内容正文:
八年级下册全册语法复习
一、动词不定式(to do)
(1) 作状语
主要用来修饰动词、形容词或整个句子,表示目的、原因、结果等,最常见的是表示目的。
1. 表示目的 意为“为了……”,可以放在句首或句末。放在句首时,常用逗号隔开,语气更强。
句型: To + 动词原形 + 主句 或 主句 + to + 动词原形
[常用动词]want/ask/tell/advise/encourage/order sb.to do sth.
例句:
To catch the early bus, she gets up early every day. (为了赶上早班车,她6点就起床了。)
Bob studies hard to get good grades. (鲍勃努力学习是为了取得好成绩。)
注意:强调目的时,也可以用 “in order to” 。
In order to improve his English, he keeps on writing diaries in English.
2. 表示结果
通常放在句末,表示一种出乎意料或顺理成章的结果。常与副词 “only” 连用,表示“却,不料”。
句型: … only to do … (却……)
例句:
He hurried to the station only to find the train had left. (他匆忙赶到车站,却发现火车已经开走了。)
She grew up to become a famous scientist. (她长大后成了一名著名的科学家。)
3. 表示原因
不定式跟在表示情感的表语形容词后面,说明产生这种情绪的原因。
常见形容词: glad, happy, sad, sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, lucky 等。
句型: 主语 + be + 形容词 + to do
例句:
I’m very glad to see you. (很高兴见到你。)(因为见到你所以高兴)
He was excited ed to hear the news. (听到这个消息他很兴奋。)
(二)动词不定式(to do)作宾语补足语
宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的动作、状态或身份,与宾语存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
核心:宾语是“做”这个动作(to do)的“执行者”。否定:not to do sth
1. 最常见动词:使役动词和感官动词
使役动词: ask(要求), tell(告诉), want(想要), would like(想要), invite(邀请), teach(教), order(命令), encourage(鼓励)等。
句型: 主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + (to do) 宾补
例句:
My parents want me to be a teacher. (我父母想让我成为一名老师。)
The mother told us to sweep the floor. (我姐姐告诉我去扫地。)
2. 重要特例:使役动词及感官动词 “让/使/听/看”等动词后不加to
使役动词: let, make, have (让/使)
感官动词: see, watch, notice, hear, feel (看/听/感觉)
句型: 主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + (do) 宾补
例句:
His humorous words made us laugh. (他的幽默的话语让我们大笑。)
Let me get it for you. (让我来为你拿它。)
I saw him enter the room. (我看见他进了房间。)
3. 表示“认为/发觉”的动词
如 think, find, believe 等,常用不定式 “to be + 名词/形容词” 作宾补(“to be” 有时可省略)。
I find him (to be) a kind man. (我发现他是个善良的人。)
We believe her (to be) honest. (我们相信她是诚实的。)
(三)作宾语:跟在某些动词后作宾语
[常用动词]want/hope/decide/plan/try/learn to do sth.
[例句]I decided to join the reading club.(我决定加入读书俱乐部。)
(四)易混搭配区分
stop doing sth.:停止正在做的事(Stop talking! 别说话了!)
stop to do sth.:停下来去做另一件事(Stop to have a rest.停下来休息一下。)
enjoy/practice/finish/mind/keep doing sth.(这些动词后只能加doing)
二、情态动词should/could表建议
1.should(应该):用于提出劝告、建议,语气较直接,适用于所有人称
[结构]主语 + should + 动词原形 / shouldn't + 动词原形
肯定句:主语 + should + 动词原形
否定句:主语 + shouldn't + 动词原形
一般疑问句:Should + 主语 + 动词原形?
[例句]You should go to bed early.(你应该早点睡觉。)
[例句]You shouldn't eat too much junk food.(你不应该吃太多垃圾食品。)
2.could(可以):用于提出委婉的建议,语气更柔和
[结构]You could + 动词原形
[例句]You could ask the teacher for help.(你可以向老师求助。)
反身代词用法(配套考点)
1.含义及构成
反身代词是英语中表达“······自己;本身”含义的一类代词,在第一人称、第二人称的形容词性物主代词或第三人称代词宾格的词尾加-self或-selves组成。
数
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
myself 我自己
yourself 你自己
himself他自己herself她自己itself它自己
复数
ourselves 我们自己
yourselves 你们自己
themselves他们/她们/它们自己
2.用法;反身代词与它所指的名词或代词形成互指关系,在人称和数上保持一致。
(1)作动词或介词的宾语
例句:The boy had no money for school. He taught himself at school.这个男孩没钱上学。他在家里自学。
(2)作主语或宾语的同位语
例句:Miss Green herself is a nurse. 格林小姐本人就是一名护士。
You should go and ask Tom himself. 你应该去问一下汤姆本人。
(3)作表语
例句:Just be yourself.做你自己就好了。
3.含有反身代词的常用短语
enjoy oneself玩得高兴 hurt/cut oneself伤/割着自己 by oneself独自,单独
believe in oneself 相信自己 help oneself to...随便吃/喝······ lose oneself in迷恋,沉醉于
teach oneself../learn...by oneself自学······
4.语法专练 用所给代词的适当形式填空
1.-Maria,you should believe in (you). That's the secret of success. -OK,I will.
2.Children must learn how to protect (they)in an earthquake(地震).
3.Some tourists fall in love with Yangzhou (it),not just its tourist attractions(旅游景点).
4.We are going to go camping.Would you like to join___________(we)?
5.The manager asked __________(she) if she could look after _____________(she).
6.Both Lily and__________(he) are the winners of the game.
三、状语从句(until/so that/although/if)
1.until引导的时间状语从句
[用法]表示“直到……才”,主句动作持续到从句动作发生。引导时间状语从句,常放在主句之后,也可以放在主句之前。如果主句为一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
肯定句:主句用延续性动词→ I waited until he came back.(我一直等到他回来。)
否定句:not...until → 主句用短暂性动词 → I didn't leave until he came back.(直到他回来我才离开。)
2.so that引导的目的状语从句
[用法]表示“为了……,以便……”,从句常加can/could/will/would
so that =in order that 引导目的状语从句时,一般放在主句后且不用逗号隔开。
[例句]He studies hard so that he can pass the exam.(他努力学习为了能通过考试。)
3.although引导的让步状语从句
连词 although(=though)意为“虽然;尽管;即使”,引导让步状语从句,可以放在主句前面,也可以放在主句后面。
例句:(1)Although it was late,he continued working on the project.
尽管已经很晚了,他仍继续做项目。
(2) Tom finished his homework on time although he was unwell.
尽管身体不适,汤姆还是按时完成了家庭作业。
注意:在同一个句子中,连词although或though不能与but同时出现。
4.if引导的条件状语从句
[用法]表示“如果……”,遵循“主将/情/祈 从现”原则
[例句]If it rains tomorrow, we will not go hiking.(如果明天下雨,我们就不去远足。)
四、英语数字的表达
1. 101--999的表达 用hundred表达,后面加and
102 one hundred and two 225: two hundred and twenty-five 888: eight hundred and eighty-eight
2. 大数字 (1,000及以上)
读法规则:
①从右向左,每三位一个逗号(先忽略小数点及后面部分)。第一个逗号代表thousand(千),第二个逗号代表 million(百万),第三个逗号代表billion(十亿).
②读取时,从左到右,依次读出每个三位数,然后加上该段的单位(thousand千, million百万, billion 十亿等)。
③小数点:point,后面的数字依次读
④hundred 后通常加连词 and。若读数中百位数为 0,则在 thousand 后加 and。
9,883 nine thousand,eight hundred and eighty-three
65, 359 sixty-five thousand,three hundred and fifty-nine
265,468 two hundred and sixty-five thousand,four hundred and sixty-eight
60,263,150 sixty million,two hundred and six-three thousand,on hundred and fifty
1, 001.56: one thousand and one point five six
12, 508: twelve thousand, five hundred and eight
1, 900, 300: one million, nine hundred thousand, three hundred
305, 806, 417: three hundred and five million, eight hundred and six thousand, four hundred and seventeen
五、形容词/副词的比较级和最高级
1.构成规则
变化类型
规则
例词
一般情况
比较级+er,最高级+est
small→smaller→smallest
以不发音e结尾
比较级+r,最高级+st
nice→nicer→nicest
重读闭音节(辅+元+辅)
双写尾字母+er/est
big→bigger→biggest
辅音字母+y结尾
变y为i+er/est
easy→easier→easiest
多音节/部分双音节
比较级+more,
最高级+most
beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
不规则变化
单独记忆
good/well→better→best;bad/ill→worse→worst;many/much→more→most;far→farther/further→farthest/furthest
2.核心用法
比较级用法表示“两者之间比较”
①形容词或副词的比较级+than
②“比较级+and+比较级(单音节词和部分双音节词)”或“more and more+原级(多音节词和部分双音节词)”表示“越来越……”。
③“the +比较级...,the+比较级..”表示“越……,就越……”。
④the + 比较级 + of the two (+ 名词复数) 表示“两者中较……的那个”。
The blue sweater is the cheaper of the two
⑤比较级+than+any other+单数名词 表示比任何其他的....都.....
Tom is taller than any other boy in his class.
⑥Which/Who... + 比较级, A or B? 表示“ A和B哪个/谁更……?”
⑦表示倍数:倍数 + as + 原级 + as 或 倍数 + 比较级 + than
This room is twice as large as that one.=This room is twice larger than that one.
⑧“as + 原级 + as” 表示同级比较,“和……一样” not as/so...as...不如...
可以修饰比较级的词:much,a lot,far,a little,a bit ,still,even表示程度的词语,用于加强语气。(口诀:三多两少仍甚至)
最高级[用法]表示“三者及以上中最……”
①(the+)最高级(+名词)+in/of 短语, 意为“……中最……的”。
②one of the +形容词最高级+可数名词复数+in/of 短语,意为“……中最……的……之一”。
③the +序数词+形容词最高级+可数名词单数+in/of 短语, 意为“在…中是第几……的……”
④“Which/Who...(the+)最高级,A,B or C?” 意为“哪个/谁是最......,A,B还是C?”。
⑤What's the + 最高级 + 名词 + in + 地点?询问某范围内最……的是什么
⑥How + 形容词 + 动词 + the + 最高级?询问最……的有多……?
How long is the longest river in China?
[最高级注意事项]
(1)形容词副词的最高级的前面要加the,副词最高级前面的the可省略。
①在副词最高级前,the 常常可以省略。Who can run (the) fastest? (谁跑得最快?)
②当形容词最高级前有物主代词或名词所有格时,不再用 the。
my best friend (我最好的朋友) today's hottest news (今天最热的新闻)
③当形容词最高级作表语,不表示比较,而表示“非常、极其”时,常省略 the。
The view from the top is most beautiful. (从山顶看去的景色美极了。)
(2)最高级可被序数词如second, third 等修饰
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. (黄河是中国第二长的河流。)
(3)最高级与比较级的转换
最高级句型和“比较级 + than any other...”或“否定词 + 比较级”句型可以互换,意思基本相同。
如:He is the tallest in his class.
He is taller than any other student in his class.
六、过去进行时(was/were + doing)
1. 定义用法:
a.表示过去某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作,常与特定时间状语连用,如:at this time yesterday, then,
at 8 o'clock last night 等。
b.表示过去一个动作发生时,另一个动作正在进行:持续时间长的动作用过去进行时,短暂性动作
用一般过去时,常用在 when/while 引导的时间状语从句中。
2.句型:过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作,强调动作的持续性
肯定句:主语+was/were+doing+其他
例句:The girl was shopping when I saw her. 当我看见那个女孩的时候,她正在购物。
否定句:主语+was/were+not+doing+其他
例句:He was not working at that time. 那时他没在工作。
一般疑问句:Was/Were+主语+doing+其他?
例句:—Were you playing basketball then? ——那个时候你在打篮球吗?
—Yes, I was./No, I wasn't. ——是的,我在打。/不,我没有。
3. 一般过去时与过去进行时的区别:
I wrote a letter last night.(一般过去时:昨晚写完了一封信,动作已完成)
I was writing a letter at 8 last night.(过去进行时:昨晚 8 点我正在写信,动作正在进行)
When he came in, I was reading.(他进来是短暂动作,用一般过去时;我读书是持续动作,用过去进行时)
While I was reading, he came in. ( while后接持续作,用过去进行时 )
4.when/while的区别(高频考点)
when:后可接短暂性动词(一般过去时)或延续性动词(过去进行时)
[例句]When he came in, I was reading.(当他进来时,我正在看书。)
while:后只能接延续性动词(过去进行时),强调两个动作同时进行
[例句]While I was reading, he was listening to music.(我看书时,他在听音乐。)
语法精练
1. I ______ (watch) TV when she ______ (call).
2. When the phone ______ (ring), she ______ (write) a letter.
3. While we ______ (have) a picnic, it ______ (start) to rain.
4. The door bell ______ (ring) while my mother ______ (make) the bed.
5. My mother ______ (work) while I ______ (do) my homework.
6. He ______ (play) computer games when his mother ______ (come) back home.
7. I ______ (read) a book when the light ______ (go) out.
8. They ______ (walk) in the park when it ______ (begin) to rain heavily.
9. She ______ (cook) dinner when I ______ (knock) at the door.
10.The students ______ (have) a class when the visitors ______ (arrive).
11. He ______ (leave) the office while I ______ (talk) with my friend.
12.My brother ______ (play) football when I ______ (see) him on the playground.
13. I ______ (take) a shower when the earthquake ______ (happen) last night.
14. While my father ______ (read) newspapers, my mother ______ (clean) the room.
15. She ______ (practice) the piano at this time yesterday
七、状语从句(so…that/unless/as soon as)
1.so…that…引导的结果状语从句
[用法]表示“如此……以至于……”
[结构]so + 形容词/副词 + that + 从句
►so +形容词/副词+ that 从句
►so +形容词+ a/an +可数名词单数+ that 从句
►so + many/few +可数名词复数+ that 从句
►so + much/little +不可数名词+ that 从句
【口诀】“多多少少(many/much/few/little)要用 so”
[例句]He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(他太累了,立刻就睡着了。)
【拓展延伸】
1.在 so...that 中,当 that 引导的结果状语从句是肯定句且从句主语与主句主语相同时,so...that 可以
与...enough to do 进行转换;
当 that 引导的结果状语从句是否定句时,可与 too...to...或 not...enough to do 进行转换。
Eg.He is so strong that he can carry the box.他如此强壮,能搬动这个箱子。
= He is strong enough to carry the box.
Jimmy is so young that he can’t go to school. 吉米(年龄)太小了,不能去上学。
= Jimmy is too young to go to school.
= Jimmy is not old enough to go to school.
2.such...that 也可以引导结果状语从句,其结构为:
►such + a/an +形容词+可数名词单数+ that 从句
►such +形容词+可数名词单数+ that 从句
►such +形容词+不可数名词+ that 从句
Eg. He is such a good student that the teacher likes him
They are such good students that the teacher likes them. 他们是很好的学生,所以老师喜欢他们。
2.unless引导的条件状语从句
[用法]表示“除非……,如果不……”,相当于if...not
[例句]Unless you work hard, you will fail the exam.(除非你努力学习,否则你会考试不及格。)
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go swimming.= Unless it rains tomorrow, we will go swimming
(如果明天不下雨,我们将去游泳。)
[注意]遵循“主将从现”原则
3.as soon as引导的时间状语从句
[用法]表示“一……就……”
[例句]I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.(我一到北京就给你打电话。)
[注意]遵循“主将从现”原则
八、现在完成时(have/has + 过去分词)Ⅰ
1.[结构]主语 + have/has + 动词过去分词(done)
肯定句:主语 + have/has + 过去分词
否定句:主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词
疑问句:Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词?
肯定句:I have finished my homework.(我已经完成作业了。)
否定句:I haven't finished my homework.
一般疑问句:Have you finished your homework? Yes, I have./No, I haven't.
2.两大核心用法
用法1:过去动作对现在造成的影响/结果
标志词:already(肯定)、yet(否定/疑问)、ever、never、just
[例句]I have already seen this movie.(我已经看过这部电影了。)
用法2:过去动作持续到现在
标志词:for + 时间段、since + 时间点/从句
[例句]I have lived here for 5 years.(我在这里住了5年了。)
[例句]I have lived here since 2021.(我从2021年就住在这里了。)
3. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
时态
强调
时间状语
现在完成时
与现在的联系
already, yet, ever, never, just, for, since
一般过去时
过去的事实
yesterday, last week, in 2018, ago
对比:
I have lost my key. (现在没有钥匙)
I lost my key yesterday. (只说明昨天丢了)
4.易错点
短暂性动词(buy/leave/join等)不能与for/since连用,需转换为延续性动词
例:buy → have;leave → be away;join → be in
错误:I have bought this car for 3 years.
正确:I have had this car for 3 years.
5.语法精炼
1. I _______________ (finish) my homework. Can I play computer games now?
2. My parents _______________ (be) to the Great Wall twice. They want to go there again.
3. So far, the scientist _______________ (discover) a new kind of plant.
4. It's the most interesting movie I _______________ (see).
5. — Where is Rose? — She _______________ (go) to the teacher's office.
6. I _______________ (not hear) from my pen pal recently. I miss her.
7. They _______________ (live) here since they moved to this city.
8. The little girl _______________ (learn) over 100 English words in the past three months.
9. My cousin _______________ (join) the army for three years. He is very strong now.
10. We _______________ (not see) each other since 2020. What a long time!
11. — How many times _______ you _______ (read) this novel? — Three times.
12. Look! Someone _______________ (break) the window. It must be the wind.
13. I _______________ (buy) a new bike, but my old one still works well.
14. The famous writer _______________ (write) many books since he began to write.
15. — Is Mr. Smith in? — No, he _______________ (go) to the library. He'll be back at 6 p.m.
16. The students _______________ (clean) the classroom already. It's very tidy.
17. I never _______________ (eat) such delicious food before.
18. My grandfather _______________ (be) ill for a week. I have to look after him.
19. — _______________you_______________(find) your lost watch? — Not yet.
20. They _______________ (know) each other since they were kids.
1. have finished 2. have been 3. has discovered 4. have seen 5. has gone
6. haven't heard 7. have lived 8. has learned 9. has been in 10. haven't seen
11. have; read 12. has broken 13. have bought 14. has written 15. has gone
16. have cleaned 17. have; eaten 18. has been 19. Have; found 20. have known
英语不规则动词分类默写版
一、AAA 型(三形相同)
0
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
1. 花费;值 cost ________ ________
2. 切;割 cut ________ ________
3. 击打 hit ________ ________
4. 伤害 hurt ________ ________
5. 让;允许 let ________ ________
6. 放置 put ________ ________
7. 阅读 read ________ ________
8. 安放;设置 set ________ ________
9. 关闭 shut ________ ________
10. 传播 spread ________ ________
二、AAB 型(原形=过去式≠过去分词)
1. 打败 beat ________ ________
三、ABA 型(原形=过去分词≠过去式)
1. 成为 become ________ ________2. 来到 come ________ ________3. 奔跑 run ________ ________
四、ABB 型(过去式=过去分词)
① 词尾变 ought/aught
1. 带来 bring ________ _______2. 购买 buy _______ _______3. 接住;抓住 catch _______ _______
4. 打架 fight ________ ________5. 教导 teach _______ _______6. 认为 think ________ ________
② 词尾 ell 变 elt
1. 售卖 sell ________ ________2. 告诉 tell ________ ________
③ 词尾 ee 变 e 喂养 feed ________ ________2. 遇见 meet ________ ________
④ 词尾 eep 变 ept
1. 保持 keep ________ ________2. 睡觉 sleep ________ ________3. 打扫 sweep ________ ________
⑤ 其余 ABB 型
1. 流血 bleed ________ ________2. 建造 build ________ ________3. 处理 deal ________ ________
4. 挖掘 dig ________ ________ 5. 感觉 feel ________ ________ 6. 找到 find ________ ________
7. 拥有 have ________ ________ 8. 听见 hear ________ ________ 9. 握住 hold ________ ________
10. 学习 learn ________ _______11. 离开 leave ________ ________12. 借出 lend ________ ________
13. 点燃 light ________ ________14. 丢失 lose ________ ________15. 制作 make _______ ________
16. 打算 mean ________ ________17. 付款 pay ________ ________18. 说话 say ________ ________
19. 发送 send _______ _______ 20. 射击 shoot _____ _______ 21. 照耀 shine ________ ________
22. 花费;度过 spend _____ _____23. 站立 stand ______ _______ 24. 粘贴;刺 stick _______ _______
25. 理解 understand _______ ______26. 赢得 win _______ ______ 27. 燃烧 burn ________ ________
28. 做梦 dream _______ _______ 29. 闻;嗅 smell _______ _______30. 拼写 spell _______ ________
31. 加速 speed ________ ________32. 悬挂 hang ________ ________33. 带领 lead _______ _______
34. 放置;下蛋 lay ________ ________
五、ABC 型(三形全不同) ① i—a—u 变化
1. 开始 begin ________ ________2. 饮用 drink ________ ________3. 唱歌 sing ________ ________
4. 坐下 sit ________ ________ 5. 游泳 swim ________ ________
② ow/aw 变 ew 变 own
1. 吹 blow ________ ________2. 绘画;拉 draw ________ ________3. 飞翔 fly ________ ________
4. 生长 grow ________ ________5. 知道 know ________ ________6. 投掷 throw ________ ________
③ ear 变 ore 变 orn
1. 打破 break ________ ________2. 穿着 wear ________ ________
④ ake 变 ook 变 aken
1. 拿;乘坐 take ________ ________
⑤ 其他 ABC 型
1. 醒来 awake ________ ________2. 是 be ________ ________ 3. 生育;承受 bear _______ ________ 4. 选择 choose ________ ________5. 做 do ________ _______ 6. 驾驶 drive ________ ________
7. 吃 eat ________ ________ 8. 跌落 fall ________ ________ 9. 忘记 forget ________ ________
10. 结冰 freeze ________ ________11. 得到 get ________ ________12. 给予 give _______ ________
13. 去往 go ________ ________14. 隐藏 hide ________ ________ 15. 躺;平躺 lie _______ ________
16. 弄错 mistake _______ ______17. 骑行 ride ________ ________18. 鸣响 ring ________ ________
19. 上升 rise ________ ________20. 看见 see ________ ________ 21. 摇晃 shake ________ ________
22. 展示 show ________ ________23. 偷窃 steal ________ ________24. 醒来 wake _______ _______
25. 书写 write ________ ________
九、现在完成时Ⅱ
1. 辨析have been to, have gone to与have been in
词汇
意义及用法
have been to
“曾经去过某地”,现在已经回来。常与just, ever, never连用,后可接表次数的副词。Jim has been to Beijing twice. 吉姆已经去过北京两次了。
have gone to
“到某地去了”,指谈论的对象现在不在说话现场,一般不用第一、二人称作主语。
Jim has gone to Beijing. 吉姆去北京了。
have been in
“在某地待了多久”,常与表示时间的结构连用(since 1998/for five weeks/...)。
My uncle has been in Beijing for many years. 我叔叔在北京待了好多年了。
易错提醒:Jim has gone home. 吉姆已经回家了。
当have been to和have gone to后接某些地点副词,如here, there, home等时,介词to应省略。
练一练:
用have been to,have gone to,have been in的适当形式填空
1.—Where is Lucy? -She__________ __________ __________Paris.
2.My friend Tina __________ never___________ _____________ Paris before.
3.I __________ __________ __________this city for 20 years.
2.现在完成时的用法
(1)意义:表示某一动作或状态从过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在,可以和表示延续的时间状语连用,如“for+时间段”“since+时间点”,时间点可以是具体的时间、一般过去时的句子,也可以是“一段时间+ago"。
I have lived here for ten years.我已经住在这儿10年了。(从10年前开始,持续到现在还住在这儿)
I have lived here since 2011.自2011年以来我就住在这儿了。(从2011年开始,持续到现在还住在这儿)
注意:
①for与since引导的时间状语可以相互转换。
My uncle has worked at this factory for five years. (我的叔叔已经在这个工厂工作5年了。)
=My uncle has worked at this factory since five years ago.
②对for与since引导的时间状语提问要用how long。
He has been in the team for two years.(他在这个团队里已经两年了。)
→How long has he been in the team?
(2)句中谓语动词的特点
与表示延续的时间状语连用的谓语动词多是延续性动词或表示状态的短语。
A. 我已经买了这本书3年了。
I've bought the book for three years. (x) I've had the book for three years.(√)
B. 你哥哥参军多长时间了?
How long has your brother joined the army? (x) How long has your brother been in the army/been a soldier? (√)
(3)延续性动词与非延续性动词在现在完成时中的运用
A.含义:
延续性动词表示能够持续的动作,强调经过、经历,如learn,work,stand,know, walk, keep,wait,watch,read,sleep,live,stay等。可以与时间段连用,如“for+时间段”“since+时间点”。
Eg;He has worked here since 10 years ago.他自从10年前就在这里工作了。
非延续性动词表示不能持续的动作,强调行为的结果,如open,die,close,begin,finish,arrive,leave,come,go,move,borrow,lend,buy等。不能与时间段连用。
Eg:He has finished the work.
B.非延续性动词与延续性动词或表示状态的动词短语之间的转换
①非延续性动词(短语)转换为相应的延续性动词(短语)。
become-be
borrow-keep
buy-have
put on-wear
get to know-know
catch a cold-have a cold
Eg:I borrowed the book 5 days ago.=I have kept the book since 5 days ago.我借了这本书5天了。
②非延续性动词(短语)转换为"be+形容词/副词/介词/名词等”。begin/start—be on
go out—be out
die—be dead
open—be open
finish—be over
fall ill—be ill
get up—be up
lcave—be away(from)
fall aslecp—be asleep
join—be in/be a member of
make fiends—be friends
come/go—be+相应的介词短语
练一练
翻译句子
①他的爷爷已经去世4年了。 His grandpa ________________________for 4 years.
②Peter已经买了这辆自行车3年了。Peter this bike for 3years.
单项选项
1.Hurry up! The movie for ten minutes.
A.has begun B.began C.has been on
2.She this book for nearly three weeks.
A.has borrowed B.has lent C.has bought D.has kept
3.-Does Jimmy still work as a driver? -No.He has for two years.
A.left the company B.gone to Shanghai C.studied in college D.lost his job
4.- have you been a member of the Youth League? -For three years.
A.How long B.How many C.How often
十、句子成分与基本句型
【句子成分】
1.主语:句子陈述的对象(名词/代词/动名词等)→ He plays basketball.
2.谓语:主语发出的动作(动词)→ He plays basketball.
3.宾语:动作的承受者(名词/代词等)→ He plays basketball.
4.系动词:表示状态/变化,无实际动作(be动词、感官动词look/sound/smell/taste/feel、keep/become等)→ The food tastes delicious.
5.表语:系动词后的成分(形容词/名词/介词短语等)→ The food tastes delicious.
6.定语:修饰名词/代词(形容词/名词/介词短语等)→ This is a red apple.
7.状语:修饰动词/形容词/副词/句子(时间/地点/方式/原因/条件等)→ He runs fast.
8.补语:补充说明主语/宾语(宾语补足语最常见)→ You should keep the room clean and tidy.
【基本句型】
1.主语 + 谓语(不及物动词)→ He runs.
2.主语 + 谓语(及物动词)+ 宾语 → He plays basketball.
3.主语 + 系动词 + 表语 → He is happy.
4.主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 → He gave me a book.
5.主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 → He made me happy.
十一、易混语法点(高频考点)
易混点
区别
例句
few/a few/little/a little
few/a few修饰可数名词;
little/a little修饰不可数名词few/little表否定(几乎没有);
a few/a little表肯定(有一点)
I have a few friends.(我有几个朋友)I have little time.(我几乎没时间)
too/either/also
also用于句中;
too用于肯定句句末;
either用于否定句句末
I also like it./ I like it too./ I don't like it either.
in/on/at(时间介词)
in+年/月/季节/上午/下午;
on+具体某一天;
at+具体时刻
in 2026 / on May 1st / at 7 o'clock
borrow/lend/keep
borrow(借入,borrow...from...);
lend(借出,lend...to...);
keep(保留,延续性动词)
I borrow a book from him./ He lends a book to me./ I keep the book for 3 days.
$