必修第一册 Unit 4 NATURAL DISASTERS（word练习）-【高考快车道】2027年高考英语大一轮总复习课时作业（人教版）

**基本信息** 围绕“人与自然”主题，以自然灾害科学原理与应对实践为逻辑核心，整合多样题型，系统培养语言理解、思维分析及跨文化意识。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解|2篇（8题）|说明文，含细节、主旨、词义题|从地震与太阳活动关联到AI洪水预测，构建科学认知链| |阅读七选五|1篇（5题）|说明文，考查衔接连贯|按地震前中后阶段，形成应对措施指导逻辑| |读后续写|1篇（2段）|记叙文，需情节合理发展|通过龙卷风避险情境，实现理论到实践迁移|

Unit 4　NATURAL DISASTERS (限时:40分钟) 　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　 ●Ⅰ 阅读理解 A [2025·山东省济南市高三三模] 文体:说明文　主题:人与自然　词数:338 Scientists have revealed most of the basics about earthquakes: tectonic plates (构造板块) move, causing strain energy (应变能) to build up, and that energy eventually releases in the form of an earthquake. However, forecasting earthquakes remains a significant challenge, which was evidenced by the 2011 great Tohoku earthquake. In addition to causing a tsunami that led to the Fukushima nuclear disaster, it resulted in more than 18,000 deaths. In recent years, researchers have been trying to figure out a possible relation between the sun and earthquakes. Based on a previous study that connected solar activity with earthquakes, a study conducted by researchers from the University of Tsukuba (UT) cast light on this possibility, confirming that sunspot numbers had some influence on earthquakes and Earth’s climate, as affected by solar heat, played a role. “Solar heat drives atmospheric temperature changes, which in turn can affect things like rock properties and underground water movement,” said Junqueira Saldanha, leader of the research team. “Such changes can make rocks tend to break apart. For example, the changes in rainfall and snowmelt can affect the pressure on tectonic plate boundaries. While these factors may not be the main drivers of earthquakes, they could still be playing a role that can help to predict earthquakes.” Among other findings, the researchers used mathematical and computational methods to analyse earthquake data alongside solar activity records and surface temperatures on Earth. They observed that when they included Earth surface temperatures into their model, the forecasting became more accurate, especially for shallow earthquakes. “That makes sense, since heat and water mostly affect the upper layers of Earth’s crust (地壳),” said Saldanha. The findings suggest the transfer of solar heat to the surface of Earth does affect earthquakes, however minutely, and that incorporating solar activity predictions into detailed Earth temperature models may help issue earthquake forecasts. “It’s an exciting direction, and we hope our study can decipher the bigger picture of what causes earthquakes,” said Saldanha. (　)1.Why did the author mention Tohoku earthquake in Paragraph 1? A.To demonstrate the movement of tectonic plates. B.To illustrate the difficulty in earthquake forecasts. C.To reveal the heavy losses caused by earthquakes. D.To stress the necessity of weakening strain energy. (　)2.What does the study by UT mainly focus on? A.The climate change caused by earthquakes. B.The impact of solar activity on the atmosphere. C.The reasons for increased sunspot numbers. D.The link between sunspots and earthquakes. (　)3.Which of the following would Saldanha agree with? A.Solar heat decides earthquake frequency. B.Tectonic plate pressure grows constantly. C.Earthquakes occur in the crust’s upper layer. D.Solar activity data helps predict earthquakes. (　)4.What does the underlined word “decipher” in the last paragraph mean? A.Reveal.　　　　 