专题03 阅读理解说明文（期末真题汇编，云南专用）高二英语下学期

**基本信息** 聚焦说明文阅读理解，涵盖人与自然、社会、自我三大主题，精选云南多地市期末真题，通过科技前沿（如钙钛矿太阳能电池）、社会热点（如远程办公效率研究）等真实情境，考查细节理解、推理判断等核心能力。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解（选择题）|45篇/180题|细节理解（如Comamonas细菌分解塑料实验过程）、推理判断（如Hiemstra对塑料使用的观点）、词义猜测（如“constrained”“sterling”）、主旨大意（如“森林火灾与生态平衡”）|素材兼具时代性（脑机接口技术）与人文性（艺术家Tash的城市改造），问题设计梯度分明，从基础信息查找到高阶逻辑分析，适配高二期末能力要求|

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自然 Passage 1 （2025高二下·云南曲靖·期末） Our planet is polluted by plastic. Tiny bits of it, called microplastics, have been found everywhere. That’s why scientists keep looking for ways to break down this material. Now, they’ve discovered a promising new strategy. Bacteria common in wastewater can break down the world’s most widely used plastic called PET. That finding could inform new ways to clean up PET pollution, which may make up around half of all the microplastic in wastewater. The bacteria in question are Comamonas (单胞菌). Scientists have long known these bacteria grow on plastics in water. That got Ludmilla Aristilde wondering whether the bacteria feed on plastic. Aristilde is an environmental biochemist. Her team decided to carry out the investigation. Since microplastics and bacteria are both tiny, it can be hard to tell what the bacteria are doing to PET. To find out, Aristilde’s team placed the bacteria in a liquid-filled container for a month with thin, flat strips (条) of PET. Afterward, they looked at the surface of the plastic with a microscope. This type of microscope can create very detailed images of surfaces. The team found that the PET were breaking apart. Nanoparticles (纳米颗粒) of PET now floated in the water. At the end of the month, nearly three times as many nano bits were in the water as before. This showed that the bacteria had been breaking apart the PET. The bacteria also multiplied faster when they had PET available. That suggests they were using the plastic bits as food. Ren Wei, a biochemist at the University of Greifswald, is doubtful about employing the bacteria’s ability to clean up PET pollution. The tiny bacteria eat super tiny amounts of plastic. The rate, Wei says, is far too slow to remove much of the vast amounts that enter the environment each year. He points out that breaking down plastics with bacteria should be considered an emergency technique and not a main solution. Let’s focus first on using less plastic, he says, and making it more reusable. 1．What is the aim of the experiment? A．To find out the source of Comamonas. B．To predict the harm of plastic pollution. C．To prove how Comamonas can survive in water. D．To check if plastic serves as Comamonas’s food. 2．What phenomenon appeared in the experiment? A．The water was polluted by PET plastic. B．Lots of nano bits fell off the PET plastic. C．The Comamonas bacteria floated on the water. D．The Comamonas bacteria changed fast in water. 3．What does Ren Wei advocate? A．Reducing the use of plastic. B．Making Comamonas eat faster. C．Stopping making plastic products. D．Using bacteria to solve plastic pollution. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．PET Plastic Is Polluting the Planet B．Wastewater Bacteria Break down Plastic C．Wastewater Is the Birthplace of Comamonas Bacteria D．Scientists Are Trying to Solve Plastic Pollution Problem 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家发现废水中的单胞菌可以分解PET塑料，以及科学家对此研究的不同看法。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“That got Ludmilla Aristilde wondering whether the bacteria feed on plastic. Aristilde is an environmental biochemist. Her team decided to carry out the investigation. (这让Ludmilla Aristilde怀疑这些细菌是否以塑料为食。Aristilde是一名环境生物化学家。她的团队决定展开调查)”可推知，实验的目的是检查塑料是否为单胞菌的食物。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“The team found that the PET were breaking apart. Nanoparticles (纳米颗粒) of PET now floated in the water. At the end of the month, nearly three times as many nano bits were in the water as before. (研究小组发现PET正在分解。PET的纳米颗粒现在漂浮在水中。到月底，水中的纳米颗粒数量几乎是之前的三倍)”可知，实验中出现的现象是许多纳米颗粒从PET塑料上脱落。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Let’s focus first on using less plastic, he says, and making it more reusable. (他说，让我们首先关注减少塑料的使用，并使其更可重复使用)”可知，Ren Wei倡导减少塑料的使用。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Bacteria common in wastewater can break down the world’s most widely used plastic called PET. That finding could inform new ways to clean up PET pollution, which may make up around half of all the microplastic in wastewater.(废水中常见的细菌可以分解世界上使用最广泛的塑料PET。这一发现可能会为清理PET污染提供新的方法，PET污染可能占废水中所有微塑料的一半左右)”以及文章内容可知，文章主要介绍了科学家发现废水中的单胞菌可以分解世界上最广泛使用的塑料PET，以及科学家对此研究的不同看法，所以“废水细菌分解塑料”适合作为文章主旨。故选B项。 Passage 2 （2025高二下·云南昭通·期末） What do you do when nobody is around to take your picture? You take a selfie (自拍照). Photographic self-portraits have existed for as long as cameras have been in human hands. But what about selfies in space? On social media last year, NASA astronaut Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin, who famously became the second man to walk on the moon in July, 1969, laid claim to a spaceflight first: Taking the first selfie in space during the Gemini Ж п mission in 1966. Astronauts have been carrying cameras aboard space vehicles since the 1960s, and they’ve taken plenty of pictures of themselves along the way. In 1966, Aldrin used a Hasselblad camera that was designed specifically for space, with an extra-large trigger to accommodate the astronaut’s thick gloves. Hasselblad also painted the first camera used in space matte black (哑光黑) to minimize reflections in the spacecraft window. But cameras used in space need to survive extreme conditions, like temperature swings from — 149 °F to 248 °F, so Hasselblad painted later models’ silver to help the camera adjust to these temperature changes. Early astronauts were constrained by strict weight when entering spacecraft, and they had to work without a selfie stick. To capture his self-portrait, the astronaut Aldrin once attached the camera to the side of the spacecraft to stabilize it and get his face in the frame. Today, astronauts also have access to the Internet and social platforms in space and can post true space selfies using digital cameras covered with thermal blankets. The first astronaut selfie that went viral on the Internet was one by Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide in 2012. Similarly, space robots are also participating in selfie culture, capturing remote images of themselves in space or on other planets and beaming them back to Earth. For instance, in January, the Mars rover Curiosity “shared” a selfie made from a mosaic of images captured at the rover’s latest drill site on the red planet. 5．What can we know about Aldrin? A．He took the first selfie in space. B．He was the first man to walk in space. C．He posted a picture of himself on Mars. D．He shared a selfie when in the Gemini Ⅻ mission. 6．Why was the first camera used in space painted matte black? A．To protect it from space radiation. B．To match the color of the spacecraft. C．To reduce reflections from the spacecraft. D．To make it easier to hold for astronauts. 7．Which best explains the underlined word “constrained” in paragraph 3? A．Enabled. B．Influenced. C．Inspired. D．Restricted. 8．Which is the best title for the text? A．Japanese astronauts posted selfies from space. B．The origin and development of selfies in space. C．Increasingly popular selfies among astronauts. D．Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin took the first space selfie. 【答案】5．A 6．C 7．D 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了太空自拍的起源与发展。 5．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“On social media last year, NASA astronaut Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin, who famously became the second man to walk on the moon in July, 1969, laid claim to a spaceflight first: Taking the first selfie in space during the Gemini Ж п mission in 1966.(去年在社交媒体上，NASA宇航员Edwin E.“Buzz”Aldrin，这位在1969年7月成为第二个登上月球的人，声称他在1966年的Gemini Ж п任务中拍摄了第一张太空自拍)”可知， Aldrin是第一个在太空中拍摄自拍的人。故选A。 6．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Hasselblad also painted the first camera used in space matte black (哑光黑) to minimize reflections in the spacecraft window.(Hasselblad还将第一台用于太空的相机涂成了哑光黑色，以最大程度地减少太空船窗户上的反射)”可知，第一台用于太空的相机被涂成哑光黑色是为了减少太空船窗户上的反射。故选C。 7．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“Early astronauts were constrained by strict weight when entering spacecraft, and they had to work without a selfie stick.(早期宇航员在进入飞船时受到严格重量constrained，他们不得不在没有自拍杆的情况下工作)”可知，宇航员在进入太空时受到了限制（constrained），即他们的行为受到了某种约束或限制。constrained意为“限制”。故选D。 8．主旨大意题。根据文章的整体内容尤其是第一段“But what about selfies in space?(那么太空自拍呢？)”及后面的描述可知，文章主要介绍了太空自拍的起源与发展，从第一张太空自拍到现代宇航员和太空机器人的自拍文化。由此可知，最好的标题应该是“The origin and development of selfies in space(太空自拍的起源与发展)”。故选B。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 3 （2023高二下·云南昆明·期末） An artist transforming a city by painting its houses different colors has revealed her latest street of 63 “rainbow” homes. Tash Frootko has been painting houses in Gloucester since 2018-giving a makeover to entire streets and squares. Locals say it has created a better atmosphere-and has even seen house values rise by up to 30 per cent. Now Tash, 44, has revealed her biggest project yet with 63 houses on Hopewell Street painted in bold and vivid colors. It is Tash’s fifth transformation in the city and is her largest project to date. The property developer, who has lived in Gloucester for the past two decades, said: “It shows what an individual with a vision can achieve-I started these transformations as there was such a negative morale(士气)about the appearance of the city. The response from the community, its schools and visitors to the street has been overwhelmingly positive.” “I will continue to work completely voluntarily so that every penny of funding goes towards making the area shine.” The new home makeovers have also been accompanied by a huge flower painting by street artist Sophie Mess, paintings by Stuart Doust and a special door installation and rainbow staircase. Residents of the newly transformed street have shared their thoughts on the “remarkable” regeneration. Rob Wilks, who has lived on the street for 63 years, said: “The tireless work she does behind the scenes to fix the streets issues is admirable. She has brought love, fun, color and laughter to the street.” Tash’s project began in 2018 with painting the houses on a small street to “refresh” local areas with creativity. Now, she is set on transforming entire parts of the city and transforming them into huge “outdoor art galleries”. 9．What does the underlined word “makeover” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Comment. B．Description. C．Improvement. D．Demonstration. 10．Why did Tash carry out the “rainbow” program? A．To practice her artistic skills. B．To inspire residents to live green. C．To beautify the looks of the city. D．To call on the public to pursue dreams. 11．What does the transformation bring about? A．House values are increased. B．More volunteers are involved in it. C．The number of houses has decreased. D．The community has become an art centre. 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Projects Launched to Attract Visitors B．Pleasures Brought to Gloucester City C．Taking a Pride in the City’s Development D．Transforming Cities by Painting Houses 【答案】9．C 10．C 11．A 12．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一名艺术家将一座城市的房屋涂成不同的颜色，从而改变了这座城市的故事。 9．词义猜测题。划线词前文提到“Tash Frootko has been painting houses in Gloucester since 2018”（自2018年以来，Tash Frootko一直在格洛斯特(Gloucester)粉刷房屋）以及第二段第一句提到“Locals say it has created a better atmosphere-and has even seen house values rise by up to 30 per cent. ”（当地人说，它创造了更好的氛围，甚至看到房价上涨了30%。）由此判断Tash Frootko自从2008年开展的粉刷房屋的项目使得当地的氛围变得更好，而且房价也上涨了30%，说明她做的这个项目对于当地来说是一个提升。“Improvement”（提升）符合文意。故选C。 10．推理判断题。第三段最后两句提到"I started these transformations as there was such a negative morale(士气)about the appearance of the city. The response from the community, its schools and visitors to the street has been overwhelmingly positive.”（我开始进行这些改造，是因为人们对这座城市的面貌抱有消极的态度。社区、学校和街道游客的反应非常积极。）以及第四段第一句提到““I will continue to work completely voluntarily so that every penny of funding goes towards making the area shine.” ”（“我将继续完全自愿地工作，以便每一分钱都用于使该地区发光。”）由此判断，Tash在看到自己住了20多年的地方的人们对于自己所居住的地方态度都很消极，因此想要通过将该地区改变成鲜亮、多彩的样子来改变当地人们的心态，因此她开始这个项目的原因是为了使自己所居住的城市变得更美丽。故选C。 11．细节理解题。第二段第一句提到“Locals say it has created a better atmosphere-and has even seen house values rise by up to 30 per cent. ”（当地人说，它创造了更好的氛围，甚至看到房价上涨了30%。）由此判断，该项目的推出使得当地的房价都上涨了。故选A。 12．主旨大意题。第一段第一句提到“An artist transforming a city by painting its houses different colors has revealed her latest street of 63 “rainbow” homes.”（近日，一位艺术家将一座城市的房屋涂成不同的颜色，从而改变了这座城市。）第二段第一句提到“Locals say it has created a better atmosphere-and has even seen house values rise by up to 30 per cent.”（当地人说，它创造了更好的氛围，甚至看到房价上涨了30%。）第二段提到了该项目推出后给该地区带来的改变，最后一段提到“Tash’s project began in 2018 with painting the houses on a small street to “refresh” local areas with creativity. Now, she is set on transforming entire parts of the city and transforming them into huge “outdoor art galleries”.”（Tash的项目始于2018年，当时她在一条小街上粉刷房屋，用创造力“刷新”当地。现在，她正着手改造整个城市，把它们变成巨大的“户外艺术画廊”。）由此判断，文章介绍了Tash给城市绘画的项目改变了一个城市的故事。D项“Transforming Cities by Painting Houses”（通过粉刷房屋改造城市）该项符合文意，故选D。 Passage 4 （2023高二下·云南保山·期末） Thanks to the pandemic, more people are or have been working from home. Multiple studies and surveys have shown that many would like to carry on doing so, even as the threat from COVID-19 fades. However, new research carried out in the USA suggests that in-person teams tend to perform better in creativity at certain tasks than those working through videoconferencing software. The initial study involved 602 participants, including university students and staff. With half the pairs sitting face-to-face in one room, and half using videoconferencing software, subjects were asked to come up with novel uses for a product. The researchers found that the in-person teams generated a greater number and wider range of ideas than the virtual teams. But when it came to their ability to pick the ‘best’ idea rated by comparing the creativity scores of the ideas they chose with the scores of those picked by the judges, there was little difference between the two groups. To make sure the study wasn’t specific to any given population group, the tests were then conducted again, with 1,490 engineers working for a large company from five other countries. For this second set of tests, participants were asked to come up with new product ideas for their real-life employer. Using a variety of methods, the researchers found that people in the in-person group looked around the room and talked with each other more, whereas those using videoconferencing software took it in turns to speak and kept their eyes on the screen. These things negatively connected to idea generation. “This new research was an important first step. But this is a single study and the effects are somewhat small, amounting to a difference in one or two ideas between the groups. How much impact this has would depend on the company itself. ” said Dr. Jay Olson, who studies ways to measure creativity. 13．What did the new research made in America show? A．Relaxing environment leads to great ideas. B．Videoconferencing makes creativity likely happen. C．Home-working surroundings bring about creativity. D．Interaction in-person better contributes to novel ideas. 14．In what way did the two groups tested in the initial study reveal little difference? A．The ability to pick the best ideas. B．The methods to tell the best ideas. C．The number of best ideas produced. D．The scores obtained in creating ideas. 15．Why was the research conducted again? A．To make the test more convincing. B．To engage more people in the study. C．To arouse the creativity of the subjects. D．To classify the participants of the study. 16．What did Dr. Jay Olson suggest? A．Conducting more researches. B．Treating the effects critically. C．Making full use of the findings. D．Clarifying the results of the study. 【答案】13．D 14．A 15．A 16．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了新研究表明了面对面的互动更有助于产生新颖的想法，文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究的相关发现。 【详解】13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, new research carried out in the USA suggests that in-person teams tend to perform better in creativity at certain tasks than those working through videoconferencing software.(然而，在美国开展的一项新研究表明，面对面的团队在某些任务上的创造力往往比通过视频会议软件工作的团队表现得更好)”可知，美国的这项新研究表明了面对面的互动更有助于产生新颖的想法。故选D。 14．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The researchers found that the in-person teams generated a greater number and wider range of ideas than the virtual teams. But when it came to their ability to pick the ‘best’ idea rated by comparing the creativity scores of the ideas they chose with the scores of those picked by the judges, there was little difference between the two groups.(研究人员发现，面对面的团队比虚拟团队产生的想法更多，范围更广。但是，当涉及到他们选择“最佳”创意的能力时，通过比较他们选择的创意和评委选择的创意的得分，两组人之间几乎没有差异)”可知，在最初的研究中，两组测试在选择最佳想法的能力方面显示出很少的差异。故选A。 15．细节理解题。根据第三段中“To make sure the study wasn’t specific to any given population group, the tests were then conducted again, with 1,490 engineers working for a large company from five other countries.(为了确保这项研究不是针对任何特定人群，研究人员再次对来自其他五个国家的一家大公司的1490名工程师进行了测试)”可知，再次进行这项研究是为了让测试更有说服力。故选A。 16．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But this is a single study and the effects are somewhat small, amounting to a difference in one or two ideas between the groups. How much impact this has would depend on the company itself.(但这是一项单独的研究，影响有点小，相当于两组之间的一个或两个想法的差异。这有多大影响将取决于公司本身)”可推知，杰伊·奥尔森博士的建议是批判性地对待其结果。故选B。 主题03 人与自我 Passage 5 （2025高二下·云南保山·期末） In the Institute of Ageing Research at University College London, Dr. Eleanor Carter, a renowned neuroscientist, built a multidisciplinary team of neurologists, nutritionists, and biostatisticians to design the strictest randomised trial: a double-blind study evaluating the impact of green tea polyphenols (多酚) on age-related memory decline. The study’s leading investigator was Dr. Carter, joined by Dr. Raj Patel (neuroimaging expert), Dr. Mei Lin (nutritional biochemist), and 14 colleagues. The 150 participants — cognitively healthy adults aged 65 to 75 reporting mild forgetfulness — were randomly assigned to two groups: 75 in the Green Tea Intervention Group (GTG) and 75 in the Placebo-Control Goup (安慰剂控制组) (PCG). Over 52 weeks, both groups maintained identical lifestyles — diet, exercise, sleep, tracked via wearable devices. The sole variable was their morning beverage: GTG received 200ml of green tea daily, while PCG consumed a visually identical placebo, prepared by a third-party lab to ensure blinding. Cognitive assessments (NIH Toolbox) were administered at weeks 26 and 52. Additionally, 30 participants from each group underwent functional MRI scans to monitor hippocampal activity. Blood samples were collected biweekly to measure biomarkers of neuron decline diseases. At study completion, GTG participants demonstrated a 28% improvement in memory tasks compared to PCG’s 12%. fMRI revealed enhanced hippocampal connectivity in GTG brains, while biomarkers indicated reduced Alzheimer’s risk and systemic inflammation. Dr. Carter shared at the International Conference on Alzheimer’s Disease: “This is the first human trial to demonstrate that green tea can adjust the neurons in ageing. Green tea, a low-cost and widely consumed drink, may serve as a sterling way to delay age-related memory decline.” 17．Who are the subjects of this experiment? A．Adults with slight memory loss. B．Patients with neuronal diseases. C．Adults with moderate forgetfulness. D．Seniors with occasional memory decline. 18．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the study? A．Its cause. B．Its process. C．Its participants. D．Its significance. 19．What does the underlined word “sterling” in the last paragraph mean? A．Moderately useful. B．Slightly beneficial. C．Barely harmful. D．Highly effective. 20．What can be concluded about the study? A．Tea drinking has nothing to do with health. B．One can look younger if drinking tea often. C．Green tea may help seniors boost memory. D．Polyphenols can cure Alzheimer’s disease. 【答案】17．A 18．B 19．D 20．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍伦敦大学学院衰老研究所的埃莉诺·卡特博士带领多学科团队进行的一项关于绿茶多酚对年龄相关记忆衰退影响的双盲随机试验，阐述了试验对象、过程及结果，表明绿茶可能有助于延缓老年人记忆力衰退。 【详解】17．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The 150 participants—cognitively healthy adults aged 65 to 75 reporting mild forgetfulness (150名参与者——认知健康，年龄在65岁至75岁之间，自述有轻微健忘症状)”可知，这项实验的对象是有轻微记忆丧失的成年人。故选A项。 18．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Over 52 weeks, both groups maintained identical lifestyles—diet, exercise, sleep, tracked via wearable devices. The sole variable was their morning beverage: GTG received 200ml of green tea daily, while PCG consumed a visually identical placebo, prepared by a third-party lab to ensure blinding. Cognitive assessments (NIH Toolbox) were administered at weeks 26 and 52. Additionally, 30 participants from each group underwent functional MRI scans to monitor hippocampal activity. Blood samples were collected biweekly to measure biomarkers of neuron decline diseases. (在 52 周的时间里，两组人员通过可穿戴设备监测，保持相同的生活方式，包括饮食、锻炼和睡眠。唯一的变量是他们的早餐饮料：绿茶干预组（GTG）每天饮用 200 毫升绿茶，而安慰剂控制组（PCG）饮用由第三方实验室制备的外观完全相同的安慰剂，以确保试验的双盲性。在第 26 周和第 52 周进行认知评估（使用美国国立卫生研究院工具箱）。此外，每组有 30 名参与者接受功能性磁共振成像扫描，以监测海马体活动。每两周采集一次血样，以测量神经元衰退疾病的生物标志物。)”可知，第三段主要讲述的是研究过程。故选B项。 19．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Green tea, a low-cost and widely consumed drink, may serve as a sterling way to delay age - related memory decline. (绿茶，一种低成本且广泛饮用的饮品，可能是一种sterling的方式来延缓与年龄相关的记忆衰退。)”结合前文提到绿茶干预组参与者在记忆任务上比安慰剂控制组有更明显改善等结果可知，绿茶对延缓记忆衰退效果显著，所以“sterling”意思是“Highly effective（非常有效的）”。故选D项。 20．推理判断题。根据第四段“At study completion, GTG participants demonstrated a 28% improvement in memory tasks compared to PCG’s 12%. (研究结束时，绿茶干预组参与者在记忆任务上比安慰剂控制组有28%的改善，而安慰剂控制组为12%。)”以及最后一段“Green tea, a low-cost and widely consumed drink, may serve as a sterling way to delay age-related memory decline. (绿茶，一种低成本且广泛饮用的饮品，可能是一种非常有效的方式来延缓与年龄相关的记忆衰退。)”可以得出，绿茶可能有助于老年人增强记忆力。A选项“喝茶与健康无关”，与研究结果相悖；B选项“经常喝茶会让人看起来更年轻”，文中未提及喝茶与看起来年轻的关系；D选项“多酚可以治愈阿尔茨海默病”，研究只是表明绿茶中的多酚可能降低患阿尔茨海默病风险，并非治愈。故选C选项。 Passage 6 （2024高二下·云南·期末） Laptop computers (笔记本电脑) are popular all over the world. In the United States today, lap-tops also connect students to their classrooms. Westlake College in Virginia will start a laptop computer program whose main purpose is to allow students to do schoolwork anywhere. Within five years, each of the 1,500 students at the college will receive a laptop. The laptops are part of a $10,000,000 computer program at Westlake, a 110-year-old college. The students with lap- tops will be able to use e-mail to “speak” with their teachers, their classmates and their families, without going to computer labs. They can use it at home, in a fast-food restaurant or under the trees — anywhere at all! Because of many changes in computer technology, laptop use in higher education, such as colleges and universities, is workable. As laptops become more powerful, they can connect students to not only the Internet, but also libraries and other resources. At Westlake College, more than 60% of the staff use computers. The laptops will allow teachers to use computers in their lessons. As some Westlake teachers said, “Here we are in the middle of Virginia and we’re giving students a window on the world. They can see everything and do everything.” 21．What is the main purpose of the laptop computer program? A．To help people work at home. B．To connect students to libraries. C．To encourage students to surf the Internet. D．To allow students to do schoolwork anywhere. 22．Which of the following is true about Westlake College? A．Students must do their homework in computer labs. B．1,500 students of the college will receive laptops. C．All the staff of the college use computers. D．It is a new college in America. 23．What’s some teachers’ attitude towards the program? A．Doubtful. B．Worrying. C．Supportive. D．Uncaring. 24．What is the best title for the text? A．A Laptop Program in Westlake College B．Laptop Computers Make People Closer C．A Famous College in Virginia: Westlake D．Computer Technology Provides Resources 【答案】21．D 22．B 23．C 24．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了笔记本电脑在弗吉尼亚西湖学院的项目和用途。 【详解】21．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Westlake College in Virginia will start a laptop computer program whose main purpose is to allow students to do schoolwork anywhere.(弗吉尼亚州的西湖学院将启动一个笔记本电脑项目，其主要目的是让学生可以在任何地方做作业)”可知，弗吉尼亚的西湖学院将启动一项笔记本电脑计划，其主要目的是让学生可以在任何地方做功课。故选D。 22．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Within five years, each of the 1,500 students at the college will receive a laptop.(五年内，该校1500名学生将每人获得一台笔记本电脑)”可知，在接下来的五年内，该学院的1500名学生都将获得一台笔记本电脑。故选B。 23．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The laptops will allow teachers to use computers in their lessons. As some Westlake teachers said, “Here we are in the middle of Virginia and we’re giving students a window on the world. They can see everything and do everything.”(这些笔记本电脑将允许教师在课堂上使用电脑。正如一些韦斯特莱克的老师所说，“我们在弗吉尼亚的中心，我们给学生一个了解世界的窗口。他们什么都能看到，什么都能做。”)”可知，教师们对这个项目持积极的态度，认为它给学生打开了世界的窗户，因此选项C正确：Supportive（支持的）。故选C。 24．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“Laptop computers (笔记本电脑) are popular all over the world. In the United States today, lap-tops also connect students to their classrooms. Westlake College in Virginia will start a laptop computer program whose main purpose is to allow students to do schoolwork anywhere.