Unit 1-Unit 8 语法知识点+配套练习 2025-2026学年译林版八年级英语下册

**基本信息** 聚焦初中英语核心语法，以“概念-规则-应用”逻辑构建专项体系，通过方法提炼与分层训练提升语言运用能力，培养逻辑思维与解题策略。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |现在完成时|3单元系统讲解+30+单选|三步骤区分时态（标志词→持续性→影响）|从基本用法到have/has been/gone辨析，再到与一般过去时对比，层层递进| |被动语态|2单元（含3种时态）|主动被动转换四规则（含短语动词、双宾语等）|按“一般现在/过去时→一般将来时”时序展开，结合主动表被动特殊用法| |句型结构|3单元（疑问词+不定式等）|句型转换公式（如too...to与enough to互转）|从基础结构到复合句型，注重语境应用与逻辑转换|

8B Grammar Unit 1 现在完成时（Ⅰ） · 我们用现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态，或已完成但对现在有一定影响的动作。现在完成时也可和频度副词一起表示某个动作从过去到现在发生的次数。如： He has lived here since he came to Nanjing. 自从来到南京，他就一直住在这里。 I have lost my mobile phone. 我的手机丢了。（言下之意：我现在无法使用手机。） I have been to Beijing many times. 我去过北京很多次了。 · 现在完成时常和already、yet、ever、never、just、recently等副词以及since、for引导的时间状语连用。如： He has not returned the book to me yet. 他还没有把那本书还给我。 He has never visited the Great Wall. 他从没去过长城。 Suzhou classical gardens have been famous for a long time. 苏州园林已闻名许久。 注意：already常用于肯定句，意为“已经”，而yet常用于否定句和疑问句，意为“还”。 · 现在完成时的动词构成为：have/has+动词的过去分词。 大多数动词的过去分词变化形式同动词的过去式，可参照动词的过去式变化规则。 · 不规则动词的过去分词变化 有些动词的过去分词和过去式的变化形式相同，其变化情况大致分类如下： 变化 举例（原形—过去式—过去分词） 与原形相同 hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt 在原形后加t或d learn-learnt-learnt hear-heard-heard 原形中的元音字母有变化 get-got-got sit-sat-sat 原形中的辅音字母有变化 make-made-made spill-spilt-spilt 原形中的元音、辅音字母都有变化 feel-felt-felt smell-smelt-smelt 有些动词的过去分词和过去式的变化形式不同，其变化情况大致分类如下： 变化 举例（原形—过去式—过去分词） 与原形相同 come-came-come run-ran-run 原形中的元音字母有变化 ring-rang-rung sing-sang-sung 在原形上加en eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen 在原形上加n see-saw-seen give-gave-given 在过去式上加n steal-stole--stolen break-broke-broken 原形、过去式和过去分词的词形差异较大 do-did-done go-went-gone 【补充一】现在完成时态还常常用于下列句型： · 四大句型： 1) It’s +一段时间+ since …(或It has been + 一段时间+ since …) eg. It is 8 years since I came to Nanjing. = It has been 8 years since I came to Nanjing. 2) This is the +形容词最高级+名词+ that +从句（从句用现在完成时） eg. This is the saddest film that I have ever seen. 3) There have/ has been … eg. There have been great changes to my hometown in the past two years. 4) It is the first / second /… time that +从句（从句用现在完成时） eg. It is the first time that I have visited Beijing. 【补充二】现在完成时与反义疑问句 1) ’s是is还是has的辨析： ·has只有表示现在完成时的助动词时，才可以缩写为’s。所以，我们可以得出：’s后面如果不是过去分词, 那么一定是is，而不是has。 ·如果’s后面是过去分词，我们还要区分主被动，如果是表达主动意，那么’s是has的缩写，如果表达的是被动意，那么仍然是is的缩写。 例1. He’s already back to China, isn’t he? 例2. He’s already been back to China, hasn’t he? 例3. He's always made to do a lot of housework, isn’t he? Sb. be made to do 某人被让做某事 2) have/has是助动词还是行为动词： ·如果have/has表示的是助动词，那么后面要有过去分词； ·如果后面没有过去分词，那么have/has就是行为动词。 例1. He has gone to Hainan, hasn’t he? 例2. He has a lot of things to do, doesn’t he? 例3. He has to go home now, doesn’t he? · 注意never表否定，要前否后肯。 【巩固练习】 一、单项选择。 ( )l. ---That's a nice mobile phone. ---Yes, it is. My aunt __________ it for my last birthday. A. buy B. will buy C. have bought D. bought ( )2. ---Are you doing well in your Maths? ---No. I ___________ my best, but I still can't get good marks. A. am trying B. tried C. have tried D. will try ( )3. ---They haven't seen this film, have they? ---_____________. They are very busy these days. A. Yes, they have B. No, they haven't C. Yes, they haven't D. No, they have ( )4. I ___________ Lucy for a long time. I wonder what ___________ to her. A. didn't hear from; happened B. didn't hear from; has happened C. haven't heard from; happened D. haven't heard from; has happened ( )5. ---Have you ___________ visited Miss Zhang? ---No, ___________. I decide to visit her next weekend. A. ever; yet B. ever; never C. already; never D. already; yet ( )6. How time flies! Three years ___________ since I ___________ you last time. A. has passed; met B. have passed; meet C. passed; have met D. passed; met ( )7. ---Have you seen the latest film ___________? ---Yes. I have ___________ seen it with my friends. A. just; already B. yet; already C. yet; yet D. already; just ( )8. --- ___________ you ___________ from your brother so far? ---Yes. I ___________ a letter from him yesterday. A. Did; hear; got B. Have; heard; have got C. Have; heard; got D. Did; hear; have got ( )9. Mr Howard thought Jean ___________ present her science project yesterday, but she ___________ it up to now. A. was going to; didn't finish B. was going to; hasn't finished C. would; didn't finish D. would; hasn't finished ( )10. ---Your English is so good. How long have you learnt English? ---________ I was five. A. Before B. Until C. Since D. When ( )11. ---This is _________ film I __________ you many times. ---It's great. I've never seen ______ more interesting one. A. a; told; a B. the; have told; the C. a; tell; the D. the; have told; a ( )12. ---He's never late for school, __________ he? --- __________. It's the third time that he __________ late. A. isn't; No; has been B. has; Yes; is C. is; Yes; has been D. hasn't; No; was ( )13. ---Millie has few close friends in her class, __________? ---_____________. She is too shy to make friends with others. A. has she; Yes, she has B. has she; No, she hasn't C. does she; Yes, she does D. does she; No, she doesn't ( )14. ---What do you think of Beijing, Mrs. Smith? ---Oh, I __________ such a beautiful city before. A. don't visit B. didn't visit C. haven't visited D. won't visit ( )15. ---I have _________ finished my homework. What about you? ---I finished it __________. A. just; just B. just now; just now C. just; just now D. just now; just 二、句型转换。 1. They've already read the book. ___________________________________________________（改为否定句） ___________________________________________________（改为一般疑问句） ___________________________________________________（肯定和否定回答） 2. They have worked here since five years ago.（对画线部分提问） _____________________ they worked here? 3. Dad came home from work just now.（用just改写句子) ________________________________________________________ 4. We have lived in Yangzhou for 10 years.（用since改写句子) ________________________________________________________ 5. Sunshine Town has changed a lot over the years.（改为同义句） A lot of changes _________________ in Sunshine Town over the years. Unit 2 现在完成时（Ⅱ） have/has been和have/has gone的用法 · 我们用have/has been表示某人曾经去过某地，并且已经回来。如： He has been to the Palace Museum twice. 他曾经去过故宫博物院两次。 ---Have you ever been to Xi'an? 你去过西安吗? ---No. I have never been there. But I plan to go this year. 不，我从来没去过，不过我打算今年去。 · 我们用have/has gone表示某人已经去了某地，但还没回来。如： He has gone to London. He will be back in two weeks. 他已经去伦敦了。他将在两周后回来。 ---Is Tom at home? 汤姆在家吗? ---No, he isn't. He has gone to the cinema. 不在。他去看电影了。 和for或since连用的动词 · 现在完成时常和for或since引导的表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如： He has been away from China for two years. 他离开中国已有两年了。 He has lived in Nanjing since 2020. 自2020年以来，他一直住在南京。 · for和since的用法 单词 用法 例句 for “for+时间段”常和现在完成时连用， 句中谓语动词为延续性动词 We have waited for about three hours. since since+过去的时间点 We've been waiting here since two o’clock. since+一段时间+ago I have been here since three months ago. since +从句（从句用一般过去时） I haven't played baseball since I left university. It is/has been+一段时间+since从句 It is/has been three years since he left his hometown. · 注意：在现在完成时中，如果出现表示一段时间的状语，我们要用延续性动词，而不能用短暂性动词。下面是一些常用的短暂性动词和延续性动词： 短暂性动词 延续性动词 现在完成时构成 come / go / arrive be in/at have/has been in/at leave be away have/has been away buy have have/has had open be open have/has been open close be closed have/has been closed borrow keep have/has kept finish / stop be over have been over begin / start be on have/has been on die be dead have/has been dead join be a member of / be in have/has been a member of / in marry be married have/has been married catch a cold have a cold have/has had a cold fall ill be ill have/has been ill fall asleep be asleep have/has been asleep · 在现在完成时的否定句中，短暂性动词可以与for或since引导的表示一段时间的时间状语一起 使用。 The old man hasn't left his hometown since he was born. 这位老人从出生起就没有离开过家乡。 We haven't bought a new car for ten years. 我们十年没买新车了。 【巩固练习】 一、用for或since填空。 1. She has been in the hospital _________ this morning to look after her mother. 2. Joe has lived in London _________ five years and she misses her parents in her hometown. 3. We have known each other _________ June 2010. We are close friends who have no secrets. 4. ---How long have you been here? ---I have been here _________ half an hour. 5. I have had this teddy bear _________ I was a little child. 6. Jason has made music _________ more than 25 years. He is still waiting for his chance to succeed. 二、从方框中选出合适的短语并用其适当形式填空。 have been to have been in go to have gone to have been have gone 1. Sandy _______________ Hainan for her holiday. She will be back in nine days. 2. The new couple _______________ Thailand and stayed there for five days last month. 3. ---Will they visit the Science Museum today? ---Yes. They _________ already __________ there this morning. 4. My father _______________ Nanjing for a week and he will spend two more days there. 5. Alice isn't here for the moment, sir! She _______________ for lunch. 6. ---How many times __________ you ____________ Yangzhou? ---Lots of times. My father works there. 三、单项选择。 ( )1. Which of the following is RIGHT? A. He's borrowed the book for two weeks. B. He has joined the club since last week. C. He hasn't seen his uncle for years. D. He has caught a cold for a week. ( )2. It _________ ten years since we last _________ in Beijing. A. was; met B. has been; met C. has been; meet D. is; meet ( )3. ---Jenny, your new tape player looks great. ---Oh, it's not new. I _________ it for three years. A. kept B. have had C. bought D. have bought ( )4. ---How long _________ you _________ your hometown? ---For five years. A. have; left B. has; left C. have; been away from D. has; been away from ( )5. ---Who will talk about the development of American country music next week? ---I suggest Brad. He _________ in Nashville, the home of country music, since he was a child. A. lives B. lived C. has lived D. will live ( )6. Linda became a doctor eleven years _________. She has been a doctor _________ 2015. She has worked here _________ many years. A. ago; in; after B. ago; since; for C. before; since; after D. before; in; for ( )7. The therapy centre is on High Street and it __________ service for over 10 years. A. has started B. has been in C. has stopped D. has been out of ( )8. Our English teacher isn't in the office now. She __________ the library. A. goes to B. has gone to C. will go to D. was going to ( )9. The shopping mall __________ for two years, but I __________ there only once. A. has opened; have gone B. has opened; have been C. has been open; have gone D. has been open; have been ( )10. ---Look at the wedding photo of your parents. How happy they are! ---Yeah. They _________ for nearly l5 years and they always share happiness and sadness with each other. A. were married B. married C. have got married D. have been married ( )11. ---How long has the conflict(冲突) __________? ---For over a year. A. started B. ended C. been on D. start ( )12. ---Where is Alex? I haven't seen him for a few weeks. ---I'm afraid he ___________ Australia for his holiday. He ___________ there twice before. A. has gone to; has been B. has been to; has been in C. has been in; has been D. has gone to; has been to ( )13. Mr Wang __________ Sanya for holiday since he ___________ Mrs Wang last week. A. has been in; married B. has gone to; got married to C. has gone to; married D. has been to; got married to ( )14. ---What a pity! How long ___________ the cold? ---_________ 2 days ago. A. have you caught; Since B. have you had; Since C. have you had; Before D. have you caught; Before ( )15. It _________ more than fifteen years since I became an English teacher. A. has B. have C. was D. is Unit 3 现在完成时（Ⅲ） 一般过去时和现在完成时的区别 一般过去时和现在完成时都可以表示过去发生的动作，但是在具体的语境中，这两种时态有明显的区别。 · 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事情或存在的状态，说话的侧重点在陈述过去发生的事情或存在的状态。如： I went to Beijing last month. 我上个月去过北京。 Tom was in China in 2022. 2022年汤姆在中国。 · 现在完成时表示到说话时为止已经发生或完成（不一定结束）的动作或状态，强调造成的结果或对现在产生的影响。如： I have bought a new mobile phone. 我买了一部新手机。（言下之意：我现在有新手机用了。） I have been to Jingdezhen many times. 我去过景德镇很多次。（言下之意：我对景德镇比较熟悉。） 注意：一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday、the other day、last week、two years ago、just now、in 2022等。现在完成时则通常和频度副词或表示一段时间的状语连用，如many times、never、these days、this week、since...、for...等。 【特殊情况】 ·现在完成时强调的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响，所以若是过去发生的一个动作，现在情况已经发生的变化，则不用现在完成时，而用一般过去时。 ·现在完成时不与when引导的特殊疑问句连用，when后只用一般过去时表示已发生的动作。但现在完成时可与where, why等疑问词连用。 【解题步骤】 Step 1 看有无过去时间标志词：If有 —— 一般过去时 If没有 —— 进入Step 2 Step 2 看有没有持续到现在：If持续到现在 —— 现在完成时 If终止于过去 —— 一般过去时 If看不出 —— 进入Step 3 Step 3 看对现在有无影响： If有影响 —— 现在完成时 If无影响 —— 一般过去时 【巩固练习】 一、单项选择。 ( )1. ---They have been here for a long time. When _________ they _________? ---I don't know. But it looks like they are going to leave. A. have; arrived B. did; arrive C. will; reach D. do; come ( )2. He __________ up yet because he __________ to bed very late last night. A. didn't got; went B. doesn't get; went C. hasn't got; has gone D. hasn't got; went ( )3. ---_________ you __________ the “Rural Run” event in Jiangyan? ---Yes, I have. Also, I __________ a lot of beautiful photos during the run. A. Have; attended; have taken B. Did; attend; have taken C. Have; attended; took D. Did; attend; took ( )4. Most people agree that smart technology _________ a big part of society so far. A. Become B. became C. has become D. is becoming ( )5. After reading the Harry Potter series, I must say it is one of __________ books I _________. A. the best; have read B. the best; read C. a best; have read D. a best; read ( )6. ---I hear that your good friend David _________ in Yangzhou and yesterday he was back again. ---Yes, but the life he was used to __________ a lot over the years. A. used to live; changing B. is used to living; changed C. used to live; has changed D. is used to living; change ( )7. ---When _________ you _________ the new car? ---Well, I ___________ it for a week. A. did; have; have had B. did; buy; have had C. did; buy; have bought D. did; have; have bought ( )8. The old man __________ for more than 2 years. People still express their admiration for him online. A. dies B. died C. has died D. has been dead ( )9. I really like taking a boat on the Xuanwu Lake, so I _________ it again last weekend. A. visit B. visited C. will visit D. have visited ( )10. ---Great changes have taken place in our hometown over the past years. ---Yeah. Things __________ different when we were young. A. have been B. are C. will be D. were ( )11. ---_________ did your uncle leave for the capital of Denmark? ---Let me see. He ___________ for nearly 2 months. A. When; has left B. How long; has been away C. How long; has left D. When; has been away ( )12. ---I didn't know you could play the guitar so well. ---Thanks. I __________ it for several years when I was a child. A. was learning B. have learnt C. would learn D. learnt ( )13. Millie _________ her homework just now. But I ___________ mine. I shouldn't watch TV first. A. has finished; haven't finished B. finished; don't finish C. finished; haven't finished D. has finished; didn't finish ( )14. ---Where is Mike? ---He ___________ to New York on business. He __________ the airport at five in the morning. A. has gone; has left for B. has been; has left for C. has gone; left for D. has been; left for ( )15. ---What do you think of China, Mrs. Smith? ---Oh, great. It is a beautiful country. I ___________ Xi'an and Guilin twice. A. have gone to B. have been in C. have been to D. have been away 二、用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空。 1. It _____________(stop) raining. Let's go out to play basketball. 2. The workers often _____________(gather) together outside the factory for their pay years ago. 3. ---Is your sister at home? ---No, she ____________(go) to Nanjing. 4. What a fantastic time he has _____________(relax) 2 hours every day! 5. ---Why didn't you answer my phone last night? ---I _____________(walk) along the river with my parents. 6. His parents _____________(work) in our school for over 20 years. But now they work in a company. 7. Lucy with her classmates _____________(write) a play about communication skills these days. 8. We want to know what _____________(happen) to the city over the years. 9. I saw Daniel ______________(watch) videos when I walked past his house yesterday afternoon. 10. ---Is anybody here?---No, sir. Jim _____________(not arrive). Unit 4 疑问词+动词不定式 · 我们可以用“疑问词+动词不定式”结构充当动词的宾语。疑问词包括疑问代词what、which、who、whom、whose和疑问副词how、when、where。 eg. how to do it what to do 另外需注意：what, who, which+to do时，疑问词做宾语，如果遇到不及物动词，注意不要漏介词： what to talk about with me who to talk to about it which room to live in · 常和“疑问词+动词不定式”结构连用的动词及动词短语有：know、learn、see、hear、ask、tell、advise、decide、explain、forget、remember、think、understand、wonder、find out等。如： I do not know what to say next. 我不知道接下来说什么。 I cannot decide which to take. 我不能决定该拿哪一个。 · 有些动词，如 advise、ask、show、teach、tell等，其后可以接双宾语。如： Please tell me how to get there. 请告诉我怎么去那儿。 Sandy showed Millie how to use the VR glasses. 桑迪给米莉演示了如何使用VR眼镜。 · 有些疑问词，如what、which、whose、how many、how much等，其后可以先接一个名词，再接动词不定式。如： She wondered how many subjects to choose. 她不知道该选几门课。 · 在“疑问词+动词不定式”结构前，有时也可以是如sure、clear等形容词。如： I am not sure which way to take. 我不确定走哪条路。 · “疑问词+动词不定式”结构在句子中还可以充当主语和表语。如： How to deal with the problem is most important to us. 如何处理这个问题对我们来说最重要。 The problem is when to leave the place. 问题是何时离开这个地方。 · “疑问词+动词不定式”结构可以改写成由该疑问词引导的从句。如： I do not know what to do. 我不知道该做什么。 =I do not know what I should do. 注意：所有疑问词中，只有why不可以与动词不定式连用。 must和have to的用法 · must表示主观的义务和必要，主要用于肯定句和疑问句中，意思是“必须，得，要”。如： You must take exercise today. 你今天必须进行锻炼。 · must的否定形式must not表示禁止，意思是“不能，不许”。如： You must not smoke here. 你不能在这里抽烟。 【注意】mustn’t不能回答must的提问，但是可以回答may的提问，如： ---Must I clean my bedroom today? ---Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. ---May I smoke here? ---Yes, you may. / Yes, you can. / No, you can’t. / No, you mustn’t. · have to表示一种客观的需要，意思是“不得不”。have to有人称和数的变化。如： It is getting dark. He has to go home now. 天快黑了。他现在得回家了。 Mum is out, so I have to look after myself. 妈妈出去了，因此我不得不照顾自己。 · have to的否定形式是do/does not have to。如： They do not have to buy a computer at the moment. 他们目前没有必要买电脑。 It's raining hard outside. He does not have to go now. 外面雨下得正大，他不必现在就走。 注意：must还可表示推断和猜测，意思是“一定”，但must not没有表示否定猜测的用法。如： You must be hungry after all that walking.（√） You must not be hungry because you just had lunch.（×） 【巩固练习】 一、单项选择。 ( )l. ---Must we finish our English homework this Friday? ---No, you _________. You _________ finish it this weekend. A. mustn't; can B. can't; must C. shouldn't; may D. don't have to; can ( )2. ---Excuse me, would you please tell me _________ a digital camera? ---There is a big mall 500 metres away. Go straight and you will see it. A. which to buy B. where to buy C. what I can buy D. where can I buy ( )3. Mike, you _________ play with fire. You _________ burn yourself. A. don't have to; can't B. mustn't; may C. mustn't; shouldn't D. shouldn't; must ( )4. ---I really don't know _________ to send the magazines. ---Why not call an express(快递) company? A. how B. which C. when D. what ( )5. You _________ finish the journal about “Lu Xun” today, but you __________ copy others' work. It must be your own ideas. A. mustn't; don't have to B. don't have to; mustn't C. mustn't; mustn't D. don't have to; don't have to ( )6. A hard-working man _______ become a great scientist, but a great scientist ______ be a hard-working man. A. may not; must B. may not; have to C. can't; must D. can't; can ( )7. ---The giant panda Fu Bao _________ to China from Korea in April 2024. ---Really? Could you tell me ____________ her? A. returned; what to visit B. has returned; when to visit C. returned; where to visit D. has returned; how to visit ( )8. We should learn some basic life skills since we _________ depend on ourselves some day. A. can B. can't C. must D. mustn't ( )9. ---I am worried about my study, but I don't know ____________ about my problems. ---Come on! You can talk to me. We are good friends. A. what to talk B. what to talk about C. who to talk to D. who to talk ( )10. Which dress do you want, madam? --- Sorry, I can't decide ___________ now. A. which one to buy it B. which one will I buy C. which one to buy D. which I should buy it ( )11. ---With 4G mobile phones, people can even see each other as they talk. ---Oh, really? Would you please show us ___________, please? ---Of course. Can you use it ___________ now? A. how to use; by yourself B. what to use; by yourself C. what to use; on yours own D. how to use it; alone ( )12. We have two rooms _______, but I can’t decide ___________. A. to live; to choose which one B. lived; choose which one C. live; which one D. to live in; which one to choose ( )13. ---Do you know ___________ for help when we have trouble with our study? ---Yes, we can either surf on the Internet or ask our teachers to help us. A. who should we ask B. what to ask C. who to ask D. how we should ask ( )14. The girl riding a horse there ____________ be Shirley. Her left leg was badly hurt yesterday. A. needn’t B. may not C. can’t D. mustn’t ( )15. ---___________ I return the book this week? ---No, you ___________. But if you want to ___________ it for more days, you should renew it online. A. Could; can't; borrow B. Must; don't have to; borrow C. Must; needn't; keep D. Must; mustn't; keep 二、按要求完成句子。 1. You can ask your parents how much money you can take with you. (同义句转换) You can ask your parents __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ with you. 2. I can’t decide which meeting to attend. (同义句转换) I can't decide __________ __________ __________ __________ __________. 3. 我还没决定读什么。在怎样养成好的阅读习惯方面我能向谁寻求建议呢？ I haven’t decided _________________. Who _____________________________________________________. 4. 你在如何选择书本上提供了多么有用的建议啊! What _____________________________________________________________________________________! 5. which, after-school, choose, us, activities, as, advised, to, Mr. Wu __________________________________________________________________________________________. Unit 5 enough和enough to的用法 · enough可以用在复数名词或不可数名词前，表示“足够的，充足的”。如： There is enough room for you. 有足够的地方给你。 · 我们可以用“be+adjective+enough+to do”的结构来描述一个人的品质和能力。如： Confucius is wise enough to be one of the greatest ancient Chinese thinkers. 孔子十分睿智，是中国古代最伟大的思想家之一。 The girl is not brave enough to go near the dog. 这个女孩胆子不够大，不敢靠近那只狗。 too和too ... to的用法 · too可用在形容词和副词前，表示“太，过于，过度”。如： This bag is too heavy for me. 这个包对我而言太沉了。 · 我们可以用“be+too+ adjective+ to do”的结构来表达因某个原因而没有完成某个动作或达到某种状态。如： He is too tired to go swimming. 他太累了，没法去游泳了。 The water is too hot to drink. 水太烫了，还不能喝。 · 我们可以在动词不定式前加介词for引出逻辑主语。如： The box is very heavy. The little boy cannot carry it. 盒子太重了，这个小男孩搬不动。 = The box is too heavy for the little boy to carry. The apple is very high. The child cannot reach it. 苹果太高了，这个孩子够不着。 = The apple is too high for the child to reach. · 注意：too... to结构和never一起使用时表示肯定。如： One is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 · “be + too + adjective + to do”相当于“be + not + adjective + enough + to do”，通常在第二种结构中使用的形容词是第一种结构中使用的形容词的反义词。如： The little girl is too young to go to school. 这个小女孩年纪太小，还不能上学。 = The little girl is not old enough to go to school. · enough to结构可与“so ... that ...”结构相互转换。 Tom is funny enough to make us laugh. =Tom is so funny that he can make us laugh. 【补充】 (1)在enough to和too ... to结构中，如果动词不定式和主语构成被动关系，动词不定式中的动词后不能使用代词来指代主语。 The problem is too difficult to solve.（√） The problem is too difficult to solve it.（×） 这个问题太难，无法解决。 (2)在enough to和too ... to结构中，如果主语是后面动词不定式所表示动作发生的地点，且动词不定式中的动词为不及物动词，则需要在动词不定式后面加上相应的介词。 The room is big enough to live in. 这个房间足够大，可以住进去。 The river is too deep for children to swim in. 这条河太深了，孩子们不能在里面游泳。 【巩固练习】 一、单项选择。 ( )1. As an adult, he must work __________ to make __________ to support his family. A. hardly enough; enough money B. enough hard; enough money C. hard enough; enough money D. hard enough; money enough ( )2. ---Do you want to keep goldfish? ---No. It's _________ difficult _________ take good care of them. A. so; that B. too; to C. such; that D. enough; to ( )3. The gate of the factory should be wider. It is _________ for two cars to go through. A. too wide B. wide enough C. not too wide D. not wide enough ( )4. _________ teenagers are attracted by and addicted to computer games. It's __________ bad. A. Too many; much too B. Too much; too much C. Much too; too much D. Too many; too much ( )5. ---Do you think the cost of the trip is __________? ---Yes. Because the food and the hotels cost ___________. A. too much large; too many B. much too high; too much C. much too expensive; too much D. much too low; too many ( )6. English people are usually __________ to push past you. They don't mind waiting. A. too gentle B. gentle enough C. too impatient D. patient enough ( )7. Tom's mother is too busy __________ housework __________ him with his homework. A. doing; to help B. to do; to help C. doing; helping D. to do; helping ( )8. She was ill last week. But she is __________ to go to school today. A. well enough B. enough well C. enough good D. good enough ( )9. The boy ran ___________ to catch the last bus. A. too fast B. very much fast C. enough fast D. fast enough ( )10. ---Children's life was too __________ to find enough time for the hobbies. ---It is quite different after the “double reduction”. A. much B. boring C. enough D. full 二、用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空。 1. Teachers must be patient enough ___________(work) with students, I think. 2. The boy is too careless ___________(take) his homework to school from home sometimes. 3. I can't take a walk with you. I'm too busy ___________(clean) the house now. 4. You are never too ___________(careful) ___________(check) your homework before handing it in. 5. She spoke too ___________(quick) for me ___________(follow) her words. 三、同义句转换。 1. Tom is very clever and often gets good marks in his exams. a. Tom is __________ __________ __________ __________ good marks in his exams. b. Tom is __________ __________ __________ he often gets good marks in his exams. 2. The problem isn't easy enough for me to work out. a. The problem is __________ difficult __________ __________ __________ work out. b. The problem is __________ difficult __________ I can't work it out. 3. The water is so dirty. We can't drink it. a. The water is __________ dirty __________ __________ __________ drink. b. The water isn't __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ drink. 4. He is so young that he can't look after himself. a. He is __________ __________ __________ look after himself. b. He is not __________ __________ __________ look after himself. Unit 6 “it is + adjective (+ for/of...) + to-infinitive”句型 句型 含义 举例 说明 it is + adjective + to do sth. 做某事是……的 It is interesting to go fishing. 钓鱼真有趣。 该句型中的形容词表示动词不定式所具备的特征或客观情况。常见的形容词有：cheap、convenient、dangerous、 difficult、easy、exciting、expensive、important、interesting、necessary、normal、possible、useful、wonderful等。 it is + adjective + for sb. + to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是……的 It is necessary for us to learn the spirit of Lei Feng. 对我们来说，学习雷锋精神是必要的。 该句型中的形容词用法和“it is + adjective + to do sth.”句型相似，for引出逻辑主语。 it is + adjective + of sb. + to do sth. 某人做某事真是…… It is clever of him to solve the problem. 他真聪明，解决了这个问题。 该句型中的形容词描述的是人的特征、品质等。常见的形容词有：brave、careless、clever、foolish、generous、good、helpful、honest、kind、nice、polite、silly、stupid、wrong等。 【延伸】 (1)表示“不做某事是……的”要在不定式前加not。 It's important not to skip meals. 重要的是，不能不吃饭。 (2)“it is + adjective + of sb. + to do sth.”句型中，of后的宾语与动词不定式之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，一般都可以转换成一个of后的宾语充当主语的句子。如： It is kind of you to share some good ideas with me. 你真好，和我分享一些好主意。 =You are kind to share some good ideas with me. 【巩固练习】 一、用介词of或for填空。 1. It's more meaningful _________ fans to support their team even when it loses the game. 2. It's rude _________ the boy to shout at his mother. 3. It's traditional _________ Chinese people to celebrate the Lantern Festival. 4. It's surprising _________ the Chinese film to break China's box office record. 5. It's clever _________ the little girl to answer the question correctly. 6. It's necessary _________ a student to listen carefully in class. 7. It's kind _________ the girl to think more about others than about herself. 8. It's not easy _________ such a little child to keep quiet for a long time. 二、单项选择。 ( )1. ---It's nice _________ you _________ bad words about others. ---Thank you. That's what I should do. A. of; to say B. for; to say C. of; not to say D. for; not to say ( )2. What great trouble Mike has __________ his friend's new flat! A. finding B. found C. to find D. find ( )3. ---How dangerous it is __________ the kids _________ the kite in the street! ---Let's stop them right now. A. for; to fly B. of; flying C. of; to fly D. for; flying ( )4. My daughter thinks _________ necessary _________ to take some dancing classes. A. that; for her B. it; of her C. that; of her D. it; for her ( )5. It's generous ___________ him to donate money to the poor. It's really meaningful _________ us students to learn from him. A. of; of B. for; for C. for; of D. of; for ( )6. It is important __________ us students to make a plan _________ our studies before a new term starts. A. for; for B. of; for C. to; of D. with; on ( )7. Because of AI tools like DeepSeek, __________ is possible for us to find out many answers without using search engines. A. that B. it C. them D. this ( )8. Many students found __________ quite difficult __________ a script based on the texts we learned. A. it; writing B. it's; to write C. it's; writing D. it; to write ( )9. It's unhealthy ___________ breakfast every day. A. eat B. to eat C. not to eat D. eating ( )10. It’s careless ___________ her ___________ the door unlocked when she left the house this morning. A. for; to leave B. of; to leave C. for; leaving D. of; leaving 三、句型转换。 1. It's kind of her to help the homeless people. (改为否定句) __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. It's easy for him to solve the math problem. (改为同义句，用enough to) He _______________________________________________________________________________ 3. It's too difficult for me to work out the physics problem. (改为同义句，用本句型) __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. To follow the traffic rules is necessary for everyone. (改为同义句，用it作形式主语) __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. It's foolish of Tom to play computer games all day. (改为同义句，用sb. be +adj+enough to do的否定式) __________________________________________________________________________________ Unit 7 被动语态（Ⅰ） 一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态 语态是动词的一种形式，表示的是主语和谓语之间的关系。英语中的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。 · 当主语是谓语的执行者时，用主动语态。当主语是谓语的承受者时，用被动语态。如： We clean the classroom every day. 我们每天都打扫教室。 The classroom is cleaned (by us) every day. 教室每天都被（我们）打扫。 · 被动语态的基本构成如下： 主语 be动词 过去分词 一般现在时 I am supported. You/We/They are He/She/It is 一般过去时 I was supported. You/We/They were He/She/It was · 被动语态通常用于以下几种情况中： 1. 动作的执行者是泛指或不言自明时。如： Courses in traditional Chinese culture are taught in many schools. 在很多学校，（老师）会教授中国传统文化方面的课程。 2. 在不知道动作的执行者是谁时。如： The toy is designed for children. 这款玩具是为孩子们设计的。 3. 需要强调动作的承受者时。如： The construction of the Grand Canal was started in the Spring and Autumn Period. 大运河始建于春秋时期。 4. 出于委婉或礼貌而避谈动作的执行者时。如： This problem was discussed just now. 这个问题刚才（被）讨论过。 · 在被动语态的句子中，如果我们需要指明动作的执行者，可以由by引出。如： Mr Wu is liked by all of his students. 所有的学生都喜欢吴老师。 注意：有些动词常用于被动语态。如： He was born in Nanjing. 他生于南京。 This mobile phone was made in China. 这部手机是中国制造的。 · 主动语态与被动语态的句式转化： 主动语态 主语 She 谓语（主动式） hurt 宾语 me. 被动语态 原宾语（改为主格） I 谓语（被动式） was hurt by 原主语（改为宾格） her. · 主动语态变为被动语态时的注意事项： (1)有些动词短语相当于及物动词，所以在变为被动语态时，应把这类动词短语看作一个整体，其后的介词不能丢掉。 He listens to the radio every day. 他每天都听广播。 → The radio is listened to by him every day. (2)含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语的比较多。如果把直接宾语（指物）变为主语，则在间接宾语（指人）前加上相应的介词to或for。 主动语态 主语 He 谓语（主动式） passed 间宾 me 直宾 a book. 被动语态 原直宾 A book 谓语（被动式） was passed to me by 原主语（改为宾格） him. 原间宾（改为主格） I 谓语（被动式） was passed 原直宾 a book by 原主语（改为宾格） him. (3)在含义感官动词和使役动词的主动语态句式中，动词不定式的to常省去，但是在被动语态中要加上to。这些动词有let、make、have、see、hear、watch、feel、notice等。 主动语态 主语 She 谓语（主动式） made 宾语 him 不带to的不定式 retell the story. 被动语态 原宾语（改为主格） He 谓语（被动式） was made 带to的不定式 to retell the story by 原主语（改为宾格） her. · 不用被动语态的四种情况： (1)不及物动词（短语）没有动作的承受者，不用于被动语态，如take place、happen、come true。 