B.Distinguish. C.Expand. D.Assess. B [2025·湖南省高三二模] 文体:说明文　主题:人与自然　词数:341 Google used its artificial intelligence-powered weather forecasting tools to precisely predict floods up to a week in advance of their happening. In a new paper published in the scientific journal Nature, Google’s researchers describe this as an early warning system that could be used throughout the world, not only to predict or recognize natural disasters but also to buffer the worst effects of what is one of the most common types of natural disasters. Flooding can be difficult to accurately predict, particularly riverine floods, due to a lack of resources and data related to flood history, water levels, and terrain (地形). AI use in weather forecasting is nothing new. Still, the rise of more powerful processors and larger data sets is allowing for new scales of prediction, including a new NVIDIA digital Earth. A small percentage of global rivers have streamflow gauges (测量仪) which can be used to warn people if the volume of water flowing through the river changes. When combined with other points such as the local terrain, settlements near the river, weather forecasting, and historical events on the same river, data can be used to predict flooding. Google’s researchers gathered as much global data as they could access and trained new AI models to analyse them. Afterwards, those models could then make predictions for those regions where data might be considerably limited or even nonexistent. The team launched a Flood Hub platform, which provided access to forecasts in 20 countries where flood forecasting had been difficult in the past. The platform collected seemingly unrelated information which was available locally, fed it into the AI system as a reminder, and ordered the AI to fill in the gaps and then classify data. So far Flood Hub has been expanded to 80 countries in Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, and the Americas, covering over 460 million people globally, particularly those in communities suffering from flooding. “Where possible, we also provide forecasts in Google Search and Google Maps and via Android warnings,” the Google team declared. (　)5.What does the underlined word mean in Paragraph 1? A.Dismiss. B.Relieve. C.Perceive. D.Track. (　)6.Why is it hard to predict flooding? A.Relevant records are absent. B.Gauges are far from precise. C.AI is new to weather forecasting. D.Former studies are of little worth. (　)7.What can we know about flooding-forecasting AI models? A.They are accessible to global data. B.They are very quick in data analysis. C.They can ensure the reliability of data. D.They can break geographical limitations. (　)8.What does Paragraph 4 focus on about the Flood Hub platform? A.Its designing principles. B.Its operating difficulties. C.Its dilemma and application. D.Its mechanism and popularity. ●Ⅱ 阅读七选五 [2025·辽宁省沈阳市高三三模] 文体:说明文　主题:人与自然　词数:316 Earthquakes are unpredictable natural disasters that can cause dramatic damage in seconds. 1.　　　　 Proper preparation and knowing what to do during and after an earthquake can significantly increase your chances of staying safe. This guide helps you prepare, respond, and recover effectively.  Before the quake One important way to prepare for a quake is to try to make your home safe. The stuff inside your home is just as important as the walls themselves. Take a tour of each room to look for things that could fall or break. 2.　　　　 Move large or heavy objects to lower shelves, install latches (门闩) on cupboards, and secure any large appliances like water heaters.  When the shaking starts 3.　　　　 In many situations that means remembering three actions: drop, cover, and hold.  Drop: get down on your hands and knees immediately. This position protects you from falling but still allows you to move if necessary. Cover: place your head and neck (and your entire body if possible) underneath a strong table or desk. Hold: stay put until the shaking stops. Be prepared to move with your shelter if the shaking shifts it around. After the shaking calms Even after the ground grows still, the danger is not necessarily over. As the Earth settles from its quake, it can produce a series of smaller quakes known as aftershocks. 4.　　　　 