(笔记本电脑在世界各地都很流行。在今天的美国，笔记本电脑也将学生与教室连接起来。弗吉尼亚州的西湖学院将启动一个笔记本电脑项目，其主要目的是让学生可以在任何地方做作业)”可知，本文主要介绍了弗吉尼亚的西湖学院将启动一项笔记本电脑计划，其主要目的是让学生可以在任何地方做功课。所以选项A“A Laptop Program in Westlake College(西湖学院的笔记本电脑项目)”最符合文章标题。故选A。 主题01 人与自然 Passage 7 （2025高二下·云南玉溪·期末） One day in 1996, someone ate a McDonald’s McChicken burger in Amsterdam. This meal left a long-lasting mark on the local environment when a nesting coot (白骨顶鸡) found the discarded McChicken wrapper and decided to use it to line its nest. “It really shows that it’s not just us humans who are writing history, but also these birds are taking notes, keeping a score and then documenting our throwaway society,” said the nest biologist Auke-Florian Hiemstra. When investigating nests, he found a variety of old packaging coming from the early 1990s up to last year. Some nests have packaging from more recent foods. Some relics found in the nests include Mars bar packaging advertising the 1994 World Cup, while a more recent nest was made with a layer of face masks, a lasting impact of the waste from the Covid-19 pandemic. While a bird’s nest is usually made from twigs and moss, the abundance of plastics has been helpful for birds in the city where natural items are in short supply. Hiemstra said, “Our litter for them is not a waste product but something valuable. I really hope we learn something from animals to re-evaluate our materials. These plastics are a wonderful material yet we use them for single use and throw them away.” “It’s really frustrated me, the term ‘throwaway society’. The ‘away’ is not a specific place; ‘away’ is still here,” Hiemstra said. “Around 80% of all the plastics that have been produced are still on the planet right now somewhere. Plastic can take 20 to 500 years to decompose and only 9% of plastic is actually recycled. We know that it doesn’t fall apart but finding these materials that have been littered 30 years ago, yet they look as fresh as they were just littered yesterday — that really gave me the chills. This material is really here to stay.” 25．What does the underlined word “discarded” mean in paragraph 1? A．Produced. B．Cherished. C．Abandoned. D．Polluted. 26．How does the author show the variety of materials used to make nests by birds? A．By quoting sayings. B．By giving examples. C．By making comparisons. D．By analyzing data. 27．What can be inferred about Hiemstra’s idea of humans’ plastic use? A．The obvious harm of plastic is recognized fully. B．The amount of recycled plastic needs improving greatly. C．The potential risk of plastic use can be predicted accurately. D．The widespread lifestyle of plastic use causes damage temporarily. 28．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Plastic Use: Reducing Prioritizes Recycling B．Waste Materials: Birds Have Their Own Way C．Already There: Plastic Management is Under Discussion D．Always Here: Bird Nests Tell Story of Throwaway Culture 【答案】25．C 26．B 27．B 28．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了塑料垃圾不会分解的特性使得几十年前的汉堡包装纸成了今日鸟儿们筑巢的新材料，塑料垃圾将会长久地存在于我们的生态环境中。 25．词句猜测题。根据第一段“One day in 1996, someone ate a McDonald’s McChicken burger in Amsterdam.(1996年的一天，在阿姆斯特丹有人吃了一家麦当劳的麦香鸡汉堡)”可知，第二句中白骨顶鸡发现的应是“被丢弃的”汉堡包装纸；并结合文章最后一段提到的“throwaway society”（一次性消费社会；浪费型/抛弃型社会），可推断出“discard”意思是“丢弃；抛弃”，与abandoned同义。故选C。 26．细节判断题。根据第二段“When investigating nests, he found a variety of old packaging coming from the early 1990s up to last year. Some nests have packaging from more recent foods. Some relics found in the nests include Mars bar packaging advertising the 1994 World Cup, while a more recent nest was made with a layer of face masks, a lasting impact of the waste from the Covid-19 pandemic.(在对鸟巢进行调查时，他发现了从20世纪90年代初到去年的各种各样的旧包装。有些鸟巢里有来自较近时期的食品包装。在一些鸟巢中发现的遗物包括1994年世界杯的玛氏巧克力包装，而最近的一个鸟巢则使用了一层口罩，这是新冠疫情期间废弃物留下的持久影响)”可知，作者通过举例子的方式来呈现了鸟儿筑巢所用的材料来自于过去的多种塑料垃圾，如食品包装、口罩等。故选B。 27．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Plastic can take 20 to 500 years to decompose and only 9% of plastic is actually recycled.(塑料的分解过程需要20到500年不等，而实际上只有 9%的塑料得到了回收利用)”可知，废弃塑料的回收利用量需要大幅提高。故选B。 28．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“One day in 1996, someone ate a McDonald’s McChicken burger in Amsterdam. This meal left a long-lasting mark on the local environment when a nesting coot (白骨顶鸡) found the discarded McChicken wrapper and decided to use it to line its nest.(1996年的一天，有人在阿姆斯特丹吃了一顿麦当劳的麦香鸡汉堡。这一行为给当地的环境留下了深远的影响，因为一只正在筑巢的白骨顶鸡发现了这个废弃的麦香鸡包装纸，并决定用它来填充自己的巢穴)”和最后一段““It’s really frustrated me, the term ‘throwaway society’. The ‘away’ is not a specific place; ‘away’ is still here,” Hiemstra said. (“‘一次性社会’这个词真的让我很沮丧。“away”不是一个特定的地方；‘ away ’是仍然在这里，”希姆斯特拉说)”可知，塑料垃圾不会分解的特性使得几十年前的汉堡包装纸成了今日鸟儿们筑巢的新材料，塑料垃圾将会长久地存在于我们的生态环境中，人类应该尽量减少塑料制品的使用并对塑料进行回收利用，而不是一味丢弃。D选项“永驻此地：鸟巢讲述着一次性消费文化的变迁故事”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 8 （2025高二下·云南昆明·期末） Cataracts (白内障), the number one health threat affect about 94 million people worldwide making the eye lens (晶状体) cloudy and causing poor eyesight. Widely acknowledged causes of cataracts include genes and aging. But recent studies suggest another factor for cataracts and other eye diseases — climate change. An Indian farmer Alka Kamble suffers from cataracts due to long-term exposure to heat. “Stronger heatwaves across India are unbearable,” says Kamble. As global temperatures rise, the risk of heatstroke and damage to eye proteins increases. Data shows that each 1℃ rise in temperature increases cataract cases by 370.8 per 100,000 people. Farmers working outdoors are especially at risk. Climate change also increases eye exposure to UV radiation. This speeds up cataract formation and harms eye cells. Other eye diseases like pink eye and cornea inflammation are becoming more common. Statistics show that higher temperatures increase the risk of pink eye by 16%. More allergy-causing things like pollen (花粉), linked to climate change, contribute to eye problems. Beyond these direct impacts, climate-driven droughts cause food shortages of essential nutrients, such as vitamins B12 and copper, which increase the risk of damage to the visual nerve. Droughts also force people to use unsafe water, increasing the risk of eye infections. Researchers propose several ways to protect eyes from climate-related harm. Most importantly, outdoor workers should be given enough shade and regular breaks to cool down. Eating foods rich in vitamins A, C, and E is an important measure. Reducing greenhouse gases and harmful chemicals is key to protecting eye health at a global level. It is time to focus on the issues of climate-driven heat, droughts, and nutrient shortages. It is not only about protecting our eye health but also about protecting human beings. 29．What is a widely recognized cause of cataracts? A．UV radiation. B．Aging problems. C．Unsafe water. D．Lack of vitamins. 30．What are the statistics intended to illustrate in paragraphs 2 and 3? A．The danger in raising pink eye risks. B．The necessity in doing labour indoors. C．The importance of eye health protection. D．The severity of climate-driven eye diseases. 31．What is recommended to protect eyes health? A．Studying allergy-causing things. B．Consuming food high in protein. C．Avoiding long-term exposure to heat. D．Forbidding greenhouse gas emissions. 32．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Global Droughts Are Worsening Cataracts B．Indian Farmers Are Suffering Eye Diseases C．Climates Change Is Threatening Eye Health D．Raising Temperature Is Damaging Visual Nerve 【答案】29．B 30．D 31．C 32．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了气候变化带来的高温、紫外线、干旱等加剧白内障等眼部疾病，并提出了防护建议，呼吁全球关注气候对眼部健康的影响。 【详解】29．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Widely acknowledged causes of cataracts include genes and aging. (公认的白内障成因包括基因和衰老)”可知，衰老问题是引起白内障的公认原因之一。故选B项。 30．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Data shows that each 1℃ rise in temperature increases cataract cases by 370.8 per 100,000 people. Farmers working outdoors are especially at risk. (数据显示，气温每升高1℃，每10万人中白内障病例增加370.8例)”和第三段中“Statistics show that higher temperatures increase the risk of pink eye by 16%. (统计数据表明，温度升高使红眼病风险增加16%)”可知，统计数据均用具体数字量化气候变暖对眼部疾病的直接影响，突出问题的严重性。故选D项。 31．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Most importantly, outdoor workers should be given enough shade and regular breaks to cool down. (最重要的是，应为户外工作者提供充足阴凉处和定期休息以降温)”可知，避免长期高温暴露是保护眼睛健康的首要建议。故选C项。 32．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“But recent studies suggest another factor for cataracts and other eye diseases — climate change. (但最新研究表明，白内障和其他眼部疾病的另一个诱因是——气候变化)”可知，文章主要指出气候变化带来的高温、紫外线、干旱等加剧白内障等眼部疾病，并提出防护建议，呼吁全球关注气候对眼部健康的影响。因此，C项“气候变化威胁眼睛健康”涵盖了核心问题，最适合作为文章标题。故选C项。 Passage 9 （2025高二下·云南红河·期末） Deep underneath the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean lies beautiful reefs colored by its algae (藻类). However, in the early 1980s, an El Niño heatwave led to mass-bleaching, which turned more than 90 percent of these corals a pale, lifeless white. When stronger El Niño events struck the area again in 2015–2016, biologist Tina Palacio observed a surprising phenomenon: some corals resisted bleaching or showed recovery. Her team later discoveryed that Pocillopora — the region’s primary reef-building coral — had gotten rid of their original algae and adopted heat-tolerant species. Corals typically provide nitrogen (氮气) to their resident algae and receive carbon in return for energy. “To maintain the algae’s survival and provide the nutrients required by the host, there’s a really delicate and very complex nutritional relationship between the two,” Palacio says. Under heat stress, corals produce more nitrogen, which causes the algae to grow rapidly and divide more, storing the carbon and keeping it from their hosts. Palacio discovered that baby corals has learned not to overshare nitrogen with the algae. This way, they can live together harmoniously. And baby corals aren’t stuck in one place — they float freely in the ocean before settling down. This helps the species move to better waters or spread genes that let them handle heat. Researchers also found corals can act on their own. They have tiny hair-like structures called cilia that work like a cooling system, beating fast to make tiny whirlpools (漩涡) in the water and moving extra oxygen to areas that need it. These whirlpools stop oxygen from building up harmfully in one place. Although corals are adapting, they can’t outpace climate threats alone. It’s hard to go back after a bleaching event and see them dead. That gives us the motivation to use whatever skill is, whatever our passion is, to try to help. 33．Why does the author mention El Niño heatwaves twice? A．To stress the urgency of ocean conservation. B．To show the corals’ adaptation to heatwaves. C．To indicate the impact of climate change on corals. D．To highlight the relationship between corals and algae. 34．What do baby corals do to live with their algae? A．Sharing more carbon. B．Removing more algae. C．Moving to cooler areas. D．Reserving extra nitrogen. 35．How do coral cilia function? A．By storing extra oxygen. B．By redistributing oxygen. C．By releasing oxygen quickly. D．By changing oxygen into nitrogen. 36．What message does the author want to convey? A．Coral bleaching calls for human protection. B．Humans need more passion to protect ocean species. C．Coral protection is our duty despite its self-adjustment. D．Coral adaptation is unavoidable in spite of humans’ help. 【答案】33．B 34．D 35．B 36．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了珊瑚在面对厄尔尼诺热浪时展现出适应能力，但仍需人类保护以应对气候威胁。 【详解】33．推理判断题。根据第一段中“However, in the early 1980s, an El Niño heatwave led to mass-bleaching, which turned more than 90 percent of these corals a pale, lifeless white. (然而，在20世纪80年代初，一次厄尔尼诺热浪导致了大规模的白化，使超过90%的珊瑚变成了苍白无生气的白色。)”和第二段中“When stronger El Niño events struck the area again in 2015–2016, biologist Tina Palacio observed a surprising phenomenon: some corals resisted bleaching or showed recovery. (当更强的厄尔尼诺事件在2015-2016年再次袭击该地区时，生物学家蒂娜·帕拉西奥观察到一个令人惊讶的现象：一些珊瑚抵抗了白化或显示出恢复的迹象。)”可知，作者两次提到厄尔尼诺热浪是为了展示珊瑚对热浪的适应。故选B。 34．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Under heat stress, corals produce more nitrogen, which causes the algae to grow rapidly and divide more, storing the carbon and keeping it from their hosts. Palacio discovered that baby corals has learned not to overshare nitrogen with the algae. This way, they can live together harmoniously. (在热应激下，珊瑚会产生更多氮，这会导致藻类快速生长和分裂，储存碳并阻止其流向宿主。帕拉西奥发现，珊瑚幼体已学会不与藻类过度分享氮。这样一来，它们就能和谐共生。)”可知，幼珊瑚通过保留多余的氮来与藻类和谐共处。故选D。 35．细节理解题。根据第四段中“They have tiny hair-like structures called cilia that work like a cooling system, beating fast to make tiny whirlpools in the water and moving extra oxygen to areas that need it. These whirlpools stop oxygen from building up harmfully in one place. (它们有微小的毛发状结构，称为纤毛，其工作原理类似于冷却系统，快速拍打以在水流中产生微小的漩涡，并将多余的氧气输送到需要的地方。这些漩涡阻止氧气在一个地方有害地积聚。)”可知，珊瑚纤毛通过重新分配氧气来发挥作用。故选B。 36．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Although corals are adapting, they can’t outpace climate threats alone. It’s hard to go back after a bleaching event and see them dead. That gives us the motivation to use whatever skill is, whatever our passion is, to try to help. (尽管珊瑚正在适应，但它们无法单独应对气候威胁。在珊瑚白化事件发生后，很难再看到它们死去。这给了我们动力，无论我们有什么技能，无论我们有什么激情，都要尽力去帮助它们。)”可知，作者想传达的信息是尽管珊瑚有自我调节的能力，但保护珊瑚仍是我们的责任。故选C。 Passage 10 （2025高二下·云南保山·期末） Bird-watching has become increasingly popular in Shanghai, driven by people’s curiosity about birds. It offers a great opportunity to enjoy the outdoors and connect with nature. Enthusiastic bird-watchers often carry binoculars and cameras, traveling long distances to places like the grass of Nanhui and Chongming districts, where they spend hours trying to spot and photograph new bird species. Shanghai is home to over 430 bird species, which is about one-third of China’s total bird population. Most of these birds are migratory, passing through the southeastern tip of Nanhui and Chongming. The eastern shallows of these districts, where the Yangtze River meets the East China Sea, are crucial for migrating birds. Forest City Studio, a company founded in 2013, focuses on ecological conservation and public education. Its brochure on Chinese bird species is popular among bird-watchers. Since 2018, the company has offered bird-watching tours. Pu Chuan, a representative of the studio, says that beginners’ sessions are very popular with families. Recently, a group of 10 bird-watchers attended a beginners’ session at Century Park in Pudong. Led by bird ecologist Zheng Yihui, the group, mainly composed of parents and schoolchildren, walked around the park with binoculars and a bird chart. Zheng pointed out birds on branches and in ponds, using his telephoto shots to capture detailed images and show them on his camera screen. Wang Ximin from Chenshan Botanical Garden notes that the presence of diverse bird and animal species, such as squirrels and badgers (獾), highlights the garden’s role as an urban green land in biodiversity protection. 37．Why is bird-watching becoming popular in Shanghai? A．Because people are eager to connect with nature. B．Because people would like to photograph new bird species. C．Because the city has established more ecological conservation areas. D．Because migratory birds pass through the city more frequently than before. 38．What can we learn about Forest City Studio? A．It started offering bird-watching tours in 2013. B．Its entry-level tours are well-accepted by families. C．It focuses on urban development and public education. D．Its Chinese bird species brochure is rarely read by professional bird-watchers. 39．What is Wang Ximin’s attitude toward Chenshan Botanical Garden’s role in biodiversity protection? A．Negative. B．Positive. C．Neutral. D．Skeptical. 40．What is the best title for the text? A．Bird Migration Routes in Shanghai’s Ecological Areas B．Family-Friendly Bird-Watching Activities in Urban Parks C．The Rise of Bird-Watching in Shanghai: Trends and Ecology D．Forest City Studio: Promoting Bird Conservation Through Tours 【答案】37．A 38．B 39．B 40．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍上海观鸟活动的流行情况、观鸟地点、相关组织活动以及观鸟的意义，向读者展示了观鸟活动的背景和现状。 37．细节理解题。根据第一段“Bird-watching has become increasingly popular in Shanghai, driven by people’s curiosity about birds. It offers a great opportunity to enjoy the outdoors and connect with nature.(在上海，观鸟活动正变得越来越受欢迎，这源于人们对鸟类的浓厚兴趣。它为人们提供了一个亲近自然、享受户外生活的绝佳机会)”可知，观鸟在上海市变得如此流行是因为人们渴望与大自然亲密接触。故选A。 38．细节理解题。根据第三段“Pu Chuan, a representative of the studio, says that beginners’ sessions are very popular with families.(该工作室的代表普川表示，针对初学者的课程深受家庭的欢迎)”可知，森林城工作室入门级参观项目深受家庭游客的欢迎。故选B。 39．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Wang Ximin from Chenshan Botanical Garden notes that the presence of diverse bird and animal species, such as squirrels and badgers (獾), highlights the garden’s role as an urban green land in biodiversity protection.(来自陈山植物园的王希敏指出，园内有各种各样的鸟类和动物，如松鼠和獾等，这凸显了该园作为城市绿地在保护生物多样性方面的重要作用)”可知，王希敏用“highlights”（强调）和“urban green land”（城市绿洲）等积极词汇评价植物园在生物多样性保护中的作用，体现其肯定态度。故选B。 40．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Bird-watching has become increasingly popular in Shanghai, driven by people’s curiosity about birds. It offers a great opportunity to enjoy the outdoors and connect with nature. Enthusiastic bird-watchers often carry binoculars and cameras, traveling long distances to places like the grass of Nanhui and Chongming districts, where they spend hours trying to spot and photograph new bird species.(在上海，观鸟活动正变得越来越受欢迎，这源于人们对鸟类的浓厚兴趣。它为人们提供了亲近自然、享受户外时光的绝佳机会。热情的观鸟者通常会携带双筒望远镜和相机，长途跋涉前往诸如南汇和崇明区的草地等地，他们会在那里花费数小时努力寻找并拍摄新的鸟类物种)”以及文章既介绍上海观鸟活动的兴起（趋势），又阐述其生态背景（候鸟迁徙、地理优势），C 选项“趋势与生态学”全面概括主题。故选C。 Passage 11 （2025高二下·云南文山·期末） Chinese scientists at Westlake University in Zhejiang province have made an exciting discovery in solar power. They have created an extremely thin and flexible type of solar cell that can turn sunlight into electricity with a record efficiency of 23.4 percent. These cells, about as thick as a human hair, use two special materials to capture sunlight: perovskite (钙钛矿) and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS,铜铟镓硒). Imagine a single perovskite solar cell as a single-layer cake. Now, think of a tandem (串联的) solar cell as a cake with multiple layers, each with a different flavor. Each layer of this cake can “catch” specific parts of sunlight. This allows the tandem solar cell to absorb more sunlight and turn it into electricity more efficiently than the “single-layer” ones, making it better than traditional solar cells. In late 2023, researchers Tian Liuwen and Wang tried new ways to coat the material. After months of testing, they found a way to create a uniform perovskite layer. This breakthrough improved efficiency and made it ready for real-world use. These thin cells could completely change how we use solar power. Because they’re flexible, you can put them on all sorts of curved surfaces, such as car roofs, building facades, or even clothing. They are also much lighter than traditional solar panels, which makes them cheaper and easier to transport and set up. This is a significant advantage, especially for space missions. With many countries around the world trying to reduce carbon emissions, these efficient, lightweight solar cells could play a vital role in moving away from fossil fuels. It seems that something as thin as a hair could help us solve some of the world’s biggest challenges. 41．Which of the following can best describe the new solar cell? A．Heavy but extremely practical. B．Hard and thick as a human hair. C．Thin, flexible, and highly efficient. D．Expensive but much easier to set up. 42．Why does the author mention “cake” in paragraph 2? A．To emphasize the high cost of materials. B．To suggest the cells are easily damaged. C．To criticize the complexity of the solar cell. D．To explain the function of the layered structure. 43．What is the primary focus of paragraph 4? A．Technical coating methods. B．Limitations of traditional panels. C．Possible applications and advantages. D．Historical development of solar cells. 44．What can we learn from the passage? A．Carbon emissions can be ended by the discovery. B．The solar cell has a promising and potential future. C．Fossil fuels can be stopped due to the breakthrough. D．The solar cell has been widely used in space missions. 【答案】41．C 42．D 43．C 44．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了浙江西湖大学的中国科学家在太阳能领域取得了一项令人兴奋的发现，他们创造了一种极薄且灵活的太阳能电池，该电池能以23.4%的创纪录效率将阳光转化为电能，并介绍了这种电池的原理、制造突破、应用前景以及其在减少碳排放方面的潜在作用。 41．细节理解题。根据第一段中“They have created an extremely thin and flexible type of solar cell that can turn sunlight into electricity with a record efficiency of 23.4 percent. (他们创造了一种极薄且灵活的太阳能电池，该电池能以23.4%的创纪录效率将阳光转化为电能。)”可知，这种新型太阳能电池薄、灵活且高效。故选C项。 42．推理判断题。根据第二段“Imagine a single perovskite solar cell as a single-layer cake. Now, think of a tandem (串联的) solar cell as a cake with multiple layers, each with a different flavor. Each layer of this cake can “catch” specific parts of sunlight. This allows the tandem solar cell to absorb more sunlight and turn it into electricity more efficiently than the “single-layer” ones, making it better than traditional solar cells. (想象一下，单个钙钛矿太阳能电池就像一个单层蛋糕。现在，把串联太阳能电池想象成一个有多层的蛋糕，每一层都有不同的味道。这个蛋糕的每一层都能“捕捉”阳光的特定部分。这使得串联太阳能电池比“单层”太阳能电池能更有效地吸收更多的阳光并将其转化为电能，使其比传统太阳能电池更好。)”可推知，作者提到“蛋糕”是为了解释这种串联太阳能电池的分层结构的功能。故选D项。 43．主旨大意题。根据第四段“These thin cells could completely change how we use solar power. Because they’re flexible, you can put them on all sorts of curved surfaces, such as car roofs, building facades, or even clothing. They are also much lighter than traditional solar panels, which makes them cheaper and easier to transport and set up. This is a significant advantage, especially for space missions. (这些薄电池可以彻底改变我们使用太阳能的方式。因为它们是灵活的，你可以把它们放在各种曲面上，比如车顶、建筑外墙，甚至衣服上。它们也比传统的太阳能电池板轻得多，这使得它们更便宜，更容易运输和安装。这是一个显著的优势，特别是对于太空任务。)”可知，第四段主要介绍了这种新型太阳能电池的可能应用和优势。故选C项。 44．推理判断题。根据最后一段“With many countries around the world trying to reduce carbon emissions, these efficient, lightweight solar cells could play a vital role in moving away from fossil fuels. It seems that something as thin as a hair could help us solve some of the world’s biggest challenges. (随着世界上许多国家都在努力减少碳排放，这些高效、轻便的太阳能电池可以在摆脱化石燃料方面发挥至关重要的作用。看起来，像头发一样细的东西可以帮助我们解决世界上一些最大的挑战。)”可推知，这种太阳能电池有着光明和有潜力的未来。故选B项。 Passage 12 （2025高二下·云南文山·期末） Forests give us water — and the healthiest forests do this best. When forests are healthy, they offer more for the birds and animals and they filter (过滤) our water. But Western forests aren’t as healthy as they once were. That’s because something has been missing from a lot of our forests, and that is fire. For many decades, a widespread fear of wildfires led to a simple mind: When a fire was spotted, firefighting crews were instantly sent to put out every new forest fire by ten o’lock the next morning. However, we need to change the “10 a. m. rule” because fire has a natural role in Western forests. Without fire, forests that were historically more open and even sort of park-like become overgrown with too many trees. Now, when fires burst out in these crowded forests, they burn hotter, kill more trees and leave the ground exposed. This sends ash into downstream waterways — and they can do great harm and knock out water supplies for days, months or even years. Fortunately, through long traditions of working with fire and a systematic process of experimentation and observation, fire practitioners have built a tremendous body of knowledge about how a natural fire cycle brings a forest back to life. A natural low-intensity fire is like a reset switch for a forest — preventing out-of-control wildfires in the future. Scientists have already identified the towns and cities all throughout the West where restoring nearby forests, with methods like setting fires intentionally and cutting a select number of trees to restore ecological balance, can keep sources of clean drinking water safe. Today, we’re working with partners to restore Western forests in the United States and Canada. We promise to do all we can, both on the ground and in policy, to bring balance back to even more forests and keep drinking water safe. 45．What effect may the “10 a. m. rule” have? A．It may lead to species extinction. B．It may leave forests overcrowded. C．It may cause waterways to dry up. D．It may increase the frequency of fires. 46．What can be inferred about natural low-intensity fires from the text? A．They des troy the balance of forest ecosystem. B．They help prevent severe wildfires in the future. C．They require human intervention to control their spread. D．They leave the ground exposed and harm water supplies. 47．What is the author’s attitude toward restoring Western forests? A．Confident. B．Doubtful. C．Unclear. D．Cautious. 48．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Traditional Fire Practices: Policies and Realities B．Water: A Hidden Impact of Forest Mismanagement C．Fire: The Key to Restoring Healthy Western Forests D．The Decline of Western Forests: Causes and Consequences 【答案】45．B 46．B 47．A 48．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了火在恢复西方森林健康中的关键作用，包括“10 a. m. 规则”可能带来的问题、自然低强度火的好处以及作者对恢复西部森林的态度等。 【详解】45．细节理解题。根据第二段“For many decades, a widespread fear of wildfires led to a simple mind: When a fire was spotted, firefighting crews were instantly sent to put out every new forest fire by ten o’lock the next morning. However, we need to change the “10 a. m. rule” because fire has a natural role in Western forests. Without fire, forests that were historically more open and even sort of park-like become overgrown with too many trees. (几十年来，对野火的普遍恐惧导致了一种简单的思维模式：一旦发现火情，第二天上午10点前，消防人员就会立即被派去扑灭每一场新发生的森林火灾。