His dream of becoming a teacher will come true. 他成为一名教师的梦想将会实现。 (2)系动词seem、become、turn、get、feel、taste、look一般用于系表结构，不能用于被动语态。 The leaves turn yellow in autumn. 树叶在秋季变黄。 (3)there be句型没有被动语态。 There is a big tree in front of the house. 房前有棵大树。 (4)主动句中的宾语是反身代词时，不能变为被动语态。 He taught himself English. 他自学英语。 · 主动形式表示被动意义： (1)某些不及物动词，如 read、write、draw、sell、wash、cook、clean等，和well、easily等副词连用，用主动结构表被动含义。。 The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写起来很顺滑。 The Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature sell well both at home and abroad. 中国的四大名著在国内外都很畅销。 (2)表示“需要；值得”等意义的词，如need、require、be worth，后接动词-ing形式表示被动意义。 Your computer needs repairing. 你的电脑需要修理。 (3)系动词，如smell、taste、sound、feel等，其主动语态形式含有被动意义。 The dish smells good. 这道菜闻起来很香。 The music sounds nice. 这段音乐听起来不错。 【巩固练习】 一、用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空。 1. More and more new technologies will _____________(bring) into our lives by scientists. 2. ---Can you finish this work in one hour? ---I'm afraid not. I will surely finish it if I _____________(give) one more hour. 3. All the food in the restaurant _____________(taste) nice and I often come here to enjoy it. 4. Don't leave until you _____________(tell) to do so. 5. ---What do you think of the Harry Potter series? ---Very good. They _____________(sell) well. And they _____________(sell) at the bookstore nearby. 6. ---Was Miss Wang at home yesterday afternoon? ---Yes. She _____________(hear) to sing in the bedroom. 7. Not only his children but also his wife _____________(invite) to the party the day before yesterday. 8. ---Excuse me, when can I use the mobile phone? ---Not until it _____________(repair) next week. 9. The new product aims _____________(encourage) people to share love and bring people happiness. Open your arms and have a try! 10. If the question _____________(not answer) correctly, another question will be given to you. 二、单项选择。 ( )1. ---Let's go to play football, Peter. ---I'm afraid not. I'll need one more hour before my homework ____________. A. has finished B. finished C. will be finished D. is finished ( )2. When you feel cold air coming through your window, energy ____________. A. wastes B. is wasted C. wasted D. was wasted ( )3. ---Did you have a good time on your birthday? ---Yes. A lot of presents ___________ me. A. bought B. are bought C. are bought for D. were bought for ( )4. ---Did you go to Jack's party last night? ---No, I ___________. A. didn't invite B. haven't invited C. wasn't invited D. am not invited ( )5. 45,000 mu of wheat __________ smoothly in Gaochun District last month, forming a busy harvest scene. A. harvests B. harvested C. is harvested D. was harvested ( )6. The mini programme “Clear Plate” is popular among young people. It ______ to help deal with food waste. A. will design B. will be designed C. designs D. is designed ( )7. ---When is the sports meeting __________ every year? ---It __________ at the beginning of the new term. A. taken place;is held B. held; takes place C. taken place; holds D. held; is taken place ( )8. ---Excuse me. When can we play badminton at the court? ---Not until next week. The court needs ___________. A. repairs B. to repair C. to repairing D. to be repaired ( )9. It's reported that over 100 people __________ in the landslide, __________ some babies. A. were killed; including B. killed; including C. were killed; include D. killed; include ( )10. These kinds of pens _____________. They ___________ quickly in all the shops. A. are written well; are sold out B. write well; are sold out C. are written well; sell out D. write well; sell out ( )11. Few students could understand the sentence until it ____________ twice or three times. A. explains B. was explained C. will be explained D. has explained ( )12. The music in the supermarket is too loud and it __________ clearly by the old people. A. can’t hear B. can’t be heard C. doesn’t hear D. isn’t heard ( )13. The old man __________ by his granddaughter every day. She is a very kind girl. A. takes care B. is taken care C. takes care of D. is taken care of ( )14. ---What _________ to your school library last summer vacation? ---It was painted white and some new books were added. A. was happened B. happened C. is happened D. happens ( )15. The news __________ quickly all over the country yesterday. A. was spread B. spread C. has spread D. has been spread Unit 8 被动语态（Ⅱ） 一般将来时的被动语态 · 一般将来时的被动语态用来描述将要发生的动作且主语是动作的承受者。如： He will be/is going to be taken to hospital in a few minutes. 他几分钟之内就会被送至医院。 In China, more and more wetlands will be/are going to be protected. 在中国，越来越多的湿地将会受到保护。 · 一般将来时的被动语态的构成： 一般将来时 主语 will be/be going to be 过去分词 I will be/am going to be supported. You/We/They will be/are going to be He/She/It will be/is going to be 注意：主语是第一人称时，被动语态的一般将来时也可以用“shall be+动词的过去分词”来表达。 【巩固练习】 一、用方框中所给单词的正确形式填空。 punish harm live pollution make give 1. ---The water in our city _______________ recently. ---Yes.We must take action at once to protect it. 2. Don't be so noisy, or you ______________ by your teacher when he comes back. 3. A lot of ______________ things in the sea are killed by water pollution. 4. ---May I have more time to do the work? ---No problem. You ______________ one more hour to finish the work. 5. I'm sure our life ______________ better if we work harder in every field. 6. Now a lot of animals ______________ by pollution and their habitats are polluted too. 二、单项选择。 ( )1. The air in cities ___________ cleaner if fewer cars _________ in the future. A. will be made; are driven B. is made; will be driven C. will be made; will be driven D. is made; are driven ( )2. When the sun ___________ in the morning, our national flag __________ in Tian'anmen Square. A. is raised; will be raised B. rises; will be risen C. rises; will be raised D. is raised; will rise ( )3. ---I don't know if I __________ some advice on how to study if I ask Jack for help. ---I'm sure he will. He is always helpful. A. offer B. am offered C. will offer D. will be offered ( )4. ---A new recycling station __________ in our neighbourhood next month. ---Wow, that's good news! It will become much cleaner. A. is built B. isn't built C. will be built D. won't be built ( )5. This machine is very easy __________. Hundreds of workers __________ for this in the past two months. A. to operate; have been trained B. to operate; were trained C. to be operated; have been trained D. to be operated; were trained ( )6. ---Excuse me, could you please tell me if the sports meeting ___________ on time? ---Hard to say. If it __________ tomorrow, we will have to put it off. A. will hold; rains B. will be held; rains C. will hold; will rain D. holds; will rain ( )7. ---More and more people like to visit Jingji Road in Zhenjiang at night. ---Yes. In the coming days, more cultural activities __________ to make it even more popular. A. will hold B. are held C. were held D. will be held ( )8. ---Time ___________. We must hurry up! ---OK. I am sure we can complete the work on time. A. is running out B. has run out C. is run out D. will be run out ( )9. ---Another three Chinese astronauts have arrived at the Tiangong space station. When will they come back? ---Not until their task ____________. A. finishes B. will finish C. will be finished D. is finished ( )10. Lei Feng has died, but his spirits should ____________ by us. A. learn B. be learnt C. learns D. be learning ( )11. Solve the first problem and the rest ____________ tomorrow. A. are going to be discussed B. is going to be discussed C. will discuss D. is discussing ( )12. ---Mum, can I go to the cinema with my classmates this afternoon? ---Of course, if your homework ____________. A. is finished B. has finished C. finishes D. will be finished ( )13. ---Dear, please get some fruit before it ___________. ---OK. I’ll go to the supermarket right away. A. runs out B. is run out C. is running out D. will be run out ( )14. ---When ________ the 2026 World Cup _________? ---In Qatar. And it ___________ in November 2026. A. is; hold; will be held B. was; held; will be held C. is; held; will be hold D. will; be held; will be held ( )15. The whole class ___________ to the museum for a trip by our headteacher next Friday. A. is taken B. are going to be taken C. will take D. takes 三、请根据句子意思，用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. The sea will _____________(pollute) if people keep throwing waste into it. 2. Because of the outbreak of the virus, the international trade is deeply ___________(affect). 3. ---How many groups will the students _____________(divide) into by the teacher in tomorrow's competition? ---Maybe five. 4. Now it's four o'clock. My father _____________(finish) his work at a quarter to five. 5. There _______________(be) a few football matches on the internet tomorrow evening, aren't there? 答案 Unit 1 一、1-5 DCBCB 6-10 ABCBC 11-15 DCDCC 二、1. They haven't read the book yet. Have they read the book yet? Yes, they have. / No, they haven't. 2. How long have 3. Dad has just come home from work. 4. We have lived in Yangzhou since 10 years ago. 5. have taken place Unit 2 一、1. since 2. for 3. since 4. for 5. since 6. for 二、1. has gone to 2. went to 3. have; been 4. has been in 5. has gone 6. have; been to 三、1-5 CBBCC 6-10 BBBDD 11-15 CAABD Unit 3 一、1-5 BDCCA 6-10 CBDBD 11-15 DDCCC 二、1. has stopped 2. gathered 3. has gone 4. relaxing 5. was walking 6. worked 7. is writing 8. has happened 9. watching 10. hasn’t arrived Unit 4 一、1-5 DBBAB 6-10 ACCCC 11-15 DDCCC 二、1. how much money to take 2. which meeting I should attend 3. what to read; can I ask for help with how to develop good reading habits 4. useful advice you have offered on how to choose books! 5. Mr. Wu advised us which to choose as after-school activities. Unit 5 一、1-5 CBDAB 6-10 AAADD 二、1. to work 2. to take 3. cleaning 4. careful; to check 5. quickly; to follow 三、1. a. clever enough to get b. so clever that 2. a. too; for me to b. so; that 3. a. too; for us to b. clean enough for us to 4. a. too young to b. old enough to Unit 6 一、1. for 2. of 3. for 4. for 5. of 6. for 7. of 8. for 二、1-5 CAADD 6-10 ABDCB 三、1. It isn't kind of her to help the homeless people. 2. He is clever enough to solve the math problem. 3. It's impossible for me to work out the physics problem. 4. It's necessary for everyone to follow the traffic rules. 5. Tom is not clever enough to stop playing computer games all day. Unit 7 一、1. be brought 2. am given 3. tastes 4. are told 5. sell; are sold 6. was heard 7. was invited 8. is repaired 9. to encourage 10. isn’t answered 二、1-5 DBDCD 6-10 DBDAB 11-15 BBDBB Unit 8 一、1. has been polluted 2. will be punished 3. living 4. will be given 5. will be made 6. are harmed 二、1-5 ACDCA 6-10 BDADB 11-15 AAACB 三、1. be polluted 2. affected 3. be divided 4. is going to finish/will finish 5. are going to be 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $