations argue that they should not bear the same burden as industrialized countries that have been emitting carbon for over a century. This principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" was recognized in the Paris Agreement, but it has proved difficult to translate into functioning market mechanisms. Carbon border adjustment mechanisms — essentially tariffs on imports from countries with weaker climate policies — have been proposed as a solution, but they risk triggering trade disputes and disproportionately affecting poorer nations. Despite these challenges, carbon pricing appears to be gaining momentum. As of 2023, over 70 carbon pricing initiatives covering about 23% of global emissions were in operation worldwide. The International Monetary Fund has called for a global minimum carbon price, arguing that a coordinated approach would be far more effective than the current patchwork of national systems. Whether the world can overcome the political obstacles to achieve such coordination remains to be seen. What is clear is that the economic architecture of climate policy will be as important as the science in determining whether humanity can rise to the defining challenge of this century. 44. What is the basic principle of carbon trading as described in the passage? A. Companies are fined for exceeding fixed emission limits. B. Governments directly subsidize companies that reduce emissions. C. A market is created where emission permits can be bought and sold under an overall cap. D. Companies voluntarily agree to reduce emissions without government intervention. 45. Why did the EU carbon permit price collapse to less than €3 in 2013? A. Because emissions had been completely eliminated across the EU. B. Because there was an oversupply of permits due to weakening political commitment. C. Because the EU abandoned the carbon trading system entirely. D. Because technology made emission reduction extremely cheap. 46. What does the author suggest about China's emissions trading system? A. It is widely considered the most effective carbon market in the world. B. It uses absolute caps that are stricter than those in the EU system. C. It represents a politically pragmatic start but may need tighter limits over time. D. It has failed to cover any significant portion of China's emissions. 47. The phrase "common but differentiated responsibilities" in paragraph 4 refers to the idea that: A. All countries should adopt identical carbon pricing systems. B. Developing nations should be exempt from all climate obligations. C. Industrialized nations should bear greater responsibility given their historical emissions. D. Carbon markets should be replaced by direct government regulation. Section C Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence chosen from the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Urban Greening and Mental Health: Nature as Medicine In 1984, the biologist Edward O. Wilson introduced the "biophilia hypothesis" — the idea that humans have an innate tendency to seek connections with nature and other forms of life. For decades, this idea remained largely philosophical. (48)________ The evidence is compelling. A landmark study conducted in the United Kingdom tracked the mental health of over 1,000 participants who moved from grey urban neighborhoods to greener ones over a five-year period. The researchers found that those who moved to areas with more green space experienced sustained improvements in mental well-being, with reductions in anxiety and depression that persisted for years after the move. (49)________ The effect was comparable to finding a new job or receiving a significant pay raise. Researchers have identified several mechanisms through which urban greenery benefits mental health. Trees and plants filter air pollutants, and cleaner air has been linked to lower rates of cognitive decline and mood disorders. Green spaces also provide opportunities for physical activity, social interaction, and what psychologists call "soft fascination" — a state of gentle, effortless attention that allows the brain to rest and recover from mental fatigue. (50)________ These findings are increasingly influencing urban planning. Singapore has embedded greenery into its urban fabric through policies that require new buildings to include plant-covered surfaces equivalent to the land area they occupy. Cities from Melbourne to Milan are investing in "urban forests" that transform formerly barren streets into shaded, leaf-covered corridors. (51)________ Yet access to urban green space remains deeply unequal. In cities around the world, wealthier neighborhoods tend to be significantly greener than poorer ones, a disparity that has been termed the "green gap." Closing this gap is not just an environmental priority but a public health imperative. As cities continue to grow, the integration of nature into urban design will be essential to the mental and physical health of billions of residents worldwide. A. What was particularly striking was the magnitude of the improvement. B. However, recent advances in neuroscience and epidemiology have begun to provide hard evidence that access to nature significantly improves mental health. C. This type of attention is fundamentally different from the directed attention required by work and study, which can lead to mental exhaustion. D. In other words, cities are competing not just on economic grounds but on their ability to offer residents a healthy living environment. E. These initiatives reflect a growing recognition that urban nature is not a luxury but a necessity. F. Some critics argue that the benefits of urban green spaces have been exaggerated and that other factors play a more important role in mental health. III. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 虽然许多国家已经承诺减少碳排放，但真正的进展仍然缓慢得令人沮丧。(While) 53. 科学家们在报告中明确指出，全球变暖正在以前所未有的速度改变地球的生态系统。(that) 54. 面对日益严峻的环境挑战，我们必须立即采取行动而不是等待完美的解决方案。(Faced) 55. 相比于十年前，如今公众对可持续发展的意识比以往任何时候都更为深刻。(than) IV. Writing Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 在应对气候变化的问题上，有人认为个人的日常行为（如减少塑料使用、节约用电、绿色出行）才是改变的关键，也有人认为只有政府的政策与法规（如碳税、排放限制、清洁能源补贴）才能真正发挥决定性作用。请以"Is individual action or government policy more effective in fighting climate change?"为题，写一篇120-150词的英语短文，内容包括： 1. 简述双方观点； 2. 明确表达你的立场并给出理由； 3. 说明个人和政府应如何协同合作。 (注意：文中不得出现真实姓名和学校名称) 参考答案 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A: 1. causing 2. which/that 3. produced 4. The more 5. While/Although/Though 6. which 7. that 8. down 9. If adopted 10. whether Section B: 11. A (conventional) 12. K (vertical) 13. C (maximize) 14. H (yield) 15. L (combat) 16. I (stable) 17. F (outdoor) 18. J (consume) 19. D (expand) 20. G (revolutionize) (Extra words: B. eliminate, E. nutrient) II. Reading Comprehension Section A (Cloze): 21-25 BCBAC 26-30 BBCCD 31-35 ACBBB Section B: (A) 36. B 37. C 38. B 39. C (B) 40. B 41. C 42. B 43. B (C) 44. C 45. B 46. C 47. C Section C: 48. B 49. A 50. C 51. E III. Translation 52. While many countries have pledged to reduce carbon emissions, real progress remains frustratingly slow. 53. The scientists made it clear in the report that global warming is changing Earth's ecosystems at an unprecedented rate. 54. Faced with increasingly severe environmental challenges, we must take immediate action rather than waiting for perfect solutions. 55. Compared with a decade ago, public awareness of sustainable development today is more profound than ever before. IV. Writing (参考范文) Is individual action or government policy more effective in fighting climate change? The debate over the most effective approach to fighting climate change often divides into two camps. Advocates of individual action emphasize that billions of small daily choices — reducing meat consumption, using public transportation, conserving energy — collectively generate massive impact. They argue that government policy alone cannot succeed without widespread public participation. On the other hand, proponents of government policy point out that only systemic measures — carbon taxes, emission caps, and clean energy subsidies — can drive change at the speed and scale the climate crisis demands. In my opinion, both approaches are indispensable. Individual actions, while valuable, cannot decarbonize entire industries or phase out fossil fuels on their own. However, government policies also require public support to be politically viable and effectively implemented. The most promising path forward is a synergy between the two: governments enact ambitious climate legislation while citizens, through their choices and political engagement, create the demand for such policies. Ultimately, climate change is not a problem that can be solved by governments or individuals alone. It requires a coordinated effort in which policy provides the framework and individuals provide the momentum. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $