专题01 Units 7～9 重难点串讲（时间状语从句、if条件状语从句、副词比较级和最高级）（期末复习课件）八年级英语下学期新教材仁爱版

这是一份初中英语八年级下册期末复习课件，共41页，聚焦Units7~9考点串讲。以“重点词句·趣味导入+语法梳理·重难专练”为框架，提供单词拼写、词性转换、短语应用、句型仿写及单元话题对话练习等学习支架，系统覆盖学习方法、消费储蓄、自然灾害三大主题词汇与语法点。 资料特色突出核心素养培养，语言能力通过语境化词句练习（如灾害应对短语“stay away from”）提升理解与表达，思维品质借助语法规则梳理（如时间/条件状语从句“主将从现”）培养逻辑分析，学习能力通过单元话题对话（如学习困难求助）引导策略应用。创新采用分主题聚焦与语法专练结合，助力学生巩固考点、提升综合运用能力，也为教师提供系统高效的复习教学资源。八年级学生处于初中承上启下阶段，需强化基础并应对期末，该资料能帮助其精准把握考点，提升复习效率。

期末复习考点串讲 Units 7~9 仁爱版·八年级英语下册 目 录 语法梳理·重难专练 重点词句·趣味导入 （单词、短语、句型） 01 02 （时间状语从句、if条件状语从句、副词比较级和最高级） 第一部分 重点词句·趣味导入 重点词句 13.n. 大师________ 14.adj. 私立的________ 15.n. 思想________ 16.adj. 明智的________ 17.adj. 数字的________ 18.n. 能力________ 根据中文写英文-— 重点单词(U7) 1.n. 学习者________ 2.n. 实验________ 3.n. 笔记________ 4.adv. 几乎不________ 5.n. 发音________ 6.v. 重复________ 7.adj. 口头的________ 8.adv. 在国外________ 9.v. 提醒________ 10.v. 使失望________ 11.v. 想象________ 12.n. 教育家________ learner master note private pronunciation repeat oral abroad remind disappoint imagine educator hardly thought wise digital ability experiment 重点词句 30.n. 努力________ 31.v. 进入________ 32.n. 大学________ 33.v. 毕业________ 34.v. 实现________ 35.v. 粘贴________ 根据中文写英文-— 重点单词(U7) 19.n. 教育________ 20.v. 满足________ 21.adj. 个人的________ 22.prep. 除…… 之外________ 23.n. 讨论________ 24.n. 解决方法________ 25.v. 记忆________ 26.adj. 严重的________ 27.adj. 聋的________ 28.v. 借________ 29.n. 进步________ education effort personal enter except discussion solution memorize serious deaf borrow progress college graduate realise add satisfy 重点词句 14.v. 通知；了解________ 15.v. 娱乐________ 16.v. 同意________ 17.v. 继续________ 18.v. 发明________ 19.n. 金属________ 20.n. 技术________ 根据中文写英文-— 重点单词(U8) 1.n. 硬币________ 2.n. 现金________ 3.n. 信用;信誉________ 4.n. 外国人________ 5.adj. 可移动的 ________ 6.n. 菜单________ 7.n. 账单________ 8.n. 沙拉________ 9.n. 奶酪________ 10.n. 粥________ 11.n. 餐叉________ 12.adj. 便利的________ 13.n. 钱包________ coin inform credit entertain mobile menu bill salad cheese porridge fork convenient foreigner agree continue invent metal cash wallet technology 重点词句 34.n./v. 毕业________ 35.adv. 因此________ 36.n. 社会________ 37.adj. 愚蠢的________ 38.v. 下（蛋）________ 39.v. 杀死________ 40.n. 失望________ 根据中文写英文-— 重点单词(U8) 21.v. 存在________ 22.n. 情况________ 23.v. 连接________ 24.v. 预测________ 25.n. 增长________ 26.n. 经济________ 27.n. 预算________ 28.adv. 两次；两遍________ 29.adj. 每月的________ 30.n./adj. 总数；总计________ 31.n. 金额；数量________ 32.n. 大学________ 33.adj. 基本的________ exist graduation/ graduate connect therefore economy budget twice monthly total amount university predict society silly lay kill situation basic disappointment growth 重点词句 15.v. 减少________ 16.adj. 困住的________ 17.n. 乘客________ 18.adj. 沿海的________ 19.v. 流血________ 20.adv. 严重地________ 21.v./n. 害怕________ 根据中文写英文-— 重点单词(U9) 1.n. 地震________ 2.n. 野火________ 3.n. 台风________ 4.n. 洪水________ 5.n. 暴风雪________ 6.n. 热浪________ 7.n. 飓风________ 8.n. 雷________ 9.n. 闪电________ 10.n. 暴风雨________ 11.adj. 突然的________ 12.v. 吹；刮________ 13.v. 燃烧________ 14.v. 阻止________ earthquake reduce typhoon stuck heatwave hurricane thunder lightning storm sudden blow burn flood passenger coastal bleed badly wildfire prevent fear snowstorm 重点词句 34.n. 雾________ 35.v. 倾盆而下________ 36.adj. 苍白的________ 37.n. 毛巾________ 38.adj. 全球的________ 39.adj. 受伤的________ 40.adj. 无助的________ 根据中文写英文-— 重点单词(U9) 22.adj. 无家可归的________ 23.adj. 有害的________ 24.adj. 致命的________ 25.n. 疾病________ 26.n. 准备________ 27.n. 手电筒________ 28.v. 躲藏________ 29.n. 紧急情况________ 30.n. 余震________ 31.n. 预防________ 32.n. 屋顶________ 33.v. 限制________ fog harmful pour preparation flashlight hide emergency roof limit deadly pale towel global injured homeless helpless disease aftershock prevention 1. _________ （v. 教育）→ _________ （n. 教育）→ _________ （adj. 教育的） 2._________ （adj. 个人的）→ _________ （n. 个人）→ _________ （adv. 亲自地） 3._________ （v. 发音）→ _________ （n. 发音） 4._________ （v. 记忆）→ _________ （n. 记忆）→ _________ （adj. 难忘的） 5._________ （v. 解决）→ _________ n. 解决方法） 6._________ （v. 讨论）→ _________ （n. 讨论） 7._________ （adj. 有能力的）→ _________ （n. 能力）→_________ （v. 使残疾）→ _________ （adj. 残疾的） 8._________ （v. 提升）→ _________ （n. 提升） 词性转换(U7) 重点词句 educate education educational personal person personally pronounce pronunciation memorize memory memorable solve solution discuss discussion able ability disable disabled improve improvement 1.___________（v. 发明）→___________（n. 发明）→ ___________（n. 发明家） 2.___________（v. 连接）→ ___________（n. 连接） 3.___________（v. 同意）→___________（n. 同意）→ ___________（v. 不同意） 4.___________（v. 通知）→ ___________（n. 信息） 5.___________（v. 预测）→ ___________（n. 预测） 6.__________（v. 增长；生长）→ __________（n. 增长）→ __________（adj. 成年的） 7.___________（adj. 便利的）→ ___________（n. 便利） 8.___________（v. 使失望）→ ___________ （n. 失望）→ ___________（adj. 失望的）→ ___________ （adj. 令人失望的） 词性转换(U8) 重点词句 invent invention inventor connect connection agree agreement disagree inform information predict prediction grow growth grown convenient convenience disappoint disappointment disappointed disappointing 1.___________（v. 准备）→ ___________（n. 准备）→ ___________（adj. 准备好的） 2.___________（v. 预防）→ ___________（n. 预防） 3.________（n./v. 伤害）→ __________（adj. 有害的）→ ___________（adj. 无害的） 4.___________（adj. 死亡的）→ ___________（v. 死亡）→ ___________（n. 死亡）→ ___________（adv. 致命地） 5.__________（v. 受伤）→ __________（adj. 受伤的）→ __________（n. 伤口；伤害） 6.___________（n. 家）→ ___________（adj. 无家可归的） 7.___________（adj. 突然的）→ ___________（adv. 突然地） 8.___________（adj. 可怕的）→ ___________（adv. 可怕地；非常） 词性转换(U9) 重点词句 prepare preparation prepared prevent prevention harm harmful harmless dead die death deadly injure injured injury home homeless sudden suddenly terrible terribly give sb. some advice take notes do an experiment go over copy down cultural background by heart set off take up fight for 文化背景 为…… 斗争 开始从事 出发；启程 单凭记忆； 能背诵 抄录 仔细检查；反复研究 做实验 给某人一些建议 做笔记 remind sb. of under great pressure get out of get down to sth. be confident about oneself 某人对自己有信心 开始做某事 摆脱；放弃 15 14 13 在巨大压力下 12 使某人想起 11 10 9 8 7 6 2 1 5 4 3 中文提示快说短语(U7—学习方法类) 重点词句 pay in cash be careful with personal information in a moment by the way a form of take…as an example fill sth. out agree on sth. in this case …… 的一种形式 在这种情况下 就某事达成一致意见 填写（表格等） 以…… 为例 顺便一提 立刻；一会儿 个人信息 现金支付 小心；当心 keep a good balance be thankful for once upon a time after a while do business continue to do sth. make payments make a budget think twice 三思而行； 慎重考虑 做预算 付款 15 14 13 继续做某事 12 做生意 11 10 9 8 7 6 保持良好的平衡 16 对…… 感激 17 2 1 5 4 从前；很久之前 18 3 不久以后 19 中文提示快说短语(U8—金钱支付类) 重点词句 be stuck in take away burn down sweep through safe and sound keep off in great numbers make preparations hang on to stay away from 使…… 不接近 远离 紧紧抓住 做准备 大量地 安然无恙 席卷；横扫 焚毁 困于；陷入 带走；夺走 step out of with fear in danger lead to run out of take action to do sth. fight against get over pour down clear up （天气）转晴 倾盆而下 从…… 中恢复 15 14 13 与…… 作斗争 12 采取行动做某事 11 10 9 8 7 6 走出；离开 16 因恐惧而 17 2 1 5 4 在危险中 18 3 导致 19 用完；耗尽 20 中文提示快说短语(U9—自然灾害类) 重点词句 知识梳理·夯实基础 1. Could you ________________________________ my English? 你能给我一些关 于提高英语的建议吗？ 2. I can __________________ what he is saying. 我几乎听不懂他在说什么。 3. — How do you _________________ English? 你如何练习口语？ — I often ____________ my friends ____ English. 我经常和朋友们用英语交谈。 4.You should ___________ the important ______ in a notebook. 你应该把重要的笔记 抄在笔记本里。 5.If you _______ the old __________, you will _____ new ______.如果你复习旧知识， 你就会产生新想法。 give me some advice on improving 重点句型练(U7) hardly understand practice speaking talk with/to in copy down notes review knowledge have ideas 知识梳理·夯实基础 1. Would you like to ______________ the menu? 你想看一下菜单吗？ 2.May I _________ my phone? 我可以用手机支付吗？ 3.如果你每周存20元，你就能在三个月内自己买这本书。 If you _____ 20 yuan every week, you can buy this book ___________ in three months. 4.做预算并坚持下去是很重要的。 It’s important _________a budget and _________ it. 5.如果我杀了这只鹅，我就会得到所有的金蛋。 If I ____ the goose, I ________ all the golden eggs. have a look at 重点句型练(U8) pay with save by yourself to make stick to kill will get 知识梳理·夯实基础 1. 由于气候变化，自然灾害正变得越来越糟糕。 Natural disasters are becoming _________________ because of climate change. 2. 我们必须学会在灾难中如何保护自己。 We must learn _______________ ourselves during the disasters. 3. 如果你在室内，躲在结实的桌子下并紧紧抓住桌腿。 If you are indoors, ___________ a strong desk and ___________its legs. 4. _________________ may help save your life. 做好准备可能有助于挽救你的生命。 5. 没有人知道他们是否会遭遇不幸。 No one knows __________ they will have the bad luck. worse and worse 重点句型练(U9) how to protect hide under hang on to Being prepared whether 1. A: I have ______________ (困难) remembering English words. Could you give me some advice? B: You should ________________ (把它们写下来) in a notebook and ___________ (复习) them whenever you ___________ (有时间). 2. A: How do you __________________(练习听力)? B: I ________ (听) English texts and _______ (重复) them until I can __________ (背诵) them. 3. Teacher: You look ________ (担忧的), Li Ming. What’s wrong with you? Li Ming: I’m _____________________ (处于巨大压力下) because the exams are ______ (即将来临). I’m afraid I will ______ (不及格). 单元语境练（U7—英语学习求助） difficulty / trouble 重点词句 write them down go over / review have time practice listening listen to repeat learn by heart/ memorize worried under great pressure coming fail 1. Waiter: Here’s your ____ (账单), sir. Customer: Thank you. Can I ___________________ (用信用卡支付)? Waiter: Sure, we _______ (接受) all ___________________ (主要信用卡). 2. A: I want to __________ (买礼物) for my mom, but I don’t have ______________ (足够的钱). B: If you ________________ (存一些钱) every week, you can buy it _______________ (几周后). A: That’s a ___________ (好主意). I’ll ______ (存) 10 yuan every week. 3. Mother: You’ve ______ (花光了) all your ______________ (零花钱) again. Child: I’m sorry, Mom. Mother: You should ___________________ (列一份购物清单) ___________________ (在你购物之前). 单元语境练（U8—消费与储蓄） bill 重点词句 pay by credit card accept major credit cards buy a gift enough money save some money in a few weeks good idea save spent pocket money make a shopping list before you go shopping 1. A: Did you hear about the _________ (台风) that ____(袭击) the coast? B: Yes. It ______________ (席卷) several coastal cities and caused great _______ (破坏). A: That sounds terrible. I hope everyone is ______ (安全的). 2. Teacher: What should we do if an ____________ (地震) happens when we are in the classroom? Student: We should ____________ (躲在……下面) our desks and ___________ (抓紧) the legs. Teacher: Good. And remember to ________________ (远离) windows. 3. A: I heard there was a big ______ (洪水) in your town. Are you and your family OK? B: Luckily, we are all ______________ (安然无恙). Our house is on ______________ (较高的地势). 单元语境练（U9—消费与储蓄） typhoon 重点词句 hit swept through damage safe earthquake hide under hold on to stay away from flood safe and sound higher ground 考点知识梳理·夯实基础 1.重点词汇：Unit7聚焦学习行为词（如repeat、memorize），Unit8围绕支付与消费（如cash、budget），Unit9集中自然灾害（如earthquake、flood），考查单词拼写及在语境中的词义识别。 2.词性转换：高频考点包括动词变名词（educate →e ducation）、形容词变副词（sudden → suddenly）、加否定/有害前缀后缀（home→homeless、harm → harmful），需掌握派生规律。 3.重点短语：Unit7考查学习策略短语（take notes、go over），Unit8考查消费与预算（pay in cash、make a budget），Unit9考查灾害应对（be stuck in、take action），注意介词搭配和固定用法。 4.重点句型：Unit7掌握建议句型（Could you give me some advice…?）及hardly用法；Unit8掌握条件句（If you save…, you can…）及支付表达；Unit9掌握灾害避险句型（If you are indoors, hide…）及become worse and worse比较结构。 考点知识梳理·夯实基础 5.单元功能句：补全对话中，Unit7常考学习困难求助与建议回应；Unit8常考点餐结账、储蓄计划；Unit9常考灾情询问与安全措施，需熟记问答模板。 6.词性转换易错点：注意pronounce→pronunciation（变拼写）、discuss→discussion（加-sion）、die→dead→deadly（形副转换），以及disappoint的两种形容词形式（disappointed/disappointing）。 7.短语中动词搭配：重点区分remind sb. of（使想起）、remind sb. to do（提醒做）；get out of（摆脱）与get down to（开始认真做）；run out of（用完）与run out（被用完）。 8.句型中的时态呼应：Unit7时间状语从句遵循“主将从现”（will... when he finishes）；Unit8 if条件句遵循“主将从现”或“主情态从现”（If you save, you will buy）；Unit9比较级结构注意more + 多音节副词（more carefully）。 第二部分 语法梳理·重难专练 语法梳理 Unit 9 Unit 8 Unit 7 if 条件状语从句(If Conditional Clause) 时间状语从句(Adverbial Clause of Time) 副词的比较级与最高级 (Comparative and Superlative Adverbs) 时间状语从句(Adverbial Clause of Time U7) 时间状语从句由 when, while, before, after, until, as soon as 等连词引导，表示主句动作发生的时间。 语法梳理 连词 含义 用法要点 例句 when 当……时 从句动作可与主句动作同时或先后发生 I was working on a math problem when the bell rang. while 当……时/在……期间 从句动词必须是延续性的，常强调两个动作同时进行 I’m taking notes while they are discussing. before 在……之前 主句动作发生在从句之前 I often search for information online before I cook a new dish. after 在……之后 主句动作发生在从句之后 We went home after we finished our homework. until 直到……为止 主句为否定句时常用 not...until 结构 I didn’t understand the meaning until I looked it up. as soon as 一……就…… 主从句动作紧密衔接 Please tell me as soon as you finish your homework. 语法梳理 ① 时态搭配规则 时间状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时来表示将来（"主将从现"原则）。 例句： 1. After I finish it, we can play together. 2. Before I leave home, I will call you. 3. Please tell me as soon as you finish your homework. 4. When I came back, my grandma was watering the flowers.（主从句均过去时） ② when 与 while 的区别   when while 从句动词 短暂性或延续性动词均可 必须是延续性动词 时态 可用于各种时态 常用于进行时态 含义侧重 某个时间点或时间段 在一段时间内持续进行 对比例句： 1. When the bell rang, I was working. (rang 是短暂动词) 2. While they were discussing, I was taking notes. (discussing 是延续动词) 时间状语从句(Adverbial Clause of Time U7) 语法专练 A. 用所给连词的适当形式填空（when / while / before / after / until / if / as soon as）。 1. I was working on a math problem ________ the bell rang. 2. I’m taking notes ________ they are discussing in groups. 3. I often search for information online ________ I cook a new dish. 4. We went home ________ we finished our homework. 5. I didn’t understand the meaning ________ I looked it up in the dictionary. 6. ________ you buy that purple blouse, you will have to use your pocket money. 7. ________ you want to go shopping, make a shopping list first. 8. Please tell me __________ you finish your homework. 时间状语从句 (Adverbial Clause of Time) when while before after until If If as soon as 语法专练 B. 用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. While Li Xiang is watching TV, Liu Mei is ________ (do) her homework. 2. After Jim gets up in the morning, he always ________ (brush) his teeth first. 3. I will wash the apple before I ________ (eat) it. 4. When I came back, my grandma _____________ (water) the flowers. 5. If I ________ (have) enough pocket money, I will save it in the bank. 时间状语从句 (Adverbial Clause of Time) doing brushes eat was watering have If 条件状语从句 (If Conditional Clause U8) If 条件状语从句表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。if 意为"如果"，引导条件状语从句。 语法梳理 ① 基本结构："主将从现" 在If条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时或含有情态动词/祈使句，从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 从句 (if) 主句 例句 一般现在时 一般将来时 (will + 动词原形) If you buy that blouse, you will have to use your pocket money. 一般现在时 be going to + 动词原形 If I have pocket money, I’m going to visit Yunnan. 一般现在时 祈使句 If you want to go shopping, make a shopping list first. 一般现在时 含情态动词 (can/may/must/should) If you save enough money, you can buy your favorite books. 语法梳理 ② 使用注意事项 1. if 引导的条件状语从句既可以放在主句之前（从句后加逗号），也可以放在主句之后（主从句之间不用逗号）。 2. if 意为"如果"，引导条件状语从句时，不能用将来时态，要用一般现在时。 3. unless = if...not，意为"除非"、"如果不"。 例句： 1. If I have pocket money, I will save it in my piggy bank. 2. If you want to go shopping, make a shopping list first. 3. If my parents give me pocket money, I will save some in my piggy bank. 4. You can’t pass the exam unless you study hard. (= if you don’t study hard) ★ 易错提醒：条件状语从句和时间状语从句都遵循"主将从现"原则，即从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。这是中考高频考点！ If条件状语从句 (If Conditional Clause U8) 语法专练 用所给动词的正确形式填空 (1) If she __________ (save) more money, she __________ (buy) a new laptop. (2) If you __________ (not be) careful, you __________ (lose) your wallet. (3) If you want to be healthy, __________ (eat) more vegetables. (4) If he _____________ (not have) cash, he __________ (can) pay by phone. If条件状语从句 (If Conditional Clause) saves will buy aren’t will lose eat doesn’t have can 语法专练 翻译句子 (1)如果你做预算，你就能省钱。 → (2)如果他丢了手机，就不能扫码支付了。 → If 条件状语从句 (If Conditional Clause) If you make a budget, you can save money. If he loses his mobile phone, he can’t scan to pay. 语法梳理 副词的比较级和最高级 (Comparative and Superlative Adverbs U9) 用法说明 用法 结构 例句 比较级 副词比较级 + than The forest fire spread faster than we thought. He drives more carefully than I do. 最高级 (the) + 副词最高级 + 范围 The guards ran (the) fastest to put out the fire. Xia Feng checks the windows most carefully of us all. 修饰比较级 much, even, far, a lot, a little 等 + 比较级 The wind was blowing much harder every minute. 副词和形容词一样，也有比较级和最高级形式，用来表示动作的程度差异。 副词的比较级和最高级 (Comparative and Superlative Adverbs U9) 语法梳理 规则变化 级别 构成规则 例词 原级 —— fast, hard, high, early, carefully, quickly 比较级 单/双音节：加 -er； 多音节：more + 原级 faster, harder, higher, earlier, more carefully, more quickly 最高级 单/双音节：加 -est； 多音节：most + 原级 fastest, hardest, highest, earliest, most carefully, most quickly 语法梳理 副词的比较级和最高级 (Comparative and Superlative Adverbs U9) 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 例句 well better best We can perform best in sports shoes. badly worse worst The wind was blowing worse every minute. far farther / further farthest / furthest We lived farther away from the beach. little less least She talks less than before. much more most I like this book most. 语法梳理 副词的比较级和最高级 (Comparative and Superlative Adverbs U9) 注意事项 1. 副词最高级前的 the 可以省略，而形容词最高级前的 the 一般不能省略。 2. 比较级后面必须用 than 引出比较对象。 3. very, quite, too 等只能修饰原级，不能修饰比较级。修饰比较级要用 much, even, far, a lot 等。 例句： 1. The forest fire spread faster than we thought. 2. The guards ran (the) fastest to put out the fire. 3. He drives more carefully than I do. 4. We need to walk farther to keep away from the flood. 5. The floodwater reached farther into the eastern part of the city. ★ 比较技巧： 1. 先判断是几音节副词：单/双音节加 -er/-est；多音节加 more/most。 2. 比较级后接 than；最高级后接 in / of 短语表示范围。 3. 修饰比较级不能用 very，要用 much / even / far / a lot。 语法专练 A. 用所给词的适当形式填空。 1.He drives much _______________ (carefully) than I do. 2.The floodwater reached ________________ (far) into the eastern part of the city. 3.The guards ran __________ (fast) to put out the fire. 4.On November 1st, 2012, the wind was blowing __________ (hard) every minute. 5.Hurricane Sandy hit the beach side of the town __________ (bad) of all. 副词的比较级和最高级 (Comparative and Superlative Adverbs U9) more carefully farther/further fastest hard worst 语法专练 B. 用所给副词的适当形式填空。 (1) The wind is blowing _________________ (strong) than yesterday. (2) Of all the students, Tom did the experiment _______________ (carefully). (3) This rainstorm hit the town __________ (bad) than the last one. (4) She sang _________________ (beautifully) in the competition. 副词的比较级和最高级 (Comparative and Superlative Adverbs U9) more strongly most carefully worse most beautifully 1.时间状语从句：常用连词when、while、before、after、until、as soon as；while后常用进行时，主句为将来时则从句用一般现在时（主将从现），且not...until结构中主句动词须为短暂性动词。 2.if条件状语从句：遵循“主将从现”（If you save money, you will buy it）、“主情态从现”（If you try, you can succeed）或“主祈从现”（If you go out, take an umbrella），但if从句中绝不使用will。 3.副词比较级与最高级：修饰动词，两者比较用比较级（more/less + 多音节词或-er），三者及以上用最高级（most + 多音节词或-est）；单音节副词如fast→faster→fastest，多音节如carefully→more carefully→most carefully。 4.不规则副词变化：重点掌握well→better→best、badly→worse→worst、far→farther/further→farthest/furthest，其中well的比较级是better而非more well。 5.易错警示：副词最高级前的the可以省略（如run fastest）；if条件句和时间状语从句中，即使主句是将来时，从句也只用一般现在时，不可用will或would。 要点总结 感谢聆听 THANKS FOR LISTENING $