The first quake is then called a foreshock, and the second is called a main shock.  Still, once the shaking calms, it’s time to start getting ready for more. First, check for injuries. Next, check the gas and electric lines, and turn them off if you can do so safely. And if you are inside a heavily damaged structure, get yourself and others out as soon as possible. If you’re trapped, stay calm. Protect your mouth, nose, and eyes from the dust. Make noise to get responders’ attention. 5.　　　  A.Protect yourself as quickly as possible. B.There are generally two types of quakes. C.They occur most often near plate boundaries. D.If you are outside, keep an eye out for danger. E.A second quake might occasionally be bigger than the first. F.Sometimes this can be solved with a little reorganization. G.They can strike anywhere, at any time, and without warning. ●Ⅲ 读后续写 [2025·福建省厦门市高三第二次质检改编] 文体:记叙文　主题:人与自然　词数:359 阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。 This morning, I asked Mum to take me to the pool. But she reminded me I’d watch kids for her as she got a job interview at the radio station. Still, I asked, “Couldn’t Julie watch them instead?” 　　“She can help, Jess, but she’s only ten. I’ll feel better with a fifteen-year-old in charge, honey.” Mum gave me a hug and off she went. So there I was, stuck watching my five-year-old sister Lyssa and three-year-old brother Dougie. I usually don’t mind watching the kids, but the problem was our little rented trailer house (拖车房屋). It’s like living in a barbecue cooker on hot days. Well, as is said, “What is, is.” and I decided to make the best of it. We moved out into the front yard and I filled a paddling pool for the kids. I noticed that the sky looked a little strange—greenish-yellow, with grey clouds rising for miles—but I didn’t think anything of it. As kids jumped in the pool, I settled down to read my magazine. I put on headphones and turned the volume up loud enough to block out their noise. Before long I got lost in a cool story. I was almost at the end when Julie came over to me and she pointed upwards. Not only had the clouds moved towards us, but they were swirling (打旋). I hadn’t realized how much the wind had picked up. A huge, grey-black funnel (漏斗) snaked down from the sky to the ground—a real, live tornado! And it headed our way at high speed! Though I had learned about tornado safety, at that moment, the only thing I could remember was that a tornado develops fast and that trailer houses are the worst place to take shelter. I tried hard to remember other safety tips. Get low. Yeah. If you’re caught outside, find the lowest spot. Scanning around, my eye stopped on a line of bushes. 注意: 续写词数应为150个左右。 Paragraph 1: There was a ditch (沟渠) there for shelter, a hundred yards off.      Paragraph 2: But in a couple of minutes, the tornado was over.     学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 4　NATURAL DISASTERS ●ⅠA 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了科学家对太阳活动与地震之间关系的研究,指出太阳热量传递到地球表面会对地震产生影响,将太阳活动预测纳入地球温度模型可能有助于地震预报。 1.B　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“However, forecasting earthquakes remains a significant challenge, which was evidenced by the 2011 great Tohoku earthquake.”可知,提及该地震是为了论证前文“地震预测困难”的观点。故选B项。 2.D　细节理解题。第二段明确提到,基于“先前将太阳活动与地震联系起来的研究”,筑波大学的研究“证实了太阳黑子数量对地震有一定影响”,且地球气候(受太阳热量影响)也发挥作用。由此可知,该研究的核心是探索太阳黑子与地震之间的关联。故选D项。 3.D　推理判断题。根据第三段内容,尤其是由Saldanha 的话“While these factors may not be the main drivers of earthquakes, they could still be playing a role that can help to predict earthquakes.”可知,他认为太阳活动数据有助于地震预测。故选D项。 4.A　词义猜测题。由最后一段中“‘It’s an exciting direction, and we hope our study can decipher the bigger picture of what causes earthquakes,’ said Saldanha.”,并结合上文可知,研究的目的是揭示地震成因,因此decipher意为“揭示、解读”,与reveal同义。故选 A项。 B 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了谷歌使用人工智能预测洪水。 5.B　词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“In a new paper published in the scientific journal Nature, Google’s researchers describe this as an early warning system that could be used throughout the world, not only to predict or recognize natural disasters but also to…”以及后文“…the worst effects of what is one of the most common types of natural disasters.”可知,谷歌的这个人工智能天气预报工具是一个早期预警系统,这个系统可以用于世界各地,不仅能预测或识别自然灾害,也能缓解最常见的自然灾害之一的最严重后果。由此可知,relieve与buffer意思相近,即意为“缓解”。故选B。 6.A　细节理解题。根据第二段“Flooding can be difficult to accurately predict, particularly riverine floods, due to a lack of resources and data related to flood history, water levels, and terrain(地形).”可知,洪水难以预测,特别是河流洪水,因为缺乏与洪水历史、水位和地形相关的资源和数据,即缺乏相关记录。故选A。 7.D　推理判断题。根据第三段“Google’s researchers gathered as much global data as they could access and trained new AI models…limited or even nonexistent.”可知,AI模型可以打破地理的界限。故选D。 8.D　段落大意题。根据第四段“The team launched a Flood Hub…possible, we also provide forecasts in Google Search and Google Maps and via Android warnings,’ the Google team declared.”可知,该段介绍了Flood Hub这一平台的机制原理和受欢迎程度。故选D。 ●Ⅱ【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了地震这一自然灾害及其应对措施。文章首先概述了地震的不可预测性和可能造成的巨大破坏,然后分别从地震前、地震发生时和地震后三个阶段,详细说明了如何准备、应对和恢复。 1.G　上文“Earthquakes are unpredictable natural disasters that can cause dramatic damage in seconds.”强调了地震的不可预测性和破坏性。选项G“They can strike anywhere, at any time, and without warning.”进一步说明地震可以在任何地点、任何时间毫无预兆地发生,与前文衔接紧密,且引出下文关于地震应对的内容。故选G。 2.F　上文“Take a tour of each room to look for things that could fall or break.”提出要检查房间里可能掉落或破碎的东西。选项F“Sometimes this can be solved with a little reorganization.”中的this指代上文东西可能掉落或破碎这件事,且说明了处理这个问题的方法是重新整理,符合语境。故选F。 3.A　由本段小标题及下文“In many situations that means remembering three actions: drop, cover, and hold.”可知,这部分介绍了地震发生时的具体应对动作。选项A“Protect yourself as quickly as possible.”概括了这部分内容的主旨,即尽快保护自己,且引出下文。故选A。 4.E　上文“As the Earth settles from its quake, it can produce a series of smaller quakes known as aftershocks.”指出地震后会有一系列较小的余震。选项E“A second quake might occasionally be bigger than the first.”进一步说明了地震的情况,这里的“第二次地震”可以理解为余震,余震有时可能比主震更强烈,与上文余震的内容相关,且与下文呼应,符合语境。故选E。 5.D　上文“First, check for injuries. Next, check the gas and…responders’ attention.”主要介绍了地震后在室内的应对措施。选项D“If you are outside, keep an eye out for danger.”则补充了在室外的情况,即要留意危险,与上文在室内的情况相呼应,使文章对地震后应对措施的介绍更加全面。故选D。 ●Ⅲ【文章大意】 本文以人物为线索展开,讲述了作者在家负责照看年幼的弟弟妹妹却遭遇龙卷风,作者迅速采取行动,带领弟弟妹妹们跑到附近的沟渠躲避,最终大家安然无恙的故事。 【详解】 1.段落续写: ①由第一段首句内容“那里有一条沟渠可以躲避,距离一百码远。”以及第二段首句内容“但几分钟后,龙卷风过去了。”可知,第一段可描写作者带着弟弟妹妹们跑到了沟渠,紧紧挤在了一起。 ②由第二段首句内容“但几分钟后,龙卷风过去了。”可知,第二段可描写龙卷风过去了,看着周围的废墟,作者感到非常幸运。 2.续写线索:一百码外有一条沟渠可以躲避—作者召集弟弟妹妹们跑到沟渠—作者用身体护住弟弟妹妹—心中祈祷着龙卷风赶紧过去—龙卷风过去了四周一片废墟—作者觉得非常幸运,同时也感到自豪 One possible version: There was a ditch (沟渠) there for shelter, a hundred yards off. I quickly gathered the kids, yelling, “Run to the ditch! As fast as you can!” (v.-ing 作伴随状语) The wind howled, and debris flew everywhere. Julie held Dougie’s hand tightly, and I grabbed Lyssa. We ran with all our might. The force of the wind pushed against us, making each step a struggle (v.-ing作结果状语). When we reached the ditch (时间状语从句), we huddled together. I covered the kids with my body, praying the tornado would pass (v.-ing作伴随状语). The noise was deafening, like a thousand trains roaring. I could feel the ground shaking beneath us. But in a couple of minutes, the tornado was over. The howling wind gradually died down, and the debris stopped flying. I slowly lifted my head and looked around. The world seemed a bit surreal. Trees were uprooted, and parts of the trailer house were scattered. We climbed out of the ditch. The kids were shaken but unhurt. I felt a huge sense of relief wash over me. As we made our way back to the damaged trailer house (时间状语从句), I knew we were lucky to be alive (宾语从句). And I was proud of us for handling the terrifying situation so bravely. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $