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专题04 选择性必修第四册Unit4~Unit6单元词汇短语句型梳理
Unit 4 Everyday Economics
一、核心单词
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1._________adj.无表情的,木然的
2._________ adj.头晕目眩的
3._________ v.购买
4._________ n.指导,引导
5._________ adj.不浓烈的,淡的
6._________ v.超过,超出
7._________ adj.财政的
8._________ v.积累,积聚
9._________ n.令人悲伤的事,不幸
10._________ n.懊丧,懊恼
11._________ v租用,租借
12._________ n.滥用
二、单词拓展
1.input n.投入(物)→(反义词)_________n.输出,输出量;产量
2.distribute vt.使分布,分散;分销→_________n.(商品的)分销,经销→_________n.经销商;分销商
3.guide n.指导,向导,导游vt.指引,指导→_________n.指导,引导
4.consult v.查阅;商量;向……请教→_________n.顾问
5.convention n.大会;惯例;协定;习俗→_________adj.传统的,常规的
6.discriminate v.不公正地区别对待,歧视→_________ n.歧视;区别对待,辨别;识别力
7.subjective adj.主观的→(反义词)_________adj.客观的
8.finance n.财政,财政学;金融→_________ adj.财政的,金融的;财务的
9.sorrow n.令人悲伤的事,不幸→_________adj.悲伤的,悲痛的
10.frustrate v.挫败;阻止;使沮丧→_________n.懊丧,懊恼,沮丧
11.expense n.费用,花费→_________ adj.昂贵的;花钱多的
三、常考单词
1. potential n. 潜力;可能性 adj. 潜在的,可能的
用法规则
(1) have the potential to do sth. 有做某事的潜力
(2) realize/achieve one's (full) potential 实现(某人)的潜力
(3) potential for (doing) sth. (做)某事的可能性
注意事项
potential 作名词时,常为不可数名词。
2. finance n. 财政,金融;资金 vt. 为……提供资金
用法规则
(1) public/personal finance 公共/个人理财
(2) the Minister of Finance 财政部长
(3) financial adj. 财政的,金融的
(4) financially adv. 财政上,金融上
注意事项
复数形式 `finances` 可表示“财务情况,资金”。
3. discriminate v. 歧视;区别,辨别
用法规则
(1) discriminate against 歧视
(2) discriminate between... and... 区别/辨别……和……
(3) discriminate... from... 把……与……区别开
重点拓展
discrimination n. 歧视 → racial/age/sex discrimination 种族/年龄/性别歧视
4. be subject to 受……支配;易遭受……;取决于
用法规则
(1) be subject to abuse/change/damage 易遭滥用/易改变/易受损
(2) be subject to a law/rule 受法律/规则约束
易混辨析
be subject to 中的 subject 为形容词;be subjected to 中的 subject 为动词,意为“遭受,经受”。
四.单元短语
1.______________关于;至于
2.______________完全不同
3.______________鳞次栉比的
4.______________爱上……;迷上……
5.______________开始从事,着手进行;出发
6.______________使收支仅能相抵
7.______________妨碍;阻止
8.______________陷入债务之中,负债
9.______________对……的回应
10.______________以最低的价格
11.______________出租(房屋、房间、土地等)
12.______________对……更有利
13______________以损害……为代价
14.______________受……支配;受……影响
15.______________深呼吸
16.______________努力做某事
17.______________.将某物归还给……
18.______________.获得/使用……的机会
19.______________..利用……赚钱
五.单元佳句
1. Whether we're a lender or a borrower, it's a win-win situation.(教材原句)
翻译:
解析:`Whether... or...` 引导让步状语从句,意为“无论是……还是……”。`win-win situation` 意为“双赢局面”。
2. It enables people with good social credit to enjoy a more convenient life at a lower cost.(听力改编)
翻译:
解析:`enable sb. to do sth.` 是核心句型,意为“使某人能够做某事”。`at a lower cost` 意为“以更低的成本”。
3. The sharing economy is subject to abuse of trust.(教材原句)
翻译:
解析:`be subject to` 是高频短语,此处意为“易遭受……”。`abuse of trust` 意为“滥用信任”。
4. Nonetheless, what is in no doubt is that the sharing economy is increasingly relevant to our daily lives.(教材原句)
翻译:
解析:`what is in no doubt` 是主语从句,`that...` 引导表语从句,形成双重强调。`be relevant to` 意为“与……相关”。
六.单元语法
Review: Attributive Clauses (定语从句)
1. 关系代词的选用
`who/whom`:先行词为人,在从句中分别作主语和宾语。
`which`:先行词为物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
`that`:先行词为人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语。可替代who, whom, which。
`whose`:先行词为人或物,在从句中作定语,表示所属关系。
2. 关系副词的选用
`when`:先行词为时间名词,在从句中作时间状语。
`where`:先行词为地点名词或抽象名词(如situation, case, point等),在从句中作地点状语。
`why`:先行词为reason,在从句中作原因状语。
3. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句:起限定作用,是句意不可或缺的部分,不用逗号与主句隔开。
非限制性定语从句:起补充说明作用,去掉后句意仍完整,用逗号与主句隔开。`which`可指代整个主句。
4. “介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句
介词的选择取决于先行词的搭配、从句中动词或形容词的搭配。
关系代词只能用`whom`(指人)或`which`(指物)。
七.单元写作
专题:议论文(正反论证)
基本框架:
第一段:引出话题,提出论点(例如:共享经济/非现金支付是趋势)。
第二段:论述正方观点(优点/好处),并举例说明。
第三段:论述反方观点(缺点/隐患),并举例说明。
第四段:总结,重申个人观点或提出建议。
常用词块:
1. be on the increase 在增加
2. at the click of a button 轻轻一点
3. at competitive prices 以有竞争力的价格
4. have no choice but to... 别无选择只能……
5. do a further favour for the environment 对环境更有利
6. cut down on waste 减少浪费
7. be subject to abuse 易被滥用
8. raise awareness of potential risks 提高对潜在风险的意识
常用语句:
1. With the development of the Internet, the sharing economy is playing an increasingly important role in our daily lives.
2. There is no denying that non-cash payments bring us great convenience and efficiency.
3. What’s more, sharing encourages us to reuse items, thereby cutting down on waste.
4. However, the sharing economy is not without its problems. It is developing faster than existing regulations.
5. In conclusion, although the sharing economy has some drawbacks, its advantages far outweigh them. We should embrace it while finding ways to regulate it.
例文:
题目:请写一篇短文,谈谈你对共享经济的看法。内容包括:1. 共享经济的优点;2. 共享经济的潜在问题;3. 你的观点。
Unit 5 Into the Unknown
一、核心单词
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1. n. 神秘事物,谜
2. v./n. 倒塌,崩溃
3. adj. 典型的 n. 代表
4. adj. 精确的
5. adj. 独特的
6. v. 离弃,逃离
7. v. 拒绝考虑,否定
8. v. 扩张;增加;扩展
9. v. 调查,研究
10. n. 使命,任务
二、单词拓展
1.__________ adj.公民的;民间的→__________ v. 使文明;教化;开化→__________ n.文明(社会)
2.__________ v. 离弃,逃离→__________ adj.放纵的;被离弃的;被遗弃的
3.__________ v. 拒绝考虑,否定;解雇→__________ n.不予考虑,摒弃;解雇
4.__________ v. 扩张;增加;扩展;详述→__________ n.扩大;增加
5.__________ v. 调查;研究→__________ n.调查
三、常考单词
1. abandon v. 离弃,逃离;放弃,中止
用法规则
(1) abandon sb./sth. 遗弃某人/放弃某物
(2) abandon doing sth. 放弃做某事
(3) with abandon adv. 放纵地,尽情地
近义词辨析
abandon(因绝望而放弃);desert(违背责任或誓言而抛弃);quit(停止,辞职)
2. correspond vi. 相一致,符合;相当于,类似于
用法规则
(1) correspond to/with 与……一致,符合
(2) correspond to 相当于,类似于
(3) correspondence n. 信件;一致
3. apply v. 应用,运用;申请;涂
用法规则
(1) apply...to... 把……应用于……
(2) apply to sb./sth. 适用于……
(3) apply for sth. 申请……
重点拓展
application n. 应用;申请 → applicant n. 申请人
5.if引导虚拟语气
If it hadn’t been for a three-episode documentary,outsiders would never have known that the plainly-dressed people working here are masters of their craft...若不是一部三集的纪录片,外面的人永远不会知道在这里工作的那些衣着朴素的人都是精于各门技艺的大师……
非真实条件句中的虚拟语气
虚拟条件句
主句
与现在事实
相反的假设
动词的过去式(be动词一般用were)
would/could/should/might+动词原形
与过去事实
相反的假设
had+过去分词
would/could/should/might+
have+过去分词
与将来事实
相反的假设
(1)动词的过去式
(2)were to+动词原形
(3)should+动词原形
would/could/should/might+动词原形
四.单元短语
1. ________________与……一致
2.________________.把……运用到……上
3.________________在……之上;除……之外
4.________________更加
5.________________在……顶峰;处于高峰时期
6.________________衰落,败落
7.________________逃跑,逃走
8.________________逃命
9.________________调查,检查
10.________________试水,试探
11________________避开……;从……处脱身
12.________________动身踏上(漫长的)旅途
13.________________积极投入到……中去
14.________________再三考虑;慎重考虑
15.________________避免做,不愿做
16.________________调查(问题)
17.________________等(同)于;相当于……
18.________________无法到达
19.________________在……中起作用
20.________________对付,应付,处理
21.________________一系列
22.________________. ……的兴衰
23.________________和……一样;就……而言
24.________________为……所熟悉
五.单元佳句
1. Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks.(教材原句)
翻译:
解析:完全倒装句。正常语序为“An estimated three million shipwrecks are lying under waters across the globe.”。将“Lying under...”置于句首,是为了强调地点的描述,并使句子结构更平衡。
2. Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery.(教材原句)
翻译:
解析:`Why Maya civilisation collapsed` 是主语从句,谓语动词用单数 `remains`。
3. Given our limited knowledge, it is perhaps no surprise that exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries.(教材原句)
翻译:
解析:`Given` 作介词,意为“考虑到,鉴于”。`It is no surprise that...` 是固定句型,意为“......不足为奇”,it 是形式主语。
4. The remaining streets and buildings offer a window into a fascinating period in our history.(教材原句)
翻译:
解析:`offer a window into...` 是形象化表达,意为“为了解……提供了一扇窗口/途径”。
六.单元语法
Review: Noun Clauses (名词性从句)
在句子中起名词作用的从句统称为名词性从句,可在主句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语,因此分为四大类:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
名词性从句三大类引导词
1. 纯连词:`that`(无词义,不作句子成分)、`whether`(是否,不作句子成分)
2. 连接代词:`what, who, whom, whose, which`(有词义,在从句中作主/宾/表/定语)
3. 连接副词:`when, where, why, how`(有词义,在从句中作状语)
通用规则:所有名词性从句一律使用陈述语序。
(一)主语从句 Subject Clauses
定义:在主句中充当主语的从句,位于主句谓语之前。
1. that 引导的主语从句
用法:`that` 无含义、不充当成分,绝对不可省略。
例句:
That the Maya had a true writing system is a fact.
玛雅人拥有一套真正的文字系统,这是一个事实。
2. whether 引导的主语从句
用法:表“是否”,不作成分;主语从句中只能用 whether,不能用 if。
例句:
Whether the Library Cave was sealed up on purpose remains unknown.
藏经洞是否被人为封存,至今仍无人知晓。
3. 连接代词 / 连接副词引导
用法:引导词在从句中充当主语、宾语、状语,有实际含义。
例句:
What caused the collapse is still a mystery.(`what` 在从句中作主语)
是什么导致了文明崩塌,至今仍是谜团。
Why they abandoned their cities is unclear.(`why` 在从句中作原因状语)
他们为何遗弃城市,目前尚不清楚。
4. it 作形式主语(高考高频考点)
为避免句子头重脚轻,常用 it 作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的从句。
基本结构:`It + 谓语/系表结构 + 真正主语(从句)`
例句:
It is believed that a series of droughts led to the downfall.
人们认为,一连串的干旱导致了文明的衰落。
常考固定句型:
It is clear/obvious that… 很明显……
It is reported that… 据报道……
It seems that… 似乎……
(二)宾语从句 Object Clauses
定义:在主句中充当宾语的从句,可位于及物动词、介词之后。
1. that 引导的宾语从句
用法:`that` 无词义、不作成分;口语/简单句中可省略,并列多个宾语从句时,第二个及以后的 `that` 不可省。
例句:
Some studies show that there were far fewer tropical cyclones.
一些研究表明,当时热带气旋的数量大幅减少。
2. whether / if 引导的宾语从句
用法:表“是否”;动词后两者可互换,介词后只能用 whether。
例句:
We don't know if/whether the writing system can be completely interpreted.
我们尚不清楚这套文字系统能否被完整解读。
3. 连接代词 / 连接副词引导
用法:引导词在从句中充当成分,不可省略。
例句:
We have to figure out what led to the decline.(`what` 作从句主语)
我们必须弄清楚是什么导致了文明衰落。
补充考点:宾语从句时态呼应
主句为过去时态,从句通常改用对应的过去时态;若从句为客观真理、事实,时态不变。
(三)表语从句 Predicative Clauses
定义:位于系动词之后(be, remain, seem, look, become 等),作主句表语的从句。
核心必考句型(区分原因/结果,高频易错)
1. That's why + 从句(强调结果,译为:这就是……的原因)
2. That's because + 从句(强调原因,译为:那是因为……)
3. The reason why… is that…(固定黄金句型)
✅ 正确:`The reason why... is that...`
❌ 错误:`The reason why... is because...`(绝对不能用 because)
例句
This is what we are most interested in.(`what` 在从句中作宾语)
这正是我们最感兴趣的内容。
(四)同位语从句 Appositive Clauses
定义:用来解释、说明前面抽象名词具体内容的从句,从句与前面名词为同位关系。
1. 常见搭配抽象名词:`fact, news, idea, belief, hope, truth, doubt, promise` 等
2. 引导词:最常用 `that`(无词义、不作成分,不可省略)
3. 例句:
The fact that the Maya were technologically primitive makes their achievements more incredible.
玛雅人科技水平并不先进,这一事实反而让他们的成就更加令人惊叹。
易混辨析:同位语从句 VS 定语从句
同位语从句:解释名词内容,`that` 不作成分;
定语从句:修饰限定名词,`that` 在从句中作主/宾。
三、全模块易错点汇总(课堂必强调)
1. if 与 whether 区别
✔ 主语从句、同位语从句、介词后 → 只用 `whether`
✔ 动词后的宾语从句 → `if / whether` 均可
2. that 的省略规则
✔ 宾语从句(单句):可省
✔ 主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句:一律不可省 that
3. 固定句型禁区
❌ The reason is because…
✅ The reason is that…
4. 语序铁律:所有名词性从句,必须用陈述语序,禁用疑问语序。
七.单元写作
专题:介绍一个未解之谜
基本框架:
第一段:引出你准备介绍的神秘现象或地点(如:北纬30度、百慕大、玛雅文明等)。
第二段:描述该现象的神秘之处,列举一两个具体事例或数据。
第三段:介绍几种现有的或主流的科学解释。
第四段:总结,表达对探索未知的看法或期待。
常用词块:
1. be surrounded by mystery 被神秘包围
2. capture one‘s imagination 激发某人的想象力
3. correspond to the positions of the stars 与星体的位置对应
4. an achievement unique in... 在……方面独一无二的成就
5. remain a mystery 仍然是个谜
6. a combination of several different factors 几个不同因素的结合
7. turn... into 把……变成
8. reduce one's ability to do... 降低某人做……的能力
9. lead to a series of... 导致一系列的……
10. leave ... for later people to solve 把……留给后人解决
常用语句:
1. … has been a source of fascination and mystery for centuries.
2. What is most extraordinary about … is how …
3. The fact that … makes it all the more mysterious.
4. Recent studies have found that … .
5. Whatever the reasons, … .
6. The rise and fall of … must also leave us thinking about our own past, present and future.
例文:
题目:请你根据以下提示,写一篇80词左右的短文,介绍大西洋中的“百慕大三角”(the Bermuda Triangle)。
提示:1. 位于美国东南海岸的大西洋中,许多船只和飞机在此神秘失踪。
2. 对此有不同的解释:如外星人,巨大的海怪,磁场异常等。
3. 虽然科学家做了很多研究,但仍然是一个谜。
Unit 6 Space and Beyond
一、核心单词
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1._________ v.重新激起
2._________adv.悲惨地
3._________ v尖声大叫
4._________ v.暂停,终止
5._________ adj生动的
6._________ v.提交
7._________ adj了不起的
8._________ v.打喷嚏
二、单词拓展
1.except prep.除…之外 conj.除了→_________ n.例外→_________adj.异常的→_________ adj.平常的
2.suspend v.暂停,中止→_________ n.暂停;推迟,延期
3.submit v.提交→_________ n.提交;呈递;(向法官提出的)意见
4.simulate v.模仿;假装;冒充→_________adj.模仿的,模拟的,仿真的→_________ n.(用于人员训练的)模拟装置,模拟器→_________ n.仿真;模拟;模仿;假装
5.vision n.视力;视野→_________adj.明显的;看得见的→_________ adj.看不见的
三、常考单词
1. accustomed adj. 习惯的
用法规则
(1) be/get/become accustomed to (doing) sth. 习惯于(做)某事
(2) accustom oneself to (doing) sth. 使某人习惯于(做)某事
近义词辨析
accustomed 语气较强;used (to) 更口语化。
2. demonstrate vt. 证明,演示;表达,表露
用法规则
(1) demonstrate sth. (to sb.) 向某人演示/证明某事
(2) demonstrate that... 证明……
(3) demonstrate against... 示威反对……
重点拓展
demonstration n. 证明,演示;游行示威
3. sacrifice n./v. 牺牲,献出
用法规则
(1) make a sacrifice/sacrifices 做出牺牲
(2) sacrifice sth. for/to sb./sth. 为某人/某物牺牲某物
(3) sacrifice one‘s life for one's country 为国捐躯
常见搭配
at the sacrifice of 以牺牲……为代价
四.单元短语
1._________________习惯于(做)某事
2._________________提心吊胆
3._________________收听;收看
4._________________起飞
5._________________给……蒙上阴影
6._________________召唤
7._________________志向远大
8._________________由……组成
9._________________追求;寻找
10._________________太空旅行
11._________________准时到达;获得成功
12._________________兴奋感;激动之情
13._________________在飞机上
14._________________陷入震惊
15._________________一团……
16._________________在古代
17._________________以不断增加的速度
五.单元佳句
1. Ever since Neil Armstrong first set foot on the Moon back on 20 July 1969, people have become accustomed to the notion of space travel.(教材原句)
翻译:
解析:`Ever since` 引导时间状语从句,主句用现在完成时。`set foot on` 意为“踏上”,`become accustomed to` 意为“习惯于”。
2. With the eyes of students across the nation upon her, she might have inspired an entirely new generation of astronauts and space scientists.(教材原句)
翻译:
解析:“`with + 名词 + 介词短语`”构成独立主格结构作状语。`might have done` 表示对过去情况的推测或可能发生但未实现的事,此处意为“或许已经……(但实际上并不确定)”。
3. The world went into shock, most people having assumed that this space flight would be no more dangerous than travelling in an aeroplane.(教材原句)
翻译:
解析:`most people having assumed...` 是独立主格结构,表原因。`no more... than...` 是一个特殊结构,意为“与……一样不……”,否定两者。即“不危险程度与坐飞机一样”。
4. For example, the mysterious large-eyed, bronze statues of the ancient Shu Kingdom, discovered at the Chinese archeological site at Sanxingdui, were believed to have been able to look across great distances into the stars.(教材原句)
翻译:
解析:`be believed to do/to have done` 是一个被动句型,意为“被认为/人们相信……”。此处 `to have been able` 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。
六.单元语法
Review: Modals (情态动词)
1. can / could
能力:`can` (现在能力) / `could` (过去能力)。
推测:常用于否定句和疑问句。`can't/couldn't be` 意为“不可能是”。
请求:`could` 比 `can` 语气更委婉。
2. may / might
推测:意为“可能”。`might` 比 `may` 可能性更小。
请求:`May I...?` 意为“我可以……吗?”
祝愿:`May you succeed!` 意为“祝你成功!”
3. must
必须:`must` (主观) / `have to` (客观)。否定式 `mustn‘t` 意为“禁止”。
推测:只用于肯定句,意为“一定,准是”。`must be doing` / `must have done`。
4. shall / should / ought to
shall:用于第一人称疑问句表建议 (`Shall we...?`),用于二、三人称陈述句表命令、允诺。
should / ought to:意为“应该”,表责任、义务。`should have done` 意为“本应该……(但没做)”。
5. will / would
请求:`Would you...?` 比 `Will you...?` 更委婉。
意志/习惯:`will` 表现在的意愿/习惯;`would` 表过去的习惯。
6. need / dare
既可作情态动词(常用于否定、疑问),也可作实义动词。
情态动词+have done 用法总结:
情态动词短语
含义
must have done
一定做过某事(肯定推测)
can‘t/couldn't have done
不可能做过某事(否定推测)
may/might have done
也许做过某事(可能性不大)
could have done
本可以做某事(而没做)
should/ought to have done
本应该做某事(而没做)
needn't have done
本不必做某事(而做了)
七.单元写作
专题:太空生活日志
基本框架:
日期/标题:以日记格式开头。
开头:描述在太空船/空间站的当前状态和感受。
主体:详细描述一天或某个特定时间段内的活动,重点突出与地球生活的不同(如吃饭、睡觉、工作、锻炼等)。
结尾:总结感受,表达对任务、地球或未来的看法。
常用词块:
1. on board a spacecraft 在宇宙飞船上
2. in this zero gravity world 在这个零重力的世界
3. be strapped to sleeping compartments 被绑在睡眠舱里
4. keep... clean 保持……干净
5. come in handy 派上用场
6. spit into a towel 吐到毛巾上
7. stay fit 保持健康
8. on a regular basis 定期地
9. be provided with... in liquid form 以液体形式提供……
10. focus on their work 专注于他们的工作
常用语句:
1. I felt a bit nervous at first, but I soon got used to the feeling of weightlessness.
2. One of the strangest things is eating, as food can float away if you're not careful.
3. I have to strap myself to the bed to avoid floating around while sleeping.
4. Exercising is a must for us astronauts to prevent our muscles from becoming weak.
5. Looking out of the window and seeing our blue planet from up here is a breathtaking experience.
例文:
题目:假设你是一名在中国空间站工作的宇航员。请写一篇日记,记录你在太空中的一天。
一、单词拼写
1.Many scientists are trying to predict what the f_______ will be like with the development of AI.(根据首字母单词拼写)
2.During his stay in England, he had picked up an English a__________. (根据首字母单词拼写)
3.Everyone felt surprised to know there seemed to be no m________ for the murder. (根据首字母单词拼写)
4.Would you like to j________ us in a walk? (根据首字母单词拼写)
5.There is an a_________ (人造的) lake near the park. (根据中英文提示填空)
6.He smiled politely, ________ (假装) that he had heard the remark and found it mildly humorous. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
7.The economist has made a very well-rounded ________ (分析) on the situation. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
8.You should make good use of every ______ (宝贵的) minute to study. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
9.She will probably take great pride in wearing school _________.(用适当的词填空)
10.Developing good study habits can help us greatly improve our overall __________ performance in all subjects. (根据句意单词拼写)
二、单项选择
11.The Farmers' Club is an organization for people involved in __________.
A.architecture B.agriculture C.astronomy D.academy
12.Please be ________, Mr. Lee. How can I finish so much work in such a short time?
A.confident B.modest C.reasonable D.punctual
13.One reason is _______ although I have been working ever since leaving school, I won’t be voting in the next general election.
A.what B.which C.that D.why
14.___________it was possible to develop a hybrid of self-pollinating plants such as rice was a matter of great debate.
A.That B.If C.Whether D.Where
15.Facts help us see the nature of the event while opinions lead to deeper thinking many people ________.
A.will lack B.lacked C.lacking D.lack
16.Elizabeth was enormously motivated although she made ________ advances in her English learning.
A.brilliant B.modest C.substantial D.considerable
17.If you ________ to speak to me like that again you will be sorry sooner or later.
A.need B.decide C.happen D.pretend
18.The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one third _____ used regularly.
A.is B.are C.was D.were
19.Many experts hold the view that teachers’ development is _______ the key to better education lies.
A.which B.what C.where D.how
20.It is uncertain _____ the rise is caused by more time spent on screens or less time outdoors, but previous studies have suggested daylight exposure is the key.
A.how B.where C.what D.whether
三、语法填空
一、单词拼写
1.She__________(提醒)me that I hadn’t written to Mother.
2.Dad has given me a lot of _____(指导) on choosing a career.
3.I feel ________ and need to lie down. (根据句意单词拼写)
4.My room is a mess,but I________clean it before I go out tonight.I can do it in the morning. (根据句意填空)
5.A_______________(虐待) children is a very serious problem. (根据中英文提示单词拼写)
6.They s________ the proposal which contained detailed research on the 33 sites along the corridor. (根据首字母单词拼写)
7.Distant stars that are i__________ to naked eyes can be seen with a telescope. (根据首字母单词拼写)
8.The biologist studied the ________ (分布) of a rare bird species across the islands. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
9.If the chair is too high, you can ________ (调整) it to suit you. (根据中文提示填空)
10.Now that I have been determined to set up my own company, it doesn’t matter much ________ you are in favor of my plan.
二、单项选择
11.The reason why I have come here for the job is that I just want to make practical use of _________ I have learned in class.
A.which B.how C.what D.whether
12.On stepping into the room this morning I was astonished to find the floor covered with______ looked like tiny insects.
A.that B.something C.what D.anything
13.____he wants to say is____ great an effort he has made to help her out.
A.That; how B.What; what C.What; how D.What; that
14.We admire the people ________ have contributed a lot to our society.
A.which B.who C.whom D.whose
15.— Is your class teacher in the office now?
— He ________ be there now. He’s gone to Beijing.
A.mustn’t B.can’t C.needn’t D.won’t
16.The beautiful mountain village _____________ we spent our holiday last year is located in _____________ is now part of Guangxi.
A.which; where B.where; what C.that; what D.when; which
17.Some parents are just too protective. They want to ___________their kids from every kind of damage, real or imagined.
A.spot B.shelter C.dismiss D.distinguish
18.We have seen a lot of examples ________ the animals start to depend too much on humans.
A.which B.where C.when D.why
19.This restaurant has an inviting, homelike atmosphere ______ many others are short of.
A.where B.when
C.that D.what
20.It remains to be seen ______ the newly formed committee’s policy can be ______.
A.why; in its way B.whether; put into practice
C.what; sentenced to death D.which; left an impression
三、语法填空
1. (2024·新高考I卷)The book ________ I borrowed from the library is very popular among students.
2. (2024·全国甲卷)You ________ follow the school rules whenever you are on campus.
3. (2024·新高考II卷)I really don’t know ________ we can finish the task ahead of time.
4. (2023·全国乙卷)This is the park ________ many old people take exercise every morning.
5. (2023·浙江6月卷)As an old saying goes, we ________ not judge a person by his appearance.
6. (2023·新课标I卷)________ makes us happy is the warm friendship between classmates.
7. (2022·新高考I卷)The boy ________ father is a doctor works very hard at his lessons.
8. (2022·全国甲卷)With enough practice, everyone ________ speak English fluently one day.
9. (2022·全国乙卷)My hope is ________ all of us can realize our dreams in the future.
10. (2021·新高考I卷)He has passed the exam, ________ makes his parents very pleased.
11. (2021·浙江1月卷)When I was young, I ________ swim across the small river easily.
12. (2021·全国乙卷)There is no doubt ________ hard work leads to success.
13. (2020·全国I卷)I still remember the day ________ we first met each other.
14. (2020·全国II卷)You ________ worry about me. I can take good care of myself.
15. (2020·新课标III卷)She asked me ________ I would attend the evening party or not.
16. (2019·全国I卷)This is the most interesting story ________ I have ever read.
17. (2019·全国II卷)You ________ have told me the truth earlier. Now it’s too late.
18. (2019·全国III卷)No one knows ________ he solved the difficult problem in such a short time.
19. (2018·全国I卷)The teacher ________ you met yesterday will give us a speech this afternoon.
20. (2018·浙江卷)It ________ rain this afternoon. You’d better take an umbrella with you.
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专题04 选择性必修第四册Unit4~Unit6单元词汇短语句型梳理
Unit 4 Everyday Economics
一、核心单词
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1.blank adj.无表情的,木然的
2.dizzy adj.头晕目眩的
3.purchase v.购买
4.guidance n.指导,引导
5.mild adj.不浓烈的,淡的
6.exceed v.超过,超出
7.financial adj.财政的
8.accumulate v.积累,积聚
9.sorrow n.令人悲伤的事,不幸
10.frustration n.懊丧,懊恼
11.hire v租用,租借
12.abuse n.滥用
二、单词拓展
1.input n.投入(物)→(反义词)output n.输出,输出量;产量
2.distribute vt.使分布,分散;分销→distribution n.(商品的)分销,经销→distributor n.经销商;分销商
3.guide n.指导,向导,导游vt.指引,指导→guidance n.指导,引导
4.consult v.查阅;商量;向……请教→consultant n.顾问
5.convention n.大会;惯例;协定;习俗→conventional adj.传统的,常规的
6.discriminate v.不公正地区别对待,歧视→discrimination n.歧视;区别对待,辨别;识别力
7.subjective adj.主观的→(反义词)objective adj.客观的
8.finance n.财政,财政学;金融→financial adj.财政的,金融的;财务的
9.sorrow n.令人悲伤的事,不幸→sorrowful adj.悲伤的,悲痛的
10.frustrate v.挫败;阻止;使沮丧→frustration n.懊丧,懊恼,沮丧
11.expense n.费用,花费→expensive adj.昂贵的;花钱多的
三、常考单词
1. potential n. 潜力;可能性 adj. 潜在的,可能的
用法规则
(1) have the potential to do sth. 有做某事的潜力
(2) realize/achieve one's (full) potential 实现(某人)的潜力
(3) potential for (doing) sth. (做)某事的可能性
注意事项
potential 作名词时,常为不可数名词。
2. finance n. 财政,金融;资金 vt. 为……提供资金
用法规则
(1) public/personal finance 公共/个人理财
(2) the Minister of Finance 财政部长
(3) financial adj. 财政的,金融的
(4) financially adv. 财政上,金融上
注意事项
复数形式 `finances` 可表示“财务情况,资金”。
3. discriminate v. 歧视;区别,辨别
用法规则
(1) discriminate against 歧视
(2) discriminate between... and... 区别/辨别……和……
(3) discriminate... from... 把……与……区别开
重点拓展
discrimination n. 歧视 → racial/age/sex discrimination 种族/年龄/性别歧视
4. be subject to 受……支配;易遭受……;取决于
用法规则
(1) be subject to abuse/change/damage 易遭滥用/易改变/易受损
(2) be subject to a law/rule 受法律/规则约束
易混辨析
be subject to 中的 subject 为形容词;be subjected to 中的 subject 为动词,意为“遭受,经受”。
四.单元短语
1.as to关于;至于
2.a world away from...完全不同
3.row upon row鳞次栉比的
4.be bitten by the...bug爱上……;迷上……
5.start out开始从事,着手进行;出发
6.make ends meet使收支仅能相抵
7.interfere with妨碍;阻止
8.go into debt陷入债务之中,负债
9.response to对……的回应
10.at rock-bottom prices以最低的价格
11.rent out出租(房屋、房间、土地等)
12.do a further favour for对……更有利
13.at the expense of以损害……为代价
14.be subject to受……支配;受……影响
15.take a deep breath深呼吸
16.struggle to do sth.努力做某事
17.give sth. back to...将某物归还给……
18.access to...获得/使用……的机会
19.make money out of...利用……赚钱
五.单元佳句
1. Whether we're a lender or a borrower, it's a win-win situation.(教材原句)
翻译:无论我们是出租者还是租用者,这都是一个双赢的局面。
解析:`Whether... or...` 引导让步状语从句,意为“无论是……还是……”。`win-win situation` 意为“双赢局面”。
2. It enables people with good social credit to enjoy a more convenient life at a lower cost.(听力改编)
翻译:它(社会信用体系)使拥有良好社会信用的人能够以更低的成本享受更方便的生活。
解析:`enable sb. to do sth.` 是核心句型,意为“使某人能够做某事”。`at a lower cost` 意为“以更低的成本”。
3. The sharing economy is subject to abuse of trust.(教材原句)
翻译:共享经济容易受到信任滥用的影响。
解析:`be subject to` 是高频短语,此处意为“易遭受……”。`abuse of trust` 意为“滥用信任”。
4. Nonetheless, what is in no doubt is that the sharing economy is increasingly relevant to our daily lives.(教材原句)
翻译:尽管如此,毫无疑问的是,共享经济与我们的日常生活越来越息息相关。
解析:`what is in no doubt` 是主语从句,`that...` 引导表语从句,形成双重强调。`be relevant to` 意为“与……相关”。
六.单元语法
Review: Attributive Clauses (定语从句)
1. 关系代词的选用
`who/whom`:先行词为人,在从句中分别作主语和宾语。
`which`:先行词为物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
`that`:先行词为人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语。可替代who, whom, which。
`whose`:先行词为人或物,在从句中作定语,表示所属关系。
2. 关系副词的选用
`when`:先行词为时间名词,在从句中作时间状语。
`where`:先行词为地点名词或抽象名词(如situation, case, point等),在从句中作地点状语。
`why`:先行词为reason,在从句中作原因状语。
3. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句:起限定作用,是句意不可或缺的部分,不用逗号与主句隔开。
非限制性定语从句:起补充说明作用,去掉后句意仍完整,用逗号与主句隔开。`which`可指代整个主句。
4. “介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句
介词的选择取决于先行词的搭配、从句中动词或形容词的搭配。
关系代词只能用`whom`(指人)或`which`(指物)。
七.单元写作
专题:议论文(正反论证)
基本框架:
第一段:引出话题,提出论点(例如:共享经济/非现金支付是趋势)。
第二段:论述正方观点(优点/好处),并举例说明。
第三段:论述反方观点(缺点/隐患),并举例说明。
第四段:总结,重申个人观点或提出建议。
常用词块:
1. be on the increase 在增加
2. at the click of a button 轻轻一点
3. at competitive prices 以有竞争力的价格
4. have no choice but to... 别无选择只能……
5. do a further favour for the environment 对环境更有利
6. cut down on waste 减少浪费
7. be subject to abuse 易被滥用
8. raise awareness of potential risks 提高对潜在风险的意识
常用语句:
1. With the development of the Internet, the sharing economy is playing an increasingly important role in our daily lives.
2. There is no denying that non-cash payments bring us great convenience and efficiency.
3. What’s more, sharing encourages us to reuse items, thereby cutting down on waste.
4. However, the sharing economy is not without its problems. It is developing faster than existing regulations.
5. In conclusion, although the sharing economy has some drawbacks, its advantages far outweigh them. We should embrace it while finding ways to regulate it.
例文:
题目:请写一篇短文,谈谈你对共享经济的看法。内容包括:1. 共享经济的优点;2. 共享经济的潜在问题;3. 你的观点。
In recent years, the sharing economy, such as bike-sharing and car-sharing services, has taken off rapidly. It has become a hot topic of discussion.
There is no doubt that the sharing economy brings us a lot of benefits. For one thing, it provides us with a convenient way to meet our daily needs at a lower cost. For example, by using a shared bike, you can easily get around the city without buying one. For another, it encourages us to reuse items, thereby cutting down on waste and doing a favour for the environment.
However, the sharing economy is not without its problems. Some users fail to take good care of public property, leading to vandalism. What’s more, the industry is developing faster than existing regulations, causing issues of supervision and safety.
In my opinion, the sharing economy is a trend that we should embrace. It’s a win-win situation for both service providers and users. Nevertheless, we need to raise public awareness of protecting shared items and establish effective rules to ensure its healthy development.
Unit 5 Into the Unknown
一、核心单词
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1. mystery n. 神秘事物,谜
2. collapse v./n. 倒塌,崩溃
3. representative adj. 典型的 n. 代表
4. accurate adj. 精确的
5. unique adj. 独特的
6. abandon v. 离弃,逃离
7. dismiss v. 拒绝考虑,否定
8. expand v. 扩张;增加;扩展
9. investigate v. 调查,研究
10. mission n. 使命,任务
二、单词拓展
1.civil adj.公民的;民间的→civilise v.使文明;教化;开化→civilisation n.文明(社会)
2.abandon v.离弃,逃离→abandoned adj.放纵的;被离弃的;被遗弃的
3.dismiss v.拒绝考虑,否定;解雇→dismissal n.不予考虑,摒弃;解雇
4.expand v.扩张;增加;扩展;详述→expansion n.扩大;增加
5.investigate v.调查;研究→investigation n.调查
三、常考单词
1. abandon v. 离弃,逃离;放弃,中止
用法规则
(1) abandon sb./sth. 遗弃某人/放弃某物
(2) abandon doing sth. 放弃做某事
(3) with abandon adv. 放纵地,尽情地
近义词辨析
abandon(因绝望而放弃);desert(违背责任或誓言而抛弃);quit(停止,辞职)
2. correspond vi. 相一致,符合;相当于,类似于
用法规则
(1) correspond to/with 与……一致,符合
(2) correspond to 相当于,类似于
(3) correspondence n. 信件;一致
3. apply v. 应用,运用;申请;涂
用法规则
(1) apply...to... 把……应用于……
(2) apply to sb./sth. 适用于……
(3) apply for sth. 申请……
重点拓展
application n. 应用;申请 → applicant n. 申请人
四.单元短语
1.correspond to与……一致
2.apply...to...把……运用到……上
3.on top of在……之上;除……之外
4.all the more更加
5.at one's peak在……顶峰;处于高峰时期
6.fall into ruin (因无人照料而)衰落,败落
7.make a getaway逃跑,逃走
8.run for one's life逃命
9.check out调查,检查
10.test the waters试水,试探
11.steer clear of避开……;从……处脱身
12.set out动身踏上(漫长的)旅途
13.throw oneself into积极投入到……中去
14.think twice再三考虑;慎重考虑
15.shrink from避免做,不愿做
16.look into调查(问题)
17.be equivalent to等(同)于;相当于……
18.beyond the reach of无法到达
19. play a part in在……中起作用
20.deal with对付,应付,处理
21.a series of一系列
22.the rise and fall of... ……的兴衰
23.as with和……一样;就……而言
24.be familiar to为……所熟悉
五.单元佳句
1. Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks.(教材原句)
翻译:全球水域下大约沉睡着三百万艘沉船残骸。
解析:完全倒装句。正常语序为“An estimated three million shipwrecks are lying under waters across the globe.”。将“Lying under...”置于句首,是为了强调地点的描述,并使句子结构更平衡。
2. Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery.(教材原句)
翻译:玛雅文明倾颓的原因一直是个谜团。
解析:`Why Maya civilisation collapsed` 是主语从句,谓语动词用单数 `remains`。
3. Given our limited knowledge, it is perhaps no surprise that exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries.(教材原句)
翻译:基于我们有限的认知,探索海洋可以带来许多新发现,也许就显得不足为奇了。
解析:`Given` 作介词,意为“考虑到,鉴于”。`It is no surprise that...` 是固定句型,意为“......不足为奇”,it 是形式主语。
4. The remaining streets and buildings offer a window into a fascinating period in our history.(教材原句)
翻译:存留下来的街道、建筑为我们打开了一扇窗,让我们得以窥见那段精彩的历史。
解析:`offer a window into...` 是形象化表达,意为“为了解……提供了一扇窗口/途径”。
六.单元语法
Review: Noun Clauses (名词性从句)
在句子中起名词作用的从句统称为名词性从句,可在主句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语,因此分为四大类:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
名词性从句三大类引导词
1. 纯连词:`that`(无词义,不作句子成分)、`whether`(是否,不作句子成分)
2. 连接代词:`what, who, whom, whose, which`(有词义,在从句中作主/宾/表/定语)
3. 连接副词:`when, where, why, how`(有词义,在从句中作状语)
通用规则:所有名词性从句一律使用陈述语序。
(一)主语从句 Subject Clauses
定义:在主句中充当主语的从句,位于主句谓语之前。
1. that 引导的主语从句
用法:`that` 无含义、不充当成分,绝对不可省略。
例句:
That the Maya had a true writing system is a fact.
玛雅人拥有一套真正的文字系统,这是一个事实。
2. whether 引导的主语从句
用法:表“是否”,不作成分;主语从句中只能用 whether,不能用 if。
例句:
Whether the Library Cave was sealed up on purpose remains unknown.
藏经洞是否被人为封存,至今仍无人知晓。
3. 连接代词 / 连接副词引导
用法:引导词在从句中充当主语、宾语、状语,有实际含义。
例句:
What caused the collapse is still a mystery.(`what` 在从句中作主语)
是什么导致了文明崩塌,至今仍是谜团。
Why they abandoned their cities is unclear.(`why` 在从句中作原因状语)
他们为何遗弃城市,目前尚不清楚。
4. it 作形式主语(高考高频考点)
为避免句子头重脚轻,常用 it 作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的从句。
基本结构:`It + 谓语/系表结构 + 真正主语(从句)`
例句:
It is believed that a series of droughts led to the downfall.
人们认为,一连串的干旱导致了文明的衰落。
常考固定句型:
It is clear/obvious that… 很明显……
It is reported that… 据报道……
It seems that… 似乎……
(二)宾语从句 Object Clauses
定义:在主句中充当宾语的从句,可位于及物动词、介词之后。
1. that 引导的宾语从句
用法:`that` 无词义、不作成分;口语/简单句中可省略,并列多个宾语从句时,第二个及以后的 `that` 不可省。
例句:
Some studies show that there were far fewer tropical cyclones.
一些研究表明,当时热带气旋的数量大幅减少。
2. whether / if 引导的宾语从句
用法:表“是否”;动词后两者可互换,介词后只能用 whether。
例句:
We don't know if/whether the writing system can be completely interpreted.
我们尚不清楚这套文字系统能否被完整解读。
3. 连接代词 / 连接副词引导
用法:引导词在从句中充当成分,不可省略。
例句:
We have to figure out what led to the decline.(`what` 作从句主语)
我们必须弄清楚是什么导致了文明衰落。
补充考点:宾语从句时态呼应
主句为过去时态,从句通常改用对应的过去时态;若从句为客观真理、事实,时态不变。
(三)表语从句 Predicative Clauses
定义:位于系动词之后(be, remain, seem, look, become 等),作主句表语的从句。
核心必考句型(区分原因/结果,高频易错)
1. That's why + 从句(强调结果,译为:这就是……的原因)
2. That's because + 从句(强调原因,译为:那是因为……)
3. The reason why… is that…(固定黄金句型)
✅ 正确:`The reason why... is that...`
❌ 错误:`The reason why... is because...`(绝对不能用 because)
例句
This is what we are most interested in.(`what` 在从句中作宾语)
这正是我们最感兴趣的内容。
(四)同位语从句 Appositive Clauses
定义:用来解释、说明前面抽象名词具体内容的从句,从句与前面名词为同位关系。
1. 常见搭配抽象名词:`fact, news, idea, belief, hope, truth, doubt, promise` 等
2. 引导词:最常用 `that`(无词义、不作成分,不可省略)
3. 例句:
The fact that the Maya were technologically primitive makes their achievements more incredible.
玛雅人科技水平并不先进,这一事实反而让他们的成就更加令人惊叹。
易混辨析:同位语从句 VS 定语从句
同位语从句:解释名词内容,`that` 不作成分;
定语从句:修饰限定名词,`that` 在从句中作主/宾。
三、全模块易错点汇总(课堂必强调)
1. if 与 whether 区别
✔ 主语从句、同位语从句、介词后 → 只用 `whether`
✔ 动词后的宾语从句 → `if / whether` 均可
2. that 的省略规则
✔ 宾语从句(单句):可省
✔ 主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句:一律不可省 that
3. 固定句型禁区
❌ The reason is because…
✅ The reason is that…
4. 语序铁律:所有名词性从句,必须用陈述语序,禁用疑问语序。
七.单元写作
专题:介绍一个未解之谜
基本框架:
第一段:引出你准备介绍的神秘现象或地点(如:北纬30度、百慕大、玛雅文明等)。
第二段:描述该现象的神秘之处,列举一两个具体事例或数据。
第三段:介绍几种现有的或主流的科学解释。
第四段:总结,表达对探索未知的看法或期待。
常用词块:
1. be surrounded by mystery 被神秘包围
2. capture one‘s imagination 激发某人的想象力
3. correspond to the positions of the stars 与星体的位置对应
4. an achievement unique in... 在……方面独一无二的成就
5. remain a mystery 仍然是个谜
6. a combination of several different factors 几个不同因素的结合
7. turn... into 把……变成
8. reduce one's ability to do... 降低某人做……的能力
9. lead to a series of... 导致一系列的……
10. leave ... for later people to solve 把……留给后人解决
常用语句:
1. … has been a source of fascination and mystery for centuries.
2. What is most extraordinary about … is how …
3. The fact that … makes it all the more mysterious.
4. Recent studies have found that … .
5. Whatever the reasons, … .
6. The rise and fall of … must also leave us thinking about our own past, present and future.
例文:
题目:请你根据以下提示,写一篇80词左右的短文,介绍大西洋中的“百慕大三角”(the Bermuda Triangle)。
提示:1. 位于美国东南海岸的大西洋中,许多船只和飞机在此神秘失踪。
2. 对此有不同的解释:如外星人,巨大的海怪,磁场异常等。
3. 虽然科学家做了很多研究,但仍然是一个谜。
Possible answer:
The Bermuda Triangle, located off the southeast coast of the United States in the Atlantic Ocean, is one of the world‘s greatest mysteries. For decades, numerous ships and aircraft have mysteriously disappeared in this area, which has captured people’s imagination.
Why these disasters happened remains a mystery. There are various explanations for the mysterious phenomenon. Some believe it is caused by aliens or huge sea monsters, while others put it down to unusual magnetic fields.
Although scientists have conducted a lot of research, they cannot fully explain the disappearances. Whatever the reasons, the Bermuda Triangle continues to fascinate us, leaving the mystery for later people to solve.
Unit 6 Space and Beyond
一、核心单词
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1.rekindle v.重新激起
2.tragically adv.悲惨地
3.scream v尖声大叫
4.suspend v.暂停,终止
5.lifelike adj生动的,逼真的
6.submit v.提交
7.awesome adj了不起的
8.sneeze v.打喷嚏
二、单词拓展
1.except prep.除…之外 conj.除了→exception n.例外→exceptional adj.异常的→unexceptional adj.平常的
2.suspend v.暂停,中止→suspension n.暂停;推迟,延期
3.submit v.提交→submission n.提交;呈递;(向法官提出的)意见
4.simulate v.模仿;假装;冒充→simulated adj.模仿的,模拟的,仿真的→simulator n.(用于人员训练的)模拟装置,模拟器→simulation n.仿真;模拟;模仿;假装
5.vision n.视力;视野→visible adj.明显的;看得见的→invisible adj.看不见的
三、常考单词
1. accustomed adj. 习惯的
用法规则
(1) be/get/become accustomed to (doing) sth. 习惯于(做)某事
(2) accustom oneself to (doing) sth. 使某人习惯于(做)某事
近义词辨析
accustomed 语气较强;used (to) 更口语化。
2. demonstrate vt. 证明,演示;表达,表露
用法规则
(1) demonstrate sth. (to sb.) 向某人演示/证明某事
(2) demonstrate that... 证明……
(3) demonstrate against... 示威反对……
重点拓展
demonstration n. 证明,演示;游行示威
3. sacrifice n./v. 牺牲,献出
用法规则
(1) make a sacrifice/sacrifices 做出牺牲
(2) sacrifice sth. for/to sb./sth. 为某人/某物牺牲某物
(3) sacrifice one‘s life for one's country 为国捐躯
常见搭配
at the sacrifice of 以牺牲……为代价
四.单元短语
1.1.become accustomed to习惯于(做)某事
2.one's heart in one's mouth提心吊胆
3.tune in收听;收看
4.take off起飞
5.cast a shadow on给……蒙上阴影
6.call to召唤
7.reach for the stars志向远大
8.be composed of由……组成
9.quest for追求;寻找
10.space travel太空旅行
11.make it准时到达;获得成功
12.a sense of excitement兴奋感;激动之情
13.on board在飞机上
14.go into shock陷入震惊
15.a cloud of一团……
16.in ancient times在古代
17.at an ever-increasing speed以不断增加的速度
五.单元佳句
1. Ever since Neil Armstrong first set foot on the Moon back on 20 July 1969, people have become accustomed to the notion of space travel.(教材原句)
翻译:自从1969年7月20日尼尔·阿姆斯特朗首次登月以来,人们已习惯于太空旅行这个概念。
解析:`Ever since` 引导时间状语从句,主句用现在完成时。`set foot on` 意为“踏上”,`become accustomed to` 意为“习惯于”。
2. With the eyes of students across the nation upon her, she might have inspired an entirely new generation of astronauts and space scientists.(教材原句)
翻译:当全国学生的目光都聚集在她身上时,她或许能激发他们成为新一代宇航员和太空科学家的理想。
解析:“`with + 名词 + 介词短语`”构成独立主格结构作状语。`might have done` 表示对过去情况的推测或可能发生但未实现的事,此处意为“或许已经……(但实际上并不确定)”。
3. The world went into shock, most people having assumed that this space flight would be no more dangerous than travelling in an aeroplane.(教材原句)
翻译:全世界都震惊了,大多数人本以为这次太空航行不会比乘飞机旅行更加危险。
解析:`most people having assumed...` 是独立主格结构,表原因。`no more... than...` 是一个特殊结构,意为“与……一样不……”,否定两者。即“不危险程度与坐飞机一样”。
4. For example, the mysterious large-eyed, bronze statues of the ancient Shu Kingdom, discovered at the Chinese archeological site at Sanxingdui, were believed to have been able to look across great distances into the stars.(教材原句)
翻译:例如,在中国考古遗址三星堆发掘的古蜀国神秘的巨目青铜像,古时的人们认为它能够看到遥远的星空。
解析:`be believed to do/to have done` 是一个被动句型,意为“被认为/人们相信……”。此处 `to have been able` 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。
六.单元语法
Review: Modals (情态动词)
1. can / could
能力:`can` (现在能力) / `could` (过去能力)。
推测:常用于否定句和疑问句。`can't/couldn't be` 意为“不可能是”。
请求:`could` 比 `can` 语气更委婉。
2. may / might
推测:意为“可能”。`might` 比 `may` 可能性更小。
请求:`May I...?` 意为“我可以……吗?”
祝愿:`May you succeed!` 意为“祝你成功!”
3. must
必须:`must` (主观) / `have to` (客观)。否定式 `mustn‘t` 意为“禁止”。
推测:只用于肯定句,意为“一定,准是”。`must be doing` / `must have done`。
4. shall / should / ought to
shall:用于第一人称疑问句表建议 (`Shall we...?`),用于二、三人称陈述句表命令、允诺。
should / ought to:意为“应该”,表责任、义务。`should have done` 意为“本应该……(但没做)”。
5. will / would
请求:`Would you...?` 比 `Will you...?` 更委婉。
意志/习惯:`will` 表现在的意愿/习惯;`would` 表过去的习惯。
6. need / dare
既可作情态动词(常用于否定、疑问),也可作实义动词。
情态动词+have done 用法总结:
情态动词短语
含义
must have done
一定做过某事(肯定推测)
can‘t/couldn't have done
不可能做过某事(否定推测)
may/might have done
也许做过某事(可能性不大)
could have done
本可以做某事(而没做)
should/ought to have done
本应该做某事(而没做)
needn't have done
本不必做某事(而做了)
七.单元写作
专题:太空生活日志
基本框架:
日期/标题:以日记格式开头。
开头:描述在太空船/空间站的当前状态和感受。
主体:详细描述一天或某个特定时间段内的活动,重点突出与地球生活的不同(如吃饭、睡觉、工作、锻炼等)。
结尾:总结感受,表达对任务、地球或未来的看法。
常用词块:
1. on board a spacecraft 在宇宙飞船上
2. in this zero gravity world 在这个零重力的世界
3. be strapped to sleeping compartments 被绑在睡眠舱里
4. keep... clean 保持……干净
5. come in handy 派上用场
6. spit into a towel 吐到毛巾上
7. stay fit 保持健康
8. on a regular basis 定期地
9. be provided with... in liquid form 以液体形式提供……
10. focus on their work 专注于他们的工作
常用语句:
1. I felt a bit nervous at first, but I soon got used to the feeling of weightlessness.
2. One of the strangest things is eating, as food can float away if you're not careful.
3. I have to strap myself to the bed to avoid floating around while sleeping.
4. Exercising is a must for us astronauts to prevent our muscles from becoming weak.
5. Looking out of the window and seeing our blue planet from up here is a breathtaking experience.
例文:
题目:假设你是一名在中国空间站工作的宇航员。请写一篇日记,记录你在太空中的一天。
Possible answer:
Day 32 in Space
It‘s another day aboard the Tiangong space station. Life up here is never boring, but it’s definitely different from Earth.
I started my day not with an alarm clock, but with a gentle shake from my sleeping bag. I have to be strapped into it to stop myself from floating away! After “waking up”, the first challenge is using the special space toilet, which took a while to get used to. For breakfast, I had some rehydrated porridge and a packaged fruit bar. Everything must be kept shut tight, or it floats off!
The most important part of the day is work. I spent two hours conducting scientific experiments in the lab module. Later, for exercise, I had to cycle on a stationary bike for an hour and use the treadmill while wearing a harness to keep me from floating. It’s crucial to stay fit, because without gravity, our bones and muscles become weak.
The best part of the day, however, is always the same: looking out of the window. Seeing our beautiful, blue planet floating in the vast darkness of space is a breathtaking sight. It makes all the hard work and sacrifice worthwhile. We are here, reaching for the stars, and I couldn‘t be prouder.
一、单词拼写
1.She__________(提醒)me that I hadn’t written to Mother.
【答案】reminded
【详解】考查动词时态。句意:她提醒我,还没给我母亲写信。根据所给汉语提示可知,此处填动词remind,在句中作谓语动词,且根据后文的“hadn't written”可知,此处谓语动词应用一般过去时,故填reminded。
【点睛】
2.Dad has given me a lot of _____(指导) on choosing a career.
【答案】guidance
【详解】考查名词。句意:在职业选择上,爸爸给了我很多指导。指导为“guidance”,是不可数名词,作宾语,故填guidance。
3.I feel ________ and need to lie down. (根据句意单词拼写)
【答案】dizzy
【详解】考查形容词。句意:我感到头晕,需要躺下。根据句意,此处表示“头晕的”为形容词dizzy,是描述身体不适症状的形容词,此处为形容词作表语。故填dizzy。
4.My room is a mess,but I________clean it before I go out tonight.I can do it in the morning. (根据句意填空)
【答案】needn't
【详解】考查情态动词。句意:我的房间乱七八糟,但我今晚出去之前不必打扫。我可以在早上做。结合句意,可知表示“不必”用情态动词needn't符合题意。故填needn't。
5.A_______________(虐待) children is a very serious problem. (根据中英文提示单词拼写)
【答案】Abusing/busing
【详解】考查动名词。句意:虐待儿童是一个非常严重的问题。设空处为主语,描述一般性行为,应用动名词形式,位于句首,首字母需大写,根据中英文提示。故填Abusing。
6.They s________ the proposal which contained detailed research on the 33 sites along the corridor. (根据首字母单词拼写)
【答案】submitted/ubmitted
【详解】考查动词和时态。句意:他们提交了提案,其中包含对走廊沿线33个地点的详细研究。根据句意和“the proposal”可知,他们提交了一份提案,结合首字母提示,用动词submit作谓语,该句描述的是过去发生的事情,用一般过去时态。故填submitted。
7.Distant stars that are i__________ to naked eyes can be seen with a telescope. (根据首字母单词拼写)
【答案】invisible/nvisible
【详解】考查形容词。句意:用天文望远镜可以看到肉眼看不见的遥远恒星。分析句子,空处用形容词作表语,根据句意,invisible to naked eyes(肉眼不可见)符合,故填invisible。
8.The biologist studied the ________ (分布) of a rare bird species across the islands. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)
【答案】distribution
【详解】考查名词。句意:生物学家研究了这种稀有鸟类在岛屿间的分布。根据所给汉语提示可知,此处应用名词“distribution分布”在句中作宾语。故填distribution。
9.If the chair is too high, you can ________ (调整) it to suit you. (根据中文提示填空)
【答案】adjust
【详解】考查动词。句意:如果椅子太高了,你可以调整一下,让它适合你。情态动词can后接动词原形,根据汉语意思“调整”可知adjust符合题意。故填adjust。
10.Now that I have been determined to set up my own company, it doesn’t matter much ________ you are in favor of my plan.
【答案】whether
【详解】考查连接词。句意:既然我已经决定创立自己的公司了,你是否赞成我的计划并不重要。根据前文it doesn’t matter和后文you are in favor of my plan可知,下划线处应填写连接词,引导主语从句,it作形式主语。结合句意可知用whether表达“是否”。故填whether。
二、单项选择
11.The reason why I have come here for the job is that I just want to make practical use of _________ I have learned in class.
A.which B.how C.what D.whether
【答案】C
【详解】考查名词性从句(宾语从句)。句意:我之所以来这里应聘这份工作,是因为我就是要让课上所学派上实际用场。A. which哪一个;B. how怎样,如何;C. what什么,……的东西,……的事物;D. whether是否。分析句子结构,介词of后接名词或名词性从句,此处为名词性从句,要求补全引导词。从句缺少宾语,指物,结合句意,此处指的是“所学的东西”,只有what符合语境,故选C。
12.On stepping into the room this morning I was astonished to find the floor covered with______ looked like tiny insects.
A.that B.something C.what D.anything
【答案】C
【详解】考查宾语从句。句意:今天早上一走进房间,我就惊讶地发现地板上爬满了像是小昆虫一样的东西。可知这个句子中包含一个宾语从句,这个宾语从句是作介词的宾语。且引导词在从句中主语,表示“什么”的意思,故用what。故选C。
13.____he wants to say is____ great an effort he has made to help her out.
A.That; how B.What; what C.What; how D.What; that
【答案】C
【详解】考查名词性从句的连接词。句意:他想说的是,他花了多大的努力才帮助她摆脱了困境。第一空what he wants to say是一个主语从句,what引导起这个主语从句,并在句中作为say的宾语;第二空是有how引导的表语从句how great an effort he has made to help her out. 其中的how修饰great。故C正确。
14.We admire the people ________ have contributed a lot to our society.
A.which B.who C.whom D.whose
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我们钦佩那些为社会做出巨大贡献的人。由“We admire the people(我们钦佩这些人)”可知,先行词“the people”指人,分析定语从句“________ have contributed a lot to our society”结构可知,空格处代替先行词,需作从句的主语,故用关系代词who。故选B项。
15.— Is your class teacher in the office now?
— He ________ be there now. He’s gone to Beijing.
A.mustn’t B.can’t C.needn’t D.won’t
【答案】B
【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意:——你的班主任现在在办公室吗?——他现在不可能在那里。他去北京了。A. mustn’t禁止;B. can’t不可能;C. needn’t不必;D. won’t将不。根据下文“He’s gone to Beijing.”可知,班主任去北京了,所以他现在不可能在办公室,can’t表示“不可能”,符合句意。故选B。
16.The beautiful mountain village _____________ we spent our holiday last year is located in _____________ is now part of Guangxi.
A.which; where B.where; what C.that; what D.when; which
【答案】B
【详解】考查定语从句与名词性从句的引导词。句意:我们去年度假的那个美丽的山村位于现在广西的一部分。第一空处为定语从句,先行词为village,从句缺少地点状语,应用关系副词where,故填where;第二个设空处in后面连接的是宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,应用连接代词what,故填what。故选B项。
17.Some parents are just too protective. They want to ___________their kids from every kind of damage, real or imagined.
A.spot B.shelter C.dismiss D.distinguish
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意:有些父母保护欲太强了。他们想保护自己的孩子免受各种伤害,无论是真实的还是想象的。A. spot发现;B. shelter保护;C. dismiss开除,解雇;D. distinguish区别,分清。根据空后their kids from every kind of damage, real or imagined及常识可知,此处表示“保护”应为shelter,且位于不定式符号to之后,所以此处使用动词原形。故选B项。
18.We have seen a lot of examples ________ the animals start to depend too much on humans.
A.which B.where C.when D.why
【答案】B
【详解】句意:我们已经看到了很多动物开始过度依赖人类的例子。分析句子可知,本句包含一个定语从句,先行词为examples,其在定语从句中作抽象地点状语,此需用关系副词where引导。
19.This restaurant has an inviting, homelike atmosphere ______ many others are short of.
A.where B.when
C.that D.what
【答案】C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:这个饭店有其他很多饭店缺少的诱人的、像家一样的氛围。这里使用了限制性定语从句,先行词是an inviting, homelike atmosphere,指物,在定语从句做宾语,所以用关系代词that/which引导定语从句,故选C。
20.It remains to be seen ______ the newly formed committee’s policy can be ______.
A.why; in its way B.whether; put into practice
C.what; sentenced to death D.which; left an impression
【答案】B
【详解】考查主语从句和动词短语辨析。句意:新成立的委员会的政策能否付诸实施还有待观察。in its way阻碍,put into practice付诸实践,sentenced to death判死刑,left an impression留下印象;第一空引导主语从句,结合句意表示“是否”应用whether;空②应用动词短语put into practice(付诸实践),表示政策是否会被付诸实施尚有待观察。故选B项。
三、语法填空
1. (2024·新高考I卷)The book ________ I borrowed from the library is very popular among students.
答案:that/which
解析:考查限制性定语从句,先行词The book指物,关系代词在从句中作宾语,可用that或which。
2. (2024·全国甲卷)You ________ follow the school rules whenever you are on campus.
答案:must/should
解析:考查情态动词,此处表示“必须/应该”遵守校规,结合语境填must或should均可。
3. (2024·新高考II卷)I really don’t know ________ we can finish the task ahead of time.
答案:if/whether
解析:考查宾语从句,从句语义完整,表达“是否”,用if或whether引导。
4. (2023·全国乙卷)This is the park ________ many old people take exercise every morning.
答案:where
解析:考查定语从句,先行词the park表地点,关系副词在从句中作地点状语,故用where。
5. (2023·浙江6月卷)As an old saying goes, we ________ not judge a person by his appearance.
答案:should
解析:考查情态动词,此处表示建议“不应该以貌取人”,用should。
6. (2023·新课标I卷)________ makes us happy is the warm friendship between classmates.
答案:What
解析:考查主语从句,连接词在从句中作主语,指代事物,故用What。
7. (2022·新高考I卷)The boy ________ father is a doctor works very hard at his lessons.
答案:whose
解析:考查定语从句,关系代词whose在从句中作定语,修饰名词father,表所属关系。
8. (2022·全国甲卷)With enough practice, everyone ________ speak English fluently one day.
答案:can
解析:考查情态动词,此处表示能力“能够”,结合句意填can。
9. (2022·全国乙卷)My hope is ________ all of us can realize our dreams in the future.
答案:that
解析:考查表语从句,从句句意、成分完整,只起连接作用,用that引导。
10. (2021·新高考I卷)He has passed the exam, ________ makes his parents very pleased.
答案:which
解析:考查非限制性定语从句,关系代词which指代前面整句话内容,从句置于主句之后。
11. (2021·浙江1月卷)When I was young, I ________ swim across the small river easily.
答案:could
解析:考查情态动词,描述过去具备的能力,can的过去式为could。
12. (2021·全国乙卷)There is no doubt ________ hard work leads to success.
答案:that
解析:考查同位语从句,固定句型There is no doubt that...,that引导从句解释doubt的具体内容。
13. (2020·全国I卷)I still remember the day ________ we first met each other.
答案:when
解析:考查定语从句,先行词the day表时间,关系副词在从句中作时间状语,故用when。
14. (2020·全国II卷)You ________ worry about me. I can take good care of myself.
答案:needn’t
解析:考查情态动词,后句表明“我能照顾自己”,此处表示“不必担心”,填needn’t。
15. (2020·新课标III卷)She asked me ________ I would attend the evening party or not.
答案:whether
解析:考查宾语从句,固定搭配whether...or not(是否),为固定用法,不可用if。
16. (2019·全国I卷)This is the most interesting story ________ I have ever read.
答案:that
解析:考查定语从句,先行词被最高级the most interesting修饰,关系代词只能用that。
17. (2019·全国II卷)You ________ have told me the truth earlier. Now it’s too late.
答案:should
解析:考查情态动词,should have done表示“本应该做某事(实际未做)”,带有惋惜语气。
18. (2019·全国III卷)No one knows ________ he solved the difficult problem in such a short time.
答案:how
解析:考查宾语从句,从句缺少方式状语,表达“如何、怎样”,故用how引导。
19. (2018·全国I卷)The teacher ________ you met yesterday will give us a speech this afternoon.
答案:who/whom/that
解析:考查定语从句,先行词The teacher指人,关系代词在从句中作宾语,可用who、whom或that。
20. (2018·浙江卷)It ________ rain this afternoon. You’d better take an umbrella with you.
答案:may/might
解析:考查情态动词,此处表示推测“可能会下雨”,语气不确定,用may或might。
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