然而，我们需要改变“上午10点规则”，因为火灾在西部森林中有着自然的作用。没有火灾，那些历史上更为开阔、甚至有点像公园的森林，就会被过多的树木过度生长所覆盖。)”可知，“10 a. m. 规则”可能导致森林过于茂密。故选B项。 46．推理判断题。根据第四段中“A natural low-intensity fire is like a reset switch for a forest — preventing out-of-control wildfires in the future. (一场自然的低强度火灾就像是森林的复位开关——能预防未来失控的野火。)”可推知，自然的低强度火灾有助于防止未来发生严重的野火。故选B项。 47．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Today, we’re working with partners to restore Western forests in the United States and Canada. We promise to do all we can, both on the ground and in policy, to bring balance back to even more forests and keep drinking water safe. (如今，我们正与合作伙伴携手，致力于恢复美国和加拿大的西部森林。我们承诺，将在实地行动和政策制定方面全力以赴，让更多森林恢复生态平衡，保障饮用水安全。)”可推知，作者对恢复西部森林是充满信心的。故选A项。 48．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了火在恢复西方森林健康中的关键作用，包括“10 a. m. 规则”的问题、自然低强度火的好处以及恢复西方森林的措施等，C项“Fire: The Key to Restoring Healthy Western Forests (火：恢复西部健康森林的关键)”符合文章主旨，适宜作为标题。故选C项。 Passage 13 （2025高二下·云南昭通·期末） It might surprise you to learn that dogs are playing an increasingly important role as conservationists. For centuries, they have been known as man’s best friends. Now, their unique abilities are being made use of to help protect some of the world’s most threatened species. Quick and loyal, dogs possess many qualities that make them ideal for fieldwork, but it’s their extraordinary sense of smell that makes them invaluable for conservation work. With around 220 million olfactory receptors (嗅觉受体) compared to just 5 million in humans, dogs can detect scents and analyze them with astonishing accuracy, devoting 40 times more of their brain to scent analysis than we do. Thanks to this incredible ability, some dogs are now being trained to save at-risk animals by sniffing out their droppings. At the University of Washington’s Conservation Canines facility,20 specially trained dogs have successfully tracked killer whales’ droppings, which only float briefly on the ocean’s surface. Analyzing these samples enables scientists to monitor the health of killer whale populations, which are under significant stress from food shortages, pollution, and boat traffic. Beyond tracking animal droppings, conservation dogs are also trained for live animal detection, further showcasing their abilities. They can locate rare species in their natural habitats. Additionally, they are now used to tackle the non-native species that threaten the survival of the local wildlife. Dogs also take on other important roles. For example, at Kenya’s Mombasa port, dogs sniff out illegal wildlife products such as rhino horns and ivory. Across Africa, they work on the front lines against illegal hunting, serving as a powerful security force enhancer. While dogs may not be the ultimate solution to every conservation challenge, their incomparable abilities make them invaluable companions in the fight to protect our planet’s biodiversity. 49．Why are the figures mentioned in the second paragraph? A．To recognize the importance of conservation work. B．To suggest the amazing accuracy of dogs’ analysis. C．To highlight the superiority of dogs’ sense of smell. D．To show dogs’ impressive achievements in fieldwork. 50．How do dogs help protect killer whales? A．By detecting their droppings. B．By tracking their movements. C．By monitoring their populations. D．By analyzing the collected samples. 51．What can we learn from the examples given in paragraph 4? A．Wildlife products are popular in African countries. B．Non-native species affect the survival of local wildlife. C．Dogs are used to detect and prevent illegal wildlife trade. D．Dogs can accurately locate the natural habitats of rare species. 52．What is the best title for the text? A．Dogs: Man’s Best Friends for Centuries B．The Extraordinary Sense of Smell of Dogs C．Challenges in Protecting Planet’s Biodiversity D．Dogs: Invaluable Companions in Conservation 【答案】49．C 50．A 51．C 52．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是狗凭借其卓越的嗅觉能力，在保护濒危物种、打击非法野生动物交易等方面发挥重要作用，成为生态保护中的宝贵助手。 49．推理判断题。根据第二段“With around 220 million olfactory receptors (嗅觉受体) compared to just 5 million in humans, dogs can detect scents and analyze them with astonishing accuracy, devoting 40 times more of their brain to scent analysis than we do. (狗拥有大约2.2亿个嗅觉受体，而人类仅有500万个，狗能以惊人的准确性检测和分析气味，它们用于气味分析的大脑部分比人类多出40倍)”可知，本段使用了具体的数字来比较狗和人类的嗅觉受体数量以及大脑用于分析气味的比例，以此突出狗的嗅觉能力远超人类。故选C项。 50．细节理解题。根据第三段“At the University of Washington’s Conservation Canines facility, 20 specially trained dogs have successfully tracked killer whales’ droppings, which only float briefly on the ocean’s surface. Analyzing these samples enables scientists to monitor the health of killer whale populations, which are under significant stress from food shortages, pollution, and boat traffic. (在华盛顿大学的保护犬设施，20只特别训练的狗已经成功追踪到了虎鲸的粪便，这些粪便仅在海面上短暂漂浮。分析这些样本使科学家能够监测虎鲸种群的健康状况，这些种群正因食物短缺、污染和船只交通而承受着巨大的压力)”可知，经过特别训练的狗可以追踪到虎鲸的粪便，进而科学家分析这些粪便样本监测虎鲸种群的健康状况，由此可知，狗可以通过嗅探虎鲸的粪便帮助保护虎鲸。故选A项。 51．推理判断题。根据第四段“Dogs also take on other important roles. For example, at Kenya’s Mombasa port, dogs sniff out illegal wildlife products such as rhino horns and ivory. Across Africa, they work on the frontlines against illegal hunting, serving as a powerful security force enhancer. (狗还承担着其他重要角色。例如，在肯尼亚的蒙巴萨港，狗嗅探出非法的野生动物产品，如犀牛角和象牙。在整个非洲，它们在打击非法狩猎的第一线工作，充当强大的安保力量增强者)”可知，狗还承担其他重要的角色，进而在下文中列举了狗嗅探出非法的野生动物产品，由此可知，本段举例说明狗在打击非法野生动物交易方面的作用。故选C项。 52．主旨大意题。文章开篇指出狗在保护濒危物种方面发挥着越来越重要的作用，接着阐述了狗凭借其卓越的嗅觉在保护工作中所做的具体事情，如检测濒危动物粪便、追踪稀有物种、打击非法野生动物贸易等，最后强调狗在保护地球生物多样性方面是宝贵的伙伴，主要介绍了狗凭借其出色的嗅觉在保护濒危物种、打击非法野生动物贸易等保护工作中发挥着重要作用，D项“狗：保护工作中宝贵的伙伴”能准确概括文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选D项。 Passage 14 （2025高二下·云南昭通·期末） Our planet faces severe environmental threats, mainly due to human activities such as large farming and burning fossil fuels, which lead to climate change and natural disasters. One of the most destructive activities we are carrying out is cutting down forests – deforestation. This is done for many reasons, such as providing wood for fuel, making land available for housing or for creating space for more farm animals. This has been most noticeable in Brazil, which is home to the world’s largest rainforest. Deforestation there has hit its highest rate in a decade, according to official data. Over the course of a year, an area about five times the size of London has been destroyed. Although deforestation rates in the Amazon and other tropical(热带的) regions have declined, the scale remains vast. In 2018, Global Forest Watch reported that 30 football fields’ worth of forest were cut down every minute. Frances Seymour from the World Resources Institute warns that the overall trend is still upward, indicating we are far from winning the battle against deforestation. Primary forests like the Amazon are crucial for biodiversity, housing rare species and acting as carbon dioxide stores. The loss of 3.6 million hectares in 2018 is alarming. Brazil has taken policies to reduce deforestation, including fines for illegal land use and logging(采伐). International actions against soy and beef trade from deforested Amazon areas have also helped. However, other regions like Ghana and the Democratic Republic of Congo are witnessing increases in deforestation. It appears that only political will and human conscience(良知) can effectively solve this problem and protect our planet. 53．What is the main cause of environmental threats according to the passage? A．Natural disasters. B．Deforestation. C．Climate change. D．Human activities. 54．What is the significance of primary forests like the Amazon? A．They provide fuel wood. B．They are used for farm animals. C．They are home to unique species. D．They are involved in international trade. 55．What measures have been taken to decrease deforestation in Brazil? A．Ignoring land use requirements. B．Encouraging more farm animals. C．Introducing government policies. D．Increasing the rate of deforestation. 56．What is the purpose of writing this text? A．To introduce deforestation. B．To call for action against deforestation. C．To suggest a way to protect the planet. D．To argue the cause of environmental threats. 【答案】53．D 54．C 55．C 56．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了地球面临的环境威胁，特别是森林砍伐这一最具破坏性的活动，以及全球森林砍伐的现状、影响和应对措施。 53．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Our planet faces severe environmental threats, mainly due to human activities such as large farming and burning fossil fuels, which lead to climate change and natural disasters.(我们的星球正面临严峻的环境威胁，这主要归咎于大规模农业生产和燃烧化石燃料等人类活动，这些活动导致了气候变化和自然灾害。)”可知，环境威胁的主要原因是人类活动，如大规模农业和燃烧化石燃料。故选D。 54．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Primary forests like the Amazon are crucial for biodiversity, housing rare species and acting as carbon dioxide stores. The loss of 3.6 million hectares in 2018 is alarming.(像亚马逊这样的原始森林对生物多样性至关重要，它们是稀有物种的栖息地，也是二氧化碳的储存库。2018年360万公顷森林的消失令人震惊。)”可知，亚马逊等原始森林的重要性在于是生物多样性的关键载体，为稀有物种提供栖息地。故选C。 55．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Brazil has taken policies to reduce deforestation, including fines for illegal land use and logging(采伐).(巴西已采取政策减少森林砍伐，包括对非法土地使用和伐木进行罚款。)”可知，巴西采取的措施包括政府政策，如对非法土地使用和伐木进行罚款。故选C。 56．推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，全文不仅介绍了森林砍伐的现状、原因及危害（如导致生物多样性丧失、加剧气候变化），还重点提及巴西的政策措施和国际行动，并在结尾强调“It appears that only political will and human conscience(良知) can effectively solve this problem and protect our planet.(似乎只有政治意愿和人类良知才能有效解决这一问题，保护我们的星球。)”。由此可知，作者通过数据和案例警示问题的严重性，核心目的是呼吁采取行动对抗森林砍伐。故选B。 Passage 15 （2024高二下·云南保山·期末） The mysterious “Great Attractor” is pulling the Milky Way galaxy off course. No matter what you’re doing right now—sitting, standing, walking—you’re moving. Specifically, you’re moving at least four different ways. First, the Earth is turning very fast while it’s in space, going about 1,000 miles per hour, or 1,600 kilometers per hour. This turning makes our days and nights. Next, the Earth and the other planets are going around the sun. We move at about 67,000 miles per hour, or 108;000 kilometers per hour. This movement makes our seasons and years. Also, the sun and everything around it is going around the middle of our galaxy (星系), the Milky Way, really fast, over 500,000 miles per hour, or 828,000 kilometers per hour. Plus, everything in the universe is always getting bigger as it spreads out. But a long time ago, in the 1970s, space experts saw that something was different about the galaxies close to us, called the Local Group. These galaxies were being pulled away from their normal path really fast, towards something we couldn’t see. They named this place the Great Attractor, but it’s hard to learn more about it because we can’t see it well. “The Milky Way has so many stars and dust, which hides the information we want to see in that direction. So our galaxy is hiding the Great Attractor,” says Jorge Moreno, a space expert at a college. This place we can’t see is called the Zone of Avoidance by people who study space. We still don’t know everything about why the Milky Way and the other galaxies are being pulled off course, but there have been some ideas. The newest idea is a very big group of galaxies called Laniakea, which means “big sky” in Hawaiian. Want to know more about space secrets? Send us an email at shortwave@ npr.org. 57．What causes the Earth’s days and nights according to the article? A．The expansion of the universe. B．The Earth’s turning around itself. C．The Earth’s orbit around the sun. D．The Earth’s turning around the Milky Way. 58．What does “Zone of Avoidance” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．A galaxy-free space. B．A hidden part of the sky. C．The speed of galaxy movement. D．The cause of galaxy attraction. 59．What can be inferred about the Great Attractor from the information provided? A．It is visible with the naked eyes. B．It is located somewhere within the Milky Way. C．It is a large object affecting the motion of nearby galaxies. D．It is known to be a single galaxy which pulls on other galaxies around it. 60．Where might this article have been published? A．A cooking blog. B．A fashion magazine. C．A gardening enthusiast’s journal. D．A public radio program’s website. 【答案】57．B 58．B 59．C 60．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。说明了存在一个被称为“Great Attractor”的神秘力量，它正在将银河系拉离其正常轨道。尽管我们无法直接看到它，但天文学家们推测它是一个巨大的星系团，可能名为Laniakea，它对我们的银河系和其他星系产生了强大的引力影响。 【详解】57．细节理解题。根据第二段“First, the Earth is turning very fast while it’s in space, going about 1,000 miles per hour, or 1,600 kilometers per hour. This turning makes our days and nights.(地球在太空中自转得非常快，速度约为每小时1000英里或1600公里。这种自转造就了我们的白天和黑夜)”可知，地球的自转导致了地球的昼夜。故选B。 58．词句猜测题。根据第四段“The Milky Way has so many stars and dust, which hides the information we want to see in that direction.(银河系有这么多的恒星和尘埃，这隐藏了我们想要在那个方向看到的信息)”以及“This place we can’t see is called the Zone of Avoidance by people who study space.(这个我们看不见的地方被研究太空的人称为回避区)”可知，“Zone of Avoidance”是被银河系的恒星和尘埃所隐藏的天空部分，这使得我们难以观察到该区域背后的天体或现象。即意思是“天空中隐藏的部分”故选B。 59．推理判断题。根据第三段“But a long time ago, in the 1970s, space experts saw that something was different about the galaxies close to us, called the Local Group. These galaxies were being pulled away from their normal path really fast, towards something we couldn’t see. They named this place the Great Attractor, but it’s hard to learn more about it because we can’t see it well.(但很久以前，在20世纪70年代，太空专家发现，我们附近的星系有些不同，它们被称为本星系群。这些星系正以极快的速度被拉离它们的正常轨道，奔向我们看不见的地方。他们把这个地方命名为“大吸引者”，但很难了解更多，因为我们看不清楚)”可知，Great Attractor是一个巨大的物体，它影响了附近星系的运动。故选C。 60．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Want to know more about space secrets? Send us an email at shortwave@ npr.org.(想了解更多关于太空秘密的信息，可以发送电子邮件至shortwave@npr.org)”可知，NPR是一个公共广播节目，因此这篇文章很可能发表在公共广播节目的网站上。故选D。 Passage 16 （2024高二下·云南楚雄·期末） In present-day Romania, a decreasing number of craftsmen practice what’s thought to be a centuries-old craft. They search the forest for a fungus (真菌), which grows within trees and sends out shelf-like mushrooms a few inches wide. The fungus is shaved lengthwise into thin strips. Those strips are then stretched to form broad sheets, which can be crafted into hats, bags, jewelry, and ornaments. As far back as 1903, Tlingit craftsmen in what is now the state of Alaska were recorded crafting purses out of a material from agarikon fungus. However, the craftsmen’s process in the early times was about searching for materials, not cultivating them for mass production. Today, the biotechnology company MycoWorks in the US is pioneering in cultivating mycelium (菌丝). Mycelium is a structural wonder — soft, dense, and strong, making it a great potential replacement for leather.     The operation starts with agricultural waste, like sawdust (锯末), which is heated to remove existing microbial life. Once done, it goes into deep plates of varying sizes. Then fungus joins the party, digesting and growing. In some cases, fabric can be added for the mycelium to weave around. The sheet of mycelium is eventually peeled off the wood blocks, and growth comes to an end. It can be easily mistaken for traditional leather. MycoWorks is one of a wave of innovators, all of whom assume that a better understanding of mycelium can redefine the limits of fashion and design. In recent years, MycoWorks’ products have been used in designer bags and pillows. CEO Matt Scullin praises mycelium as a material in fashion, “It has a bit of a soft touch, and it has a bounce. It can absorb the oil s and heat from your fingers when you touch it.” “The early efforts appear to be more moral, and improve eco-footprint. Products made from such material are fully biodegradable — allowing for a future in which dealing with an old pair of shoes might mean simply composting (堆肥) them,” he added. 61．What is the author’s purpose in writing the first paragraph? A．To stress the history of growing mushrooms. B．To introduce a fashion inspired by mushrooms. C．To show ancient mushroom growing techniques. D．To present the novel use of mushrooms in fashion. 62．What does paragraph 3 focus on about mycelium? A．Its growing process. B．Its high quality. C．Its shortcomings. D．Its working life. 63．What does Matt Scullin think of mycelium as a material in the field? A．It is straightforward to grow. B．It offers a rough feel. C．It promotes sustainability. D．It is oil-and-heat resistant. 64．Which can be the best title for the text? A．Fungus Crafts: An Endangered Heritage B．Mycelium: The Green Leather Alternative C．Crafting with Nature: Romania’s Fungal Tradition D．Mycelium’s Role: From Ancient Craft to Modern Innovation 【答案】61．D 62．A 63．C 64．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一种用菌类制作的皮革材料用于时尚业的新技术。 61．推理判断题。根据首段中的“Those strips are then stretched to form broad sheets, which can be crafted into hats, bags, jewelry, and ornaments. As far back as 1903, Tlingit craftsmen in what is now the state of Alaska were recorded crafting purses out of a material from agarikon fungus.(然后这些条被拉伸成宽片，可以制作成帽子、包、珠宝和装饰品。早在1903年，在现在的阿拉斯加州，有记载称特林吉特工匠用一种来自蘑菇的材料制作钱包。)”可知，罗马尼亚人和特林吉特工匠用菌类作为皮革材料制作包，由此可知，第一段的目的是展示蘑菇在时尚中的新用途。故选D项。 62．主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“The operation starts with agricultural waste, like sawdust (锯末), which is heated to remove existing microbial life. Once done, it goes into deep plates of varying sizes. Then fungus joins the party, digesting and growing. In some cases, fabric can be added for the mycelium to weave around. The sheet of mycelium is eventually peeled off the wood blocks, and growth comes to an end.(该操作从农业废物开始，如锯末，加热以去除现有的微生物生命。一旦完成，它就会被放入不同大小的深盘子中。然后真菌加入进来，消化和生长。在某些情况下，可以添加织物使菌丝体在周围编织。菌丝体最终从木块上脱落，生长结束。)”可知，此处介绍的是菌丝培养是从加热农业废物开始，完成后放入深盘子中，真菌消化生长，也可以添加织物使菌丝在其周围编织，最后从木块脱落，生长结束，由此可知，第二段主要关注的是从开始加热锯末到最终长成的过程。故选A项。 63．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“CEO Matt Scullin praises mycelium as a material in fashion, “It has a bit of a soft touch, and it has a bounce. It can absorb the oil s and heat from your fingers when you touch it.” “The early efforts appear to be more moral, and improve eco-footprint. Products made from such material are fully biodegradable — allowing for a future in which dealing with an old pair of shoes might mean simply composting (堆肥) them,” he added.(首席执行官马特·斯卡林称赞菌丝体是一种时尚材料，“它有一点柔软的触感，它有弹性。当你触摸它时，它可以吸收手指上的油和热量。“早期的努力似乎更符合道德，并改善了生态足迹。”由这种材料制成的产品是完全可生物降解的，未来处理一双旧鞋可能意味着简单的堆肥”他补充道。)”可知，首席执行官马特·斯卡林称赞菌丝体是一种时尚材料，他认为这种材料制成的产品是完全可以生物降解的，由此可知，马特·斯卡林认为菌丝体作为该领域的一种材料促进可持续性。故选C项。 64．主旨大意题。根据首段介绍的罗马尼亚人和特林吉特工匠用菌类作为皮革材料制作包引出本文的话题——菌类在时尚中的新用途，结合第二段中的“Today, the biotechnology company MycoWorks in the US is pioneering in cultivating mycelium (菌丝). Mycelium is a structural wonder—soft, dense, and strong, making it a great potential replacement for leather.(今天，美国的生物技术公司MycoWorks是培养菌丝体的先驱。菌丝体是一种结构奇迹——柔软、致密、坚固，使其成为皮革的潜在替代品。)”以及下文中介绍的菌丝的培养过程和马特·斯卡林对菌丝体作为时尚界的一种材料的看法可知，本文主要介绍的是菌丝体可以成为皮革的替代品，所以标题“菌丝体：绿色皮革的替代品”与本文的主题吻合，适合作为最佳标题。故选B项。 Passage 17 （2024高二下·云南大理·期末） Several new species of tropical (热带的) birds have been found on far islands in Indonesia. Researchers have discerned the Wakatobi sunbird, a new species that lives on the small Waka-tobi Islands, located in central Indonesia. They also studied olive-backed sunbirds and black sun-birds and found that some of the birds they examined actually belonged to some previously un-recognized species. The new Wakatobi sunbird looks similar to the olive-backed sunbird, but has darker feathers, shorter wings, and a higher-toned song. Zoologists believe that because it has such short wings, it never spread beyond the tiny islands. The olive-backed sunbird, however, can fly long distances, so it was able to live in other locations. “Specifically, we became interested in the Wakatobi sunbird because of the work of ErnstHartert, a German bird expert active at the beginning of the 20th century,” Fionn Marcaigh, one researcher, says. “He described the Wakatobi sunbird as a population with unique dark feathers, but he and the rest of the scientific community finally decided that it was only a subspecies of the widespread olive-backed sunbird. We were eager to use modern methods to put this to the test.” For their research, scientists used DNA, recordings of songs, and body measurement analysis to compare the sunbirds they studied. “We used a system called integrative taxonomy (综合分类学), which combines data on a number of aspects of the birds, including their songs, feathers, and body structures,” Marcaigh says. “We recorded their songs using digital recorders, measured live birds, set them free, and used computers to analyze the differences.” “I’m excited that we’ve added to the list of known species from this wonderful part of the world,” Marcaigh says. 65．What does the underlined word “discerned” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Imagined. B．Controlled. C．Overlooked. D．Recognized. 66．How does the Wakatobi sunbird differ from the olive-backed sunbird? A．It has colorful feathers. B．It flies shorter distances. C．It lives throughout Indonesia. D．It sings more beautiful songs. 67．Why did Marcaigh study the Wakatobi sunbird? A．To identify its classification. B．To analyze its genetic makeup. C．To support the study of Ernst Hartert. D．To investigate its habitat and behavior. 68．What about the research is presented at the end of the text? A．Its impact. B．Its prospect. C．Its background. D．Its imperfection. 【答案】65．D 66．B 67．A 68．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在印度尼西亚的偏远岛屿上发现了几种新的热带鸟类物种，特别是Wakatobi太阳鸟。研究人员通过采用现代技术确认Wakatobi太阳鸟是一个新的物种。 65．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Several new species of tropical (热带的) birds have been found on far islands in Indonesia. Researchers have discerned the Wakatobi sunbird, a new species that lives on the small Waka-tobi Islands, located in central Indonesia.(在印度尼西亚的偏远岛屿上发现了几种新的热带鸟类。研究人员discerned Wakatobi太阳鸟，这是一种生活在印度尼西亚中部的小瓦卡托比群岛上的新物种)”可知，此处表示研究人员发现了几种新的热带鸟类，从中辨别出Wakatobi太阳鸟，划线单词表示“辨别出”，与Recognized意义相近。故选D。 66．细节理解题。根据第二段“The new Wakatobi sunbird looks similar to the olive-backed sunbird, but has darker feathers, shorter wings, and a higher-toned song. Zoologists believe that because it has such short wings, it never spread beyond the tiny islands.(新的Wakatobi太阳鸟看起来与黄腹花蜜鸟相似，但羽毛更深，翅膀更短，歌声更高。动物学家认为，因为它的翅膀很短，所以它从未扩散到小岛之外)”可知，与黄腹花蜜鸟相比，Wakatobi太阳鸟的飞行距离更短。故选B。 67．推理判断题。根据第三段““Specifically, we became interested in the Wakatobi sunbird because of the work of ErnstHartert, a German bird expert active at the beginning of the 20th century,” Fionn Marcaigh, one researcher, says. “He described the Wakatobi sunbird as a population with unique dark feathers, but he and the rest of the scientific community finally decided that it was only a subspecies of the widespread olive-backed sunbird. We were eager to use modern methods to put this to the test.”(一位研究人员Fionn Marcaigh说：“具体来说，我们之所以对Wakatobi太阳鸟感兴趣，是因为活跃在20世纪初的德国鸟类专家ErnstHartert的工作。”“他将Wakatobi太阳鸟描述为一个拥有独特深色羽毛的种群，但他和科学界的其他人最终决定，它只是广泛分布的黄腹花蜜鸟的一个亚种。我们渴望使用现代方法对其进行测试。”)”可知，Marcaigh研究Wakatobi太阳鸟，是为了确定Wakatobi太阳鸟的类别。故选A。 68．细节理解题。根据最后一段““I’m excited that we’ve added to the list of known species from this wonderful part of the world,” Marcaigh says.(Marcaigh说：“我很高兴我们将世界上这片神奇地区的已知物种列入名单。”)”可知，文末介绍了研究结果产生的影响，将这片神奇地区的已知物种列入名单。故选A。 Passage 18 （2022高二下·云南保山·期末） You must have heard about animal migration (迁徙),such as Wildebeests dash across Africa; Monarch butterflies fly across the Americas... But did you know that forests migrate, too? In his new book The Journeys of Trees, science writer Zach St. George explores an extremely slow migration, as forests creep inch by inch to more pleasant places. “The migration of a forest is just many trees sprouting (发芽) in the same direction,” St. George writes. “Through the fossils that ancient forests left behind, scientists can track their movement over thousands of years. They move back and forth across continents, sometimes following the same route more than once, like migrating birds or whales.” This has happened over thousands of years, and climate change tends to be the driving force. Of course, today, climate change is speeding up, and trees can’ t keep pace. Take California for example: It’s getting hotter and drier and scientists estimate that before too long, Sequoia National Park may not be able to keep giant sequoias (巨杉). “The scientists there had never seen anything like it” St. George says. “They worried, and I think at some point we will lose these ancient trees and that we will have to think about what we do with the places, and whether we should plant new groves where they are easy to grow.” This is known as “assisted migration” —humans planting trees in other places where they’ re more likely to flourish. But this process carries risks—people can accidentally introduce insects and diseases to new places, where they may wipe out entire native populations. So, St. George writes, there’ s a debate among conservationists and foresters today: Should humans help the trees escape? “There may be cases where people are probably going to step in and help species move to places where they’ll be more suitable in the future,”St. George says.“So far, there are no huge movements of citizen groups moving trees north. But that is kind of one vision of the future that the people I interview hope to see.” 69．What can be learned about the forest migration? A．It is very difficult to track the migration. B．It takes several decades to complete it. C．It is mainly the result of climate change. D．It often follows certain migrating species. 70．Why does the author mention Sequoia National Park? A．To prove the assisted migration carries risks. B．To stress the park is able to keep giant sequoias. C．To state scientists are hopeful about the environment. D．To show trees fail to adapt to climate change. 71．What does the underlined word “flourish” in Paragraph 6 mean? A．Grow well. B．Become valuable. C．Develop rapidly. D．Escape diseases. 72．What’s St. George’ s attitude towards helping the trees escape? A．Supportive. B．Objective. C．Skeptical. D．Disapproving. 【答案】69．C 70．D 71．A 72．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了由于气候变化，森林也会迁徙。科学作家Zach St. George探索了一种极其缓慢的迁徙——森林缓慢地蔓延到更舒适的地方。无论是动物的迁徙还是森林的迁徙，主要都是气候变化引起的。人们有可能会介入植物的迁徙过程，协助植物迁徙，但这种协助性迁徙有利也有弊，所以存在争论。 69．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“This has happened over thousands of years, and climate change tends to be the driving force.(这种情况已经发生了数千年，而气候变化往往是驱动力。)”可知，森林迁徙主要是气候变化的结果。故选C。 70．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Of course, today, climate change is speeding up, and trees can’ t keep pace. Take California for example: It’s getting hotter and drier and scientists estimate that before too long, Sequoia National Park may not be able to keep giant sequoias (巨杉).(当然，今天，气候变化正在加速，树木无法跟上。以加利福尼亚州为例：天气变得越来越热，越来越干燥，科学家们估计，用不了多久，红杉国家公园可能就无法保存巨杉了。)”可知，作者之所以提到红杉国家公园，是为了表明树木无法适应气候变化。故选D。 71．词义猜测题。根据第五段中“They worried, and I think at some point we will lose these ancient trees and we will have to think about what we do with the places, and do we plant new groves where they are easy to grow?（他们担心，我认为在某个时候，我们会失去这些古老的树木，我们将不得不考虑如何处理这些地方，我们是否要在它们容易生长的地方种植新的树木？）”可知，这就是所谓的“协助迁移”——人类在其他更容易繁衍生息的地方植树。由此可知第六段划线词的意思是“生长得更好”。故选A。 72．推理判断题。根据文章第六段“This is known as “assisted migration” —humans planting trees in other places where they’ re more likely to flourish. But this process carries risks—people can accidentally introduce insects and diseases to new places, where they may wipe out entire native populations. So, St. George writes, there’ s a debate among conservationists and foresters today: Should humans help the trees escape?(这就是所谓的“辅助迁移”——人类在其他树木更可能茂盛的地方种植树木。但是这个过程也有风险——人们可能不小心把昆虫和疾病带到新的地方，在那里它们可能会消灭整个本地种群。因此，圣乔治写道，今天在自然资源保护主义者和林务人员之间有一场争论：人类应该帮助树木逃脱吗？)”可知，St. George认为人类是否应该帮助树木迁徙，还存在争论。由此可知，他对人类帮助树木迁徙的态度是客观的。故选B。 Passage 19 （2023高二下·云南昆明·期末） Sleep is an important biological process for people and animals. But some mammals(哺乳动物)like the northern elephant seal, survive with much less sleep. Researchers in a new study described the unusual sleep pattern of these ocean animals. They found that when these mammals go to feed on trips that can last seven months, they sleep just two hours. Those two hours of sleep are made up of short moments of rest lasting only 10 minutes each as they dive deep to avoid predators(天敌). The seals’ sleep time during ocean trips is different from the 10 hours a day they spend sleeping on the coast during mating season at places like California’s Ano Nuevo beach. The researchers placed a head covering with sensors(传感器)on the heads of the seals that they studied. The sensors recorded sleep signals created by the seals’ brains and heart rate. The sensors also recorded the animals’ location and depth beneath the sea. The researchers studied female seals because they go out on long open-ocean trips while males feed in coastal waters. During dives lasting about 30 minutes, the seals went into a deep sleep called slow-wave sleep while keeping a controlled downward movement. When they then experienced rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, a condition where voluntary movement while sleeping stops, the seals fell into a turning pattern. They sometimes ended up without movement on the seafloor. Terrie Williams, a scientist at the University of California who helped write the study, said, “It is remarkable that a wild animal will fall into deep REM sleep when there are predators on the hunt.” She added that the seals solve this problem by going into deep sleep in the deep parts of the oceans where predators usually do not hunt them. 73．What is considered unusual for northern elephant seals during feed on trips? A．Resting for two hours on end every day. B．Diving deep to escape their predators. C．Having a 10-minute sleep 12 times a day. D．Spending 10 hours sleeping on the beach. 74．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．What to study in the research. B．How the research is carried out. C．When to locate seals’ location. D．Where male seals hunt for food. 75．What happens during the seals’ slow-wave sleep? A．They keep moving downward. B．They remain still in the ocean. C．They fall into a turning pattern. D．They move their eyes rapidly. 76．What does Terrie think of the seals’ sleep pattern? A．Unbelievable. B．Impractical. C．Terrible. D．Admiring. 【答案】73．C 74．B 75．A 76．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现北方象海豹睡眠时间很少并且睡眠模式也有所同。 73．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Researchers in a new study described the unusual sleep pattern of these ocean animals. They found that when these mammals go to feed on trips that can last seven months, they sleep just two hours. Those two hours of sleep are made up of short moments of rest lasting only 10 minutes each as they dive deep to avoid predators(天敌).(研究人员在一项新研究中描述了这些海洋动物不寻常的睡眠模式。他们发现，当这些哺乳动物在长达七个月的旅行中觅食时，它们每天只睡两个小时。这两个小时的睡眠是由短暂的休息组成的，每次只持续10分钟，因为它们会潜入深海躲避捕食者。)”可知，北方象海豹在觅食途中，每天只睡两个小时，而且这两个小时的睡眠是由短暂的休息组成的，每次只持续10分钟。由此可知，北方象海豹在觅食途中，每天睡12次，每次10分钟，一天共睡两小时。故选C。 74．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“The researchers placed a head covering with sensors(传感器)on the heads of the seals that they studied. The sensors recorded sleep signals created by the seals’ brains and heart rate. The sensors also recorded the animals’ location and depth beneath the sea. The researchers studied female seals because they go out on long open-ocean trips while males feed in coastal waters.(研究人员在他们研究的海豹的头上放置了一个带有传感器的头罩。传感器记录了海豹大脑和心率产生的睡眠信号。传感器还记录了这些动物在海底的位置和深度。研究人员之所以研究雌性海豹，是因为它们会在开阔的海洋上长途跋涉，而雄性海豹则在沿海水域觅食。)”可知，第四段主要介绍了研究人员是如何进行这项研究的。故选B。 75．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“During dives lasting about 30 minutes, the seals went into a deep sleep called slow-wave sleep while keeping a controlled downward movement.(在持续约30分钟的潜水中，海豹进入一种称为慢波睡眠的深度睡眠，同时保持有控制的向下运动。)”可知，海豹进入慢波睡眠时，会保持有控制的向下运动。故选A。 76．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Terrie Williams, a scientist at the University of California who helped write the study, said, “It is remarkable that a wild animal will fall into deep REM sleep when there are predators on the hunt.” She added that the seals solve this problem by going into deep sleep in the deep parts of the oceans where predators usually do not hunt them (参与撰写这项研究的加州大学科学家Terrie Williams说：“当有捕食者在捕猎时，野生动物会进入深度快速眼动睡眠，这是非常了不起的。” 她补充说，海豹通过在海洋深处进入深度睡眠来解决这个问题，在那儿捕食者通常不会捕杀它们。)”可知，Terrie认为海豹的睡眠模式非常了不起、令人难以置信。故选A。 Passage 20 （2023高二下·云南曲靖·期末） Recently, more than 100 Asian elephants made their way across The Mall in front of London’s Buckingham Palace. They weren’t live animals, however, but life-sized elephant sculptures that were handmade by Indigenous community members from the jungles of Tamil Nadu in South India. The environmental art exhibition is called CoExistence. It was headed by Elephant Family and The Real Elephant Collective, a British Charity and nonprofit socio-environmental enterprise aimed at raising awareness for the Indian elephant. Meant as a response to the increasing conflicts between humans and animals, the campaign’s goal is to start a movement of global empathy (共鸣) for members of the animal kingdom who, like the powerful elephant, have found themselves sharing natural habitats with fast-growing human populations. The sculptures were made using an invasive(侵入式的) weed called lantana, whose removal coincides with benefits to wildlife in protected areas, where the elephants began their migration. Flying alongside the elephant are sculpted flocks of bird species that have been declared extinct or endangered in the UK. The project helps demonstrate this unique time in history where the worldwide reduction in human activity from COVID-19 has had an overall positive effect on certain pockets of wildlife species around the planet. “Today marks the first significant step on the herd’s 13,000 miles migration around the world. Over the past 18 months, many countries have gone into lockdown,” said Ruth Ganesh, Creative at The Real Elephant Collective and Elephant Family Trustee. “Brought about by sad circumstances, this great pause is providing crucial guidance on how to best share space with animals in our crowded planet. The elephants are here to tell their story about the inspiring ways we can coexist with all the other living beings that make our world magical—from tigers and monkeys, to nightingales and elephants.” 77．What’s Paragraph 1 mainly about? A．Life-sized elephant sculptures in London. B．The Mall before London’s Buckingham Palace. C．An analysis of the effect of COVID-19 on wildlife. D．Caring for London’s elephants during COVID-19. 78．What’s the real aim of CoExistence held? A．To warn people not to kill elephants. B．To call on humans to live peacefully with animals. C．To solve the problem about the extinction of wildlife. D．To raise the awareness of protecting wildlife during COVID-19. 79．In addition to elephant sculptures, what appeared with them? A．Some birds and kites. B．Some live animals. C．Some sculptured birds. D．Some volunteers saving endangered wildlife. 80．What can we know from Ruth Ganesh’s words? A．COVID-19 has a negative effect on wildlife. B．Elephants are loved more than other living beings. C．The lockdown helps people realize how to coexist with wildlife. D．He is confused about the worrying circumstances during the lockdown. 【答案】77．A 78．B 79．C 80．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。100多头逼真的大象雕塑出现在伦敦街头，主办方称举办这一活动旨在增强人们对自然环境的保护意识，探索人类与野生动物和谐共存的方式。 77．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Recently, more than 100 Asian elephants made their way across The Mall in front of London’s Buckingham Palace. They weren’t live animals, however, but life-sized elephant sculptures that were handmade by Indigenous community members from the jungles of Tamil Nadu in South India.(最近，100多头亚洲象穿过伦敦白金汉宫前的林荫大道。然而，它们不是活的动物，而是实物大小的大象雕塑，是由印度南部泰米尔纳德邦丛林中的土著社区成员手工制作的)”可知，第一段主要讲的是伦敦实物大小的大象雕塑。故选A。 78．细节理解题。根据第二段“Meant as a response to the increasing conflicts between humans and animals, the campaign’s goal is to start a movement of global empathy (共鸣) for members of the animal kingdom who, like the powerful elephant, have found themselves sharing natural habitats with fast-growing human populations.(作为对人类与动物之间日益加剧的冲突的回应，该活动的目标是为动物王国的成员发起一场全球同情运动，这些动物就像强大的大象一样，发现自己与快速增长的人口共享自然栖息地)”可知，该活动的真正目的是呼吁人类与动物和平共处。故选B。 79．细节理解题。根据第三段“Flying alongside the elephant are sculpted flocks of bird species that have been declared extinct or endangered in the UK.(在大象旁边飞行的是一群雕刻的鸟类，这些鸟类在英国被宣布灭绝或濒临灭绝)”可知，除了大象雕塑，还有一些雕刻的鸟与它们一同出现。故选C。 80．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Brought about by sad circumstances, this great pause is providing crucial guidance on how to best share space with animals in our crowded planet.(在悲惨的环境下，这个伟大的停顿为如何在我们拥挤的星球上最好地与动物分享空间提供了至关重要的指导)”可推知，封锁帮助人们意识到如何与野生动物共存。故选C。 Passage 21 （2024高二下·云南普洱·期末） The world produces around 359 million tons of plastics each year. Plastics are certainly a big problem, but they don’t necessarily have to be. There are many ways we could set plastics on a different lifecycle. One that I have been working on is turning plastics into a hardy, reliable and sustainable building material. Most people believe that plastics recycling is severely limited: only a few types can be recycled at all. This is unsurprising. The proportion(比例)of plastics that are recycled is minimal. But all polymers(聚合物)are, technologically, recyclable. Some of them can be used again and again to produce the same goods. Some can technically be reprocessed into new materials for different applications. The problem is that recycling much of this plastic waste is currently unprofitable. But the amount of these materials all over the world is large and keeps on growing. What if this plastic waste could be used to produce something useful to the society? Many universities and business people are attempting to do this. Most solutions target mixed plastic waste and suggest applications different from the original ones. For example, several groups have developed building materials made of plastic waste. Plastics are strong, durable, waterproof, lightweight and recyclable—all key properties for construction materials. So what if all of this plastic waste could be turned into building materials for low-income populations? Existing initiatives are promising, but not yet reproducible on an industrial scale. I study plastic waste with the aim of finding interesting ways to remove it from the environment. From agricultural waste to concrete waste, mixed with recycled plastics, there are many ways to obtain materials to produce bricks and other useful elements for buildings. So perhaps plastics are not necessarily the problem. They can be part of a pathway towards a more sustainable way of living. 81．What’s people’s common belief about plastic recycling? A．Almost all plastic waste can be reused. B．The methods are quite limited. C．Not many kinds of plastics are recyclable. D．The amount is unbelievably large. 82．What can be learned from paragraph 3? A．Plastic waste is on the decline globally. B．Recycling plastics doesn’t make money now. C．Plastic buildings have been largely constructed. D．New applications of plastics haven’t been found. 83．Why can plastics make good building materials? A．They can resist water and won’t last long. B．They can be reproduced in large quantity. C．They satisfy the needs of low-income people. D．They meet most demands of building materials. 84．What’s the author’s attitude to plastic recycling? A．Positive. B．Anxious. C．Doubtful. D．Critical. 【答案】81．C 82．B 83．D 84．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种塑料回收利用的新方法——将废弃塑料制造成理想的建筑材料。 81．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Most people believe that plastics recycling is severely limited: only a few types can be recycled at all. （大多数人认为塑料的回收利用受到严重限制：只有少数几种塑料可以回收利用）”可知，人们普遍认为可以被回收利用的塑料种类不多。故选C。 82．细节理解题。根据第三段的“The problem is that recycling much of this plastic waste is currently unprofitable. （问题是，目前回收利用这些塑料废物的大部分是无利可图的）”可知，目前塑料回收是挣不了钱的。故选B。 83．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Plastics are strong, durable, waterproof, lightweight and recyclable—all key properties for construction materials. So what if all of this plastic waste could be turned into building materials for low-income populations?（塑料具有坚固、耐用、防水、轻质和可回收的所有关键特性，是建筑材料的关键。那么，如果所有这些塑料垃圾都能变成低收入人群的建筑材料呢？）”可知，塑料可以制成好的建筑材料是因为它满足了建筑材料的大多数要求——坚固、耐用、防水、质轻等。故选D。 84．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“They can be part of a pathway towards a more sustainable way of living.（它们可以成为通往更可持续生活方式的途径的一部分）”推知，作者对塑料回收持积极的态度。故选A。 Passage 22 （2024高二下·云南普洱·期末） Individual innovation is considered one sign of intelligence within species, and elephants are among the animals that researchers have long taken an interest in because of their approach to problem solving. A newly published study in the journal Animal Behaviour details findings from a six-month-long study documenting the abilities of individual wild Asian elephants to access food by solving puzzles that unlocked storage boxes. “This is the first research study to show that individual wild elephants have different willingness and abilities to solve problems in order to get food,” said the study’s lead author Sarah Jacobson. “This is important knowledge, because how animals think and innovate may influence their ability to survive in environments that are rapidly changing due to human presence.” Conducted at the Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary in Kanchanaburi, Thailand, the study used motion-activated cameras to observe 77 wild Asian elephants who approached and decided whether to attempt opening puzzle boxes with three different compartments (隔间) that contained their favorite fruit—jackfruit. Depending on the compartments with which the elephant interacted, the jackfruit could be accessed by pulling on a chain so the door opened toward the elephant, pushing the door so that it swung open into the box, or sliding the door open to the right. The elephants had to independently interact with the puzzle boxes to discover how the compartments could be opened. Over time, 44 of the elephants who approached the puzzle boxes interacted with them, but there were individual differences in how innovative the elephants were. The researchers found that elephants who interacted with the puzzle boxes more frequently and with greater persistence were more successful in getting food from all three different compartments. “Conflict involving humans and elephants is increasing due to loss of natural habitat and agricultural encroachment into what is left of it, ” said the study’s principal investigator Dr. Joshua Plotnik, a psychology professor with the CUNY Graduate Center and Hunter College, and Sarah Jacobson’s dissertation advisor. “Investigating innovation and problem solving in elephants can inform our understanding of wild elephants’ cognitive flexibility and its potential impact on conservation management and human-elephant conflict mitigation.” 85．What can be learned from what Sarah Jacobson said? A．They are the first to study wild elephants’ diet habits. B．Many factors are threatening wild elephants’ survival. C．Wild elephants’ capability of solving problems differs. D．Wild elephants can think and act just as human beings. 86．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The various methods to get the fruit. B．The elephants’ effort to get the fruit. C．The importance of doors in the study. D．The equipment used in the experiment. 87．Which can best replace the underlined word “encroachment” in paragraph 5? A．Position. B．Occupancy. C．Mode. D．Leak. 88．What can be the best title for the text? A．Wild Elephants Have Many Ways to Obtain Food B．Individual Wild Elephant Has the Same Innovation C．Wild Elephants Are Showing an Interest in Puzzles D．Wild Elephants Display Unique Puzzle Solving Skills 【答案】85．C 86．A 87．B 88．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项对野生大象的研究，发现野生大象有不同的意愿和能力来解决问题从而获得食物。 85．细节理解题。根据第二段首句“This is the first research study to show that individual wild elephants have different willingness and abilities to solve problems in order to get food(这是第一项研究，表明野生大象个体为了获得食物而解决问题的意愿和能力不同)”可知，大象在解决问题方面的能力不同，故选C项。 86．主旨大意题。根据第二段的“This is the first research study to show that individual wild elephants have different willingness and abilities to solve problems in order to get food(这是第一个研究表明，单个野生大象有不同的意愿和能力来解决问题，以获得食物)”以及第三段“Conducted at the Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary in Kanchanaburi, Thailand, the study used motion-activated cameras to observe 77 wild Asian elephants who approached and decided whether to attempt opening puzzle boxes with three different compartments (隔间) that contained their favorite fruit—jackfruit.(这项研究在泰国堪察那布里的萨拉克普拉野生动物保护区进行，使用运动激活相机观察了77头野生亚洲象，它们走近并决定是否尝试打开有三个不同隔间的益智盒子，里面装着它们最喜欢的水果——菠萝蜜。)”可知，本段主要介绍了野生大象打开隔层以获取食物的不同方法，故选A项。 87．词义猜测题。根据最后一段“Conflict involving humans and elephants is increasing due to loss of natural habitat and agricultural (由于自然栖息地的丧失以及农业……，涉及人类和大象的冲突正在增加)”以及下文“what is left of it(剩余的……)”语境可知，人类和大象的冲突在加剧，因为人类活动造成了大象栖息地的减少，同时农业用地的扩大也在侵蚀大象剩余的生存领域，所以判断画线词应为“占据 ”，故选B项。 88．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A newly published study in the journal Animal Behaviour details findings from a six-month-long study documenting the abilities of individual wild Asian elephants to access food by solving puzzles that unlocked storage boxes.(《动物行为》杂志上最新发表的一项研究详细介绍了一项为期六个月的研究结果，该研究记录了野生亚洲象个体通过解开储藏箱的谜题来获取食物的能力。)”、第二段“This is important knowledge, because how animals think and innovate may influence their ability to survive in environments that are rapidly changing due to human presence.(这是一个重要的知识，因为动物如何思考和创新可能会影响它们在因人类存在而迅速变化的环境中生存的能力。)”、倒数第二段“The researchers found that elephants who interacted with the puzzle boxes more frequently and with greater persistence were more successful in getting food from all three different compartments.(研究人员发现，与拼图盒子互动更频繁、更持久的大象更成功地从三个不同的隔间获取食物。)”以及最后一段“Investigating innovation and problem solving in elephants can inform our understanding of wild elephants’ cognitive flexibility and its potential impact on conservation management and human-elephant conflict mitigation(研究大象的创新和问题解决可以帮助我们理解野生大象的认知灵活性及其对保护管理和缓解人象冲突的潜在影响)”可知，本文主要讲的是野生大象获取食物的意愿和解决问题的能力不同，分析选项，D项“Wild Elephants Display Unique Puzzle Solving Skills(野生大象展示独特的解谜技巧)”表达的含义适合用做本文标题，故选D项。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 23 （2025高二下·云南丽江·期末） The world’s elderly population is increasing.The number of older people — those aged 60 or older—is expected to double by 2050 and is growing faster than all younger age groups across the world.That comes with an increasing need for caregivers who can provide 24-hour care, not only at hospitals or nursing homes, but also at private homes. Already, caregiving robots are programmed to ask questions a nurse would ask and can keep an eye on patients for falls. These robotic assistants are expected to become increasingly marketable and reach 450,000 by 2045 because of the expected caregiver shortage in the United States. “Unluckily, the hard structure of present caregiving robots prevents them from a safe human-robot interaction, limiting their assistance to only social interaction and not physical interaction,” said Ramses Martinez, an assistant professor in Purdue’s College of Engineering. “After all, would you leave babies or old people in the hands of a robot?” Recent advances in material science have enabled the production of soft robots with deformable (可变形的) bodies or the ability to reshape themselves when touched, but today the complex design prevents the use of this technology at home. However, Martinez and other researchers have developed a new design method which shows promise in enabling the production of soft robots using a 3D printer. The design process has three steps.First，a user makes a computer-aided design file with the shape of the robot.The user then paints the file to show which directions the different joints of the soft robot will move.It takes the computer a few seconds to change the computer-aided design model into a 3D soft machine that can be printed using any 3D printer. “The soft machines move like humans. Their ability to change their body structure and movement to adapt to a wide variety of environments will improve caregiving greatly,” says Martinez. The researchers are looking for partners to test and bring their technology to the market. 89．Why does the market urgently need caregiving robots? A．The results of advanced technology. B．The basic needs of the nursing homes. C．The continuous decrease in birth rate. D．The rapid increase in the global aging population. 90．What makes it difficult for people to accept caregiving robots? A．The robots can’t communicate with the patients freely. B．The robots can’t offer reliable physical interaction. C．The robots can’t update the service in a timely manner. D．The robots can’t truly empathize with the old patients. 91．How to evaluate Martinez’s new design method? A．It makes the production of soft robots easier to operate. B．It requires a specific 3D printer to print out a soft robot. C．It takes a long time to print a soft robot with a 3D printer. D．It allows the computer to fully automate the robot production. 92．What is the text mainly about? A．The robot industry in the future. B．The effects of population ageing. C．Soft robots created with 3D printers. D．The development of 3D printers. 【答案】89．D 90．B 91．A 92．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了全球老年人口增长催生护理需求，现有护理机器人存在交互局限，研究人员研发出3D打印软机器人的设计方法，该技术有望改善护理服务并推向市场。 89．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The world’s elderly population is increasing. The number of older people—those aged 60 or older—is expected to double by 2050 and is growing faster than all younger age groups across the world. That comes with an increasing need for caregivers who can provide 24-hour care, not only at hospitals or nursing homes, but also at private homes.(全球老年人口数量正在持续增长。预计到2050年，60岁及以上的老年人口数量将翻倍，其增长速度远超全球所有年轻年龄段人口。这一趋势带来了对护理人员需求的激增，社会需要能提供24小时照料的护理者，服务场景不仅包括医院和养老院，还涵盖私人家庭。)”可知，全球老年人口持续快速增长，催生了对护理服务的大量需求，进而使得护理机器人的市场需求变得迫切。故选D。 90．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Unluckily, the hard structure of present caregiving robots prevents them from a safe human-robot interaction, limiting their assistance to only social interaction and not physical interaction,” said Ramses Martinez, an assistant professor in Purdue’s College of Engineering. “After all, would you leave babies or old people in the hands of a robot?”(普渡大学工程学院助理教授Ramses Martinez表示：“遗憾的是，现有护理机器人坚硬的机身结构，阻碍了它们与人类进行安全的人机交互，导致它们的辅助功能仅限于社交互动，无法开展肢体层面的照料。毕竟，你会把婴儿或老人托付给机器人照管吗？”)”可知，现有护理机器人的坚硬结构限制了其与人类的肢体互动，只能提供社交层面的辅助，这是人们难以接受它们的原因。故选B。 91．细节理解题。根据文章第六段“The design process has three steps. First，a user makes a computer-aided design file with the shape of the robot. The user then paints the file to show which directions the different joints of the soft robot will move. It takes the computer a few seconds to change the computer-aided design model into a 3D soft machine that can be printed using any 3D printer.(该设计流程分为三个步骤。