精品解析：上海市七宝中学2023-2024学年高二第一学期阶段考试英语试题

七宝中学高二英语测试2 (October 2023) I. Listening Comprehension (25 points) Section A Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. At a convenience store. B. At a cinema. C. At a railway station. D At a hospital. 2. A. Three. B. Twenty. C. Seventeen. D. Twenty-three. 3. A. He was involved in a terrible accident. B. He has a good relationship with his professor. C. He handed in his homework on time despite the car wreck. D. He often makes up excuses for not doing his homework. 4. A. Ticket seller and audience. B. Manager and secretary. C. Librarian and reader. D. Receptionist and customer. 5. A. A cartoon. B. A movie about a talk show. C. A comedy. D. A violent movie. 6. A. He is not a bit overweight. B. He likes his fitness instructor. C. She has set too many rules for him. D. She should talk with his personal trainer. 7. A. He doesn’t like dressing up for Halloween. B. He thinks Halloween celebration is fun. C. Halloween is his least favourite holiday. D. He can’t stand putting up Halloween decorations. 8. A. There is a no fishing sign. B. The man caught many small fish. C. The woman is angry with the man. D. The man had to pay to fish there. 9. A. They don’t want to worry about being late. B. They can’t complete the project in 3 months. C. They can do better with more time. D. Something unexpected is sure to happen. 10. A. The man decides to go home by rail. B. Most people travel by car during the festival. C. Most people arrive beyond the scheduled time. D. The man will have a sound sleep on the bus. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. The burn is 20 millimeters across. B. The burn is small but very painful. C. The burn takes away the victim’s feeling. D. The burn is small but the skin is damaged. 12. A. Use a clean plastic bag to keep warm. B. Bind up the burn with bandage or cloth. C. Treat the burned area with cold running water. D. Flush (冲洗) the burn with ice water for several minutes. 13. A. To avoid infection. B. To ease pain. C. To speed recovery. D. To reduce stickiness. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. They can remind themselves to make full use of time. B. They can keep time when they are writing a novel. C. They should pay by minute when they leave. D. They can get a clock as a gift for buying the coffee. 15. A. Customers should wash their own dishes for there is no waitress. B. The relaxed atmosphere attracts like-minded people to socialize there. C. Customers can bring their own snacks because no food is served there. D. Wi-Fi is unavailable because face-to-face communication is encouraged there. 16. A. It has proved to be popular in both Britain and Russia. B. The coffee shop in London is not as successful as expected. C. It’s not well-received in Britain because it costs more. D. It takes time to see whether British people like it or not. Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. 17. A. Tomorrow. B. This Saturday. C. Next Monday. D. In two weeks. 18. A. She reviews what she has learned in every chapter and tests herself. B. She focuses on the class notes for an entire day without breaks. C. She copies top students’ notes and reads them carefully. D. She memorizes all the information within one night. 19. A. They quiz each other and the loser pays the bill. B. They study together and enjoy lunch together. C. They have lunch and go to see a movie. D. They solve some urgent problems first. 20. A. She puts stress on herself to get motivated. B. She goes to sleep early to ensure a good rest. C. She takes every opportunity to learn new knowledge. D. She reviews the materials and crams for (突击准备) the test. II. Grammar and Vocabulary (40 points) Section A (A) Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Cucumbers, sweet peas, grapes — what do they have in common? ____1____ of these vegetables grow on trees. They don’t have strong roots, big trunks or long branches, which makes it harder for them to get sunlight. But don’t worry. They ____2____ (develop) their own unique way of growing taller — climbing! Take cucumbers as an example. The plant grows as a straight stem ____3____ it finds something to hold onto, either a nearby tree or a stick. That is when the stem makes small coils (卷曲) that help the plant hold the stick tightly. How plants are able to do this has remained a mystery to scientists for years. Even Charles Darwin was interested in this question. But it is not until now ____4____ a Harvard research team has finally found the answer. The study was published in the journal Science earlier this month. The key, ____5____ it turns out, is inside a kind of thread-like cell called “g-fiber cell”, which has the ability to shrink or stretch. Each stem of the cucumber plant is made up of several layers of g-fibers. Once the plant finds something to hold onto, cells on one side of the stem start to shrink, ____6____ (force) the whole thing to curve and coil, which is a bit like ____7____ our muscles get our bodies to move. What’s more, a cucumber’s coil is not exactly like that of a spring. ____8____ you look closely, you may find that a spring curves all in the same direction, but a plant’s coil curves in two opposite directions, like a telephone cord (线). This means that the stem can stay soft when pulled gently but become stiff and strong when pulled harder. “You want the plant to have a little bit of flexibility ____9____ ____10____ if the wind blows or an animal brushes past it, it doesn’t break,” explained Sharon Gerbode, lead author of the study. “This structure allows the plant ____11____ (accommodate) small motions easily, but then if something really serious happens it can get very stiff and protect itself.” 【答案】1. None 2. have developed 3. until##till 4. that 5. as 6. forcing 7. how 8. If 9. so 10. that 11. to accommodate 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了黄瓜、甜豌豆和葡萄等攀缘植物为了获取阳光而进化出独特的攀爬能力，并介绍了科学家对黄瓜卷曲机制的最新研究发现。 【1题详解】 考查代词。句意：这些蔬菜中没有一种长在树上。根据前文“Cucumbers, sweet peas, grapes”及后文“They don’t have strong roots”可知，此处表示“（三者或三者以上中）没有一个”，应用不定代词None，句首单词首字母需大写。 【2题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：它们已经发展出自己独特的长高方式——攀爬！根据句意及上下文语境可知，此处强调这些植物在进化过程中已经发展出的能力，且对现在仍有影响，应用现在完成时。 【3题详解】 考查时间状语从句。句意：这种植物长出直茎，直到它找到可以依附的东西，无论是附近的树还是一根棍子。根据句意可知，此处表示“直到……为止”，可用连词until/till引导时间状语从句。 【4题详解】 考查强调句。句意：但直到现在哈佛大学的一个研究团队才找到答案。本句为强调句型It is not until... that...，被强调部分为时间状语not until now，空格处应用that。 【5题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：事实证明，关键在于一种叫做“g-fiber cell”的丝状细胞内部。根据固定搭配as it turns out可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，关系代词as指代后文整个主句内容。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：一旦植物找到依附物，茎一侧的细胞开始收缩，迫使整个茎弯曲卷曲，这有点像我们的肌肉如何让身体运动。根据句意及句子结构可知，此处表示自然而然的结果，应用现在分词作结果状语。 【7题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：一旦植物找到依附物，茎一侧的细胞开始收缩，迫使整个茎弯曲卷曲，这有点像我们的肌肉如何让身体运动。根据句意及空格前的介词like可知，此处为宾语从句，从句中缺少方式状语，表示“如何”，应用连接副词how。 【8题详解】 考查条件状语从句。句意：如果你仔细看，你会发现弹簧向一个方向弯曲，但植物的卷曲向两个相反方向弯曲，像电话线一样。根据句意可知，此处表示条件，应用连词If引导条件状语从句，句首单词首字母需大写。 【9题详解】 考查目的状语从句。句意：“你希望植物有一点灵活性，这样如果风吹或有动物擦过，它不会断裂，”该研究的主要作者莎伦·格博德解释道。根据句意可知，此处表示目的，应用so that引导目的状语从句，意为“以便/这样”，此空应用so。 【10题详解】 考查目的状语从句。句意：“你希望植物有一点灵活性，这样如果风吹或有动物擦过，它不会断裂，”该研究的主要作者莎伦·格博德解释道。根据句意可知，此处表示目的，应用so that引导目的状语从句，意为“以便/这样”，此空应用that。 【11题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这种结构允许植物轻松适应小的运动，但如果发生真正严重的事情，它可以变得非常僵硬并保护自己。根据固定搭配allow sb/sth to do sth（允许某人/某物做某事）可知，此处应用动词不定式作宾语补足语。 (B) Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Each year on Feb 21, UNESCO holds an International Mother Language Day (IMLD). The event is ____12____ (draw) attention to the disappearance of the world’s languages: dozens of them are vanishing each year. UNESCO sees this as a tragedy, and with good reason. What happens when a language dies out? Something huge is lost — not just sounds and marks but the way ____13____ people make sense of the world and communicate with each other. And it is through language that we have culture and tradition. ____14____ (kill) a language and all this is killed too. Through IMLD, people are becoming ____15____ (aware) of the destruction of linguistic diversity in modern times and trying to stop it. Google’s 2012 Endangered Languages Project is a good example. Speakers and protectors of endangered languages upload text, audio and video files to the project site. They want to introduce people to the wonders of the way people communicate and express ____16____ around the world. The Myaamia Project is a similar kind of effort. This is an attempt to revive the language spoken by the Miami and Illinois tribes of the US. Project members work to encourage people to study and communicate with this language, which formally died out in the 1960s. These activities, which breathe life into languages on the verge of extinction, ____17____ seem old-fashioned to some. But ____18____ who work to keep languages alive are not enslaved (束缚) to the past. They are enthusiastic young people who design apps and use social media to champion their activities. As the US-based social event calendar website Upcoming puts ____19____, they “spread the word” to save the word. So, ____20____ the problem of disappearing languages remains a very serious one, there is hope. We all have a special feeling for our mother tongue, although those of us who speak ____21____ that is not endangered might not always be aware of it. This is why we should recall the wise words of the late president of South Africa, Nelson Mandela: “If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to a man in his own language, that goes to his heart.” 【答案】12. to draw 13. that 14. Kill 15. more aware 16. themselves 17. may##might 18. those 19. it 20. although##though##while 21. one 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了联合国教科文组织设立国际母语日，以唤起人们对世界语言消失问题的关注，并介绍了世界各地为保护和复兴濒危语言所做出的努力。 【12题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：该活动旨在引起人们对世界语言消失问题的关注：每年有数十种语言正在消失。根据句意及句子结构可知，此处表示目的，应用动词不定式作表语，说明活动的目的或意图。 【13题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：巨大的损失随之产生——不仅仅是声音和符号的消失，还有人们理解世界和相互交流的方式也随之丧失。根据句子结构可知，先行词为the way，空格处引导定语从句，且在从句中作方式状语，应用关系代词that（此处that相当于in which或省略）。 【14题详解】 考查祈使句。句意：消灭一种语言，这一切（文化与传统）也就被消灭了！本句为“祈使句+and+陈述句”的固定句型，祈使句以动词原形开头，表示条件，句首单词首字母需大写。 【15题详解】 考查形容词。句意：通过国际母语日，人们越来越意识到现代语言多样性的破坏，并试图阻止它。根据空格前的becoming 及语境可知，此处表示“越来越意识到”，含有与过去对比之意，应用形容词比较级，aware的比较级形式是more aware。 【16题详解】 考查代词。句意：他们想向人们介绍世界各地人们交流和表达自己的奇妙方式。根据句意可知，此处指代前面的people，表示“表达他们自己”，应用反身代词themselves。 【17题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：这些为濒临灭绝的语言注入活力的活动，对某些人来说可能显得老派。根据后文“But _______ who work to keep languages alive are not enslaved (束缚) to the past”可知，前后是转折关系，因此，前文表示一种可能性，可用情态动词may/might。 【18题详解】 考查代词。句意：但那些致力于保持语言活力的人并没有被过去束缚。根据句意及后面的定语从句who work... 可知，此处指代“那些人”，应用指示代词those。 【19题详解】 考查代词。句意：正如美国社交活动日历网站Upcoming所说，他们“传播话语”以拯救话语。此处是固定搭配put it表示“说/表述”。 【20题详解】 考查连词。句意：因此，尽管语言消失的问题仍然是一个非常严重的问题，但还是有希望的。根据句意可知，前后句之间存在让步关系，应用连词引导让步状语从句。空格处可用although/though/while。 【21题详解】 考查代词。句意：我们都对自己的母语怀有特殊的感情，尽管我们这些说一种未濒危语言的人可能并不总是意识到这一点。根据句意及后面的定语从句that is not endangered可知，此处指代“a language”，应用代词one。 Section B (A) Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. appreciate B. determining C. further D. ignorance AB. invisible AC. present AD. readings BC. scale BD. supporting CD. valuable ABC. wrapping The Curies became research workers at the School of Chemistry and Physics in Paris and there they began their pioneering work into ____22____ rays given off by uranium — a new phenomenon which had recently been discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel. He had shown that the rays were able to pass through solid matter, fog and photographic film and caused air to conduct electricity. Marie also noticed that samples of a mineral called pitchblende (沥青铀矿), which contains uranium ore (矿石), were a great deal more radioactive than the pure element uranium. Further work convinced her that the very large ____23____ she was getting could not be caused by uranium alone – there was something else in the pitchblende. Since nobody had ever found it before, it could only be present in tiny quantities, and it seemed to be very radioactive. Marie was convinced she had found a new chemical element — other scientists doubted her results. Pierre and Marie Curie set about working to search for the unknown element. They ground up samples of pitchblende, dissolved them in acid, and began to separate the different elements ____24____, using the standard analytical chemistry techniques of the time. Eventually, they extracted a black powder 330 times more radioactive than uranium, which they called polonium (钋). Polonium was a new chemical element, atomic number 84. When the Curies investigated ____25____, they found that the liquid left behind after they had extracted polonium was still extremely radioactive. They realised that pitchblende contained another new element, far more radioactive than polonium, but present in even smaller quantities. In 1898, the Curies published strong evidence ____26____ the existence of the new element — which they called radium — but they still had no sample of it. Pitchblende is an expensive mineral, because it contains ____27____ uranium, and Marie needed a lot of it. She got in touch with a factory in Austria that removed the uranium from pitchblende for industrial use and bought several tonnes of the worthless waste product, which was even more radioactive than the original pitchblende, and was much cheaper. Marie set about processing the pitchblende to extract the tiny quantities of radium. This involved working on a much larger ____28____ than before, with 20kg batches of the mineral — grinding, dissolving, filtering, precipitating, collecting, redissolving, crystallising and recrystallising. The work was heavy and physically demanding — and involved dangers the Curies did not ____29____. During this time they began to feel sick and physically exhausted; today we can attribute their ill-health to the early symptoms of radiation sickness. At the time they persevered in ____30____ of the risks, often with raw and inflamed hands because they were continually handling highly radioactive material. In 1902 Marie eventually isolated radium (as radium chloride (氯化镭), ____31____ its atomic weight as 225.93. The journey to the discovery had been long and arduous. 【答案】22. AB 23. AD 24. AC 25. C 26. BD 27. CD 28. BC 29. A 30. D 31. B 【解析】 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了居里夫妇潜心研究铀矿放射现象，从沥青铀矿中先后发现钋和镭两种新化学元素的艰辛过程，以及这项重大科学发现背后的付出与风险。 【22题详解】 考查形容词。句意：居里夫妇成为巴黎理化学校的研究人员，在那里他们开启了对铀矿所释放出的看不见的射线的开创性研究，这种新现象最近刚由亨利・贝克勒尔教授发现。空格后为名词rays，需填入形容词作定语。结合常识及后文 rays were able to pass through solid matter可知，这类射线是肉眼不可见的，invisible表示“看不见的”。 【23题详解】 考查名词。句意：进一步的研究让她确信，她所得到的这些巨大数值不可能仅仅是由铀造成的 —— 沥青铀矿中还存在其他物质。空格前有形容词large修饰，需填入名词。前文提到“samples of a mineral called pitchblende, which contains uranium ore, were a great deal more radioactive than the pure element uranium”可知，沥青铀矿的放射性远高于纯铀，此处指检测得出的放射性读数、数值，readings符合文意。 【24题详解】 考查形容词。句意：他们研磨沥青铀矿样本，将其溶解在酸中，并利用当时标准的分析化学技术，开始分离其中存在的不同元素。此处为形容词作后置定语，修饰名词elements。结合语境，指分离矿石里现存的各类元素，present表示“存在的”。 【25题详解】 考查副词。句意：当居里夫妇展开进一步研究时，他们发现提取出钋之后剩余的液体依然具有极强的放射性。此处修饰动词investigated，需要副词。根据后文“they found that the liquid left behind after they had extracted polonium was still extremely radioactive”可知，二人发现钋之后没有停止研究，而是继续深入探索，further表示“进一步地”。 【26题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：1898年，居里夫妇发表了有力证据，证实这种新元素的存在，他们将其命名为镭，但当时他们仍未得到镭的样本。本句已有谓语published，空格处用现在分词作后置定语，修饰名词evidence。证据的作用是证明、证实新元素存在，supporting表示“证实，支持”。 【27题详解】 考查形容词。句意：沥青铀矿是一种昂贵的矿物，因为它含有贵重的铀，而玛丽需要大量的沥青铀矿。空格后为名词uranium，需用形容词修饰。结合前文“expensive mineral”可知，铀是价值很高的物质，valuable表示“贵重的，有价值的”。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意：这就意味着他们要在比以往大得多的规模上开展工作，每次要处理20公斤的矿石——研磨、溶解、过滤、沉淀、收集、再溶解、结晶和再结晶。根据前文“with 20kg batches of the mineral”可知，实验开展的规模变大，固定搭配 on a large scale表示“大规模地”，scale表示“规模”。 【29题详解】 考查动词。句意：这项工作繁重且耗费体力，还伴随着居里夫妇当时并未意识到的危险。本句为定语从句，did not后接动词原形。结合后文“Today we can attribute their ill-health to the early symptoms of radiation sickness”可知，当时他们并不知晓辐射带来的危害，appreciate在此处表示“意识到，察觉”。 【30题详解】 考查名词。句意：当时他们不顾风险坚持工作，由于不断接触高放射性物质，双手常常红肿发炎。结合语境，二人在不清楚全部风险的情况下依旧坚持研究，固定搭配in ignorance of表示“不顾；对…… 不知情”，ignorance表示“忽视”。 【31题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：1902年，玛丽最终分离出了镭（氯化镭），测定其原子量为225.93。本句已有谓语isolated，空格处用非谓语动词。后面接具体的原子量数值，动作是测定、确定，表示主动的动作，用现在分词determining表示“测定”。 (B) Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. challenged B. ease C. incorporated D. interpretations AB. mirrors AC. pursuit AD. revolutionaries BC. shoulder BD. spared CD. thrive ABC. unrestrained Great ones never leave, and great ideas never die. Throughout history, many great minds have shaped China. The second season of the documentary China, which concluded in March, explores their stories. It also ____32____ one spirit of the nation — people-oriented thought. In China, the concept of putting people first has a long history. Dating back to the Xia Dynasty, King Taikang indulged in ____33____ pleasure and ignored national affairs. As a result, he was turned away by his country. His brothers wrote about an instruction from his ancestor, “The people are the foundation of a country, and only when the people lead a good life can the country ____34____”. Later in Warring States period, Mencius took the idea of putting people first to a new level. He ____35____ the feudal monarchy (封建君主制) and proposed, “The most valuable are the people, next comes the state, and the least is the ruler”. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people-oriented thought was ____36____ into the political system through the imperial examination system, which contained a great deal of Confucian classics and created the unique cultural temperament (气质) of ancient Chinese politics. Attaching importance to people’s livelihoods has become a major political ____37____ for officials. Di Renjie, a prime minister (宰相) in the Tang Dynasty, is a good example. Much of his advice to Empress Wu Zetian showed his concern for the common people. For example, he asked to ____38____ the burden on them and provide more support to them. This concern can also be seen in many officials’ poems, for instance, Fan Zhongyan’s famous line, “To be the first in the country to worry about the affairs of the state and the last to enjoy oneself”. A century ago, Chinese ____39____ led by Sun Yat-sen stunned the world when they launched the Revolution of 1911, ending the monarchy that had ruled China for thousands of years. A great pioneer of China’s democratic revolution, Sun put forward the well-known “Three Principles of the People”, aiming to build an independent and democratic new China. Now China has given different ____40____ to people-oriented thought. During the pandemic, “people first, life first” has become a buzzword. “From a 30-hour-old baby to senior citizens over 100 years old, no cost was ____41____ to save a life, and all the treatment was free,” Chinese Ambassador to the United States said in a speech on Oct 6, 2021. 【答案】32. AB 33. ABC 34. CD 35. A 36. C 37. AC 38. B 39. AD 40. D 41. BD 【解析】 【导语】主要介绍了中国历史上“以人为本”思想的发展演变。 【32题详解】 考查动词。句意：它还反映了国家的一种精神——以人为本的思想。空处作谓语，应用动词，主语是It，AB项mirrors为动词mirror的第三人称单数形式，含义为“反映”，符合句意。 【33题详解】 考查形容词。句意：追溯到夏朝，太康王沉溺于无节制的享乐，忽视国事。空处修饰名词pleasure，应用形容词，ABC项unrestrained为形容词，含义为“无节制的”，符合句意。 【34题详解】 考查动词。句意：他的兄弟们记载了一条先祖留下的训示：“人民是国家的根基，只有人民过上好日子，国家才能繁荣。”空处作谓语，应用动词，本句用了only放句首，用半倒装的结构，can后面加动词原形，CD项thrive为动词，含义为“繁荣；茁壮成长”，符合句意。 【35题详解】 考查动词。句意：他挑战了封建君主制，并提出“民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻”。空处作谓语，应用动词，根据and proposed可知，应用一般过去时，A项challenged为动词challenge的过去式，含义为“挑战”，符合句意。 【36题详解】 考查动词。句意：隋唐以后，以人为本的思想通过科举制度被纳入政治体系，其中包含大量儒家经典，并形成了中国古代政治独特的文化气质。空处与was构成被动语态，应用过去分词，C项incorporated为动词incorporate的过去分词，含义为“纳入；使融入”，符合句意。 【37题详解】 考查名词。句意：重视民生已成为官员的主要政治追求。空处作表语，空前有a，应用名词，AC项pursuit为名词，含义为“追求”，符合句意。 【38题详解】 考查动词。句意：例如，他要求减轻百姓的负担，为他们提供更多支持。空处作宾语，空前有动词不定时to，应用动词原形，B项ease为动词，含义为“减轻；缓解”，符合句意。 【39题详解】 考查名词。句意：一个世纪前，以孙中山为首的中国革命者发动了辛亥革命，震惊世界，结束了统治中国数千年的君主制。空处作主语，应用名词，AD项revolutionaries为名词revolutionary的复数形式，含义为“革命者”，符合句意。 【40题详解】 考查名词。句意：如今，中国以人为本的思想被赋予了不同的诠释。空处作宾语，应用名词，D项interpretations为名词interpretation的复数形式，含义为“诠释；解读”，符合句意。 【41题详解】 考查动词。句意：中国驻美国大使于2021年10月6日在一场演讲中表示“从30小时大的婴儿到100多岁的老人，为了拯救生命不惜任何代价，所有治疗都是免费的。”空处与was构成被动语态，应用过去分词，BD项spared为动词spare的过去分词，spare no cost为固定搭配，含义为“不惜代价”，符合句意。 III. Reading Comprehension A (30 points) Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. (A) Gallup used to conduct a poll that asked students to name the school subject that they considered to be the most difficult. Not ____42____, mathematics came out on top of the difficulty chart. So what is it about math that makes it difficult? Dictionary.com defines the word “difficult” as “not easily or readily done; requiring much ____43____ or planning to be performed successfully.” This definition gets to the point of the problem when it comes to math. What makes math difficult is that it takes patience and persistence. For many students, math is not something that comes ____44____. It takes effort. It is a subject that sometimes requires students to devote lots and lots of time and ____45____. This means, for many, the problem has little to do with brain power; it is mostly a matter of staying power. And since students don’t make their own timelines, they can ____46____ the time as the teacher moves on to the next topic. In fact, there is also an element of brain style in the big picture, according to many scientists. They believe that people are born with ____47____ math understanding skills. Logical, left-brain thinkers tend to understand things in sequential bits, while artistic, intuitive, right-brainers are more ____48____. They take in a lot of information at one time and allow time to let it “sink in”. So left-brain students may grasp concepts ____49____ while right-brain students don’t. To the right-brain students, time loss can make them feel confused and behind. Unfortunately, in busy classrooms with too many students, students are not always ____50____ enough time. We have to move on, ready or not. Math know-how is also cumulative (积累), which means it works much like a pile of building blocks. You have to gain enough ____51____ in one area, before you can effectively go on to “build upon” another area. Our first mathematical building blocks are established in primary school, when we learn ____52____ for addition and multiplication, and those first concepts become our ____53____. These mathematical concepts or knowledge has to sink in and become ____54____ before students can move on to challenge the next stage of new concepts. However, teachers don’t have time to ensure that every single student understands every single concept. So some students move to the next level with really shaky knowledge system. ____55____, as they climb the ladder, they may meet with more and more difficulties and might ____56____ complete failure at some point. 42. A. surprisingly B. interestingly C. necessarily D. similarly 43. A. emotion B. labor C. curiosity D. money 44. A. regularly B. possibly C. automatically D. secretly 45. A. space B. confidence C. character D. energy 46. A. make up for B. run out of C. take advantage of D. add up to 47. A. steady B. abstract C. different D. sharp 48. A. negative B. global C. simple D. specific 49. A. quickly B. typically C. patiently D. strangely 50. A. reminded about B. exposed to C. blessed with D. accused of 51. A. praises B. scores C. material D. blocks 52. A. solutions B. rules C. aims D. choices 53. A. thought B. attitude C. foundation D. source 54. A. native B. accessible C. firm D. superior 55. A. In addition B. In contrast C. For example D. In result 56. A. realize B. acknowledge C. suffer D. regret 【答案】42. A 43. B 44. C 45. D 46. B 47. C 48. B 49. A 50. C 51. D 52. B 53. C 54. C 55. D 56. C 【解析】 【导语】本文通过盖洛普调查引出数学被学生公认为最难学科，从耐心坚持、左右脑思维差异、知识累积性三方面分析数学难的原因。 【42题详解】 考查副词。句意：毫不意外，数学高居难度榜榜首。A. surprisingly令人惊讶地；B. interestingly有趣地；C. necessarily必然地；D. similarly相似地。根据前文“asked students to name the school subject that they considered to be the most difficult”及后文“mathematics came out on top”可知，数学最难是意料之中的事。 【43题详解】 考查名词。句意：Dictionary.com将“困难”一词定义为“不容易或不易完成；需要大量的努力或计划才能成功执行的。”A. emotion情绪；B. labor努力；C. curiosity好奇心；D. money金钱。根据后文“What makes math difficult is that it takes patience and persistence”可知，数学难在需要付出大量努力。 【44题详解】 考查副词。句意：对许多学生来说，数学并非与生俱来的能力。A. regularly定期地；B. possibly可能地；C. automatically自然而然地；D. secretly秘密地。根据后文“It takes effort”可知，数学需要努力而非自动掌握的技能。 【45题详解】 考查名词。句意：这门学科需要学生投入大量时间和精力。A. space空间；B. confidence自信；C. character性格；D. energy精力。根据前文“What makes math difficult is that it takes patience and persistence”可知，学习数学需投入大量时间和精力。 【46题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：学生无法自主安排进度，老师讲下一个话题时，他们的时间就不够用了。A. make up for弥补；B. run out of耗尽；C. take advantage of利用；D. add up to总计。根据后文“the time as the teacher moves on to the next topic”及“students are not always  enough time”可知，老师进度快，学生的时间很快就耗尽了，跟不上老师的进度。 【47题详解】 考查形容词。句意：他们认为人天生具备不同的数学理解能力。A. steady稳定的；B. abstract抽象的；C. different不同的；D. sharp敏锐的。根据后文“Logical, left-brain thinkers”和“artistic, intuitive, right-brainers”可知，左右脑思维者数学能力不同。 【48题详解】 考查形容词。句意：左脑逻辑型思考者擅长分步理解，而右脑艺术直觉型思考者更具整体性。A. negative消极的；B. global整体的；C. simple简单的；D. specific具体的。根据后文“They take in a lot of information at one time”可知，右脑思考者一次性接收大量信息，思维倾向整体化。 【49题详解】 考查副词。句意：因此左脑学生能快速掌握概念，而右脑学生则不能。A. quickly快速地；B. typically典型地；C. patiently耐心地；D. strangely奇怪地。根据前文“Logical, left-brain thinkers tend to understand things in sequential bits”可知，左脑学生擅长分步理解，掌握概念更快。 【50题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：不幸的是，在学生众多、节奏紧张的课堂上，学生往往没有足够时间消化知识。A. reminded about被提醒；B. exposed to接触；C. blessed with拥有；D. accused of被指控。根据后文“We have to move on, ready or not”可知，课堂进度快，学生没有足够的时间消化知识。 【51题详解】 考查名词。句意：你必须在一个领域积累足够基础，才能有效进阶学习另一领域。A. praises赞扬；B. scores分数；C. material材料；D. blocks基础。根据前文“Math know-how is also cumulative, which means it works much like a pile of building blocks”可知，数学如积木，需积累基础模块。 【52题详解】 考查名词。句意：我们的第一个数学基础模块是在小学建立的，那时我们学习加减乘除的规则，这些最初的概念成为基础。A. solutions解决方案；B. rules规则；C. aims目标；D. choices选择。根据后文“for addition and multiplication”可知，加减乘除需遵循运算规则。 【53题详解】 考查名词。句意同上。A. thought思想；B. attitude态度；C. foundation基础；D. source来源。根据前文“Our first mathematical building blocks are established in primary school”可知，小学知识是后续学习的基础。 【54题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这些数学概念必须内化并变得牢固，学生才能进阶学习新概念。A. native本土的；B. accessible可接近的；C. firm牢固的；D. superior优越的。根据后文“before students can move on to challenge the next stage”可知，知识需掌握牢固才能进阶。 【55题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：结果，随着学习深入，他们会遇到越来越多困难，他们可能在某个阶段遭遇彻底失败。A. In addition此外；B. In contrast相反；C. For example例如；D. In result结果。根据前文“some students move to the next level with really shaky knowledge system”可知，一些学生知识不扎实，结果导致后续学习困难。 【56题详解】 考查动词。句意同上。A. realize意识到；B. acknowledge承认；C. suffer遭受；D. regret后悔。根据后文“complete failure” 可知，学生最终会遭受失败。 (B) Picture yourself driving down a city street. Suddenly you see something in the middle of the road ahead. A torn paper bag, a lost shoe, or something else? You'll quickly determine the actions that best fit the ___57___-what humans call having“common sense”. However, ___58___ “obstacles” that no human would ever stop for, AI self-driving vehicles are likely to apply the brakes unexpectedly.The challenges for self-driving vehicles won’t be solved by giving them more training data or rules for what to do in unusual situations. To be trustworthy, these vehicles need common sense to solve the object-in-the-road problem: broad ___59___ about the properties of objects and an ability to ___60___ adapt that knowledge in new circumstances. You can predict, ___61___, that while a pile of glass on the road won’t flyaway as you approach, birds likely will. From this ___62___ the term “common sense” seems to ___63___ exactly what current AI systems cannot do.Their lack of a ___64___ of commonsense makes them susceptible to unpredictable errors, which humans will never make. Today’s AI systems use neural networks, algorithms(算法) trained to spot patterns, based on data gathered from extensive collections of human-labeled examples.This ___65___ is very different from how humans learn. We humans seem to come into the world with inborn knowledge of certain basic concepts--including the ideas of objects and events and the nature of space. We aren’t even ____66____ that we have it, or that it forms the basis for all future learning. A big lesson from decades of AI research is how hard it is to teach such ____67____ to machines. The history of planting common sense in AI systems has largely focused on cataloging human knowledge: manually programming and ____68____ stereotyped(模式化的)situations. But all such attempts face a possibly fatal ____69____. Much of our instinctive knowledge is unwritten,unspoken,and not even in our conscious awareness. A US AI research agency recently launched a programme. It challenges researchers to create an AI system that learns from “experience” in order to acquire the cognitive abilities of an 18-month-old baby. It might seem strange that ____70____ a baby is considered a grand challenge for AI, but this reflects the gulf between AI's success in specific fields and more general intelligence. If we can figure out how to get our machines to learn like children, perhaps after some years, these young “commonsense agents” will finally become teenagers--ones who are sufficiently sensible to be ____71____ with the car keys. 57. A. situation B. environment C. context D. regulation 58. A. inspecting B. locating C. tracking D. spotting 59. A. horizon B. mind C. knowledge D. control 60. A. casually B. flexibly C. routinely D. mechanically 61. A. as a result B. in a word C. for example D. in the meantime 62. A. perspective B. conclusion C. condition D. inference 63. A. diagnose B. analyze C. specify D. capture 64. A. prediction B. foundation C. definition D. motivation 65. A. process B. experience C. tendency D. strategy 66. A. content B. confident C. conscious D. concerned 67. A. approaches B. procedures C. skills D. concepts 68. A. registering B. presenting C. uncovering D. reviewing 69. A. obstacle B. prejudice C. consequence D. error 70. A. training B. raising C. delivering D. matching 71. A. burdened B. rewarded C. entrusted D. honored 【答案】57. A 58. D 59. C 60. B 61. C 62. A 63. D 64. B 65. A 66. C 67. D 68. B 69. A 70. D 71. C 【解析】 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。讲述了人类拥有的常识，人工智能无法拥有。人们一直在做研究将常识植入到人工智能里，但这将会遇到巨大的障碍，因为人与生俱来的认知能力，是机器无法随便习得的。 【57题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：你会迅速地决定适合这种情况的行为—这也就是人们所说的“常识”。A. situation情况，情形；B. environment环境；C. context上下文，背景；D. regulation规章，规则。根据前文“Picture yourself driving down a city street. Suddenly you see something in the middle of the road ahead. A torn paper bag, a lost shoe, or something else?” 可知，此处表示前文所指的这种情况下，故选A。 【58题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，看到人类不会为此停下的障碍物时，无人驾驶车很可能会刹车。A. inspecting检测，检查；B. locating位于；C. tracking记录，追踪；D. spotting看到。根据前文“you see something in the middle of the road ahead”可知，此处表示无人驾驶车看到路上的障碍物，故选D。 【59题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了让人信赖，无人驾驶车需要有常识来解决路上障碍物的问题：关于物体属性的知识以及灵活地将知识运用于新环境的能力。A. horizon眼界，地平线；B. mind思维，大脑；C. knowledge知识；D. control控制。根据后文提示“adapt that knowledge in new circumstances”可知，此处表示物体属性的知识，故选C。 【60题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：为了让人信赖，无人驾驶车需要有常识来解决路上障碍物的问题：关于物体属性的知识以及灵活地将知识运用于新环境的能力。A. casually随意地；B. flexibly灵活地；C. routinely例行公事地；D. mechanically机械地。根据前文的遇到某些人类不会为此停下的障碍物，但是无人驾驶车会刹车可知，此处表示无人驾驶车需要能灵活运用知识的能力，故选B。 【61题详解】 考查短语词义辨析。句意：比如说你可以预测，尽管路上的一堆玻璃在你靠近时不会飞走，但似乎鸟会飞走。A.as a result结果；B. in a word总之；C. for example举例；D. in the meantime与此同时。根据前文能灵活判断路上物体的属性可知，此处拿玻璃和鸟来举例，说明人类可以预测路上的障碍物，故选C。 【62题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：从这个角度来看的话，“常识”似乎是现在无人驾驶车无法拥有的。A. perspective角度，视觉；B. conclusion总结；C. condition情况；D. inference推理，判断。根据前文说人们可以判断路上障碍物的属性，并且还能预测靠近时，它是否会飞走，但是从这方面看来，无人驾驶没有这种能力，故选A。 【63题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：从这个角度来看的话，“常识”似乎是现在无人驾驶车无法拥有的。A. diagnose诊断；B. analyze分析；C. specify明确指出；D. capture体现，捕获。根据空后 “exactly what current AI systems cannot do”可知，此处表示常识是无人驾驶车无法拥有的，故选D。 【64题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：缺乏常识的基础让它们容易受到无法预测的错误的影响，但是人类却不会。A. prediction预测；B. foundation基础，基地；C. definition定义；D. motivation动力。根据前文无人驾驶车无法预估路上的障碍物可知，此处表示它们缺乏常识基础，故选B。 【65题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个过程与人类学习是不一样的。A. process过程；B. experience经历；C. tendency趋势；D. strategy策略。根据前文“Today’s AI systems use neural networks, algorithms(算法) trained to spot patterns”可知，此处表示人工智能系统用神经网络以及算法来培训它们识别模式这一过程，故选A。 【66题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们并没有意识到我们已经拥有了它，也没有意识到它是未来学习的基础。A. content满意的；B. confident充满信心的；C. conscious有意识的；D. concerned担心的。根据前文 “We humans seem to come into the world with inborn knowledge”可知，此处表示我们生来就有，因此并没有意识到，故选C。 【67题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：几十年的人工智能的经验让我们知道，将这种概念教给机器是一件很难的事情。A. approaches方法；B. procedures程序，过程；C. skills技巧，技能；D. concepts概念。根据前文一直在讲人类拥有的“常识”可知，此处表示教会机器“常识”这一概念，故选D。 【68题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：将常识植入人工智能系统的历史主要关注编目人类知识：手动编程以及呈现模式化的情形。A. registering注册；B. presenting呈现；C. uncovering揭露，发现；D. reviewing复习。根据前文“planting common sense in AI systems”可知，此处表达将常识植入人工智能系统中的呈现模式化的情形，故选B。 【69题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是所有的努力都面临着可能的致命障碍。A. obstacle障碍；B. prejudice偏见；C. consequence结果；D. error错误。根据后文 “Much of our instinctive knowledge is unwritten, unspoken, and not even in our conscious awareness”可知，此处表示我们本能的知识是人工智能无法拥有的，因此会造成人工智能成功的障碍，故选A。 【70题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：对于人工智能来说，要和一个婴儿比赛被看做是巨大的挑战，这似乎很奇怪。A. training培训；B. raising抚养；C. delivering递送；D. matching比赛。