首先，使用者需创建一份包含机器人形态的计算机辅助设计文件；接着，使用者要在文件上标注出软机器人各个关节的活动方向；随后，计算机仅需数秒时间，就能将这份计算机辅助设计模型转化为一台可变形的3D软体机械装置，且任意一台3D打印机都能完成该装置的打印工作。)”可知，Martinez的新设计方法流程简洁，仅需三步即可完成软机器人的设计建模，且能适配任意3D打印机进行打印，大幅降低了软机器人的生产难度。故选A。 92．主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，文章第一段提出的全球老龄化催生护理机器人需求、第三段指出传统护理机器人的局限、第五至七段介绍Martinez团队研发的3D打印软机器人的设计方法与优势可知，本文的核心内容是围绕3D打印技术制造的软机器人展开，阐述其研发背景、设计流程及在护理领域的应用前景。故选C。 Passage 24 （2025高二下·云南昆明·期末） Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) is often recognized as the founder of modern physics, perhaps even the father of modern science itself. But this popular image overlooks an important fact of his Renaissance (文艺复兴) personality: Galileo the artist. Art and science have always been connected, and Galileo proved how they can inspire and inform one another. In addition to being a skilled observer and a sharp thinker, he was a talented artist, trained in cutting-edge perspective (透视法) techniques pio$ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自然 Passage 1 （2025高二下·云南曲靖·期末） Our planet is polluted by plastic. Tiny bits of it, called microplastics, have been found everywhere. That’s why scientists keep looking for ways to break down this material. Now, they’ve discovered a promising new strategy. Bacteria common in wastewater can break down the world’s most widely used plastic called PET. That finding could inform new ways to clean up PET pollution, which may make up around half of all the microplastic in wastewater. The bacteria in question are Comamonas (单胞菌). Scientists have long known these bacteria grow on plastics in water. That got Ludmilla Aristilde wondering whether the bacteria feed on plastic. Aristilde is an environmental biochemist. Her team decided to carry out the investigation. Since microplastics and bacteria are both tiny, it can be hard to tell what the bacteria are doing to PET. To find out, Aristilde’s team placed the bacteria in a liquid-filled container for a month with thin, flat strips (条) of PET. Afterward, they looked at the surface of the plastic with a microscope. This type of microscope can create very detailed images of surfaces. The team found that the PET were breaking apart. Nanoparticles (纳米颗粒) of PET now floated in the water. At the end of the month, nearly three times as many nano bits were in the water as before. This showed that the bacteria had been breaking apart the PET. The bacteria also multiplied faster when they had PET available. That suggests they were using the plastic bits as food. Ren Wei, a biochemist at the University of Greifswald, is doubtful about employing the bacteria’s ability to clean up PET pollution. The tiny bacteria eat super tiny amounts of plastic. The rate, Wei says, is far too slow to remove much of the vast amounts that enter the environment each year. He points out that breaking down plastics with bacteria should be considered an emergency technique and not a main solution. Let’s focus first on using less plastic, he says, and making it more reusable. 1．What is the aim of the experiment? A．To find out the source of Comamonas. B．To predict the harm of plastic pollution. C．To prove how Comamonas can survive in water. D．To check if plastic serves as Comamonas’s food. 2．What phenomenon appeared in the experiment? A．The water was polluted by PET plastic. B．Lots of nano bits fell off the PET plastic. C．The Comamonas bacteria floated on the water. D．The Comamonas bacteria changed fast in water. 3．What does Ren Wei advocate? A．Reducing the use of plastic. B．Making Comamonas eat faster. C．Stopping making plastic products. D．Using bacteria to solve plastic pollution. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．PET Plastic Is Polluting the Planet B．Wastewater Bacteria Break down Plastic C．Wastewater Is the Birthplace of Comamonas Bacteria D．Scientists Are Trying to Solve Plastic Pollution Problem Passage 2 （2025高二下·云南昭通·期末） What do you do when nobody is around to take your picture? You take a selfie (自拍照). Photographic self-portraits have existed for as long as cameras have been in human hands. But what about selfies in space? On social media last year, NASA astronaut Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin, who famously became the second man to walk on the moon in July, 1969, laid claim to a spaceflight first: Taking the first selfie in space during the Gemini Ж п mission in 1966. Astronauts have been carrying cameras aboard space vehicles since the 1960s, and they’ve taken plenty of pictures of themselves along the way. In 1966, Aldrin used a Hasselblad camera that was designed specifically for space, with an extra-large trigger to accommodate the astronaut’s thick gloves. Hasselblad also painted the first camera used in space matte black (哑光黑) to minimize reflections in the spacecraft window. But cameras used in space need to survive extreme conditions, like temperature swings from — 149 °F to 248 °F, so Hasselblad painted later models’ silver to help the camera adjust to these temperature changes. Early astronauts were constrained by strict weight when entering spacecraft, and they had to work without a selfie stick. To capture his self-portrait, the astronaut Aldrin once attached the camera to the side of the spacecraft to stabilize it and get his face in the frame. Today, astronauts also have access to the Internet and social platforms in space and can post true space selfies using digital cameras covered with thermal blankets. The first astronaut selfie that went viral on the Internet was one by Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide in 2012. Similarly, space robots are also participating in selfie culture, capturing remote images of themselves in space or on other planets and beaming them back to Earth. For instance, in January, the Mars rover Curiosity “shared” a selfie made from a mosaic of images captured at the rover’s latest drill site on the red planet. 5．What can we know about Aldrin? A．He took the first selfie in space. B．He was the first man to walk in space. C．He posted a picture of himself on Mars. D．He shared a selfie when in the Gemini Ⅻ mission. 6．Why was the first camera used in space painted matte black? A．To protect it from space radiation. B．To match the color of the spacecraft. C．To reduce reflections from the spacecraft. D．To make it easier to hold for astronauts. 7．Which best explains the underlined word “constrained” in paragraph 3? A．Enabled. B．Influenced. C．Inspired. D．Restricted. 8．Which is the best title for the text? A．Japanese astronauts posted selfies from space. B．The origin and development of selfies in space. C．Increasingly popular selfies among astronauts. D．Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin took the first space selfie. 主题02 人与社会 Passage 3 （2023高二下·云南昆明·期末） An artist transforming a city by painting its houses different colors has revealed her latest street of 63 “rainbow” homes. Tash Frootko has been painting houses in Gloucester since 2018-giving a makeover to entire streets and squares. Locals say it has created a better atmosphere-and has even seen house values rise by up to 30 per cent. Now Tash, 44, has revealed her biggest project yet with 63 houses on Hopewell Street painted in bold and vivid colors. It is Tash’s fifth transformation in the city and is her largest project to date. The property developer, who has lived in Gloucester for the past two decades, said: “It shows what an individual with a vision can achieve-I started these transformations as there was such a negative morale(士气)about the appearance of the city. The response from the community, its schools and visitors to the street has been overwhelmingly positive.” “I will continue to work completely voluntarily so that every penny of funding goes towards making the area shine.” The new home makeovers have also been accompanied by a huge flower painting by street artist Sophie Mess, paintings by Stuart Doust and a special door installation and rainbow staircase. Residents of the newly transformed street have shared their thoughts on the “remarkable” regeneration. Rob Wilks, who has lived on the street for 63 years, said: “The tireless work she does behind the scenes to fix the streets issues is admirable. She has brought love, fun, color and laughter to the street.” Tash’s project began in 2018 with painting the houses on a small street to “refresh” local areas with creativity. Now, she is set on transforming entire parts of the city and transforming them into huge “outdoor art galleries”. 9．What does the underlined word “makeover” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Comment. B．Description. C．Improvement. D．Demonstration. 10．Why did Tash carry out the “rainbow” program? A．To practice her artistic skills. B．To inspire residents to live green. C．To beautify the looks of the city. D．To call on the public to pursue dreams. 11．What does the transformation bring about? A．House values are increased. B．More volunteers are involved in it. C．The number of houses has decreased. D．The community has become an art centre. 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Projects Launched to Attract Visitors B．Pleasures Brought to Gloucester City C．Taking a Pride in the City’s Development D．Transforming Cities by Painting Houses Passage 4 （2023高二下·云南保山·期末） Thanks to the pandemic, more people are or have been working from home. Multiple studies and surveys have shown that many would like to carry on doing so, even as the threat from COVID-19 fades. However, new research carried out in the USA suggests that in-person teams tend to perform better in creativity at certain tasks than those working through videoconferencing software. The initial study involved 602 participants, including university students and staff. With half the pairs sitting face-to-face in one room, and half using videoconferencing software, subjects were asked to come up with novel uses for a product. The researchers found that the in-person teams generated a greater number and wider range of ideas than the virtual teams. But when it came to their ability to pick the ‘best’ idea rated by comparing the creativity scores of the ideas they chose with the scores of those picked by the judges, there was little difference between the two groups. To make sure the study wasn’t specific to any given population group, the tests were then conducted again, with 1,490 engineers working for a large company from five other countries. For this second set of tests, participants were asked to come up with new product ideas for their real-life employer. Using a variety of methods, the researchers found that people in the in-person group looked around the room and talked with each other more, whereas those using videoconferencing software took it in turns to speak and kept their eyes on the screen. These things negatively connected to idea generation. “This new research was an important first step. But this is a single study and the effects are somewhat small, amounting to a difference in one or two ideas between the groups. How much impact this has would depend on the company itself. ” said Dr. Jay Olson, who studies ways to measure creativity. 13．What did the new research made in America show? A．Relaxing environment leads to great ideas. B．Videoconferencing makes creativity likely happen. C．Home-working surroundings bring about creativity. D．Interaction in-person better contributes to novel ideas. 14．In what way did the two groups tested in the initial study reveal little difference? A．The ability to pick the best ideas. B．The methods to tell the best ideas. C．The number of best ideas produced. D．The scores obtained in creating ideas. 15．Why was the research conducted again? A．To make the test more convincing. B．To engage more people in the study. C．To arouse the creativity of the subjects. D．To classify the participants of the study. 16．What did Dr. Jay Olson suggest? A．Conducting more researches. B．Treating the effects critically. C．Making full use of the findings. D．Clarifying the results of the study. 主题03 人与自我 Passage 5 （2025高二下·云南保山·期末） In the Institute of Ageing Research at University College London, Dr. Eleanor Carter, a renowned neuroscientist, built a multidisciplinary team of neurologists, nutritionists, and biostatisticians to design the strictest randomised trial: a double-blind study evaluating the impact of green tea polyphenols (多酚) on age-related memory decline. The study’s leading investigator was Dr. Carter, joined by Dr. Raj Patel (neuroimaging expert), Dr. Mei Lin (nutritional biochemist), and 14 colleagues. The 150 participants — cognitively healthy adults aged 65 to 75 reporting mild forgetfulness — were randomly assigned to two groups: 75 in the Green Tea Intervention Group (GTG) and 75 in the Placebo-Control Goup (安慰剂控制组) (PCG). Over 52 weeks, both groups maintained identical lifestyles — diet, exercise, sleep, tracked via wearable devices. The sole variable was their morning beverage: GTG received 200ml of green tea daily, while PCG consumed a visually identical placebo, prepared by a third-party lab to ensure blinding. Cognitive assessments (NIH Toolbox) were administered at weeks 26 and 52. Additionally, 30 participants from each group underwent functional MRI scans to monitor hippocampal activity. Blood samples were collected biweekly to measure biomarkers of neuron decline diseases. At study completion, GTG participants demonstrated a 28% improvement in memory tasks compared to PCG’s 12%. fMRI revealed enhanced hippocampal connectivity in GTG brains, while biomarkers indicated reduced Alzheimer’s risk and systemic inflammation. Dr. Carter shared at the International Conference on Alzheimer’s Disease: “This is the first human trial to demonstrate that green tea can adjust the neurons in ageing. Green tea, a low-cost and widely consumed drink, may serve as a sterling way to delay age-related memory decline.” 17．Who are the subjects of this experiment? A．Adults with slight memory loss. B．Patients with neuronal diseases. C．Adults with moderate forgetfulness. D．Seniors with occasional memory decline. 18．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the study? A．Its cause. B．Its process. C．Its participants. D．Its significance. 19．What does the underlined word “sterling” in the last paragraph mean? A．Moderately useful. B．Slightly beneficial. C．Barely harmful. D．Highly effective. 20．What can be concluded about the study? A．Tea drinking has nothing to do with health. B．One can look younger if drinking tea often. C．Green tea may help seniors boost memory. D．Polyphenols can cure Alzheimer’s disease. Passage 6 （2024高二下·云南·期末） Laptop computers (笔记本电脑) are popular all over the world. In the United States today, lap-tops also connect students to their classrooms. Westlake College in Virginia will start a laptop computer program whose main purpose is to allow students to do schoolwork anywhere. Within five years, each of the 1,500 students at the college will receive a laptop. The laptops are part of a $10,000,000 computer program at Westlake, a 110-year-old college. The students with lap- tops will be able to use e-mail to “speak” with their teachers, their classmates and their families, without going to computer labs. They can use it at home, in a fast-food restaurant or under the trees — anywhere at all! Because of many changes in computer technology, laptop use in higher education, such as colleges and universities, is workable. As laptops become more powerful, they can connect students to not only the Internet, but also libraries and other resources. At Westlake College, more than 60% of the staff use computers. The laptops will allow teachers to use computers in their lessons. As some Westlake teachers said, “Here we are in the middle of Virginia and we’re giving students a window on the world. They can see everything and do everything.” 21．What is the main purpose of the laptop computer program? A．To help people work at home. B．To connect students to libraries. C．To encourage students to surf the Internet. D．To allow students to do schoolwork anywhere. 22．Which of the following is true about Westlake College? A．Students must do their homework in computer labs. B．1,500 students of the college will receive laptops. C．All the staff of the college use computers. D．It is a new college in America. 23．What’s some teachers’ attitude towards the program? A．Doubtful. B．Worrying. C．Supportive. D．Uncaring. 24．What is the best title for the text? A．A Laptop Program in Westlake College B．Laptop Computers Make People Closer C．A Famous College in Virginia: Westlake D．Computer Technology Provides Resources 主题01 人与自然 Passage 7 （2025高二下·云南玉溪·期末） One day in 1996, someone ate a McDonald’s McChicken burger in Amsterdam. This meal left a long-lasting mark on the local environment when a nesting coot (白骨顶鸡) found the discarded McChicken wrapper and decided to use it to line its nest. “It really shows that it’s not just us humans who are writing history, but also these birds are taking notes, keeping a score and then documenting our throwaway society,” said the nest biologist Auke-Florian Hiemstra. When investigating nests, he found a variety of old packaging coming from the early 1990s up to last year. Some nests have packaging from more recent foods. Some relics found in the nests include Mars bar packaging advertising the 1994 World Cup, while a more recent nest was made with a layer of face masks, a lasting impact of the waste from the Covid-19 pandemic. While a bird’s nest is usually made from twigs and moss, the abundance of plastics has been helpful for birds in the city where natural items are in short supply. Hiemstra said, “Our litter for them is not a waste product but something valuable. I really hope we learn something from animals to re-evaluate our materials. These plastics are a wonderful material yet we use them for single use and throw them away.” “It’s really frustrated me, the term ‘throwaway society’. The ‘away’ is not a specific place; ‘away’ is still here,” Hiemstra said. “Around 80% of all the plastics that have been produced are still on the planet right now somewhere. Plastic can take 20 to 500 years to decompose and only 9% of plastic is actually recycled. We know that it doesn’t fall apart but finding these materials that have been littered 30 years ago, yet they look as fresh as they were just littered yesterday — that really gave me the chills. This material is really here to stay.” 25．What does the underlined word “discarded” mean in paragraph 1? A．Produced. B．Cherished. C．Abandoned. D．Polluted. 26．How does the author show the variety of materials used to make nests by birds? A．By quoting sayings. B．By giving examples. C．By making comparisons. D．By analyzing data. 27．What can be inferred about Hiemstra’s idea of humans’ plastic use? A．The obvious harm of plastic is recognized fully. B．The amount of recycled plastic needs improving greatly. C．The potential risk of plastic use can be predicted accurately. D．The widespread lifestyle of plastic use causes damage temporarily. 28．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Plastic Use: Reducing Prioritizes Recycling B．Waste Materials: Birds Have Their Own Way C．Already There: Plastic Management is Under Discussion D．Always Here: Bird Nests Tell Story of Throwaway Culture Passage 8 （2025高二下·云南昆明·期末） Cataracts (白内障), the number one health threat affect about 94 million people worldwide making the eye lens (晶状体) cloudy and causing poor eyesight. Widely acknowledged causes of cataracts include genes and aging. But recent studies suggest another factor for cataracts and other eye diseases — climate change. An Indian farmer Alka Kamble suffers from cataracts due to long-term exposure to heat. “Stronger heatwaves across India are unbearable,” says Kamble. As global temperatures rise, the risk of heatstroke and damage to eye proteins increases. Data shows that each 1℃ rise in temperature increases cataract cases by 370.8 per 100,000 people. Farmers working outdoors are especially at risk. Climate change also increases eye exposure to UV radiation. This speeds up cataract formation and harms eye cells. Other eye diseases like pink eye and cornea inflammation are becoming more common. Statistics show that higher temperatures increase the risk of pink eye by 16%. More allergy-causing things like pollen (花粉), linked to climate change, contribute to eye problems. Beyond these direct impacts, climate-driven droughts cause food shortages of essential nutrients, such as vitamins B12 and copper, which increase the risk of damage to the visual nerve. Droughts also force people to use unsafe water, increasing the risk of eye infections. Researchers propose several ways to protect eyes from climate-related harm. Most importantly, outdoor workers should be given enough shade and regular breaks to cool down. Eating foods rich in vitamins A, C, and E is an important measure. Reducing greenhouse gases and harmful chemicals is key to protecting eye health at a global level. It is time to focus on the issues of climate-driven heat, droughts, and nutrient shortages. It is not only about protecting our eye health but also about protecting human beings. 29．What is a widely recognized cause of cataracts? A．UV radiation. B．Aging problems. C．Unsafe water. D．Lack of vitamins. 30．What are the statistics intended to illustrate in paragraphs 2 and 3? A．The danger in raising pink eye risks. B．The necessity in doing labour indoors. C．The importance of eye health protection. D．The severity of climate-driven eye diseases. 31．What is recommended to protect eyes health? A．Studying allergy-causing things. B．Consuming food high in protein. C．Avoiding long-term exposure to heat. D．Forbidding greenhouse gas emissions. 32．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Global Droughts Are Worsening Cataracts B．Indian Farmers Are Suffering Eye Diseases C．Climates Change Is Threatening Eye Health D．Raising Temperature Is Damaging Visual Nerve Passage 9 （2025高二下·云南红河·期末） Deep underneath the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean lies beautiful reefs colored by its algae (藻类). However, in the early 1980s, an El Niño heatwave led to mass-bleaching, which turned more than 90 percent of these corals a pale, lifeless white. When stronger El Niño events struck the area again in 2015–2016, biologist Tina Palacio observed a surprising phenomenon: some corals resisted bleaching or showed recovery. Her team later discoveryed that Pocillopora — the region’s primary reef-building coral — had gotten rid of their original algae and adopted heat-tolerant species. Corals typically provide nitrogen (氮气) to their resident algae and receive carbon in return for energy. “To maintain the algae’s survival and provide the nutrients required by the host, there’s a really delicate and very complex nutritional relationship between the two,” Palacio says. Under heat stress, corals produce more nitrogen, which causes the algae to grow rapidly and divide more, storing the carbon and keeping it from their hosts. Palacio discovered that baby corals has learned not to overshare nitrogen with the algae. This way, they can live together harmoniously. And baby corals aren’t stuck in one place — they float freely in the ocean before settling down. This helps the species move to better waters or spread genes that let them handle heat. Researchers also found corals can act on their own. They have tiny hair-like structures called cilia that work like a cooling system, beating fast to make tiny whirlpools (漩涡) in the water and moving extra oxygen to areas that need it. These whirlpools stop oxygen from building up harmfully in one place. Although corals are adapting, they can’t outpace climate threats alone. It’s hard to go back after a bleaching event and see them dead. That gives us the motivation to use whatever skill is, whatever our passion is, to try to help. 33．Why does the author mention El Niño heatwaves twice? A．To stress the urgency of ocean conservation. B．To show the corals’ adaptation to heatwaves. C．To indicate the impact of climate change on corals. D．To highlight the relationship between corals and algae. 34．What do baby corals do to live with their algae? A．Sharing more carbon. B．Removing more algae. C．Moving to cooler areas. D．Reserving extra nitrogen. 35．How do coral cilia function? A．By storing extra oxygen. B．By redistributing oxygen. C．By releasing oxygen quickly. D．By changing oxygen into nitrogen. 36．What message does the author want to convey? A．Coral bleaching calls for human protection. B．Humans need more passion to protect ocean species. C．Coral protection is our duty despite its self-adjustment. D．Coral adaptation is unavoidable in spite of humans’ help. Passage 10 （2025高二下·云南保山·期末） Bird-watching has become increasingly popular in Shanghai, driven by people’s curiosity about birds. It offers a great opportunity to enjoy the outdoors and connect with nature. Enthusiastic bird-watchers often carry binoculars and cameras, traveling long distances to places like the grass of Nanhui and Chongming districts, where they spend hours trying to spot and photograph new bird species. Shanghai is home to over 430 bird species, which is about one-third of China’s total bird population. Most of these birds are migratory, passing through the southeastern tip of Nanhui and Chongming. The eastern shallows of these districts, where the Yangtze River meets the East China Sea, are crucial for migrating birds. Forest City Studio, a company founded in 2013, focuses on ecological conservation and public education. Its brochure on Chinese bird species is popular among bird-watchers. Since 2018, the company has offered bird-watching tours. Pu Chuan, a representative of the studio, says that beginners’ sessions are very popular with families. Recently, a group of 10 bird-watchers attended a beginners’ session at Century Park in Pudong. Led by bird ecologist Zheng Yihui, the group, mainly composed of parents and schoolchildren, walked around the park with binoculars and a bird chart. Zheng pointed out birds on branches and in ponds, using his telephoto shots to capture detailed images and show them on his camera screen. Wang Ximin from Chenshan Botanical Garden notes that the presence of diverse bird and animal species, such as squirrels and badgers (獾), highlights the garden’s role as an urban green land in biodiversity protection. 37．Why is bird-watching becoming popular in Shanghai? A．Because people are eager to connect with nature. B．Because people would like to photograph new bird species. C．Because the city has established more ecological conservation areas. D．Because migratory birds pass through the city more frequently than before. 38．What can we learn about Forest City Studio? A．It started offering bird-watching tours in 2013. B．Its entry-level tours are well-accepted by families. C．It focuses on urban development and public education. D．Its Chinese bird species brochure is rarely read by professional bird-watchers. 39．What is Wang Ximin’s attitude toward Chenshan Botanical Garden’s role in biodiversity protection? A．Negative. B．Positive. C．Neutral. D．Skeptical. 40．What is the best title for the text? A．Bird Migration Routes in Shanghai’s Ecological Areas B．Family-Friendly Bird-Watching Activities in Urban Parks C．The Rise of Bird-Watching in Shanghai: Trends and Ecology D．Forest City Studio: Promoting Bird Conservation Through Tours Passage 11 （2025高二下·云南文山·期末） Chinese scientists at Westlake University in Zhejiang province have made an exciting discovery in solar power. They have created an extremely thin and flexible type of solar cell that can turn sunlight into electricity with a record efficiency of 23.4 percent. These cells, about as thick as a human hair, use two special materials to capture sunlight: perovskite (钙钛矿) and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS,铜铟镓硒). Imagine a single perovskite solar cell as a single-layer cake. Now, think of a tandem (串联的) solar cell as a cake with multiple layers, each with a different flavor. Each layer of this cake can “catch” specific parts of sunlight. This allows the tandem solar cell to absorb more sunlight and turn it into electricity more efficiently than the “single-layer” ones, making it better than traditional solar cells. In late 2023, researchers Tian Liuwen and Wang tried new ways to coat the material. After months of testing, they found a way to create a uniform perovskite layer. This breakthrough improved efficiency and made it ready for real-world use. These thin cells could completely change how we use solar power. Because they’re flexible, you can put them on all sorts of curved surfaces, such as car roofs, building facades, or even clothing. They are also much lighter than traditional solar panels, which makes them cheaper and easier to transport and set up. This is a significant advantage, especially for space missions. With many countries around the world trying to reduce carbon emissions, these efficient, lightweight solar cells could play a vital role in moving away from fossil fuels. It seems that something as thin as a hair could help us solve some of the world’s biggest challenges. 41．Which of the following can best describe the new solar cell? A．Heavy but extremely practical. B．Hard and thick as a human hair. C．Thin, flexible, and highly efficient. D．Expensive but much easier to set up. 42．Why does the author mention “cake” in paragraph 2? A．To emphasize the high cost of materials. B．To suggest the cells are easily damaged. C．To criticize the complexity of the solar cell. D．To explain the function of the layered structure. 43．What is the primary focus of paragraph 4? A．Technical coating methods. B．Limitations of traditional panels. C．Possible applications and advantages. D．Historical development of solar cells. 44．What can we learn from the passage? A．Carbon emissions can be ended by the discovery. B．The solar cell has a promising and potential future. C．Fossil fuels can be stopped due to the breakthrough. D．The solar cell has been widely used in space missions. Passage 12 （2025高二下·云南文山·期末） Forests give us water — and the healthiest forests do this best. When forests are healthy, they offer more for the birds and animals and they filter (过滤) our water. But Western forests aren’t as healthy as they once were. That’s because something has been missing from a lot of our forests, and that is fire. For many decades, a widespread fear of wildfires led to a simple mind: When a fire was spotted, firefighting crews were instantly sent to put out every new forest fire by ten o’lock the next morning. However, we need to change the “10 a. m. rule” because fire has a natural role in Western forests. Without fire, forests that were historically more open and even sort of park-like become overgrown with too many trees. Now, when fires burst out in these crowded forests, they burn hotter, kill more trees and leave the ground exposed. This sends ash into downstream waterways — and they can do great harm and knock out water supplies for days, months or even years. Fortunately, through long traditions of working with fire and a systematic process of experimentation and observation, fire practitioners have built a tremendous body of knowledge about how a natural fire cycle brings a forest back to life. A natural low-intensity fire is like a reset switch for a forest — preventing out-of-control wildfires in the future. Scientists have already identified the towns and cities all throughout the West where restoring nearby forests, with methods like setting fires intentionally and cutting a select number of trees to restore ecological balance, can keep sources of clean drinking water safe. Today, we’re working with partners to restore Western forests in the United States and Canada. We promise to do all we can, both on the ground and in policy, to bring balance back to even more forests and keep drinking water safe. 45．What effect may the “10 a. m. rule” have? A．It may lead to species extinction. B．It may leave forests overcrowded. C．It may cause waterways to dry up. D．It may increase the frequency of fires. 46．What can be inferred about natural low-intensity fires from the text? A．They des troy the balance of forest ecosystem. B．They help prevent severe wildfires in the future. C．They require human intervention to control their spread. D．They leave the ground exposed and harm water supplies. 47．What is the author’s attitude toward restoring Western forests? A．Confident. B．Doubtful. C．Unclear. D．Cautious. 48．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Traditional Fire Practices: Policies and Realities B．Water: A Hidden Impact of Forest Mismanagement C．Fire: The Key to Restoring Healthy Western Forests D．The Decline of Western Forests: Causes and Consequences Passage 13 （2025高二下·云南昭通·期末） It might surprise you to learn that dogs are playing an increasingly important role as conservationists. For centuries, they have been known as man’s best friends. Now, their unique abilities are being made use of to help protect some of the world’s most threatened species. Quick and loyal, dogs possess many qualities that make them ideal for fieldwork, but it’s their extraordinary sense of smell that makes them invaluable for conservation work. With around 220 million olfactory receptors (嗅觉受体) compared to just 5 million in humans, dogs can detect scents and analyze them with astonishing accuracy, devoting 40 times more of their brain to scent analysis than we do. Thanks to this incredible ability, some dogs are now being trained to save at-risk animals by sniffing out their droppings. At the University of Washington’s Conservation Canines facility,20 specially trained dogs have successfully tracked killer whales’ droppings, which only float briefly on the ocean’s surface. Analyzing these samples enables scientists to monitor the health of killer whale populations, which are under significant stress from food shortages, pollution, and boat traffic. Beyond tracking animal droppings, conservation dogs are also trained for live animal detection, further showcasing their abilities. They can locate rare species in their natural habitats. Additionally, they are now used to tackle the non-native species that threaten the survival of the local wildlife. Dogs also take on other important roles. For example, at Kenya’s Mombasa port, dogs sniff out illegal wildlife products such as rhino horns and ivory. Across Africa, they work on the front lines against illegal hunting, serving as a powerful security force enhancer. While dogs may not be the ultimate solution to every conservation challenge, their incomparable abilities make them invaluable companions in the fight to protect our planet’s biodiversity. 49．Why are the figures mentioned in the second paragraph? A．To recognize the importance of conservation work. B．To suggest the amazing accuracy of dogs’ analysis. C．To highlight the superiority of dogs’ sense of smell. D．To show dogs’ impressive achievements in fieldwork. 50．How do dogs help protect killer whales? A．By detecting their droppings. B．By tracking their movements. C．By monitoring their populations. D．By analyzing the collected samples. 51．What can we learn from the examples given in paragraph 4? A．Wildlife products are popular in African countries. B．Non-native species affect the survival of local wildlife. C．Dogs are used to detect and prevent illegal wildlife trade. D．Dogs can accurately locate the natural habitats of rare species. 52．What is the best title for the text? A．Dogs: Man’s Best Friends for Centuries B．The Extraordinary Sense of Smell of Dogs C．Challenges in Protecting Planet’s Biodiversity D．Dogs: Invaluable Companions in Conservation Passage 14 （2025高二下·云南昭通·期末） Our planet faces severe environmental threats, mainly due to human activities such as large farming and burning fossil fuels, which lead to climate change and natural disasters. One of the most destructive activities we are carrying out is cutting down forests – deforestation. This is done for many reasons, such as providing wood for fuel, making land available for housing or for creating space for more farm animals. This has been most noticeable in Brazil, which is home to the world’s largest rainforest. Deforestation there has hit its highest rate in a decade, according to official data. Over the course of a year, an area about five times the size of London has been destroyed. Although deforestation rates in the Amazon and other tropical(热带的) regions have declined, the scale remains vast. In 2018, Global Forest Watch reported that 30 football fields’ worth of forest were cut down every minute. Frances Seymour from the World Resources Institute warns that the overall trend is still upward, indicating we are far from winning the battle against deforestation. Primary forests like the Amazon are crucial for biodiversity, housing rare species and acting as carbon dioxide stores. The loss of 3.6 million hectares in 2018 is alarming. Brazil has taken policies to reduce deforestation, including fines for illegal land use and logging(采伐). International actions against soy and beef trade from deforested Amazon areas have also helped. However, other regions like Ghana and the Democratic Republic of Congo are witnessing increases in deforestation. It appears that only political will and human conscience(良知) can effectively solve this problem and protect our planet. 53．What is the main cause of environmental threats according to the passage? A．Natural disasters. B．Deforestation. C．Climate change. D．Human activities. 54．What is the significance of primary forests like the Amazon? A．They provide fuel wood. B．They are used for farm animals. C．They are home to unique species. D．They are involved in international trade. 55．What measures have been taken to decrease deforestation in Brazil? A．Ignoring land use requirements. B．Encouraging more farm animals. C．Introducing government policies. D．Increasing the rate of deforestation. 56．What is the purpose of writing this text? A．To introduce deforestation. B．To call for action against deforestation. C．To suggest a way to protect the planet. D．To argue the cause of environmental threats. Passage 15 （2024高二下·云南保山·期末） The mysterious “Great Attractor” is pulling the Milky Way galaxy off course. No matter what you’re doing right now—sitting, standing, walking—you’re moving. Specifically, you’re moving at least four different ways. First, the Earth is turning very fast while it’s in space, going about 1,000 miles per hour, or 1,600 kilometers per hour. This turning makes our days and nights. Next, the Earth and the other planets are going around the sun. We move at about 67,000 miles per hour, or 108;000 kilometers per hour. This movement makes our seasons and years. Also, the sun and everything around it is going around the middle of our galaxy (星系), the Milky Way, really fast, over 500,000 miles per hour, or 828,000 kilometers per hour. Plus, everything in the universe is always getting bigger as it spreads out. But a long time ago, in the 1970s, space experts saw that something was different about the galaxies close to us, called the Local Group. These galaxies were being pulled away from their normal path really fast, towards something we couldn’t see. They named this place the Great Attractor, but it’s hard to learn more about it because we can’t see it well. “The Milky Way has so many stars and dust, which hides the information we want to see in that direction. So our galaxy is hiding the Great Attractor,” says Jorge Moreno, a space expert at a college. This place we can’t see is called the Zone of Avoidance by people who study space. We still don’t know everything about why the Milky Way and the other galaxies are being pulled off course, but there have been some ideas. The newest idea is a very big group of galaxies called Laniakea, which means “big sky” in Hawaiian. Want to know more about space secrets? Send us an email at shortwave@ npr.org. 57．What causes the Earth’s days and nights according to the article? A．The expansion of the universe. B．The Earth’s turning around itself. C．The Earth’s orbit around the sun. D．The Earth’s turning around the Milky Way. 58．What does “Zone of Avoidance” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．A galaxy-free space. B．A hidden part of the sky. C．The speed of galaxy movement. D．The cause of galaxy attraction. 59．What can be inferred about the Great Attractor from the information provided? A．It is visible with the naked eyes. B．It is located somewhere within the Milky Way. C．It is a large object affecting the motion of nearby galaxies. D．It is known to be a single galaxy which pulls on other galaxies around it. 60．Where might this article have been published? A．A cooking blog. B．A fashion magazine. C．A gardening enthusiast’s journal. D．A public radio program’s website. Passage 16 （2024高二下·云南楚雄·期末） In present-day Romania, a decreasing number of craftsmen practice what’s thought to be a centuries-old craft. They search the forest for a fungus (真菌), which grows within trees and sends out shelf-like mushrooms a few inches wide. The fungus is shaved lengthwise into thin strips. Those strips are then stretched to form broad sheets, which can be crafted into hats, bags, jewelry, and ornaments. As far back as 1903, Tlingit craftsmen in what is now the state of Alaska were recorded crafting purses out of a material from agarikon fungus. However, the craftsmen’s process in the early times was about searching for materials, not cultivating them for mass production. Today, the biotechnology company MycoWorks in the US is pioneering in cultivating mycelium (菌丝). Mycelium is a structural wonder — soft, dense, and strong, making it a great potential replacement for leather.     The operation starts with agricultural waste, like sawdust (锯末), which is heated to remove existing microbial life. Once done, it goes into deep plates of varying sizes. Then fungus joins the party, digesting and growing. In some cases, fabric can be added for the mycelium to weave around. The sheet of mycelium is eventually peeled off the wood blocks, and growth comes to an end. It can be easily mistaken for traditional leather. MycoWorks is one of a wave of innovators, all of whom assume that a better understanding of mycelium can redefine the limits of fashion and design. In recent years, MycoWorks’ products have been used in designer bags and pillows. CEO Matt Scullin praises mycelium as a material in fashion, “It has a bit of a soft touch, and it has a bounce. It can absorb the oil s and heat from your fingers when you touch it.” “The early efforts appear to be more moral, and improve eco-footprint. Products made from such material are fully biodegradable — allowing for a future in which dealing with an old pair of shoes might mean simply composting (堆肥) them,” he added. 61．What is the author’s purpose in writing the first paragraph? A．To stress the history of growing mushrooms. B．To introduce a fashion inspired by mushrooms. C．To show ancient mushroom growing techniques. D．To present the novel use of mushrooms in fashion. 62．What does paragraph 3 focus on about mycelium? A．Its growing process. B．Its high quality. C．Its shortcomings. D．Its working life. 63．What does Matt Scullin think of mycelium as a material in the field? A．It is straightforward to grow. B．It offers a rough feel. C．It promotes sustainability. D．It is oil-and-heat resistant. 64．Which can be the best title for the text? A．Fungus Crafts: An Endangered Heritage B．Mycelium: The Green Leather Alternative C．Crafting with Nature: Romania’s Fungal Tradition D．Mycelium’s Role: From Ancient Craft to Modern Innovation Passage 17 （2024高二下·云南大理·期末） Several new species of tropical (热带的) birds have been found on far islands in Indonesia. Researchers have discerned the Wakatobi sunbird, a new species that lives on the small Waka-tobi Islands, located in central Indonesia. They also studied olive-backed sunbirds and black sun-birds and found that some of the birds they examined actually belonged to some previously un-recognized species. The new Wakatobi sunbird looks similar to the olive-backed sunbird, but has darker feathers, shorter wings, and a higher-toned song. Zoologists believe that because it has such short wings, it never spread beyond the tiny islands. The olive-backed sunbird, however, can fly long distances, so it was able to live in other locations. “Specifically, we became interested in the Wakatobi sunbird because of the work of ErnstHartert, a German bird expert active at the beginning of the 20th century,” Fionn Marcaigh, one researcher, says. “He described the Wakatobi sunbird as a population with unique dark feathers, but he and the rest of the scientific community finally decided that it was only a subspecies of the widespread olive-backed sunbird. We were eager to use modern methods to put this to the test.” For their research, scientists used DNA, recordings of songs, and body measurement analysis to compare the sunbirds they studied. “We used a system called integrative taxonomy (综合分类学), which combines data on a number of aspects of the birds, including their songs, feathers, and body structures,” Marcaigh says. “We recorded their songs using digital recorders, measured live birds, set them free, and used computers to analyze the differences.” “I’m excited that we’ve added to the list of known species from this wonderful part of the world,” Marcaigh says. 65．What does the underlined word “discerned” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Imagined. B．Controlled. C．Overlooked. D．Recognized. 66．How does the Wakatobi sunbird differ from the olive-backed sunbird? A．It has colorful feathers. B．It flies shorter distances. C．It lives throughout Indonesia. D．It sings more beautiful songs. 67．Why did Marcaigh study the Wakatobi sunbird? A．To identify its classification. B．To analyze its genetic makeup. C．To support the study of Ernst Hartert. D．To investigate its habitat and behavior. 68．What about the research is presented at the end of the text? A．Its impact. B．Its prospect. C．Its background. D．Its imperfection. Passage 18 （2022高二下·云南保山·期末） You must have heard about animal migration (迁徙),such as Wildebeests dash across Africa; Monarch butterflies fly across the Americas... But did you know that forests migrate, too? In his new book The Journeys of Trees, science writer Zach St. George explores an extremely slow migration, as forests creep inch by inch to more pleasant places. “The migration of a forest is just many trees sprouting (发芽) in the same direction,” St. George writes. “Through the fossils that ancient forests left behind, scientists can track their movement over thousands of years. They move back and forth across continents, sometimes following the same route more than once, like migrating birds or whales.” This has happened over thousands of years, and climate change tends to be the driving force. Of course, today, climate change is speeding up, and trees can’ t keep pace. Take California for example: It’s getting hotter and drier and scientists estimate that before too long, Sequoia National Park may not be able to keep giant sequoias (巨杉). “The scientists there had never seen anything like it” St. George says. “They worried, and I think at some point we will lose these ancient trees and that we will have to think about what we do with the places, and whether we should plant new groves where they are easy to grow.” This is known as “assisted migration” —humans planting trees in other places where they’ re more likely to flourish. But this process carries risks—people can accidentally introduce insects and diseases to new places, where they may wipe out entire native populations. So, St. George writes, there’ s a debate among conservationists and foresters today: Should humans help the trees escape? “There may be cases where people are probably going to step in and help species move to places where they’ll be more suitable in the future,”St. George says.“So far, there are no huge movements of citizen groups moving trees north. But that is kind of one vision of the future that the people I interview hope to see.” 69．What can be learned about the forest migration? A．It is very difficult to track the migration. B．It takes several decades to complete it. C．It is mainly the result of climate change. D．It often follows certain migrating species. 70．Why does the author mention Sequoia National Park? A．To prove the assisted migration carries risks. B．To stress the park is able to keep giant sequoias. C．To state scientists are hopeful about the environment. D．To show trees fail to adapt to climate change. 71．What does the underlined word “flourish” in Paragraph 6 mean? A．Grow well. B．Become valuable. C．Develop rapidly. D．Escape diseases. 72．What’s St. George’ s attitude towards helping the trees escape? A．Supportive. B．Objective. C．Skeptical. D．Disapproving. Passage 19 （2023高二下·云南昆明·期末） Sleep is an important biological process for people and animals. But some mammals(哺乳动物)like the northern elephant seal, survive with much less sleep. Researchers in a new study described the unusual sleep pattern of these ocean animals. They found that when these mammals go to feed on trips that can last seven months, they sleep just two hours. Those two hours of sleep are made up of short moments of rest lasting only 10 minutes each as they dive deep to avoid predators(天敌). The seals’ sleep time during ocean trips is different from the 10 hours a day they spend sleeping on the coast during mating season at places like California’s Ano Nuevo beach. The researchers placed a head covering with sensors(传感器)on the heads of the seals that they studied. The sensors recorded sleep signals created by the seals’ brains and heart rate. The sensors also recorded the animals’ location and depth beneath the sea. The researchers studied female seals because they go out on long open-ocean trips while males feed in coastal waters. During dives lasting about 30 minutes, the seals went into a deep sleep called slow-wave sleep while keeping a controlled downward movement. When they then experienced rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, a condition where voluntary movement while sleeping stops, the seals fell into a turning pattern. They sometimes ended up without movement on the seafloor. Terrie Williams, a scientist at the University of California who helped write the study, said, “It is remarkable that a wild animal will fall into deep REM sleep when there are predators on the hunt.” She added that the seals solve this problem by going into deep sleep in the deep parts of the oceans where predators usually do not hunt them. 73．What is considered unusual for northern elephant seals during feed on trips? A．Resting for two hours on end every day. B．Diving deep to escape their predators. C．Having a 10-minute sleep 12 times a day. D．Spending 10 hours sleeping on the beach. 74．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．What to study in the research. B．How the research is carried out. C．When to locate seals’ location. D．Where male seals hunt for food. 75．What happens during the seals’ slow-wave sleep? A．They keep moving downward. B．They remain still in the ocean. C．They fall into a turning pattern. D．They move their eyes rapidly. 76．What does Terrie think of the seals’ sleep pattern? A．Unbelievable. B．Impractical. C．Terrible. D．Admiring. Passage 20 （2023高二下·云南曲靖·期末） Recently, more than 100 Asian elephants made their way across The Mall in front of London’s Buckingham Palace. They weren’t live animals, however, but life-sized elephant sculptures that were handmade by Indigenous community members from the jungles of Tamil Nadu in South India. The environmental art exhibition is called CoExistence. It was headed by Elephant Family and The Real Elephant Collective, a British Charity and nonprofit socio-environmental enterprise aimed at raising awareness for the Indian elephant. Meant as a response to the increasing conflicts between humans and animals, the campaign’s goal is to start a movement of global empathy (共鸣) for members of the animal kingdom who, like the powerful elephant, have found themselves sharing natural habitats with fast-growing human populations. The sculptures were made using an invasive(侵入式的) weed called lantana, whose removal coincides with benefits to wildlife in protected areas, where the elephants began their migration. Flying alongside the elephant are sculpted flocks of bird species that have been declared extinct or endangered in the UK. The project helps demonstrate this unique time in history where the worldwide reduction in human activity from COVID-19 has had an overall positive effect on certain pockets of wildlife species around the planet. “Today marks the first significant step on the herd’s 13,000 miles migration around the world. Over the past 18 months, many countries have gone into lockdown,” said Ruth Ganesh, Creative at The Real Elephant Collective and Elephant Family Trustee. “Brought about by sad circumstances, this great pause is providing crucial guidance on how to best share space with animals in our crowded planet. The elephants are here to tell their story about the inspiring ways we can coexist with all the other living beings that make our world magical—from tigers and monkeys, to nightingales and elephants.” 77．What’s Paragraph 1 mainly about? A．Life-sized elephant sculptures in London. B．The Mall before London’s Buckingham Palace. C．An analysis of the effect of COVID-19 on wildlife. D．Caring for London’s elephants during COVID-19. 78．What’s the real aim of CoExistence held? A．To warn people not to kill elephants. B．To call on humans to live peacefully with animals. C．To solve the problem about the extinction of wildlife. D．To raise the awareness of protecting wildlife during COVID-19. 79．In addition to elephant sculptures, what appeared with them? A．Some birds and kites. B．Some live animals. C．Some sculptured birds. D．Some volunteers saving endangered wildlife. 80．What can we know from Ruth Ganesh’s words? A．COVID-19 has a negative effect on wildlife. B．Elephants are loved more than other living beings. C．The lockdown helps people realize how to coexist with wildlife. D．He is confused about the worrying circumstances during the lockdown. Passage 21 （2024高二下·云南普洱·期末） The world produces around 359 million tons of plastics each year. Plastics are certainly a big problem, but they don’t necessarily have to be. There are many ways we could set plastics on a different lifecycle. One that I have been working on is turning plastics into a hardy, reliable and sustainable building material. Most people believe that plastics recycling is severely limited: only a few types can be recycled at all. This is unsurprising. The proportion(比例)of plastics that are recycled is minimal. But all polymers(聚合物)are, technologically, recyclable. Some of them can be used again and again to produce the same goods. Some can technically be reprocessed into new materials for different applications. The problem is that recycling much of this plastic waste is currently unprofitable. But the amount of these materials all over the world is large and keeps on growing. What if this plastic waste could be used to produce something useful to the society? Many universities and business people are attempting to do this. Most solutions target mixed plastic waste and suggest applications different from the original ones. For example, several groups have developed building materials made of plastic waste. Plastics are strong, durable, waterproof, lightweight and recyclable—all key properties for construction materials. So what if all of this plastic waste could be turned into building materials for low-income populations? Existing initiatives are promising, but not yet reproducible on an industrial scale. I study plastic waste with the aim of finding interesting ways to remove it from the environment. From agricultural waste to concrete waste, mixed with recycled plastics, there are many ways to obtain materials to produce bricks and other useful elements for buildings. So perhaps plastics are not necessarily the problem. They can be part of a pathway towards a more sustainable way of living. 81．What’s people’s common belief about plastic recycling? A．Almost all plastic waste can be reused. B．The methods are quite limited. C．Not many kinds of plastics are recyclable. D．The amount is unbelievably large. 82．What can be learned from paragraph 3? A．Plastic waste is on the decline globally. B．Recycling plastics doesn’t make money now. C．Plastic buildings have been largely constructed. D．New applications of plastics haven’t been found. 83．Why can plastics make good building materials? A．They can resist water and won’t last long. B．They can be reproduced in large quantity. C．They satisfy the needs of low-income people. D．They meet most demands of building materials. 84．What’s the author’s attitude to plastic recycling? A．Positive. B．Anxious. C．Doubtful. D．Critical. Passage 22 （2024高二下·云南普洱·期末） Individual innovation is considered one sign of intelligence within species, and elephants are among the animals that researchers have long taken an interest in because of their approach to problem solving. A newly published study in the journal Animal Behaviour details findings from a six-month-long study documenting the abilities of individual wild Asian elephants to access food by solving puzzles that unlocked storage boxes. “This is the first research study to show that individual wild elephants have different willingness and abilities to solve problems in order to get food,” said the study’s lead author Sarah Jacobson. “This is important knowledge, because how animals think and innovate may influence their ability to survive in environments that are rapidly changing due to human presence.” Conducted at the Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary in Kanchanaburi, Thailand, the study used motion-activated cameras to observe 77 wild Asian elephants who approached and decided whether to attempt opening puzzle boxes with three different compartments (隔间) that contained their favorite fruit—jackfruit. Depending on the compartments with which the elephant interacted, the jackfruit could be accessed by pulling on a chain so the door opened toward the elephant, pushing the door so that it swung open into the box, or sliding the door open to the right. The elephants had to independently interact with the puzzle boxes to discover how the compartments could be opened. Over time, 44 of the elephants who approached the puzzle boxes interacted with them, but there were individual differences in how innovative the elephants were. The researchers found that elephants who interacted with the puzzle boxes more frequently and with greater persistence were more successful in getting food from all three different compartments. “Conflict involving humans and elephants is increasing due to loss of natural habitat and agricultural encroachment into what is left of it, ” said the study’s principal investigator Dr. Joshua Plotnik, a psychology professor with the CUNY Graduate Center and Hunter College, and Sarah Jacobson’s dissertation advisor. “Investigating innovation and problem solving in elephants can inform our understanding of wild elephants’ cognitive flexibility and its potential impact on conservation management and human-elephant conflict mitigation.” 85．What can be learned from what Sarah Jacobson said? A．They are the first to study wild elephants’ diet habits. B．Many factors are threatening wild elephants’ survival. C．Wild elephants’ capability of solving problems differs. D．Wild elephants can think and act just as human beings. 86．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The various methods to get the fruit. B．The elephants’ effort to get the fruit. C．The importance of doors in the study. D．The equipment used in the experiment. 87．Which can best replace the underlined word “encroachment” in paragraph 5? A．Position. B．Occupancy. C．Mode. D．Leak. 88．What can be the best title for the text? A．Wild Elephants Have Many Ways to Obtain Food B．Individual Wild Elephant Has the Same Innovation C．Wild Elephants Are Showing an Interest in Puzzles D．Wild Elephants Display Unique Puzzle Solving Skills 主题02 人与社会 Passage 23 （2025高二下·云南丽江·期末） The world’s elderly population is increasing.The number of older people — those aged 60 or older—is expected to double by 2050 and is growing faster than all younger age groups across the world.That comes with an increasing need for caregivers who can provide 24-hour care, not only at hospitals or nursing homes, but also at private homes. Already, caregiving robots are programmed to ask questions a nurse would ask and can keep an eye on patients for falls. These robotic assistants are expected to become increasingly marketable and reach 450,000 by 2045 because of the expected caregiver shortage in the United States. “Unluckily, the hard structure of present caregiving robots prevents them from a safe human-robot interaction, limiting their assistance to only social interaction and not physical interaction,” said Ramses Martinez, an assistant professor in Purdue’s College of Engineering. “After all, would you leave babies or old people in the hands of a robot?” Recent advances in material science have enabled the production of soft robots with deformable (可变形的) bodies or the ability to reshape themselves when touched, but today the complex design prevents the use of this technology at home. However, Martinez and other researchers have developed a new design method which shows promise in enabling the production of soft robots using a 3D printer. The design process has three steps.First，a user makes a computer-aided design file with the shape of the robot.The user then paints the file to show which directions the different joints of the soft robot will move.It takes the computer a few seconds to change the computer-aided design model into a 3D soft machine that can be printed using any 3D printer. “The soft machines move like humans. Their ability to change their body structure and movement to adapt to a wide variety of environments will improve caregiving greatly,” says Martinez. The researchers are looking for partners to test and bring their technology to the market. 89．Why does the market urgently need caregiving robots? A．The results of advanced technology. B．The basic needs of the nursing homes. C．The continuous decrease in birth rate. D．The rapid increase in the global aging population. 90．What makes it difficult for people to accept caregiving robots? A．The robots can’t communicate with the patients freely. B．The robots can’t offer reliable physical interaction. C．The robots can’t update the service in a timely manner. D．The robots can’t truly empathize with the old patients. 91．How to evaluate Martinez’s new design method? A．It makes the production of soft robots easier to operate. B．It requires a specific 3D printer to print out a soft robot. C．It takes a long time to print a soft robot with a 3D printer. D．It allows the computer to fully automate the robot production. 92．What is the text mainly about? A．The robot industry in the future. B．The effects of population ageing. C．Soft robots created with 3D printers. D．The development of 3D printers. Passage 24 （2025高二下·云南昆明·期末） Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) is often recognized as the founder of modern physics, perhaps even the father of modern science itself. But this popular image overlooks an important fact of his Renaissance (文艺复兴) personality: Galileo the artist. Art and science have always been connected, and Galileo proved how they can inspire and inform one another. In addition to being a skilled observer and a sharp thinker, he was a talented artist, trained in cutting-edge perspective (透视法) techniques pioneered by his fellow Italian artists. His artistic sensibility played a key role in his scientific understanding, leading some 400 years ago to a new picture of the universe. Much of this sensibility came from his training at the Florentine Design Academy, where he was exposed to the latest artistic techniques. This specialized knowledge paid off when Galileo first aimed his telescope at the Moon. While light and dark areas on the Moon were visible to the eye, his telescope discovered what appeared to be mountains and valleys. So, he drew what he saw and tried to make sense of it. “He must have drawn on the tricks of perspective that he had learned years before,” says Eileen Reeves, a professor at Princeton University. For Galileo, “drawing was a means of discovery, and a form of thinking.” Galileo paid particular attention to the features visible along the terminator (明暗界线), the line that divides the light and dark parts of the Moon. He noticed how the peaks of mountains on the dark side were lit up first, with the sunlight slowly making its way down their sides. And only someone as skilled as Galileo could see that mountains on the Moon were just like the mountains here on Earth — once he understood the viewpoint from which they were being seen. 93．What aspect of Galileo is highlighted in the text? A．His contributions to modern physics. B．His influence during the Renaissance. C．His identity as both scientist and artist. D．His sensitivity to scientific understanding. 94．How did Galileo better understand the Moon’s surface? A．By drawing with perspective skills. B．By using the most advanced telescope. C．By reviewing literature on the Moon. D．By applying knowledge of astronomy. 95．What does paragraph 4 indicate about Galileo? A．He linked imagination with science. B．He received help from Italian artists. C．He researched the movement of light. D．He applied art to scientific observation. 96．Which word best describes Galileo’s character? A．Grateful. B．Innovative. C．Ambitious. D．Independent. Passage 25 （2025高二下·云南红河·期末） When seeing someone being kind or generous, we feel warm inside. Researchers call this “moral elevation (提升),” and it not only feels good but inspires us to do good ourselves. But how much does witnessing good affect us—and why? A new analysis of decades of research aimed to find out the answers. The results suggest that our acts of kindness and generosity, online or offline, can have meaningful ripple effects (连锁反应) in our communities. Researchers combined results from 88 studies involving over 25,000 participants to measure how much our own kindness increases after witnessing someone acting generously—for example, comforting someone crying, donating to charity, or acting cooperatively in a competitive game. In the studies, people would read about or see someone act in a kind way and then have the opportunity to be kind and generous themselves. The analysis showed a reasonably strong effect, where people witnessing kindness tended to act kindness themselves. “The message that the prosocial (亲社会的) behaviors are quite infectious is a really important message that people should know.” says the lead researcher, Haesung Jung. Interestingly, her analyses showed that it didn’t matter how people witnessed a kind act. They could have read about it, watched a TV show, or actually been present when someone helped others. It also doesn’t matter whether or not they saw someone giving material or non-material help. But there were factors that did affect how inspired people were to pay it forward. The more time that had passed since people saw a selfless act, the lower their motivation to help others. It also mattered what kind of response to the kindness people observed. If witnesses saw such people praised or even rewarded with money, they would have a greater likelihood to pay it forward themselves. The research is of great value for society—particularly now, when we need people to act in more prosocial ways. “In organizations, educational settings, and just everyday life, it’s important to highlight kindness, caring, and good social behavior,” says Jung. “Doing good has a much larger impact than people realize.” 97．What is the core nature of moral elevation? A．The desire to help others directly. B．Online and off line community effects. C．Cooperation in taking generous actions. D．Positive impacts from observing kindness. 98．How did the researchers conduct the study? A．By tracking witnesses’ behavior for decades. B．By interviewing subjects about their moral beliefs. C．By analyzing former studies about kindness increase. D．By comparing participants’ responses to being helped. 99．Who is more likely to pass on the kindness according to the text? A．A person reading stories of giving online. B．A person seeing kindness being recognized. C．A person noticing others offer non-material help. D．A person experiencing a kind act a few years ago. 100．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Challenges in maintaining consistent generosity. B．Approaches to studying prosocial behavior trends. C．Significance of encouraging prosocial acts in society. D．Necessity for educating the public to present kindness. Passage 26 （2025高二下·云南玉溪·期末） Parenting in the digital age can feel like navigating a maze (迷宫) of opinions and advice. Strict device limits or bans often dominate conversations about screen time, leaving families overwhelmed by conflicting guidelines on what’s appropriate for children of different ages. But here’s the thing: the issue isn’t as simple as setting a timer and walking away. Studies reveal that the quality of what kids watch, play, and interact with often matters more than the quantity of their screen time. The traditional focus on duration often misleads families into thinking screen time management is about limiting minutes. Katie Davis, co-director of the UW Digital Youth Lab encourages parents to “consider what children are doing on their screens, who they are interacting with, and how the experience makes them feel.” Parents and caregivers can make screen time a tool for growth and connection by thoughtfully integrating it into family life. Rather than making strict rules, Davis suggests families “weave screens into daily routines in ways that enhance shared experiences and individual growth.” “Conversations about digital habits, co-engagement in activities, and providing context for what children see and do online are critical aspects of fostering healthy technology use,” Davis says. Creating a balanced digital life starts with planning quality content and setting realistic expectations. Researchers recommend parents “delay their children’s access to algorithmically (算法上) controlled technology products (social media, short videos) for as long as possible” to help their developing brains. Instead, look for apps, games, and shows that encourage creativity, critical thinking, and active engagement over passive consumption. Besides, parents should also look at creating a balanced lifestyle for their families. Screen time should complement, rather than replace, childhood activities like outdoor time, physical activity, in-person social interaction, hobbies, and sports. After all, screen time itself is not completely bad, and not all screen time is equal. 101．What is the traditional focus of people’s conversation about screen time? A．The unclear guidelines. B．The strict time limit. C．The various content. D．The interactive experience. 102．Which of the following screen activities might researchers recommend? A．Making a vlog for family gatherings. B．Playing some competitive games. C．Checking social media updates. D．Watching short videos. 103．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．A balanced lifestyle begins with sports and social connection. B．Surfing high quality online content outweighs the other measures. C．Parents could win in the battle to defeat their children’s screen addiction. D．Children need to be guided to engage in creative and active screen activities. 104．What is the author’s attitude towards children’s digital device use? A．Openly hesitant. B．Quietly doubtful. C．Cautiously optimistic. D．Playfully serious. Passage 27 （2025高二下·云南昆明·期末） Over breakfast one morning, a language learner named Alex chatted with Mia, a Spanish study partner. During the ten-minute exchange, Alex explained vocabulary and sentence structures. Surprisingly, this short conversation helped Alex remember more than an hour of textbook exercises would have. But Mia wasn’t real — she was an AI partner Alex had created to model the experience of teaching someone else. This approach is based on a psychological principle known as the protege effect. The protege effect suggests that we learn more deeply when we teach others. This concept dates back to the 1980s, when a teacher in Germany, Jean-Pol Martin, allowed his students to research and present material to their classmates. The technique, called “Lernen durch Lehren” in German, led to better motivation and communication skills among the students. In one study, researchers asked students to study biological processes using a digital flow chart. Some were told it was just for their own use, while others were informed that the chart would be used to teach a cartoon character. The result suggested that those who believed they were teaching learned significantly more and showed stronger performance on tests. Interestingly, the greatest improvement was seen in the lower-performing students, who matched the scores of the top students in the self-study group. Why does this effect occur? Researchers believe that when we expect to teach, we feel more accountable. We make greater efforts to fill gaps in our knowledge, correct misunderstandings, and organize our thoughts clearly. Explaining something aloud forces us to process information at a deeper level. You don’t need a real person to use this technique. AI tools can play the role of a curious learner. Whether with a classmate, or a chatbot, teaching can be one of the most effective ways to learn. 105．Why does the author mention Alex in the first paragraph? A．To introduce a learning concept. B．To criticize traditional teaching methods. C．To compare different language learning habits D．To emphasize the significance of language acquisition. 106．Which of the following situation demonstrates the protege effect? A．Participating in a group discussion. B．Giving a speech on a research project. C．Engaging in a community service activity. D．Explaining a math problem to a classmate. 107．What was the key difference between the two groups in the study? A．The learning tools they used. B．The importance of their tasks. C．The instructions they received D．The level of their proficiency. 108．What does the underlined word “accountable” mean in paragraph 4? A．Scared. B．Responsible. C．Disappointed. D．Comfortable Passage 28 （2025高二下·云南丽江·期末） While many artists fear AI’s growing role in creative fields, Canadian-Chinese artist Michelle Lee sees it as a new way of reimagining art. Through her groundbreaking DOUG robot series, Lee transforms technical errors and unpredictable machine behavior into collaborative (合作的) artistry, proving AI can enhance — not replace — human creativity. Lee’s journey began in 2015, with DOUG 1, a robot designed to copy her brushstrokes. Instead of perfect copies, its shaky lines, uneven marks became celebrated features. “Poeticizing error taught me that mistakes can lighten new ideas,” she says. In 2017, DOUG 2 was trained on Lee’ s past artworks, and this AI-powered robot generated original paintings. At a London exhibit, Lee co-signed pieces as “Lee-DOUG2,” symbolizing joint authorship. Later, DOUG 3 used New York City street camera data, tracking traffic and crowds, to guide robot movements, turning city rhythms into dynamic pictures. By 2024, DOUG 4 translated Lee’ s brainwaves into brushstrokes. Relaxed states produced flowing patterns; focused moments created sharp digital lines. At Davos 2025, the six robotic arms painted live using her brain activity, painting the Swiss Alps with Chinese ink. Albert Hu, an architect at the City College of New York who has studied the ways that humans and machines influence each other’s actions and behaviors, sees Lee’ s work as offering a different story about human-machine interactions. “We often get stuck in this mindset of AI competing with humans, and which one’s better,” he says. “AI is often characterized in the media and movies as enemy to human — something that can replace us or, even worse, become destructive. In Lee’ s works, I think, it’s no longer about competition, but co-production.” As generative AI raises concerns about stolen artwork, Lee said, “Artificial intelligence relies on human data, shaped by human preference, and it impacts human experiences in turn. Behind these technologies, there’s a lot of work and stuff that goes into making them. Art is a place where we can look into and show who’s really in charge.” 109．What is the main focus of the text? A．Impact of generative AI on art. B．Cooperation of human and AI in art. C．Development of AI art creativity. D．Relationship between artists and robots. 110．What did Lee gain from DOUG 1? A．Its errors influenced her choice of art sources. B．Its movements inspired her enthusiasm for art. C．Its copies changed her way to train later robots. D．Its outcomes transformed her view of the robots’ role. 111．What does Albert Hu think of Lee’ s work? A．It restricts the traditional mindset of AI. B．It predicts the trend for co-work with AI. C．It challenges the previous view of AI and human. D．It confirms the direction of future art development. 112．What does Lee’s words imply in the last paragraph? A．AI remains human-driven. B．AI is a preferred partner. C．AI is essential for future art. D．AI works as a reliable tool. Passage 29 （2025高二下·云南楚雄·期末） Award-winning The Atlantic staff writes Zoe Schlanger delivers a groundbreaking work of popular science — The Light Eaters that explores the hidden world of the plant kingdom and reveals the astonishing capabilities of the green life all around us. It takes great biological creativity to be a plant. To survive and grow well while rooted in a single spot, plants have adapted clever methods of survival. In recent years, scientists have learned about their ability to communicate, recognize their relatives and behave socially, hear sounds, change to shape their bodies to blend into their surroundings, store useful memories that inform their life cycle, and trick animals into behaving to their benefit, to name just a few remarkable talents. The Light Eaters is a deep dive into the drama of green life and the complexity of this wild and awe-inspiring world that challenges our very understanding of agency. consciousness, and intelligence. In looking closely, we see that plants, rather than copy human intelligence, have perhaps formed a parallel (相似的) system. What is intelligent life if not a flower that shapes its bloom to fit exactly the bill of its pollinator (传粉者), a pea seedling that can hear water flowing and make its way toward it? Zoe Schlanger takes us across the globe, digging into her own memories and into the soil with the scientists who have spent their waking days studying these amazing organisms up close. What can we learn about life on Earth from the living things that grow well, adapt, consume, and accommodate at the same time? Examining the latest revelations in botanical research, Schlanger highlights the intellectual struggles among the researchers developing an entirely new view of their subject, offering a glimpse (一瞥) of a field in chaos as plant scientists debate the principles of ongoing discoveries and how they influence our understanding of what a plant is. We need plants to survive. But what do they need us for — if at all? Offering an eye opening and informative look at the ecosystem we live in, this book challenges us to rethink the role of plants and our own place-in the natural world. 113．What does the bock The Light Eaters mainly focus on? A．The importance of plants. B．Plants’ surprising survival abilities. C．Animal-plant communication methods. D．The scientists’ challenges in the study of green life. 114．Why does the author mention “a pea seedling” in paragraph 3? A．To compare different kinds of plant social behavior. B．To clarify how plants copy human intelligence. C．To indicate the link between humans and plants. D．To prove plants have their own unique intelligence. 115．What can we learn about plant scientists regarding the discoveries from paragraph 4? A．They reach no agreement. B．They have unified conclusions. C．They ignore plants’ memories. D．They struggle to redefine plant. 116．What does the author think of the book The Light Eaters? A．It is simple and plain. B．It is rich in insights. C．It is hard and complex. D．It is highly debatable. Passage 30 （2025高二下·云南楚雄·期末） Humans have always been creating security systems to deal with the sorts of mistakes humans commonly make. Now, humanity is rapidly integrating a totally different kind of mistake-maker into society: artificial intelligence (AI). Technologies like large language models (LLMs) can perform many cognitive (认知的) tasks traditionally fulfilled by humans, but they make plenty of mistakes. Unlike human mistakes, AI errors lack patterns and usually show invisibility even when they are incorrect. This situation indicates two possible areas of research. The first is to engineer LLMs that make more human-like mistakes. The second is to build new mistake-correcting systems that deal with the specific sorts of mistakes that LLMs tend to make. We already have some tools to lead LLMs to act in more human-like ways and the tools perform far better than we expected. Many of these arise from the field of “alignment” research, which aims to make models act in accordance with the goals and motivations of their human developers. One example is the technique that was arguably responsible for the breakthrough success of an app: reinforcement (强化) learning with human feedback. In this method, an AI model is rewarded for producing responses that get a thumbs-up from human evaluators. When it comes to catching AI mistakes, some of the systems that we use to prevent human mistakes will help. To an extent, forcing LLMs to double-check their own work can help prevent errors. But LLMs can also make up seemingly reasonable, but truly ridiculous explanations for their flights from reason. In addition, other mistake reduction systems for AI are also unlike anything we use for humans. Because machines can’t get tired or frustrated in the way that humans do, it can help to ask an LLM the same question repeatedly in slightly different ways and then combine its multiple responses. These differences highlight the need for new, custom-made correction mechanisms (机制) that match the unique nature of AI-ensuring these technologies can be safely and reliably integrated into human societies. 117．How are AI mistakes different from human mistakes? A．They are not easy to detect. B．They follow predictable patterns. C．They tend to be in larger numbers. D．They are not related to cognitive tasks. 118．What does the author want to stress about the tools for leading the behavior of LLMs? A．They have certain positive effects. B．Their application hasn’t been popular. C．They need further training for human evaluators’ rewards. D．Their goals have not met the original intentions of human developers. 119．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．AI mistakes are easier to fix than human errors. B．Humans require tailored solutions for AI errors. C．AI is able to copy any systems we use for humans. D．Systems for correcting human mistakes can prevent LLMs mistakes fully. 120．What is the the best title for the text? A．Why Is AI Always Right? B．When Do Human Errors Increase? C．Adapting to AI Error Patterns D．Making AI Mistakes Manageable Passage 31 （2025高二下·云南文山·期末） It has been four years since Tina Jones, an owner of a New Zealand interior-design business, launched a plan to motivate others to join her in supporting good causes. She gets a lot out of volunteering because it not only helps those on the receiving end, but it also makes her happy. So happy, she is opening up volunteering possibilities to others, too. Tina called on about 40 women in her neighbourhood to join a Facebook Messenger group she established, aiming to help others. When Tina identifies a need, she sends out a message. Her home then becomes a drop-off point for Foodbank essentials, items for the homeless, and supplies needed by the Women’s Refuge. “Essentially, I am saying ‘Hey, this is happening. If you have capacity, jump on board.’ And the response is always fantastic,” Tina says. “It opens up giving possibilities to people and makes it easy for them — it provides a vehicle for people to give without having to think for themselves. People can say ‘yep, great, can do, done.’” Yet Tina admits it’s an “aperiodic” way of helping, because she doesn’t have something to regularly volunteer for. “I have no that capacity available right now. But I didn’t find this hard to initiate as I’m a communicator,” she adds. “Collectively, we are making something better for someone, whatever that may be. We are spreading good in all sorts of directions. And we’ve built friendship through this. It makes me feel very happy to be doing some good, especially when times are so hard for many.” 121．Why does Tina encourage others to join her in volunteering? A．The group needs more people to donate money. B．She desires to share happiness and its possibility. C．She wants to expand her interior-design business. D．The community requires individuals participation. 122．How does the Facebook Messenger group work? A．By discussing financial difficulties. B．By organizing fund-raising activities. C．By continuously volunteering through the group. D．By communicating needs and donating accordingly. 123．Why are members willing to join the volunteer service according to Tina? A．They can receive payment. B．They want to become recognized. C．It allows them to visit Tina’s home. D．It provides them an easy way to contribute. 124．What does the underlined word “aperiodic” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Irregular. B．Appropriate. C．Common. D．Unavailable. Passage 32 （2025高二下·云南昭通·期末） Scientists with the BrainGate research center have developed a breakthrough brain-computer interface (BCI). The system aims to restore communication for individuals with speech disabilities caused by conditions like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which leads to the gradual loss of mobility and speech. It uses implanted sensors to interpret brain signals when a user attempts to speak, transforming them into text that is read aloud by a computer. The study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine on August 14, was led by David Brandman and Serge y Stavisky, faculty members at UC Davis Health. ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, affects nerve cells controlling muscle movement. BCI technology can restore communication for those affected. In this study, Casey Harrell, a 45-year-old man with ALS, regained the ability to communicate effectively within minutes of using the system. Harrell described the experience as life-changing, saying, “My past condition was so demoralizing. Not being able to communicate seems as if you were trapped. Something like this technology will help people get back into life and society.” The BrainGate clinical trial, led by Dr. Leigh Hochberg from Brown University, has made major progress in interpreting brain signals to help people with paralysis (瘫痪) communicate. In July 2023, the UC Davis team implanted a BCI device into Harrell’s brain, focusing on the left precentral gyrus, a part of the brain that controls speech. The system translates brain activity into phonemes (音素) and words, enabling real-time communication. Harrell’s BCI generated speech with a voice similar to his own, using software trained with existing voice samples of his voice before he developed ALS. This allowed him to connect with his loved ones in a deeply personal way. Over 32 weeks and 248 hours of use, the system achieved remarkable results, with 99.6% accuracy for a 50-word vocabulary in 30 minutes of training and 90.2% accuracy for a 125,000-word vocabulary after 1.4 additional training hours. “This is transformative technology,” Brandman said. “It provides hope for people who want to speak but can’t.” Dr. John Ngai, director of the NIH’s BRAIN Initiative, highlighted the milestone as a major step in restoring communication for individuals locked in by paralysis. 125．What do we know about the BrainGate BCI? A．It translates brain signals into speech. B．It is used to treat speech disabilities. C．It helps people with ALS move and speak. D．It connects brains to make computers smarter. 126．What does the underlined word “demoralizing” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Eye-opening. B．Demanding. C．Comforting. D．Discouraging. 127．Why was Harrell’s pre-ALS voice used to compose the speech? A．To enable his communication in real time. B．To improve the accuracy of speech translation. C．To make his speech emotionally meaningful. D．To help interpret his brain signals more easily. 128．What is Dr. John Ngai’s attitude towards the BrainGate BCI? A．Unclear. B．Favourable. C．Disapproving. D．Cautious. Passage 33 （2025高二下·云南普洱·期末） A Yale-led study warns that global climate change may have a destructive effect on many butterfly populations worldwide, turning their species-rich mountain habitats from shelters into traps. Think of it as the “butterfly effect” — the idea that something as tiny as a butterfly moving its wings can eventually cause a big event like a hurricane — the opposite way around. The new study, published in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution, also suggests that a lack of comprehensive global data about insects may leave conservationists and policymakers ill-prepared to mitigate biodiversity loss from climate change for a wide range of insect species. For the study, a team co-led by Yale ecologist Walter Jetz analyzed phylogenetic (系统发育的) and geographic range data for more than 12,000 butterfly species worldwide. They found that butterfly diversity is highly grouped in tropical and subtropical mountain systems: two-thirds of butterfly species live mainly in the mountains, which contain 3. 5 times more butterfly hotspots than lowlands. Yet those mountain ecosystems and surrounding areas are quickly changing as a result of climate change. According to the study, 64% of the specific temperature conditions for butterflies in tropical areas will disappear by 2070, as the unique temperature ranges in mountain regions continue to decrease. Current priorities in biodiversity preservation, the researchers note, are aimed at animals and plants, rather than insects. Until now, a global assessment of the geographic coincidence (分布特征) of diversity, rarity, and climate change threats for an insect system did not exist. The new assessment shows that patterns in butterfly diversity differ strongly from those of much better studied groups such as birds and mammals — challenging the relevance of existing conservation priorities, the researchers said. “The diversity, elegance, and beauty of butterflies excite people all over the world,” said Jetz, a professor. “Butterflies live with plants and help maintain the balance of nature,” he added. “Unfortunately, our first global assessment of butterfly diversity and threats finds that butterflies fascinating adaptation to higher-elevation (较高海拔的) environments might now lead to their extinction, with potentially thousands of species committed to extinction from global warming this century.” 129．What does the underlined word “mitigate” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Increase. B．Reduce. C．Prevent. D．Ignore. 130．Why do mountain systems become a threat to butterflies? A．They are experiencing rapid climate shifts. B．They provide inadequate food sources. C．Their temperatures become unstable. D．Their developing patterns change. 131．Why does the study challenge existing conservation frameworks? A．Policy timelines mismatch extinction rates. B．Insect data is contradictory to climate predictions. C．Traditional models ignore elevational adaptations. D．Shared areas with bird or mammal habitats decreases. 132．Which of the following statements would Jetz agree with? A．Butterflies’ adaptability helps their living. B．Ecosystem dependence enlarges climate threats. C．Public liking effectively stops butterfly extinction. D．High-elevation habitats make sure future species safety. Passage 34 （2024高二下·云南·期末） Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the first person of either sex to win two Nobel Prizes in two different sciences. The Polish-born scientist left her country in 1891. Two years after her arrival in Paris, the brilliant woman earned her master’s degrees in math and physics at the University of Paris. Over the next forty years, she would earn a PhD in physics from the University of Paris. Marie Curie was never satisfied with what she had achieved. “Life is not easy for any of us. But what of it?” she said, “We must have perseverance (毅力) and, above all, confidence in ourselves.” In 1894 she met a young scientist named Pierre Curie, and in 1895 they married. When a friend offered to gift her a dress for the occasion, she said, “I have no dress except the one I wear every day. If you are going to be kind enough to give me one, please let it be practical and dark so that I can wear it later to go to the lab.” She wore that dark blue dress in the lab for many years. Marie Curie died in 1934 at the age of 66 because of a disease caused by the very radiation (辐射) she had discovered. 133．What do we know about Marie Curie? A．She was the first to win two Nobel Prizes. B．She got married to Pierre Curie in 1894. C．She got her master’s degrees in Poland. D．She won two Nobel Prizes in physics. 134．When did Marie Curie leave her country? A．In 1896. B．In 1895. C．In 1893. D．In 1891. 135．What does the underlined word “brilliant” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Careless. B．Hopeless. C．Clever. D．Unlucky. 136．Why did Marie Curie ask her friend to send her a dark dress? A．Because the dark dress was dearer. B．Because she didn’t like other colors. C．Because she could wear it in the lab. D．Because blue brought her good luck. Passage 35 （2024高二下·云南楚雄·期末） When you hear the word “uncertainty”, how do you feel? Scared, anxious, excited or challenged? With many global challenges still ongoing, we are likely to face even more of the unknown, so we had better get accustomed to managing it. So how do we detect uncertainty and which part of the brain is responsible for it? Researchers have found that noradrenaline (去甲肾上腺素) is the key chemical involved in our response to uncertainty. To investigate the role noradrenaline plays when we are faced with uncertain events, scientists at Massachusetts Institute of Technology conducted an experiment with mice. The animals were trained to push a lever (杠杆) down when they heard a high frequency noise. If they did this, they were rewarded with a drink of water. They were also trained to learn that they’d receive an unpleasant puff of air if the lever was activated when a low frequency noise was played. But the researchers added in an element of uncertainty by including a sound where the frequency was unclear. From this experiment, the researchers discovered that a small part in the brain called the locus coeruleus — an area that modulates noradrenaline — was essential in detecting uncertainty. When the high frequency was clear and the reward was expected for the mice, their noradrenaline release was small. But when the outcome wasn’t clear, and the reward was a surprise, the release was much larger. This was how the mice’s brains learned to deal with uncertainty. A study with humans was also carried out. They discovered that the subjects’ neurons (神经元) in the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮质) respond much more to loss than to gain. Namely, this area rules our avoidance behaviour when we are under stress. This helps us understand our unwillingness to expose ourselves to uncertainty. Once we understand that our cognitive and emotional responses to uncertainty are a necessary part of the human experience. Acknowledge instead of fear them, perhaps making big decisions can seem less stressful. 137．What is the uncertainty in the experiment with mice? A．The high frequency noise. B．A drink of water as a reward. C．The action to push a lever down. D．The noise with unclear frequency. 138．What does the underlined word “modulates” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Removes. B．Adjusts. C．Lessens. D．Boosts. 139．How does the prefrontal cortex influence our choices when we’re stressed? A．By seeking rewarding outcome. B．By maintaining balance. C．By avoiding negative outcome. D．By reducing uncertainty. 140．What does the author want to tell us in the text? A．Responses to uncertainty come naturally. B．Uncertainty gives birth to potential risks. C．Experiments can predict expected outcomes. D．Noradrenaline tends to result from uncertainty. Passage 36 （2024高二下·云南玉溪·期末） Is she turning towards you or away from you? She is the subject of Dutch master Johannes Vermeer’s “Girl with the Pearl Earring,” a painting often referred to as the “ Mona Lisa of the North. ” Belonging to a Dutch style of idealized, the “Girl with the Pearl Earring” has the attractive and subtle characteristics of Vermeer’s works. In many of his works, Vermeer demonstrates his command of perspective (透视). That’s a technique that uses distortion (扭曲) to give the illusion (错觉) of an object moving gradually away in the distant. Other elements, like sight lines, mirrors and light sources describe the moment through space and position. Vermeer’s treatment of light and shadow, uses a dark, flat background to further spotlight her three-dimensionality. Instead of being like a set piece in a theatrical narrative scene, she becomes a psychological subject. Her gentle eyes and slightly parted lips, as if she is about to say something, draw us into her gaze. The new turban (头巾) worn by the “Girl with the Pearl Earring” emphasizes the world of the merchant class, and the pearl itself, is also a symbol of wealth. The hope of wealth is mirrored in the painting itself. In greater context, the pearl appears round and heavy, but a detailed view shows that it’s just a floating unclear image of paint. Upon close inspection, we are reminded of Vermeer’s power as an illusion maker. While we may never know the real identity of the “Girl with the Pearl Earring,” we can engage with her portrait in a way that is unforgettable. As she hangs in her permanent home in the Mauritshuis Museum in The Hague. In her mysterious way, she represents the birth of a modern perspective on economics, politics and love. 141．What is the style of Vermeer’s art work? A．Impressionistic. B．Idealized. C．Religious. D．Abstract. 142．What do we know about the girl in the painting? A．Her lips are closed. B．Her turban is worn out. C．Her eyes are full of hatred. D．Her earring represents wealth. 143．What can be inferred about the artist Vermeer? A．He painted “Mona Lisa”. B．He was an illusion maker. C．He was good at using lines. D．He created a new painting technique. 144．What is the text mainly about? A．Dutch people’s favorite jewelry. B．Understanding the smile of “Mona Liza”. C．Introduction to one of Vermeer’s works. D．The influence of the “Girl with the Pearl Earring”. Passage 37 （2024高二下·云南玉溪·期末） The book, Art Forms in Nature, published in 1904, is the most famous work of the German biologist Ernst Haeckel. Including more than 450hand-drawn pictures by him, the book is also known as the encyclopedia (百科全书) of nature. The pictures in the book have been at the crossing of art, biology, and maths for over a century. Born in Potsdam, Germany, Ernst Haeckel studied medicine in Berlin, Wurzburg and Vienna, and received a Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Berlin. He was also a professor of Zoology at Jena University. He was one of the first to draw animals. When Haeckel was a young medical student at the University of Berlin, Professor Johannes Muller took him to see small sea animals off the coast of Heligoland in the North Sea. At that time, Haeckel became intrigued in animals. Haeckel’s biological research is wide. He studied everything from the highest mountain to the deepest ocean. Haeckel’s discoveries described and named thousands of new species. He used a paintbrush to draw these new species in fine detail. People learned about many animals that had never been seen before, and the most interesting one is the microorganism (微生物) described by Haeckel. These creatures that we can’t see in daily life look like monsters that crawl out of science fiction. Through his book, Haeckel shows the diversity of the Earth’s ecosystems. It is worth mentioning that Haeckel and the famous biologist Darwin were very good friends. Haeckel would$学科网 专题03 1.D2.B 3.A4.B 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.C10.C 11.A 12.D 13.D14.A 15.A 16.B 17.A18.B 19.D 20.C 21.D22.B 23.C 24.A 25.C 26.B 27.B 28.D 29.B 30.D 31.C 32.C 33.B 34.D 35.B 36.C 37.A 38.B 39.B 40.C 41.C 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.B 46.B 47.A 48.C 49.C 50.A 51.c 52.D 53.D 54.C 55.C 56.B 57.B 58.B 59.C 60.D 61.D 62.A 63.C 64.B 65.D 66.B 67.A 68.A 69.C 70. D 71.A 72.B 73.C 74.B 75.A 76.A 77.A 78.B 79.C 80.C 81.C 82.B 83.D 84.A 85.C 86.A 87.B 88.D 89.D90.B 91,A 92.C 93.C 94.A 95.D 96.B 97.D98.C 99.B 100.C www zxx k co m 让教与学更高效 阅读理解( 说明文) 参考答案 1/2 6学科网 101.B 102.A 103.D 105.A 106.D 107.C 109.B 110.D 111.C 113.B 114.D 115.A 117.A 118.A 119.B 121.B 122.D 123.D 125.A 126.D 127.C 129.B 130.A 131.C 133.A 134.D 135.C 137.D 138.B 139.C 141.B 142.D 143.B 145.B 146.C 147.A 149.D 150.C 151.C 153.C 154.D 155.C 157.C 158.C 159.D 161.C 162.B 163.A 165.C 166.D 167.B 169.A 170.C 171.D 173.B 174.A 175.D 177.A 178.C 179.D www zxx k com 让教与学更高效 104.C 108.B 112.A 116.B 120.D 124.A 128.B 132.B 136.C 140.A 144.C 148.D 152.B 156.A 160.B 164.B 168.A 172.C 176.A 180.B 2/2