根据前文“It challenges researchers to create an AI system that learns from “experience” in order to acquire the cognitive abilities of an 18-month-old baby.”可知，此处表示人工智能为了获得一个18个月婴儿的认知能力，来学习这些经历，是将人工智能与18个月的婴儿一起比赛学习，故选D。 【71题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果我们能让机器向小孩一样学习的话，也许几年后，这些年轻的“常识代理”最终会成为完全委托于车钥匙的青少年。A. burdened负担；B. rewarded奖励；C. entrusted委托；D. honored给……荣誉。根据前文“these young “commonsense agents” will finally become teenagers”可知，从处意为可以完全委托于无人驾驶的车钥匙。故选C。 Section B (22 points) Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Every April I am troubled by the same concern — that spring might not occur this year. The landscape looks dull, with hills, sky and forest appearing gray. My spirits ebb as they did during an April snowfall when I first came to Maine 15 years ago. “Just wait,” a neighbor advised. “You’ll wake up one morning and spring will just be here.” And look, on May 3 that year I awoke to a green so amazing as to be almost electric, as if spring were simply a matter of flipping a switch. Hills, sky and forest revealed their purples, blues and green. Leaves had unfolded and daffodils were fighting their way heavenward. Then there was the old apple tree. It sits on an undeveloped lot in my neighborhood. It belongs to no one and therefore to everyone. The tree’s dark twisted branches stretch out in unpruned (未经修剪的) abandon. Each spring it blossoms so freely that the air becomes filled with the scent of apple. Until last year, I thought I was the only one aware of this tree. And then one day, in a bit of spring madness, I set out with pruner to remove a few disorderly branches. No sooner had I arrived under the tree than neighbors opened their windows and stepped onto their porches. These were people I barely knew and seldom spoke to, but it was as if I had come uninvited into their personal gardens. My mobile-home neighbor was the first to speak. “You’re not cutting it down, are you?” she asked anxiously. Another neighbor frowned as I cut off a branch. “Don’t kill it now,” he warned. Soon half the neighborhood had joined me under the apple tree. It struck me that I had lived there for five years and only now was learning these people’s names, what they did for a living and how they passed the winter. It was as if the old apple tree was gathering us under its branches for the purpose of both acquaintance and shared wonder. I couldn’t help recalling Robert Frost’s words: The trees that have it in their pent-up buds To darken nature and be summer woods One thaw led to another. Just the other day I saw one of my neighbors at the local store. He remarked how this recent winter had been especially long and complained of not having seen or spoken to anyone in our neighborhood. And then, he looked at me and said, “We need to prune that apple tree again.” 72. By saying that “my spirits ebb” (Para. 1), the author means that ______. A. he feels relieved B. he feels blue C. he is surprised D. he is tired 73. The apple tree mentioned in the passage is most likely to ______. A. be regarded as a delight in the neighborhood B. have been abandoned by its original owner C. have been neglected by everyone in the community D. be appealing only to the author 74. In Para. 4, “neighbors opened their windows and stepped onto their porches” probably because ______. A. they were surprised that someone unknown was pruning the tree B. they wanted to prevent the author from pruning the tree C. they were concerned about the safety of the tree D. they wanted to get to know the author 75. It can be inferred that the author’s neighbor mentioned in the last paragraph most cared about ______. A. when spring would arrive B. how to pass the long winter C. the neighborhood gathering D. the pruning of the apple tree 【答案】72. B 73. A 74. C 75. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述作者因四月无春而低落，一棵老苹果树让邻里相聚、彼此熟悉，它不仅带来春意，更成为连接社区情感的纽带。 【72题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段“Every April I am troubled by the same concern — that spring might not occur this year. The landscape looks dull, with hills, sky and forest appearing gray. My spirits ebb as they did during an April snowfall when I first came to Maine 15 years ago.(每年四月我都会被同样的担忧困扰 —— 今年春天可能不会到来。景色单调乏味，山丘、天空和森林都显得灰暗。My spirits ebb，就像15年前我第一次来缅因州遇到四月降雪时一样。)”可知，“my spirits ebb”这里表示作者心情低落、忧郁。故选B项。 【73题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Each spring it blossoms so freely that the air becomes filled with the scent of apple.(每年春天它花开绚烂，空气中弥漫着苹果花香。)”以及第五段““You’re not cutting it down, are you?” she asked anxiously. Another neighbor frowned as I cut off a branch. “Don’t kill it now,” he warned.(“你不是要把它砍倒吧？”她焦急地问道。另一个邻居在我剪掉树枝时皱起了眉，“别现在害死它。”他警告说。)”描述邻居们纷纷关心这棵树不让作者伤害它可知，这棵苹果树是邻里们共同喜爱的美好事物。故选A项。 【74题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段““You’re not cutting it down, are you?” she asked anxiously. Another neighbor frowned as I cut off a branch. “Don’t kill it now,” he warned.(“你不是要把它砍倒吧？”她焦急地问道。另一个邻居在我剪掉树枝时皱起了眉，“别现在害死它。”他警告说。)”可知，邻居们开窗走到门廊是因为担心苹果树的安全。故选C项。 【75题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段“It was as if the old apple tree was gathering us under its branches for the purpose of both acquaintance and shared wonder.(仿佛这棵老苹果树把我们聚在枝叶下，就是为了让我们彼此相识，共享这份美好。)”以及最后一段邻居说“We need to prune that apple tree again.(我们需要再修剪一次那棵苹果树。)”可知，邻居真正在意的是修剪苹果树带来的邻里相聚。故选C项。 (B) According to a recent poll (投票), the top reason people quit their job is a bad supervisor. But if you really like the job or need it as a stepping stone in your career, you will have to learn to deal with your superior. Daniel Bortz, who writes Time magazine’s career column, has some advice to cope with the following types of bosses. The passive-aggressive: Praising you in private, then criticizing your ideas in public. How to cope: Try to get honest feedback from your boss. You can say, “I got the sense you didn’t like my idea. Would you mind next time sharing your constructive criticism in advance? It would really help me improve. The praise thief: Stealing credit for your work and ideas. How to cope: Try saying, “I noticed that the project I developed has taken off with the big bosses. I’d love to be included in those conversations.” If this doesn’t work, start sending big-idea e-mails to your boss and your boss’s boss, saying that you want to get input from both of them. By doing this, you can take ownership of your own work. The hands-off boss: Giving so much freedom to staff that they may be working on the wrong tasks. How to cope: When starting a project, ask your supervisor for specifics on what he or she is looking for, and then send an e-mail going over and summarizing the conversation. You’ll be on the same page and have it on record. The self-centered: Making you work late, calling you on vacation, and generally stealing your personal life. How to cope: People with a big ego (自我) think they’re perfect and hate criticism. So cushion the request to reclaim your life with a compliment. Say, “I admire your commitment to excellence and want to do the best job possible, but my work suffers when I’m exhausted. I need my weekends to recover.” 76. According to the author, which is the top reason for people to quit their job? A. The job has prevented them from achieving a career. B. The job is stealing their vacations and weekends. C. They don’t like what they are doing. D. They find the boss hard to deal with. 77. By inviting your boss to share his constructive criticism with you, what you actually want is ________. A. a fair review of your work B. some praise before your colleagues C. your boss’s comments in private D. extra help from your boss 78. It is a piece of advice for those dealing with ________ that you should tell them you want to be informed of all progress in your work. A. the passive-aggressive type of bosses B. the praise-thief type of bosses C. the hands-off bosses D. the self-centered type of bosses 【答案】76. D 77. A 78. B 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了四类典型的难缠老板，同时分别给出了对应的沟通与应对技巧。 【76题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“According to a recent poll (投票), the top reason people quit their job is a bad supervisor.(近期一项调查显示，员工离职的首要原因是遇上了不好的上司。)”可知，在作者看来，人们辞职的首要原因是他们觉得老板很难相处。 【77题详解】 细节理解题。根据The passive-aggressive部分“Try to get honest feedback from your boss. You can say, “I got the sense you didn’t like my idea. Would you mind next time sharing your constructive criticism in advance? It would really help me improve.(试着主动向老板寻求真实反馈。你可以这样说：“我感觉您并不认可我的想法。下次能否提前给出建设性意见？这真的能帮我改进工作。”)”可知，主动请老板提前给出建设性意见，你实际上想要的是对自己工作公正的评价。 【78题详解】 细节理解题。根据The praise thief部分“Stealing credit for your work and ideas... I’d love to be included in those conversations.(窃取你的工作成果与创意……我希望相关讨论能带上我一起参与。)”可知，建议主动要求知晓工作所有进展、参与相关沟通，这条建议针对的是抢功型老板。 (C) The middle-aged woman with the black cardigan around her shoulders had assumed a meticulously calibrated (精确校准的) posture: feet shoulder-width apart, arms slightly bent, fists loosely clenched, muscles relaxed yet alert. She was not preparing for a taekwondo bout, but performing her personal version of the underground battle engaged in daily by millions of New Yorkers: reading, intently, on a sardine-can D train heading swiftly toward Brooklyn in the evening rush. Without holding on. “I am a New Yorker,” the woman, Robin Kornhaber, 54, told me as if those five crisp words explained everything. “I can do anything on the subway.” Reading on the subway is a New York ritual, for the masters of the intricately folded newspaper like Ms. Kornhaber, who lives in Park Slope and works on the Upper East Side, as well as for teenage girls thumbing through magazines, aspiring actors memorizing lines, office workers devouring (津津有味地看) self-help inspiration, immigrants taking comfort in paragraphs in a familiar tongue. These days, among the worn covers may be the occasional Kindle, but since most trains are still devoid of Internet access, the subway ride remains a rare low-tech interlude (插曲) in a city of multitasking workaholics. And so, we read. Even without a seat, even while pressed with strangers into human panini, even as someone plays a keyboard harmonica and rattles a cup of change, even when stumbling home after a party. There are those whose commutes are carefully timed to the length of a Talk of the Town section of The New Yorker, those who methodically page their way through the classics, and those who always carry a second novel in case they unexpectedly make it to the end of the first on a slow F train. There is a lawyer from Brooklyn who for the past two months has catalogued what she and other commuters are reading on a blog, “The Subway Book Club,” and a student at the New School who spent the summer passing out 600 donated books to subway riders to spread her passion for reading. And then there are those reading the readers, imagining their story lines. That man in a suit studying “Rosetta Stone Level 3 Italian” on the No. 2 train must be preparing to meet his fiancée’s family in Tuscany. The woman reading a young-adult novel at 81st Street is probably a teacher preparing for class. We are usually left to wonder, but I recently spent 12 hours crisscrossing four boroughs underground, asking people what they were reading and why. Bob Alderson, 46, the man learning Italian, is a patent lawyer, with no immediate overseas travel plans, but aspirations. “Someday I want to visit Italy, so I’m studying,” he said. 79. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. New York Rush B. Reading Underground C. Underground Battle D. Subway Escape 80. The first three paragraphs tell us that ________. A. Robin Kornhaber is a little bit nervous on the train B. Robin Kornhaber is physically prepared for train ride C. Robin Kornhaber is a typical New York train rider and reader D. Robin Kornhaber stands for New Yorkers who rely heavily on subway 81. Which of the following is NOT true? A. It is a culture for New Yorkers to read underground. B. Some people will make guesses at those reading on the train. C. People have no Internet access on most underground trains in New York. D. People must make a careful schedule if they are to read underground. 82. The following may stand for the ill environment for readers on the train EXCEPT ________. A. sardine-can B. human panini C. taekwondo bout D. keyboard harmonica 【答案】79. B 80. C 81. D 82. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了纽约的人们有在地铁上阅读的习惯，介绍了地铁上阅读的人群和场景。 【79题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第四段“Reading on the subway is a New York ritual, for the masters of the intricately folded newspaper like Ms. Kornhaber, who lives in Park Slope and works on the Upper East Side, as well as for teenage girls thumbing through magazines, aspiring actors memorizing lines, office workers devouring (津津有味地看) self-help inspiration, immigrants taking comfort in paragraphs in a familiar tongue. (在地铁上阅读是纽约的一种仪式，对于像科恩哈伯女士这样住在公园坡、在上东区工作、精通复杂折页报纸的人来说如此，对于翻阅杂志的少女、背诵台词的有抱负的演员、津津有味地阅读励志自助书籍的上班族、在熟悉的语言段落中寻求慰藉的移民来说也是如此。)”和最后一段“And so, we read. (于是，我们阅读。)”以及全文围绕纽约人在地铁上阅读这一主题展开描述可知，本文最佳标题应为“地铁阅读”。 【80题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“The middle-aged woman with the black cardigan around her shoulders had assumed a meticulously calibrated (精确校准的) posture: feet shoulder-width apart, arms slightly bent, fists loosely clenched, muscles relaxed yet alert. (那位肩上搭着黑色开衫的中年女性摆出了一个精确校准的姿势：双脚与肩同宽，手臂微微弯曲，拳头松松地握着，肌肉放松但保持警觉。)”以及第二段“She was not preparing for a taekwondo bout, but performing her personal version of the underground battle engaged in daily by millions of New Yorkers: reading, intently, on a sardine-can D train heading swiftly toward Brooklyn in the evening rush. (她不是在准备跆拳道比赛，而是在进行她个人版本的地下战斗，这是数百万纽约人每天都在进行的：在晚高峰时段，在一辆像沙丁鱼罐头般拥挤的D号列车上，全神贯注地阅读，列车正快速驶向布鲁克林。)”以及第三段“‘I am a New Yorker,’ the woman, Robin Kornhaber, 54, told me as if those five crisp words explained everything. ‘I can do anything on the subway.’ (‘我是纽约人，’54岁的罗宾·科恩哈伯对我说，仿佛这五个干脆利落的字眼解释了一切。‘我在地铁上什么都能做。’)”可知，前三段告诉我们罗宾·科恩哈伯是典型的纽约地铁乘客和阅读者。 【81题详解】 细节理解题。根据第六段“There are those whose commutes are carefully timed to the length of a Talk of the Town section of The New Yorker, those who methodically page their way through the classics, and those who always carry a second novel in case they unexpectedly make it to the end of the first on a slow F train. (有些人的通勤时间被精心安排，刚好够读完《纽约客》杂志“城中话题”专栏的长度，有些人有条不紊地翻阅经典著作，还有些人总是随身携带第二本小说，以防在缓慢的F号列车上意外读完了第一本。)”可知，有些人的通勤时间与阅读内容长度相匹配，但文章并未说人们必须制定精心安排的时间表才能在地铁上阅读。 【82题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“She was not preparing for a taekwondo bout, but performing her personal version of the underground battle engaged in daily by millions of New Yorkers: reading, intently, on a sardine-can D train heading swiftly toward Brooklyn in the evening rush. (她不是在准备跆拳道比赛，而是在进行她个人版本的地下战斗，这是数百万纽约人每天都在进行的：在晚高峰时段，在一辆像沙丁鱼罐头般拥挤的D号列车上，全神贯注地阅读，列车正快速驶向布鲁克林。)”可知，taekwondo bout是用来比喻地铁上的阅读状态，而非描述地铁上糟糕的阅读环境。根据第五段“Even without a seat, even while pressed with strangers into human panini, even as someone plays a keyboard harmonica and rattles a cup of change, even when stumbling home after a party. (即使没有座位，即使与陌生人被挤压成人肉帕尼尼，即使有人在演奏键盘口琴并摇晃着装零钱的杯子，即使在派对后踉跄回家。)”可知，human panini形容被挤压，keyboard harmonica形容噪音，都是描述地铁上恶劣的阅读环境；而sardine-can在第二段中形容列车拥挤，也是描述恶劣环境。因此，taekwondo不代表地铁上糟糕的阅读环境。 Section C (8 points) Directions: Read the following passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Discussions about economic development often focus on how to increase income equality. More recently, however, thoughtful observers have begun to regard consumption equality — the equal use of goods and services — as a more sure indicator of equality in human wellbeing. After all, it more accurately captures inequality as people experience it when they consume. And consumption can be affected by borrowing and saving, as well as by social safety-net programs. ____83____ Although increased consumption by citizens of less-developed countries will improve the lives of millions, it will likely have negative consequences for the planet’s already stressed environment. Furthermore, reducing the high level of individual consumption in richer countries may result in short-term economic pain until new long-term sustainable production and consumption practices are in place. One recent study of the interaction between the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) found balances between SDG 12, Responsible Consumption and Production, and ten of the other goals. ____84____ Demographics (人口统计) will likely play an essential role in driving greater consumption equality. This year, Generation Z, born between 1995 and 2010, will become the world’s largest group, overtaking Millennials (born between 1980 and 1994). Together, these two groups will likely be the world’s most tech-savvy (精通科技), sustainability-conscious consumers. These generations have grown up with the so-called sharing economy. In general, they are not interested in buying things or owning houses or cars; instead, they value experiences like new media, tourism, entertainment, and e-sports. ____85____ Moreover, 80% of the world’s middle class will live outside the United States and the European Union by 2030. These citizens will likely seek to improve their lives by consuming more — but not simply by copying developed-world consumption patterns. ____86____ A. And the resulting shift from conspicuous (炫耀的) to conscious consumption is changing the face of consumerism. B. But consumption equality is a double-edged sword. C. In fact, global consumption is already rapidly becoming more equal. D. Rather, they will probably follow their own path, driven by an awareness and concern about the planet’s sustainability. E. The businesses and governments must therefore carefully manage these balances in pursuing the SDGs. F. The world is becoming “flat” with respect to consumption. 【答案】83. B 84. E 85. A 86. D 【解析】 【导语】本文先是指出人们如今更倾向将消费平等视作衡量民众生活幸福平等度的重要指标，接着分析消费平等是一把双刃剑，会对环境和各国经济产生不同影响，随后说明人口结构、年轻一代的消费观念以及全球中产阶级分布变化，都会推动全球消费平等的发展，并带来消费模式的转变。 【83题详解】 根据前文“And consumption can be affected by borrowing and saving, as well as by social safety-net programs.(消费还会受到借贷、储蓄以及社会保障体系的影响。)”和后文“Although increased consumption by citizens of less-developed countries will improve the lives of millions, it will likely have negative consequences for the planet’s already stressed environment.(欠发达国家民众消费增加虽会改善数百万人的生活，但也可能给本就不堪重负的地球环境带来负面影响。)”可知，后文讲述了消费平等带来的利弊两面，由此判断空格处起到承上启下的作用，引出消费平等的双重影响。选项B“But consumption equality is a double-edged sword.(但消费平等是一把双刃剑。)”符合上下文逻辑。 【84题详解】 根据前文“One recent study of the interaction between the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) found balances between SDG 12, Responsible Consumption and Production, and ten of the other goals.(近期一项针对联合国17项可持续发展目标关联性的研究发现，第12项负责任消费和生产目标与其他十项目标之间存在制衡关系。)”可知，前文提到了各可持续发展目标之间的平衡关系，空格处应承接这一内容，说明如何应对这种平衡关系。选项E“The businesses and governments must therefore carefully manage these balances in pursuing the SDGs.(因此，企业和政府在推进可持续发展目标时必须谨慎把控这些平衡关系。)”衔接自然。 【85题详解】 根据前文“In general, they are not interested in buying things or owning houses or cars; instead, they value experiences like new media, tourism, entertainment, and e-sports.(总的来说，他们无意购置物品、房产或车辆，反而更看重新媒体、旅游、娱乐、电竞这类体验式消费。)”可知，此处介绍了Z世代和千禧一代全新的消费理念，空格处应延续话题，说明这种消费理念带来的改变。选项A“And the resulting shift from conspicuous to conscious consumption is changing the face of consumerism.(由此，从炫耀型消费到理性消费的转变，正在改变消费主义的面貌。)”契合语境。 【86题详解】 根据前文“These citizens will likely seek to improve their lives by consuming more — but not simply by copying developed-world consumption patterns.(这些民众或许会通过增加消费来改善生活，但不会一味照搬发达国家的消费模式。)”可知，句子出现转折，说明他们不会一味照搬发达国家的消费模式，空格处应进一步说明他们会选择怎样的消费方式。选项D“Rather, they will probably follow their own path, driven by an awareness and concern about the planet’s sustainability.(相反，出于对地球可持续发展的认知与关切，他们大概率会走出属于自己的消费道路。)”与前文构成完整逻辑。 IV. Translation (4 points + 5 points + 5 points + 5 points + 6 points = 25 points) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 87. 那位部门经理受欢迎的秘诀在于他从不对下属吹毛求疵。(consist, fault) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The secret of the department manager’s popularity consists in the fact that he never finds fault with his subordinates. 【解析】 【详解】表示“那位部门经理受欢迎的秘诀”应用the secret of the department manager’s popularity；表示“存在于”应用动词短语consist in，陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语为单数名词，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式；表示“事实”应用the fact；表示“他从不对下属吹毛求疵”应用that he never finds fault with his subordinates，that引导同位语从句，解释说明the fact的内容。 88. 这个羞怯的女孩对中国古典文学如此沉迷，充分利用业余时间来作诗、写小说。(So, addict) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 So addicted is the shy girl to Chinese classical literature that she makes full use of her spare time to write poems and novels. 【解析】 【详解】“这个羞怯的女孩”用名词短语the shy girl作主语，“如此沉迷”用形容词短语so addicted作表语，本句为so...that...结构的部分倒装，当“so+形容词/副词”置于句首时，主句需要部分倒装，即把be动词is提到主语之前，“对中国古典文学”用介词短语to Chinese classical literature作状语，搭配固定短语be addicted to；that引导结果状语从句，“充分利用”用动词短语make full use of作从句谓语，句子描述客观情况，时态为一般现在时，“业余时间”用名词短语her spare time作从句宾语，“来作诗、写小说”用动词不定式短语to write poems and novels作目的状语。 89. 不言而喻，如果人类停止在动物身上做残忍的实验，这将对动物福利产生深远的影响。(It, cease) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It goes without saying that if humans cease conducting cruel experiments on animals, it will have a far-reaching impact on animal welfare. 【解析】 【详解】表示“不言而喻”应用固定句型It goes without saying that…；表示“如果”应用if，引导条件状语从句；表示“人类”应用humans；表示“停止做某事”应用cease doing sth.，if引导的条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来，主语为复数名词，谓语动词用原形；表示“做残忍的实验”应用conduct cruel experiments，此处使用动名词conducting作宾语；表示“在动物身上”应用on animals；表示“这”应用it；表示“对动物福利产生深远的影响”应用have a far-reaching impact on animal welfare；表示“将会”可知，使用一般将来时。 90. 你越少迫使自己去追求明显不切实际的目标，你患心理疾病的可能性就越小。(press, likely) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The less you press yourself to pursue obviously unrealistic goals, the less likely you are to suffer from mental illnesses. 【解析】 【详解】“你越少迫使自己去追求明显不切实际的目标”用“the + 比较级”结构引导的分句表示，其中“你”用人称代词you作主语，“迫使”用动词press作谓语，描述客观情况用一般现在时，“自己”用反身代词yourself作宾语，“去追求”用不定式短语to pursue作宾语补足语，“明显不切实际的”用副词obviously和形容词unrealistic表示，“目标”用名词复数goals作pursue的宾语；“你患心理疾病的可能性就越小”用“the + 比较级”结构表示，“越小”用the less likely作表语，固定搭配be likely to do表示“可能做某事”，“患……病”用动词短语suffer from表示，“心理疾病”用名词短语mental illnesses作介词from的宾语。 91. 正是那句“不积跬步，无以至千里”激励那个年轻人通过不断摸索成为了一名优秀的指挥家。（It, trial）(汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It was the saying “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step” that inspired the young man to become an excellent conductor through trial and error. 【解析】 【详解】“正是”表达为强调句型It was+被强调部分that+剩余其它的部分，置于句首，强调主语，“那句‘不积跬步，无以至千里’表达为the saying “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step”，作被强调部分；其余部分放到that之后；“激励”表达为动词inspire，结合句意可知，此句陈述过去的事情，用一般过去时inspired；“那个年轻人”表达为the young man，作inspired的宾语；“通过不断摸索”表达为固定搭配through trial and error，作方式状语，修饰become；“成为了一名优秀的指挥家”表达为to become an excellent conductor，作宾语补足语。 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 七宝中学高二英语测试2 (October 2023) I. Listening Comprehension (25 points) Section A Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. At a convenience store. B. At a cinema. C. At a railway station. D At a hospital. 2. A. Three. B. Twenty. C. Seventeen. D. Twenty-three. 3. A. He was involved in a terrible accident. B. He has a good relationship with his professor. C. He handed in his homework on time despite the car wreck. D. He often makes up excuses for not doing his homework. 4. A. Ticket seller and audience. B. Manager and secretary. C. Librarian and reader. D. Receptionist and customer. 5. A. A cartoon. B. A movie about a talk show. C. A comedy. D. A violent movie. 6. A. He is not a bit overweight. B. He likes his fitness instructor. C. She has set too many rules for him. D. She should talk with his personal trainer. 7. A. He doesn’t like dressing up for Halloween. B. He thinks Halloween celebration is fun. C. Halloween is his least favourite holiday. D. He can’t stand putting up Halloween decorations. 8. A. There is a no fishing sign. B. The man caught many small fish. C. The woman is angry with the man. D. The man had to pay to fish there. 9. A. They don’t want to worry about being late. B. They can’t complete the project in 3 months. C. They can do better with more time. D. Something unexpected is sure to happen. 10. A. The man decides to go home by rail. B. Most people travel by car during the festival. C. Most people arrive beyond the scheduled time. D. The man will have a sound sleep on the bus. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. The burn is 20 millimeters across. B. The burn is small but very painful. C. The burn takes away the victim’s feeling. D. The burn is small but the skin is damaged. 12. A. Use a clean plastic bag to keep warm. B. Bind up the burn with bandage or cloth. C. Treat the burned area with cold running water. D. Flush (冲洗) the burn with ice water for several minutes. 13. A. To avoid infection. B. To ease pain. C. To speed recovery. D. To reduce stickiness. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. They can remind themselves to make full use of time. B. They can keep time when they are writing a novel. C. They should pay by minute when they leave. D. They can get a clock as a gift for buying the coffee. 15. A. Customers should wash their own dishes for there is no waitress. B. The relaxed atmosphere attracts like-minded people to socialize there. C. Customers can bring their own snacks because no food is served there. D. Wi-Fi is unavailable because face-to-face communication is encouraged there. 16. A. It has proved to be popular in both Britain and Russia. B. The coffee shop in London is not as successful as expected. C. It’s not well-received in Britain because it costs more. D. It takes time to see whether British people like it or not. Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. 17. A. Tomorrow. B. This Saturday. C. Next Monday. D. In two weeks. 18. A. She reviews what she has learned in every chapter and tests herself. B. She focuses on the class notes for an entire day without breaks. C. She copies top students’ notes and reads them carefully. D. She memorizes all the information within one night. 19. A. They quiz each other and the loser pays the bill. B. They study together and enjoy lunch together. C. They have lunch and go to see a movie. D. They solve some urgent problems first. 20. A. She puts stress on herself to get motivated. B. She goes to sleep early to ensure a good rest. C. She takes every opportunity to learn new knowledge. D. She reviews the materials and crams for (突击准备) the test. II. Grammar and Vocabulary (40 points) Section A (A) Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Cucumbers, sweet peas, grapes — what do they have in common? ____1____ of these vegetables grow on trees. They don’t have strong roots, big trunks or long branches, which makes it harder for them to get sunlight. But don’t worry. They ____2____ (develop) their own unique way of growing taller — climbing! Take cucumbers as an example. The plant grows as a straight stem ____3____ it finds something to hold onto, either a nearby tree or a stick. That is when the stem makes small coils (卷曲) that help the plant hold the stick tightly. How plants are able to do this has remained a mystery to scientists for years. Even Charles Darwin was interested in this question. But it is not until now ____4____ a Harvard research team has finally found the answer. The study was published in the journal Science earlier this month. The key, ____5____ it turns out, is inside a kind of thread-like cell called “g-fiber cell”, which has the ability to shrink or stretch. Each stem of the cucumber plant is made up of several layers of g-fibers. Once the plant finds something to hold onto, cells on one side of the stem start to shrink, ____6____ (force) the whole thing to curve and coil, which is a bit like ____7____ our muscles get our bodies to move. What’s more, a cucumber’s coil is not exactly like that of a spring. ____8____ you look closely, you may find that a spring curves all in the same direction, but a plant’s coil curves in two opposite directions, like a telephone cord (线). This means that the stem can stay soft when pulled gently but become stiff and strong when pulled harder. “You want the plant to have a little bit of flexibility ____9____ ____10____ if the wind blows or an animal brushes past it, it doesn’t break,” explained Sharon Gerbode, lead author of the study. “This structure allows the plant ____11____ (accommodate) small motions easily, but then if something really serious happens it can get very stiff and protect itself.” (B) Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Each year on Feb 21, UNESCO holds an International Mother Language Day (IMLD). The event is ____12____ (draw) attention to the disappearance of the world’s languages: dozens of them are vanishing each year. UNESCO sees this as a tragedy, and with good reason. What happens when a language dies out? Something huge is lost — not just sounds and marks but the way ____13____ people make sense of the world and communicate with each other. And it is through language that we have culture and tradition. ____14____ (kill) a language and all this is killed too. Through IMLD, people are becoming ____15____ (aware) of the destruction of linguistic diversity in modern times and trying to stop it. Google’s 2012 Endangered Languages Project is a good example. Speakers and protectors of endangered languages upload text, audio and video files to the project site. They want to introduce people to the wonders of the way people communicate and express ____16____ around the world. The Myaamia Project is a similar kind of effort. This is an attempt to revive the language spoken by the Miami and Illinois tribes of the US. Project members work to encourage people to study and communicate with this language, which formally died out in the 1960s. These activities, which breathe life into languages on the verge of extinction, ____17____ seem old-fashioned to some. But ____18____ who work to keep languages alive are not enslaved (束缚) to the past. They are enthusiastic young people who design apps and use social media to champion their activities. As the US-based social event calendar website Upcoming puts ____19____, they “spread the word” to save the word. So, ____20____ the problem of disappearing languages remains a very serious one, there is hope. We all have a special feeling for our mother tongue, although those of us who speak ____21____ that is not endangered might not always be aware of it. This is why we should recall the wise words of the late president of South Africa, Nelson Mandela: “If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to a man in his own language, that goes to his heart.” Section B (A) Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. appreciate B. determining C. further D. ignorance AB. invisible AC. present AD. readings BC. scale BD. supporting CD. valuable ABC. wrapping The Curies became research workers at the School of Chemistry and Physics in Paris and there they began their pioneering work into ____22____ rays given off by uranium — a new phenomenon which had recently been discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel. He had shown that the rays were able to pass through solid matter, fog and photographic film and caused air to conduct electricity. Marie also noticed that samples of a mineral called pitchblende (沥青铀矿), which contains uranium ore (矿石), were a great deal more radioactive than the pure element uranium. Further work convinced her that the very large ____23____ she was getting could not be caused by uranium alone – there was something else in the pitchblende. Since nobody had ever found it before, it could only be present in tiny quantities, and it seemed to be very radioactive. Marie was convinced she had found a new chemical element — other scientists doubted her results. Pierre and Marie Curie set about working to search for the unknown element. They ground up samples of pitchblende, dissolved them in acid, and began to separate the different elements ____24____, using the standard analytical chemistry techniques of the time. Eventually, they extracted a black powder 330 times more radioactive than uranium, which they called polonium (钋). Polonium was a new chemical element, atomic number 84. When the Curies investigated ____25____, they found that the liquid left behind after they had extracted polonium was still extremely radioactive. They realised that pitchblende contained another new element, far more radioactive than polonium, but present in even smaller quantities. In 1898, the Curies published strong evidence ____26____ the existence of the new element — which they called radium — but they still had no sample of it. Pitchblende is an expensive mineral, because it contains ____27____ uranium, and Marie needed a lot of it. She got in touch with a factory in Austria that removed the uranium from pitchblende for industrial use and bought several tonnes of the worthless waste product, which was even more radioactive than the original pitchblende, and was much cheaper. Marie set about processing the pitchblende to extract the tiny quantities of radium. This involved working on a much larger ____28____ than before, with 20kg batches of the mineral — grinding, dissolving, filtering, precipitating, collecting, redissolving, crystallising and recrystallising. The work was heavy and physically demanding — and involved dangers the Curies did not ____29____. During this time they began to feel sick and physically exhausted; today we can attribute their ill-health to the early symptoms of radiation sickness. At the time they persevered in ____30____ of the risks, often with raw and inflamed hands because they were continually handling highly radioactive material. In 1902 Marie eventually isolated radium (as radium chloride (氯化镭), ____31____ its atomic weight as 225.93. The journey to the discovery had been long and arduous. (B) Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. challenged B. ease C. incorporated D. interpretations AB. mirrors AC. pursuit AD. revolutionaries BC. shoulder BD. spared CD. thrive ABC. unrestrained Great ones never leave, and great ideas never die. Throughout history, many great minds have shaped China. The second season of the documentary China, which concluded in March, explores their stories. It also ____32____ one spirit of the nation — people-oriented thought. In China, the concept of putting people first has a long history. Dating back to the Xia Dynasty, King Taikang indulged in ____33____ pleasure and ignored national affairs. As a result, he was turned away by his country. His brothers wrote about an instruction from his ancestor, “The people are the foundation of a country, and only when the people lead a good life can the country ____34____”. Later in Warring States period, Mencius took the idea of putting people first to a new level. He ____35____ the feudal monarchy (封建君主制) and proposed, “The most valuable are the people, next comes the state, and the least is the ruler”. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people-oriented thought was ____36____ into the political system through the imperial examination system, which contained a great deal of Confucian classics and created the unique cultural temperament (气质) of ancient Chinese politics. Attaching importance to people’s livelihoods has become a major political ____37____ for officials. Di Renjie, a prime minister (宰相) in the Tang Dynasty, is a good example. Much of his advice to Empress Wu Zetian showed his concern for the common people. For example, he asked to ____38____ the burden on them and provide more support to them. This concern can also be seen in many officials’ poems, for instance, Fan Zhongyan’s famous line, “To be the first in the country to worry about the affairs of the state and the last to enjoy oneself”. A century ago, Chinese ____39____ led by Sun Yat-sen stunned the world when they launched the Revolution of 1911, ending the monarchy that had ruled China for thousands of years. A great pioneer of China’s democratic revolution, Sun put forward the well-known “Three Principles of the People”, aiming to build an independent and democratic new China. Now China has given different ____40____ to people-oriented thought. During the pandemic, “people first, life first” has become a buzzword. “From a 30-hour-old baby to senior citizens over 100 years old, no cost was ____41____ to save a life, and all the treatment was free,” Chinese Ambassador to the United States said in a speech on Oct 6, 2021. III. Reading Comprehension A (30 points) Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. (A) Gallup used to conduct a poll that asked students to name the school subject that they considered to be the most difficult. Not ____42____, mathematics came out on top of the difficulty chart. So what is it about math that makes it difficult? Dictionary.com defines the word “difficult” as “not easily or readily done; requiring much ____43____ or planning to be performed successfully.” This definition gets to the point of the problem when it comes to math. What makes math difficult is that it takes patience and persistence. For many students, math is not something that comes ____44____. It takes effort. It is a subject that sometimes requires students to devote lots and lots of time and ____45____. This means, for many, the problem has little to do with brain power; it is mostly a matter of staying power. And since students don’t make their own timelines, they can ____46____ the time as the teacher moves on to the next topic. In fact, there is also an element of brain style in the big picture, according to many scientists. They believe that people are born with ____47____ math understanding skills. Logical, left-brain thinkers tend to understand things in sequential bits, while artistic, intuitive, right-brainers are more ____48____. They take in a lot of information at one time and allow time to let it “sink in”. So left-brain students may grasp concepts ____49____ while right-brain students don’t. To the right-brain students, time loss can make them feel confused and behind. Unfortunately, in busy classrooms with too many students, students are not always ____50____ enough time. We have to move on, ready or not. Math know-how is also cumulative (积累), which means it works much like a pile of building blocks. You have to gain enough ____51____ in one area, before you can effectively go on to “build upon” another area. Our first mathematical building blocks are established in primary school, when we learn ____52____ for addition and multiplication, and those first concepts become our ____53____. These mathematical concepts or knowledge has to sink in and become ____54____ before students can move on to challenge the next stage of new concepts. However, teachers don’t have time to ensure that every single student understands every single concept. So some students move to the next level with really shaky knowledge system. ____55____, as they climb the ladder, they may meet with more and more difficulties and might ____56____ complete failure at some point. 42. A. surprisingly B. interestingly C. necessarily D. similarly 43. A. emotion B. labor C. curiosity D. money 44. A. regularly B. possibly C. automatically D. secretly 45. A. space B. confidence C. character D. energy 46. A. make up for B. run out of C. take advantage of D. add up to 47. A. steady B. abstract C. different D. sharp 48. A. negative B. global C. simple D. specific 49. A. quickly B. typically C. patiently D. strangely 50. A. reminded about B. exposed to C. blessed with D. accused of 51. A. praises B. scores C. material D. blocks 52. A. solutions B. rules C. aims D. choices 53. A. thought B. attitude C. foundation D. source 54. A. native B. accessible C. firm D. superior 55. A. In addition B. In contrast C. For example D. In result 56. A. realize B. acknowledge C. suffer D. regret (B) Picture yourself driving down a city street. Suddenly you see something in the middle of the road ahead. A torn paper bag, a lost shoe, or something else? You'll quickly determine the actions that best fit the ___57___-what humans call having“common sense”. However, ___58___ “obstacles” that no human would ever stop for, AI self-driving vehicles are likely to apply the brakes unexpectedly.The challenges for self-driving vehicles won’t be solved by giving them more training data or rules for what to do in unusual situations. To be trustworthy, these vehicles need common sense to solve the object-in-the-road problem: broad ___59___ about the properties of objects and an ability to ___60___ adapt that knowledge in new circumstances. You can predict, ___61___, that while a pile of glass on the road won’t flyaway as you approach, birds likely will. From this ___62___ the term “common sense” seems to ___63___ exactly what current AI systems cannot do.Their lack of a ___64___ of commonsense makes them susceptible to unpredictable errors, which humans will never make. Today’s AI systems use neural networks, algorithms(算法) trained to spot patterns, based on data gathered from extensive collections of human-labeled examples.This ___65___ is very different from how humans learn. We humans seem to come into the world with inborn knowledge of certain basic concepts--including the ideas of objects and events and the nature of space. We aren’t even ____66____ that we have it, or that it forms the basis for all future learning. A big lesson from decades of AI research is how hard it is to teach such ____67____ to machines. The history of planting common sense in AI systems has largely focused on cataloging human knowledge: manually programming and ____68____ stereotyped(模式化的)situations. But all such attempts face a possibly fatal ____69____. Much of our instinctive knowledge is unwritten,unspoken,and not even in our conscious awareness. A US AI research agency recently launched a programme. It challenges researchers to create an AI system that learns from “experience” in order to acquire the cognitive abilities of an 18-month-old baby. It might seem strange that ____70____ a baby is considered a grand challenge for AI, but this reflects the gulf between AI's success in specific fields and more general intelligence. If we can figure out how to get our machines to learn like children, perhaps after some years, these young “commonsense agents” will finally become teenagers--ones who are sufficiently sensible to be ____71____ with the car keys. 57. A. situation B. environment C. context D. regulation 58. A. inspecting B. locating C. tracking D. spotting 59. A. horizon B. mind C. knowledge D. control 60. A. casually B. flexibly C. routinely D. mechanically 61. A. as a result B. in a word C. for example D. in the meantime 62. A. perspective B. conclusion C. condition D. inference 63. A. diagnose B. analyze C. specify D. capture 64. A. prediction B. foundation C. definition D. motivation 65. A. process B. experience C. tendency D. strategy 66. A. content B. confident C. conscious D. concerned 67. A. approaches B. procedures C. skills D. concepts 68. A. registering B. presenting C. uncovering D. reviewing 69. A. obstacle B. prejudice C. consequence D. error 70. A. training B. raising C. delivering D. matching 71. A. burdened B. rewarded C. entrusted D. honored Section B (22 points) Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Every April I am troubled by the same concern — that spring might not occur this year. The landscape looks dull, with hills, sky and forest appearing gray. My spirits ebb as they did during an April snowfall when I first came to Maine 15 years ago. “Just wait,” a neighbor advised. “You’ll wake up one morning and spring will just be here.” And look, on May 3 that year I awoke to a green so amazing as to be almost electric, as if spring were simply a matter of flipping a switch. Hills, sky and forest revealed their purples, blues and green. Leaves had unfolded and daffodils were fighting their way heavenward. Then there was the old apple tree. It sits on an undeveloped lot in my neighborhood. It belongs to no one and therefore to everyone. The tree’s dark twisted branches stretch out in unpruned (未经修剪的) abandon. Each spring it blossoms so freely that the air becomes filled with the scent of apple. Until last year, I thought I was the only one aware of this tree. And then one day, in a bit of spring madness, I set out with pruner to remove a few disorderly branches. No sooner had I arrived under the tree than neighbors opened their windows and stepped onto their porches. These were people I barely knew and seldom spoke to, but it was as if I had come uninvited into their personal gardens. My mobile-home neighbor was the first to speak. “You’re not cutting it down, are you?” she asked anxiously. Another neighbor frowned as I cut off a branch. “Don’t kill it now,” he warned. Soon half the neighborhood had joined me under the apple tree. It struck me that I had lived there for five years and only now was learning these people’s names, what they did for a living and how they passed the winter. It was as if the old apple tree was gathering us under its branches for the purpose of both acquaintance and shared wonder. I couldn’t help recalling Robert Frost’s words: The trees that have it in their pent-up buds To darken nature and be summer woods One thaw led to another. Just the other day I saw one of my neighbors at the local store. He remarked how this recent winter had been especially long and complained of not having seen or spoken to anyone in our neighborhood. And then, he looked at me and said, “We need to prune that apple tree again.” 72. By saying that “my spirits ebb” (Para. 1), the author means that ______. A. he feels relieved B. he feels blue C. he is surprised D. he is tired 73. The apple tree mentioned in the passage is most likely to ______. A. be regarded as a delight in the neighborhood B. have been abandoned by its original owner C. have been neglected by everyone in the community D. be appealing only to the author 74. In Para. 4, “neighbors opened their windows and stepped onto their porches” probably because ______. A. they were surprised that someone unknown was pruning the tree B. they wanted to prevent the author from pruning the tree C. they were concerned about the safety of the tree D. they wanted to get to know the author 75. It can be inferred that the author’s neighbor mentioned in the last paragraph most cared about ______. A. when spring would arrive B. how to pass the long winter C. the neighborhood gathering D. the pruning of the apple tree (B) According to a recent poll (投票), the top reason people quit their job is a bad supervisor. But if you really like the job or need it as a stepping stone in your career, you will have to learn to deal with your superior. Daniel Bortz, who writes Time magazine’s career column, has some advice to cope with the following types of bosses. The passive-aggressive: Praising you in private, then criticizing your ideas in public. How to cope: Try to get honest feedback from your boss. You can say, “I got the sense you didn’t like my idea. Would you mind next time sharing your constructive criticism in advance? It would really help me improve. The praise thief: Stealing credit for your work and ideas. How to cope: Try saying, “I noticed that the project I developed has taken off with the big bosses. I’d love to be included in those conversations.” If this doesn’t work, start sending big-idea e-mails to your boss and your boss’s boss, saying that you want to get input from both of them. By doing this, you can take ownership of your own work. The hands-off boss: Giving so much freedom to staff that they may be working on the wrong tasks. How to cope: When starting a project, ask your supervisor for specifics on what he or she is looking for, and then send an e-mail going over and summarizing the conversation. You’ll be on the same page and have it on record. The self-centered: Making you work late, calling you on vacation, and generally stealing your personal life. How to cope: People with a big ego (自我) think they’re perfect and hate criticism. So cushion the request to reclaim your life with a compliment. Say, “I admire your commitment to excellence and want to do the best job possible, but my work suffers when I’m exhausted. I need my weekends to recover.” 76. According to the author, which is the top reason for people to quit their job? A. The job has prevented them from achieving a career. B. The job is stealing their vacations and weekends. C. They don’t like what they are doing. D. They find the boss hard to deal with. 77. By inviting your boss to share his constructive criticism with you, what you actually want is ________. A. a fair review of your work B. some praise before your colleagues C. your boss’s comments in private D. extra help from your boss 78. It is a piece of advice for those dealing with ________ that you should tell them you want to be informed of all progress in your work. A. the passive-aggressive type of bosses B. the praise-thief type of bosses C. the hands-off bosses D. the self-centered type of bosses (C) The middle-aged woman with the black cardigan around her shoulders had assumed a meticulously calibrated (精确校准的) posture: feet shoulder-width apart, arms slightly bent, fists loosely clenched, muscles relaxed yet alert. She was not preparing for a taekwondo bout, but performing her personal version of the underground battle engaged in daily by millions of New Yorkers: reading, intently, on a sardine-can D train heading swiftly toward Brooklyn in the evening rush. Without holding on. “I am a New Yorker,” the woman, Robin Kornhaber, 54, told me as if those five crisp words explained everything. “I can do anything on the subway.” Reading on the subway is a New York ritual, for the masters of the intricately folded newspaper like Ms. Kornhaber, who lives in Park Slope and works on the Upper East Side, as well as for teenage girls thumbing through magazines, aspiring actors memorizing lines, office workers devouring (津津有味地看) self-help inspiration, immigrants taking comfort in paragraphs in a familiar tongue. These days, among the worn covers may be the occasional Kindle, but since most trains are still devoid of Internet access, the subway ride remains a rare low-tech interlude (插曲) in a city of multitasking workaholics. And so, we read. Even without a seat, even while pressed with strangers into human panini, even as someone plays a keyboard harmonica and rattles a cup of change, even when stumbling home after a party. There are those whose commutes are carefully timed to the length of a Talk of the Town section of The New Yorker, those who methodically page their way through the classics, and those who always carry a second novel in case they unexpectedly make it to the end of the first on a slow F train. There is a lawyer from Brooklyn who for the past two months has catalogued what she and other commuters are reading on a blog, “The Subway Book Club,” and a student at the New School who spent the summer passing out 600 donated books to subway riders to spread her passion for reading. And then there are those reading the readers, imagining their story lines. That man in a suit studying “Rosetta Stone Level 3 Italian” on the No. 2 train must be preparing to meet his fiancée’s family in Tuscany. The woman reading a young-adult novel at 81st Street is probably a teacher preparing for class. We are usually left to wonder, but I recently spent 12 hours crisscrossing four boroughs underground, asking people what they were reading and why. Bob Alderson, 46, the man learning Italian, is a patent lawyer, with no immediate overseas travel plans, but aspirations. “Someday I want to visit Italy, so I’m studying,” he said. 79. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. New York Rush B. Reading Underground C. Underground Battle D. Subway Escape 80. The first three paragraphs tell us that ________. A. Robin Kornhaber is a little bit nervous on the train B. Robin Kornhaber is physically prepared for train ride C. Robin Kornhaber is a typical New York train rider and reader D. Robin Kornhaber stands for New Yorkers who rely heavily on subway 81. Which of the following is NOT true? A. It is a culture for New Yorkers to read underground. B. Some people will make guesses at those reading on the train. C. People have no Internet access on most underground trains in New York. D. People must make a careful schedule if they are to read underground. 82. The following may stand for the ill environment for readers on the train EXCEPT ________. A. sardine-can B. human panini C. taekwondo bout D. keyboard harmonica Section C (8 points) Directions: Read the following passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Discussions about economic development often focus on how to increase income equality. More recently, however, thoughtful observers have begun to regard consumption equality — the equal use of goods and services — as a more sure indicator of equality in human wellbeing. After all, it more accurately captures inequality as people experience it when they consume. And consumption can be affected by borrowing and saving, as well as by social safety-net programs. ____83____ Although increased consumption by citizens of less-developed countries will improve the lives of millions, it will likely have negative consequences for the planet’s already stressed environment. Furthermore, reducing the high level of individual consumption in richer countries may result in short-term economic pain until new long-term sustainable production and consumption practices are in place. One recent study of the interaction between the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) found balances between SDG 12, Responsible Consumption and Production, and ten of the other goals. ____84____ Demographics (人口统计) will likely play an essential role in driving greater consumption equality. This year, Generation Z, born between 1995 and 2010, will become the world’s largest group, overtaking Millennials (born between 1980 and 1994). Together, these two groups will likely be the world’s most tech-savvy (精通科技), sustainability-conscious consumers. These generations have grown up with the so-called sharing economy. In general, they are not interested in buying things or owning houses or cars; instead, they value experiences like new media, tourism, entertainment, and e-sports. ____85____ Moreover, 80% of the world’s middle class will live outside the United States and the European Union by 2030. These citizens will likely seek to improve their lives by consuming more — but not simply by copying developed-world consumption patterns. ____86____ A. And the resulting shift from conspicuous (炫耀的) to conscious consumption is changing the face of consumerism. B. But consumption equality is a double-edged sword. C. In fact, global consumption is already rapidly becoming more equal. D. Rather, they will probably follow their own path, driven by an awareness and concern about the planet’s sustainability. E. The businesses and governments must therefore carefully manage these balances in pursuing the SDGs. F. The world is becoming “flat” with respect to consumption. IV. Translation (4 points + 5 points + 5 points + 5 points + 6 points = 25 points) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 87. 那位部门经理受欢迎的秘诀在于他从不对下属吹毛求疵。(consist, fault) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________ 88. 这个羞怯的女孩对中国古典文学如此沉迷，充分利用业余时间来作诗、写小说。(So, addict) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________ 89. 不言而喻，如果人类停止在动物身上做残忍的实验，这将对动物福利产生深远的影响。(It, cease) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________ 90. 你越少迫使自己去追求明显不切实际的目标，你患心理疾病的可能性就越小。(press, likely) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________ 91. 正是那句“不积跬步，无以至千里”激励那个年轻人通过不断摸索成为了一名优秀的指挥家。（It, trial）(汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $