专题 01 阅读理解（期末复习专项训练）高二英语下学期沪外版

**基本信息** 按应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文四大文体分类，覆盖细节理解、推理判断等多元题型，系统训练高中英语阅读理解核心能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |应用文|5篇（含申请指南、产品介绍等）|信息定位、细节比对、受众判断|从实用文本结构到关键信息提取，培养快速检索能力| |记叙文|5篇（含人物故事、个人经历等）|情节分析、人物性格推断、句意理解|通过叙事线索梳理，提升事件发展逻辑分析能力| |说明文|5篇（含科技、自然等主题）|说明方法识别、信息归纳、词义猜测|围绕说明对象特征，构建客观事物认知框架| |议论文|5篇（含社会现象、观点探讨等）|论点识别、论据分析、态度判断|通过逻辑关系梳理，发展批判性思维与论证评价能力|

专题01 阅读理解（期末复习专项训练） 语篇类型一: 应用文（5篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）How to Apply to a Chinese university in 2025 Planning to study abroad in China is easier than you may think. China has become more and more popular over the past years due to its great educational facilities, renowned science and technology degrees, and up to 30 top-ranked higher educational institutions. If you decided to study here, read below the easy steps for applying to a Chinese university. Choose universities and programmes Prior to the application, if you have clear ideas about the universities, locations, majors and (or) programmes to which you intend to apply. The International Services China website provides basic information on universities that you can apply to. Click “Apply Now” within the website to access the official website of the universities’ international students’ office for detailed application procedures. Prepare application documents Application documents vary with different universities, degrees, and programs. These include, but are not limited to: passport photo, graduation certificate, academic transcript from last graduated school, Chinese/ English language proficiency certificate (HSK (Chinese-proficiency test) score for Chinese-taught programmes, and IELTS for English-taught programmes), and recommendation letters from previous school teachers. 60Upon receiving your application documents, the Chinese institution will review your qualification and decide whether to accept you based on academic performance, language proficiency and other criteria. Admission decisions are typically made within four to eight weeks. Successful applicants receive an admission letter and Visa-application forms JW202/JW2011 for visa processing. Preparations before departure Apply for the Chinese student visa as soon as possible. Check with the Chinese embassy/ consulate in your area for details. Arrange a health insurance plan. You can get your insurance from your home country or purchase a health insurance card once you arrive in China. Admission requirements in China 1．Which of the following descriptions best fits into the blank? A．Prepare for admission tests B．Obtain admission results C．Transfer registration fees D．Wait for a scholarship approval 2．Which of the following statements is true according to the diagram? A．Students must complete a Bachelor’s degree in China before applying for a Master’s. B．Language courses in China are compulsory before starting a Bachelor’s degree. C．Employment is a possible outcome after completing any higher education degree in China. D．Secondary education must be completed in China to qualify for Bachelor’s studies. 3．The passage is primarily targeted at _______. A．university professors seeking research collaborations in China B．Chinese high school students preparing for the Gaokao exam C．international students who are planning to study in China D．parents of domestic Chinese students choosing a local university 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍2025年申请中国大学的步骤及相关注意事项。 1．主旨大意题。根据文中空白处后的“Upon receiving your application documents, the Chinese institution will review your qualification and decide whether to accept you based on academic performance, language proficiency and other criteria. Admission decisions are typically made within four to eight weeks. Successful applicants receive an admission letter and Visa-application forms JW202/JW2011 for visa processing. (收到申请材料后，中方机构将审核您的资质，并根据学业成绩、语言能力及其他标准决定是否录取。录取结果通常在 4 至 8 周内公布。通过审核的申请者将收到录取通知书及用于办理签证的 JW202/JW201 表格。)”可知，这部分讲述的是申请后获取录取结果的流程，因此空白处应填“Obtain admission results（获取录取结果）”。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据Admission requirements in China图表中“Possible outcomes”部分的“Employment”可知，在中国完成任何高等教育学位后，就业是一种可能的结果。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Planning to study abroad in China is easier than you may think.(计划来中国留学比你想象的要容易。)”以及第二段中的“If you decided to study here, read below the easy steps for applying to a Chinese university.(如果你决定来此求学，请阅读以下申请中国大学的简易步骤。)”和文中多次提到的“international students(国际学生)”、“visa processing(签证办理)”等信息可知，这篇文章主要针对计划来中国留学的国际学生。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期末）Helping keep seniors safe and connected   ADT Medical Alert systems are built for every senior’s lifestyle, whether they stay close to home or like to venture out.   On-the-Go   Provides freedom and peace of mind while at home or miles from it.   - Mobile base unit   - No landline required   - Fall Detection (optional)   - GPS location capabilities   - Pendant options available   $39.99/mo: $41.99/mo   + Activation fee: $49.50   Medical Alert Plus   Extended in-home range grants independence to those who love to garden or relax in the yard.   - In-home operations   - No landline required   - Fall Detection (optional)   - Home temperature monitoring   - Pendant options available   $37.99/mo: $39.99/mo   + Activation fee: $49.50   Medical Alert Basic   Gives you or your loved ones the confidence needed to live alone and maintain independence when home.   - In-home operations   - Landline required   - Home temperature monitoring   $29.99/mo: $31.99/mo   + Activation fee: $49.50   STEP 1 You Press Button   Press the personal help button to send an emergency alert to ADT.   Fall Detection pendants can automatically send an alert if a fall occurs.   Fast, reliable 24/7 help in an emergency   When you need help quickly, ADT is there for you. We’ve got you covered with fast, reliable help in an emergency, so you can live with no worries.   STEP 2 We Respond   ADT’s monitoring professionals will communicate with you via two-way voice to determine what kind of help is needed.   STEP 3 You Get Help   At the push of a button, ADT’s monitoring professionals will alert your caregivers, loved ones or emergency responders based on your needs and preferences. 1．John’s 80-year-old father stays indoors mostly but gets 15 minutes of garden sunlight daily. Which system is most suitable for him? A．On-the-Go. B．Medical Alert Plus. C．Medical Alert Basic. D．Any of the above. 2．What are the standard activation and first-month fees for Medical Alert Basic? A．$49.50, $3.99. B．$49.50, $29.99. C．$90, $29.99. D．$90, $31.99. 3．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．ADT can receive automatic *alerts* (警报) from Fall Detection pendants. B．The monitoring professionals talk with seniors on the *landline* (固定电话). C．ADT systems only give care to seniors staying close to home. D．Seniors cannot choose whom to alert when an emergency occurs. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文中详细介绍了ADT针对老年人的三款医疗警报系统，包括功能特点、价格、使用流程等，旨在向消费者推广产品，属于典型的产品说明类文本。 1．细节理解题。根据Medical Alert Plus的描述“Extended in-home range grants independence to those who love to garden or relax in the yard.(扩展的室内范围为喜欢在花园或院子里放松的人提供独立保障。)”可知，John的父亲虽多数时间在室内，但每天需在花园活动，该系统的“庭院活动覆盖”特性最符合需求。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据Medical Alert Basic部分明确标注“$29.99/mo:$31.99/mo + Activation fee: $49.50(月费29.99美元起到31.99美元，激活费49.50美元)”可知，首月费用对应原价29.99美元起，激活费固定为49.50美元，与选项B一致。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据STEP 1中的描述“Fall Detection pendants can automatically send an alert if a fall occurs.(Fall Detection吊坠在跌倒时可自动发送警报。)”可推知，ADT可接收此类自动警报。故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海宝山·期末）Based on their geography, volcanoes have different appearances. We classify them as stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, and cinder cones. Let’s dive into the differences between these types of volcanoes. Stratovolcanoes are tall and cone-shaped (锥形的). Instead of flat shield volcanoes like in Hawaii, they have bigger peaks. They build up by layering lava(熔岩), ash, and etc. Examples of stratovolcanoes include: ·MOUNT FUJI: Mount Fuji is a dormant (inactive) stratovolcano that last erupted in the early 1700s. MOUNT TOBA: Mount Toba in Sumatra is 100 kilometers long and 30 kilometers wide is a caldera(喷火山口). When ash falls or lava flows, it solidifies and makes a narrower cone. If you travel along the Pacific Ring of Fire, these are mostly this type of volcano. The Pacific Ocean seafloor brings water causing eruptions from stratovolcanoes. Stratovolcanoes run through cycles with lots of small eruptions. Shield volcanoes earned their name because they’re shaped like a shield. Hawaiian volcanoes are typical shield volcanoes. If you go to Hawaii, they are broad and flat. These volcanoes can be hundreds of kilometers wide. Examples of shield volcanoes include: MAUNA LOA: Mauna Loa in Hawaii is the world’s largest active shield volcano. From its base below sea level to its summit, it’s also the tallest mountain in the world. ·FERNANDINA ISLAND: Fernandina Island is an active shield volcano in the Galapagos Islands. Shield volcanoes tend to erupt liquid lava. Violent explosions are possible. But they’re not as common for shield volcanoes. Because the lava has a low viscosity (more watery), it can flow on the surface better. When these types of volcanoes erupt, lava flows out large distances. Cinder cones are small in comparison to the other types of volcanoes. In fact, they’re only tens of hundreds of meters in size. But at the same time, they’re very steep typically with a bowl-shaped crater at the summit. Examples of cinder cones include: ·CERRO NEGRO: Cerro Negro is an active cinder cone in Nicaragua. It’s the youngest in Central America. ·PARICUTIN: The Paricutin volcano in Mexico is a cinder cone that suddenly erupted in a cornfield. Cinder cones form out of tephra, magma, and ash that it throws out. When cinder cones shoot out lava, it splits it up in the air and scatters. Eventually, it cools down and becomes part of its steep cone-like feature. 1．Which of the following statements is True based on the passage? A．MOUNT TOBA is an inactive volcano that erupted in the early 1700s. B．Shield volcanoes can be hundreds of kilometers wide and their lava flows out extensively. C．Though small in size, Cinder cones are the most active in frequency and the steepest. D．MAUNA LOA is the world’s highest mountain from the horizon to the mountaintop. 2．Which of the following best summarizes the introduction of each volcano? A．illustration-appearance-examples-features B．appearance-examples-formation-location C．illustration-features-examples-exceptions D．illustration–location–appearance–features 3．What is the purpose of writing this passage? A．To entertain those interested in geography with descriptions of volcanoes. B．To express general concern about eruptions of different types of volcanoes. C．To inform readers of the unique characteristics of different types of volcanoes. D．To educate students some basic information about disruptive effects of volcanoes. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍层状火山、盾状火山和火山渣锥的外观、实例及特征等内容。 1．细节理解题。根据Shield volcanoes中的第一段中的“These volcanoes can be hundreds of kilometers wide.(这些火山可能宽达数百公里)”以及最后一段中的“When these types of volcanoes erupt, lava flows out large distances. (当这类火山喷发时，熔岩会流出很远的距离。)”可知，盾状火山可能宽达数百公里，且其熔岩广泛流出。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。通读全文，以Stratovolcanoes为例可知，根据Stratovolcanoes部分中的“Stratovolcanoes are tall and cone-shaped (锥形的). Instead of flat shield volcanoes like in Hawaii, they have bigger peaks. They build up by layering lava(熔岩), ash, and etc.(层状火山呈高耸的锥形。不同于夏威夷的平坦盾状火山，它们拥有更庞大的山峰。这类火山通过熔岩、火山灰等物质的层层堆积形成。)”可知，此处介绍了层状火山的说明以及外观，结合下文中的“Examples of stratovolcanoes include(层状火山例子包括)”可知，下文举例说明层状火山；根据尾段中的“When ash falls or lava flows, it solidifies and makes a narrower cone. If you travel along the Pacific Ring of Fire, these are mostly this type of volcano. The Pacific Ocean seafloor brings water causing eruptions from stratovolcanoes. Stratovolcanoes run through cycles with lots of small eruptions.(当火山灰落下或熔岩流淌时，它们会凝固，形成更狭窄的火山锥。如果你沿着环太平洋火山带旅行，会发现那里的火山大多属于这种类型。太平洋海底（板块）携带的水分会引发层状火山的喷发。层状火山的活动周期中会经历多次小规模喷发。)”可知，此处介绍了层状火山的特征，阅读另外两种火山的内容可知，文章均是先对各类火山进行了说明（illustration），接着介绍其外观（appearance），然后列举实例（examples），最后说明特征（features）。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段“Based on their geography, volcanoes have different appearances. We classify them as stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, and cinder cones. Let’s dive into the differences between these types of volcanoes.(根据地理位置，火山有不同的外观。我们将它们分为层状火山、盾状火山和火山渣锥。让我们深入了解这些类型火山之间的区别。)”可推知，写这篇文章的目的是告知读者不同类型火山的独特特征。故选C项。 Passage 4 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）Welcome to the “Chicken Soup” Family The first Chicken Soup for the Soul book was released in 1993 and quickly became a holiday favorite. Thereafter, more than 250 books have been published containing inspiring stories submitted by readers. On this part of the website, you will find a list of our new book topics, our writing guidelines and our submission form. We welcome your stories, written in English, from all over the world! ● Guidelines for a Chicken Soup for the Soul story 1. Tell an exciting, heartwarming, or funny story about something that has happened to you or someone you know. Your story should be written in the first person. 2. Don’t be afraid to speak from the heart. We do let you use a pen name for your story. 3. Keep your story to 1,200 words or less. 4. We love poems that tell a story, but we do not publish poems that seem overly focused on rhyming or those which read more like greeting cards. What happens after you submit your story? 5. Please complete all fields in the submission form. After you press the SUBMIT button, wait for the next screen to come up with a message that says: “Thank you! Your information has been received.” This is the only confirmation that your story has been entered into our database. 6. We do not send rejection letters, and we occasionally will save a submission for consideration for a future book. But in general, if you have not heard from us 60 days prior to the book’s on-sale date, that probably means we have decided not to use your story. 7. If we choose your story for a future book, we will notify you by e-mail and request your permission to print it. You will be paid $ 200 one month after the publication of the book and receive ten free copies of the book your story appears in. You will also be entitled to buy books from us at half price. ● A few more tips about submitting your stories The only way to submit your stories is via our website. If you have any problems when trying to fill out the form to submit your work, please contact us at: webmaster@chickensoupforthesoul.com. Please submit stories that have not been previously published. The only exception to this is if your work has only been published in a small local publication with limited circulation or on your own blog. Please do not send us any book manuscripts, unless through a literary agent, as they will be automatically discarded. “We love our writers, and we look forward to reading your stories. Thanks for sharing!” — Amy Newmark, editor-in-chief of the book series 8．Your writing won’t be taken into consideration by Chicken Soup for the Soul’s editors if ________. A．you don’t submit it on your own B．you don’t use your real name in the story C．it has already been published on a large scale D．it is a poem that tells a true story about yourself 9．You’ll hear from Chicken Soup for the Soul’s editors ________. A．as soon as you submit your story on its website B．after your story has been published in a new edition. C．when your story has been chosen for a future edition. D．45 days before its new edition is available for purchase 10．Which of the following statements is TRUE if your story is published by Chicken Soup for the Soul? A．You will stand a chance of being a staff writer at the publishing house. B．You will be paid $ 200 every month after the publication of your story. C．You will get a 50% discount when buying books from the company. D．You will receive ten copies of every publication from the company for free. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．C 【导语】短文介绍了“心灵鸡汤”系列书籍相关征稿信息。文中阐述了故事写作指南，包括故事类型、字数、诗歌要求等；说明了投稿后的流程，如提交确认、通知时间及方式；还提及稿件录用后的报酬与福利等内容。 1．细节理解题。根据“A few more tips about submitting your stories”部分“Please submit stories that have not been previously published. The only exception to this is if your work has only been published in a small local publication with limited circulation or on your own blog.(请提交未曾发表过的故事。唯一的例外是，如果您的作品仅在发行量有限的小型本地出版物或您自己的博客上发表过)”可知，如果你的作品已经大规模发表，“心灵鸡汤”的编辑将不会考虑你的作品。 2．细节理解题。根据“What happens after you submit your story?”部分“If we choose your story for a future book, we will notify you by e-mail and request your permission to print it.(如果我们选择您的故事用于未来的书籍，我们将通过电子邮件通知您，并请求您允许印刷)”可知，当你的故事被选中用于未来出版时，你会收到“心灵鸡汤”编辑的消息。 3．细节理解题。根据“What happens after you submit your story?”部分“You will be paid $ 200 one month after the publication of the book and receive ten free copies of the book your story appears in. You will also be entitled to buy books from us at half price.(该书出版一个月后，您将获得 200 美元稿酬，并可获赠十本收录了您故事的样书。您还将有权以半价从我们这里购买书籍。）可知，你的故事被“心灵鸡汤”出版后，你从公司买书将享受半价，即有50%的折扣。 Passage 5 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）DOWNLOAD THESE APPS In our modern, fast-paced world, maintaining both physical fitness and mental well-being can feel like a constant challenge. Thankfully, your smartphone can be a powerful aid in building healthier habits. “Lasting change comes from consistency, not perfection,” notes wellness coach Dr. Lena Shaw. “The key is to find tools that are engaging, fit into your daily life, and support your specific goals — whether that’s getting stronger, managing stress, or simply feeling more energized.” Here are three apps designed to motivate your fitness journey — and two more to help you recover, track progress, and sustain your efforts. Freeletics This app uses artificial intelligence to create personalized bodyweight workouts that adapt to your fitness level and goals. No equipment is needed — just your motivation. Whether you have 15 minutes or an hour, Freeletics designs high-intensity sessions that improve strength, making it ideal for busy schedules. Strava More than a running and cycling tracker, Strava is a social fitness network. Map your routes, record your pace, and share activities with friends. Its segment feature lets you compete against others on specific trails or streets, adding a fun, competitive edge to solo workouts. Many users find the community support key to staying motivated. Nike Training Club Offering a massive library of free workouts from professional athletes and trainers, this app covers everything from yoga and mobility to strength and cardio (力量训练；有氧训练). Each session includes clear video guidance and tips. You can filter by duration, equipment, or focus area, making it easy to fit exercise into your day. MyFitnessPal A long-time favorite for nutrition tracking, this app features a vast food database that helps you log meals quickly. By monitoring calorie intake and macronutrients, you can better understand your eating habits. Setting personalized goals and connecting with other health apps makes it a central tool for weight management or dietary awareness. Down Dog Perfect for relaxation and flexibility, Down Dog offers customizable yoga, meditation, and stretching sessions. You choose the style, duration, difficulty, and even the background music. Every practice is generated fresh, so you never repeat the same sequence. It’s like having a patient, personal yoga instructor available anytime. 1．This passage is most likely to be found in ________. A．a sports science research journal B．the lifestyle or wellness section of a website C．an advertisement for smartphone products D．a medical treatment guide for injuries 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．Freeletics is not suitable for beginners due to its exclusive high-intensity focus. B．Strava tracks both running and cycling but lacks features for live group challenges or route sharing. C．Nike Training Club uses artificial intelligence to personalize workout plans based on your fitness data and heart rate. D．Down Dog dynamically creates unique session content based on user preferences to prevent repetition and maintain engagement. 3．Sarah wants to start exercising at home without any equipment, and she also hopes to better understand her diet to support her fitness goals. Which combination of apps is most suitable for her? A．Freeletics and MyFitnessPal B．Nike Training Club and MyFitnessPal C．Nike Training Club and Down Dog D．Freeletics and Down Dog 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 【导语】本文主要介绍了五款有助于健身、健康管理和放松的实用手机应用，为人们养成健康生活习惯提供便利工具。 1．推理判断题。根据首段中的“In our modern, fast-paced world, maintaining both physical fitness and mental well-being can feel like a constant challenge. Thankfully, your smartphone can be a powerful aid in building healthier habits.(在当今快节奏的现代社会，保持身心健康往往是一个持续的挑战。幸运的是，智能手机可以成为养成更健康习惯的有力助手)”可知，本文内容与生活方式、健康养生相关，最可能出现在网站的生活方式或健康板块。 2．细节理解题。根据Down Dog部分中的“Every practice is generated fresh, so you never repeat the same sequence.(每一次练习内容都是全新生成的，因此你永远不会重复相同的动作序列)”可知，Down Dog会根据用户偏好动态生成独特内容，避免重复并保持吸引力。 3．细节理解题。根据Freeletics部分“No equipment is needed — just your motivation.(无需任何器械，只需要你的积极性即可)”以及MyFitnessPal 部分中的“A long-time favorite for nutrition tracking, this app features a vast food database that helps you log meals quickly. By monitoring calorie intake and macronutrients, you can better understand your eating habits.(长期以来，这款应用一直是营养追踪的热门选择，它拥有庞大的食物数据库，能帮助你快速记录饮食。通过监测卡路里摄入量和宏量营养素，你可以更好地了解自己的饮食习惯)”可知，这两款软件分别满足无器械居家健身和了解饮食的需求。 语篇类型二: 记叙文（5篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海静安·期末）After a few hours the road began to be rough, and the walking grew so difficult that the Scarecrow often fell over the yellow bricks, which were here very uneven. Sometimes, indeed, they were broken or missing altogether, leaving holes that Dorothy walked around. As for the Scarecrow, having no brains, he walked straight ahead, and so stepped into the holes and fell at full length on the hard bricks. It never hurt him, however, and Dorothy would pick him up and set him upon his feet again, while he joined her in laughing merrily at his own disaster. The farms were not nearly so well cared for here as they were farther back. There were fewer houses and fewer fruit trees, and the farther they went, the more disappointing and lonesome the country became. At noon they sat down by the roadside, near a little brook, and Dorothy opened her basket and got out some bread. She offered a piece to the Scarecrow, but he refused. “I am never hungry,” he said, “and it is a lucky thing I am not, for my mouth is only painted, and if I should cut a hole in it so I could eat, the straw I am stuffed with would come out, and that would spoil the shape of my head.” Dorothy saw at once that this was true, so she only nodded and went on eating her bread. “Tell me something about yourself and the country you came from,” said the Scarecrow, when Dorothy had finished her dinner. So she told him all about Kansas, and how gray everything was there, and how the tornado had carried her to this strange Land of Oz. The Scarecrow listened carefully, and said, “I cannot understand why you should wish to leave this beautiful country and go back to the dry, gray place you call Kansas.” “That is because you have no brains” answered the girl. “No matter how dull and gray our homes are, we people of flesh and blood would rather live there than in any other country, be it ever so beautiful. There is no place like home.” 1．The Scarecrow often fell while walking on the road because ________. A．he was too tired and hungry to walk steadily B．he lacked the brains to avoid the holes C．the road was narrow and slippery D．he was distracted by talking too much with Dorothy 2．What does Dorothy mean when she says, “There is no place like home”? A．She believes Kansas is the most beautiful place. B．She values home for its emotional significance. C．She prefers the simplicity and stability of her old life. D．She misses her family and friends in Kansas. 3．Which of the following best describes the Scarecrow’s personality? A．Cheerful and eager to learn. B．Innocent and self-doubting. C．Humble but not practical. D．Observant but emotionally distant. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。多萝西与稻草人赶路时道路崎岖，农场荒凉。途中休息时，稻草人因无大脑不懂多萝西为何想回堪萨斯，她称“没有地方像家一样”。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“As for the Scarecrow, having no brains, he walked straight ahead, and so stepped into the holes and fell at full length on the hard bricks. (至于稻草人，由于没有头脑，他一直径直向前走，结果掉进了这些洞里，全身趴在坚硬的砖块上。)”可知，稻草人走在路上时经常会摔倒，因为他缺乏判断力，无法避开那些坑洞。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“No matter how dull and gray our homes are, we people of flesh and blood would rather live there than in any other country, be it ever so beautiful. There is no place like home. (无论我们的家有多么沉闷灰暗，我们这些有血有肉的人宁愿住在那里，也不愿去其他任何地方，哪怕那里再美丽也罢。没有什么地方能比得上家。)”可知，当多萝西说“没有什么地方能比得上家”时，她这话的意思是她看重家是因为它具有情感上的意义。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段“As for the Scarecrow, having no brains, he walked straight ahead, and so stepped into the holes and fell at full length on the hard bricks. It never hurt him, however, and Dorothy would pick him up and set him upon his feet again, while he joined her in laughing merrily at his own disaster. (至于稻草人，由于没有头脑，他一直径直向前走，结果掉进了这些缺口里，整个人趴在坚硬的砖块上。不过，这并没有伤到他，多萝西会把他捡起来，让他重新站直身子，而他则和多萝西一起开心地大笑，为自己的这场灾难感到庆幸。)”以及倒数第三段““Tell me something about yourself and the country you came from,” said the Scarecrow, when Dorothy had finished her dinner. So she told him all about Kansas, and how gray everything was there, and how the tornado had carried her to this strange Land of Oz. (“跟我讲讲你自己以及你来自的那个国家吧。”稻草人在多萝西吃完饭后说道。于是她向他讲述了整个堪萨斯的情况，以及那里的一切是多么的灰暗，还有那场龙卷风是如何把她带到了这个奇异的奥兹国。)”可知，稻草人性格开朗，乐于学习。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期末）In October 1989, Alaa Murabit, the middle child of 11, was born in a Canadian home to an immigrant family from Libya in Africa. Her younger years were filled with fun and kindness. Her supportive parents treated her and her siblings with equality and fairness. Her father emphasized the importance of education and gender equality, which greatly influenced her views on social justice. Growing up with so many brothers and sisters, she learned to focus, negotiate and talk fast, or she wouldn’t get a chance to do anything. Most importantly, she learned that it was necessary to have a seat at the table to defend yourself. For example, if a lamp broke while you were away and couldn’t explain what happened, you might get grounded as punishment. An extremely gifted girl, Alaa graduated from high school at age 15. After that, the family moved to her parents’ hometown in Libya. The following year she began studying at the College of Medicine at Al Zawiya University in Libya, graduating in 2013. In the midst of her medical studies, civil war broke out in Libya in February 2011. It wasn’t until then, at age 21, that Murabit sensed a cultural shift as women were given a seat at the table. They were finally involved in decision-making and information-sharing to help deal with the war happening around them. But, when political leaders convinced women to go back to their old roles, many lost their chance to have a say in important matters. It was then that Murabit founded The Voice of Libyan Women, a national organization to advance women’s rights. The organization works to improve political participation and empower women economically. Additionally, she helps to promote security for all, create strategies for establishing and maintaining peace and encourages faith-supported peacebuilding. Following medical school, Murabit went on to receive a master’s degree from the London School of Economics while continuing to push for women’s rights. She talked in schools and homes and put up posters and signboards around the country promoting those rights. She fights not only for women but also for the health of the world. Dr. Murabit’s leadership helped to shape the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, impacting billions of people for the better. 1．What important lesson did Alaa learn from growing up in a large family? A．The right to defend oneself. B．The importance of strict discipline. C．The value of avoiding conflict. D．The necessity of quick decision-making. 2．What major event pushed Alaa to found The Voice of Libyan Women? A．Her early graduation from high school at age 15. B．The outbreak of civil war in Libya in 2011. C．Her medical studies at Al Zawiya University. D．Her move to London for a master’s degree. 3．What is a primary goal of The Voice of Libyan Women? A．To provide free medical care in war zones. B．To promote women’s return to previous roles. C．To encourage women to say no to traditional faith. D．To increase women’s political and economic participation. 4．Which best describes Murabit’s approach to creating change? A．Defending the traditional systems. B．Combining grassroots action with global policy. C．Rejecting all religious involvement in peacebuilding. D．Prioritizing academic research over community engagement. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了利比亚裔加拿大女性Alaa Murabit的生平事迹，包括她在大家庭中成长的经历、教育背景，以及她在利比亚内战期间创立“利比亚女性之声”组织、推动女性权利和全球健康的努力。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Most importantly, she learned that it was necessary to have a seat at the table to defend yourself.(最重要的是，她学会了在桌边占有一席之地来为自己辩护是必要的。)”可推知，Alaa从大家庭中学到的关键教训是捍卫自身权利的重要性。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“In the midst of her medical studies, civil war broke out in Libya in February 2011. It wasn’t until then, at age 21, that Murabit sensed a cultural shift as women were given a seat at the table. They were finally involved in decision-making and information-sharing to help deal with the war happening around them. But, when political leaders convinced women to go back to their old roles, many lost their chance to have a say in important matters. It was then that Murabit founded The Voice of Libyan Women, a national organization to advance women’s rights.(在她攻读医学期间，2011年2月利比亚爆发了内战。直到那时，21岁的穆拉比特才感觉到文化的转变，因为女性在餐桌上有了一席之地。他们最终参与决策和信息共享，以帮助应对周围发生的战争。但是，当政治领导人说服妇女回到原来的角色时，许多人失去了在重要事务上发表意见的机会。就在那时，穆拉比特创立了“利比亚妇女之声”，这是一个促进妇女权利的全国性组织。)”可推知，内战爆发是促使她创立组织的直接事件。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The organization works to improve political participation and empower women economically.(该组织致力于改善政治参与和经济赋权女性。)”可推知，组织的主要目标是提升女性的政治和经济参与度。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“She talked in schools and homes and put up posters and signboards around the country promoting those rights.(她在学校和家庭演讲，并在全国各地张贴海报和招牌，宣传这些权利。)”和第六段“Dr. Murabit’s leadership helped to shape the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals(Murabit博士的领导力帮助塑造了联合国可持续发展目标)”可推知，她的变革方法结合了基层行动（如社区宣传）和全球政策（如联合国目标）。故选B。 Passage 3 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）In December 2022, I began keeping a diary in English, my second language. This, I came to learn, makes me an outside observer of my own emotions, providing clarity that is lost in the proximity (亲近) of my native tongue. During graduate school, a diary in Spanish helped me fill the emptiness of time that seemed devoid of meaning. But looking back, I realize how much of what I wrote then was shaped by writing in a language too close to my heart to allow me to think clearly. In January 2021, I wrote a long, unstructured passage in Spanish, full of phrases like “ese manto gris perenne que es el cielo de enero” (“ever-gray January sky”). The diary entry read as if it were rushed to the page unfiltered, straight from the brain. Writing a diary in English, however, forced me to dig for precise words, slowing down my thinking and taming my thoughts. Through English, navigating life’s concerns became more bearable, and what started as a way to record my life turned into a therapeutic practice of self-analysis. Last summer, I was caught in an identity crisis: I felt emotionally stuck between A Coruña, my hometown in Spain, and New York, where I currently live. Neither place felt like a true fit, and writing about that despair in English gave me the space for deeper introspection (内省). “Is it possible to feel settled somewhere,” I wrote, “when part of who you are depends on constantly leaving?” By detaching from the rawness of my native tongue, I finally came to understand myself. Ismael Ramos, a writer from my hometown, disagrees. He believes his work, much of which is intimate poetry, comes alive in his native Galician — a language related to Spanish and Portuguese. Decoupling his language from his experience is inherently challenging, especially while dealing with his emotions. “There is a language of your body,” Mr. Ramos told me. He is right: Writing in English feels unnatural, and it will never be as close to my heart as Spanish. Yet precisely because it feels unnatural, it frees me from the linguistic habits that often limit how I understand myself. Other writers have embraced the practice of keeping a diary in a second or third language. Jhumpa Lahiri learned Italian as a way to find herself. “I don’t recognize the person who is writing in this diary,” she wrote a decade ago. “But I know that it’s the most genuine, most vulnerable part of me.” Keeping a diary in a foreign language was humbling, a process full of mistakes that nevertheless allowed me to re-examine my identity from a fresh, distant perspective. It made who I am clearer to me. 1．According to Paragraph 2, why did the author feel that writing in Spanish during graduate school was ineffective for clear thinking? A．Because Spanish was too difficult to express complex emotions. B．Because writing in Spanish required her to slow down her thoughts excessively. C．Because Spanish was too emotionally close to her to allow for objective reflection. D．Because she lacked sufficient vocabulary in Spanish to describe her feelings. 2．What was the main outcome of the author’s identity crisis in the summer mentioned in Paragraph 3? A．She decided to permanently return to her hometown in Spain. B．She realized that writing in English provided space for deeper self-understanding. C．She concluded that living in New York was not suitable for her at all. D．She began writing poetry in Galician like Ismael Ramos. 3．Based on the passage, what can be inferred about the author’s view on using a second language for personal writing? A．It is only useful for professional writers like Jhumpa Lahiri. B．It creates emotional distance that helps uncover hidden truths about oneself. C．It ultimately fails to capture the raw authenticity of human experience. D．It should be avoided because it feels unnatural and uncomfortable. 4．Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage? A．The Challenges of Learning English as a Second Language B．A Comparison of Spanish and English Poetry Styles C．How Writing in a Foreign Language Became My Path to Self-Knowledge D．Why Keeping a Diary Is Essential for Emotional Health 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】主要讲述作者自2022年12月开始用英语（第二语言）写日记，发现用英语写日记能让自己以旁观者视角审视自身情绪，带来清晰认知，而此前用母语西班牙语写日记时因语言与内心过于亲近难以清晰思考。通过用英语记录生活中的身份危机等经历，作者实现了更深层次的自我认知。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“During graduate school, a diary in Spanish helped me fill the emptiness of time that seemed devoid of meaning. But looking back, I realize how much of what I wrote then was shaped by writing in a language too close to my heart to allow me to think clearly.(研究生期间，用西班牙语写日记帮助我填补了看似毫无意义的时间空白。但现在回想起来，我意识到那时我所写的很多内容，都受到了这种与我内心过于亲近的语言的影响，以至于我无法清晰地思考)”可知，作者觉得在研究生期间用西班牙语写作对清晰思考无效，是因为西班牙语在情感上与她太亲近，无法进行客观反思。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Last summer, I was caught in an identity crisis: I felt emotionally stuck between A Coruña, my hometown in Spain, and New York, where I currently live. Neither place felt like a true fit, and writing about that despair in English gave me the space for deeper introspection (内省). “Is it possible to feel settled somewhere,” I wrote, “when part of who you are depends on constantly leaving?”(去年夏天，我陷入了身份认同危机：情感上，我夹在西班牙家乡拉科鲁尼亚和现居地纽约之间，进退两难。这两个地方，我都找不到真正的归属感。用英语写下这份绝望，让我得以进行更深层次的自我内省。我写道：“你自我身份的一部分，注定要不断远行漂泊，那又能否在某个地方真正安定下来？”)”可知，作者在夏天经历身份危机的主要结果是她意识到用英语写作提供了更深入了解自我的空间。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段“This, I came to learn, makes me an outside observer of my own emotions, providing clarity that is lost in the proximity (亲近) of my native tongue.(我逐渐认识到，这让我成为自己情绪的旁观者，提供了一种在母语的亲近感中所缺失的清晰感)”以及第三段“By detaching from the rawness of my native tongue, I finally came to understand myself.(通过摆脱母语的那种原始性，我最终开始理解自己)”可知，作者认为用第二语言进行个人写作能创造情感距离，有助于揭示关于自己的隐藏真相。 4．主旨大意题。主要讲述作者自2022年12月开始用英语（第二语言）写日记，发现用英语写日记能让自己以旁观者视角审视自身情绪，带来清晰认知，而此前用母语西班牙语写日记时因语言与内心过于亲近难以清晰思考。通过用英语记录生活中的身份危机等经历，作者实现了更深层次的自我认知。所以C选项“How Writing in a Foreign Language Became My Path to Self-Knowledge(用外语写作如何成为我通向自我认知的道路)”最适合作为文章标题。 Passage 4 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）Once upon a time, in a village in La Mancha, there lived a lean, thin-faced old gentleman whose favorite pastime was to read books about knights in armor. He loved to read about their daring exploits, strange adventures, bold rescues of ladies in distress, and intense devotion to their ladies. In fact, he became so caught up in the subject of chivalry that he neglected every other interest and even sold many acres of good farmland so that he might buy all the books he could get on the subject. He would lie awake at night, absorbed in every detail of these fantastic adventures. As time went on, the old gentleman crammed his head so full of these stories and lost so much sleep from reading through the night that he lost his wits completely. He began to believe that all the fantastic and romantic tales he read about enchantments challenges, wounds and battles were true histories. At last he fell into the strangest fancy that any madman has ever had: He resolved to become himself a knight errant, to travel through the world with horse and armor in search of adventures. First, he got out some rust-eaten armor that had belonged to his ancestors, then cleaned and repaired it as best as he could. Although the head-piece of the helmet was intact, unfortunately, the visor that would have protected the face was gone. Not to be discouraged by this deficiency, however, he fashioned another out of some pieces of stiff paper and strips of iron. In his eyes it was without a doubt the most splendid helmet ever fashioned. Next he considered what glorious, high-sounding name he might give his horse, who was to bear him on his quest. For though his horse was but a tired hack, practically skin and bones, to him it appeared as magnificent as Bucephalus, the horse of Alexander the Great. After four days of inventing and rejecting various names, he at last settled on Rocinante, which he thought sounded suitably grand. He then set about to choose a suitable name for himself. After eight days of hard consideration, he decided that he would be known as Don Quixote. Following the example of many knights he admired, he decided to proclaim his native land as well, and so he called himself Don Quixote de La Mancha. Now he needed to find a lady whom he might adore and serve, for a knight without a lady is like a body without a soul. It so happened that in a neighboring village there lived a nice-looking farm girl whom he had once admired from a distance. He decided that she would be the lady of his fancy and that she should be known as Dulcinea del Toboso, a name that to his ears sounded musical and anything but ordinary. Now, with all these preparations made, Don Quixote was eager to sally forth: A whole world awaited, full of injustices to be made right and great deeds to be performed. So, clad in his rusty armor, with his improvised helmet tied to his head, Don Quixote mounted Rocinante and started out through the back of the stable yard. But then he had a terrible thought: He had never yet been dubbed a knight! He took comfort, however, in his memory of the many books of chivalry he had read and determined that, like many of the heroes in those books, which he took for truth, he would simply have himself knighted by the first person that came along. So he rode on under a hot July sun, blissfully happy in his thoughts of how, in years to come, others would read of the brave exploits of Don Quixote de La Mancha and his faithful steed, Rocinante. 1．What is the main focus of the passage? A．The old gentleman’s transformation from a reader into a self-imagined knight. B．The harmful effects of excessive reading on one's mental health. C．The process of preparing equipment and choosing names for a knightly quest. D．The contrast between the old gentleman's fantasy and the reality of his situation. 2．According to the passage, why did the old gentleman sell his farmland? A．To finance his journey as a knight errant. B．To purchase more books about chivalry. C．To buy proper armor and weapons for his quest. D．To support his neglected family and estate. 3．What can be inferred about the old gentleman’s mental state from the passage? A．He is fully aware of the absurdity of his plan but pursues it for entertainment. B．He has completely lost touch with reality and believes in the world of his books. C．He is deliberately pretending to be mad to escape his mundane life. D．He is temporarily confused but will likely recover once his adventure begins. 4．The phrase “anything but ordinary” in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to ______. A．completely common B．decidedly different C．quite exceptional D．somewhat typical 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文节选自《堂吉诃德》，主要讲述了拉曼查的一位老绅士沉迷于骑士小说，以至于变卖田产购书，废寝忘食地阅读后精神失常，幻想自己成为一名游侠骑士。文章详细描述了他为出征准备破旧盔甲、为瘦马取名、为自己冠名以及选定心上人等一系列荒诞又充满理想主义色彩的准备过程。 1．主旨大意题。 通读全文，文章从老绅士沉迷阅读骑士小说开始，描述了他如何“lost his wits completely(完全丧失了理智)”，进而幻想自己成为骑士，并为此进行一系列准备（修盔甲、给马取名、给自己封号等）。整篇文章的核心聚焦于他从普通读者转变为自我想象中的骑士的过程。 2．细节理解题。 根据第一段中的“In fact, he became so caught up in the subject of chivalry that he neglected every other interest and even sold many acres of good farmland so that he might buy all the books he could get on the subject.(事实上，他如此沉迷于骑士主题，以至于忽视了所有其他兴趣，甚至卖掉了许多亩良田，以便买下他能弄到的所有关于这个主题的书。)”可知，他卖掉土地是为了购买关于骑士精神的书籍。 3．推理判断题。 根据第二段中的“he lost his wits completely(他完全失去了理智)”以及第三段中的“He began to believe that all the fantastic and romantic tales he read about enchantments challenges, wounds and battles were true histories.(他开始相信，自己读过的所有关于魔法、挑战、伤痛与征战的奇幻浪漫故事，皆是真实过往。)”和“he fell into the strangest fancy(他陷入了最奇怪的幻想)”可知，他已经完全脱离现实，深信书中的世界是真实的。 4．词句猜测题。 根据第七段中的“he decided that she would be the lady of his fancy and that she should be known as Dulcinea del Toboso, a name that to his ears sounded musical and anything but ordinary.(他决定她将成为他幻想中的女士，她应被称为杜尔西内娅·德尔·托博索，这个名字在他听来既悦耳又anything but ordinary。)”可知，他认为这个名字听起来悦耳动听，绝不普通。“anything but”意为“绝不、根本不”，“ordinary”意为“普通的”。因此“anything but ordinary”意为“绝不普通”，即“非常特别的、例外的”。C选项“quite exceptional（相当特别的）”与之意思最接近。 Passage 5 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）There are careers in popular music which proceed in a straight, glittering line, and there are others which are tested in fierce fire before they attain their full reputation. Lady Gaga belongs unmistakably to the latter order. To regard her merely as a provider of marvellous performances is to mistake the lightning for the storm. Behind the masks, the stunning concerts, and the uproar of fame, there has long stood a woman of uncommon endurance, who has had to earn, more than once, the right to remain herself. The gravest trial of her middle career came with ARTPOP, issued in 2013, a record born with extravagant ambition and fashioned in ignorance of ordinary taste. Yet, though it opened strongly, it did not win the unanimous applause that had delivered her earlier triumphs. In time, Gaga herself spoke of that season as one of desolation. She recalled becoming deeply depressed, worn out by conflict, and haunted by a sadness so heavy that, in her own description, she could scarcely feel the beat of her heart. On another occasion, reflecting on the same period, she confessed that she had not wished to sing any more. Such words, from an artist built so visibly for the stage, carry the chill of true torture. It was then that Tony Bennett entered not merely as a collaborator, but as a rescuer of the spirit. Their partnership on Cheek to Cheek did more than widen her range of music talents; it restored to her a simpler faith in music itself. Bennett, by her own repeated witnesses, wanted nothing from her but her friendship and her voice. In an industry governed by appetite, calculation, and noise, such generosity must have seemed almost antique. That an elder statesman of song could steady a younger artist at the brink of inward collapse is one of the more moving episodes in recent musical history. Gaga would say, with no hint of theatrical excess, he had saved her life. What followed is the true measure of her greatness. She did not vanish into self-pity, nor did she allow one grievous chapter to define the remainder of her story. She worked, adapted, sang in new idioms, acted, endured, and returned. Most touching of all, perhaps, was the reconciliation that came in the summer of 2025, when The Mayhem Ball restored ARTPOP songs such as Aura and Applause to her live stage after years of her refusal to play them. It was not only a set-list alteration; it was an act of artistic pardon. She had gone back to the wounded province of her own past and lit it, at last, with acceptance. For this reason Lady Gaga deserves admiration beyond fashion or fandom (饭圈). She has shown that greatness in art lies not in never falling, but in returning from humiliation with one’s voice enlarged, one’s dignity protected, and one’s courage made visible to the world. 1．What made Gaga’s ARTPOP period especially painful? A．Public reduction of her work to mere display. B．Mental strain caused by conflict and sorrow. C．Fading praise, mental collapse, refusal to sing. D．Weakening and saddened belief in music. 2．What was Tony Bennett’s greatest importance to Gaga? A．Renewal of her trust in song. B．Enlargement of her artistic scope. C．Repair of her public standing. D．Escape from a calculating profession. 3．What gave Gaga’s 2025 return to ARTPOP songs its special meaning? A．Recovery of a once-failed record. B．Recognition of overdue public acceptance. C．Peace with a painful career experience. D．Correction of critical opinion on the album. 4．What is the main focus of the passage? A．The burden of fame in pop culture. B．The healing force of artistic companionship. C．The later defence of a troubled album. D．The greatness of persistence through failure. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】文章主要讲述了Lady Gaga在艺术生涯中历经挫折后坚持并取得伟大成就的故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The gravest trial of her middle career came with ARTPOP, issued in 2013, a record born with extravagant ambition and fashioned in ignorance of ordinary taste. Yet, though it opened strongly, it did not win the unanimous applause that had delivered her earlier triumphs.(她职业生涯中期遭遇的最大考验，来自 2013 年发行的《ARTPOP》专辑。这张作品怀揣着极致宏大的野心，创作风格全然不顾大众世俗审美。 尽管专辑开局势头强劲，却没能收获像她早期作品那般万众一致的赞誉与满堂喝彩。)”和“In time, Gaga herself spoke of that season as one of desolation. She recalled becoming deeply depressed, worn out by conflict, and haunted by a sadness so heavy that, in her own description, she could scarcely feel the beat of her heart. On another occasion, reflecting on the same period, she confessed that she had not wished to sing any more.(后来，Gaga自己将那个时期描述为荒凉。她回忆起自己变得极度沮丧，被冲突耗尽，被一种沉重的悲伤所困扰，用她自己的话说，她几乎感觉不到自己的心跳。在另一个场合，回顾同一时期，她承认自己不想再唱歌了。)”可知，Gaga的《ARTPOP》时期尤其痛苦是因为赞誉消退、精神崩溃、拒绝唱歌。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“It was then that Tony Bennett entered not merely as a collaborator, but as a rescuer of the spirit. Their partnership on Cheek to Cheek did more than widen her range of music talents; it restored to her a simpler faith in music itself.(就在这时，Tony Bennett走进了她的生活，他不仅是合作搭档，更是治愈她心灵的救赎者。两人合作的专辑《Cheek to Cheek》，不仅拓宽了她的音乐天赋边界，更让她重新找回了对音乐纯粹的信仰。)”可知，Tony Bennett对Gaga最大的重要性是让她重新信任歌曲。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Most touching of all, perhaps, was the reconciliation that came in the summer of 2025, when The Mayhem Ball restored ARTPOP songs such as Aura and Applause to her live stage after years of her refusal to play them. It was not only a set-list alteration; it was an act of artistic pardon. She had gone back to the wounded province of her own past and lit it, at last, with acceptance.(也许最令人感动的是，2025年夏天，在《The Mayhem Ball》上，她拒绝演奏多年的《ARTPOP》中的歌曲，如《Aura》和《Applause》，重新回到了她的现场舞台。这不仅仅是一次曲目更改，更是一种艺术上的宽恕。她回到了自己过去受伤的领域，最终用接受照亮了它。)”可知，2025年重新演唱旧作，象征她与这段痛苦的职业经历达成和解。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“For this reason Lady Gaga deserves admiration beyond fashion or fandom (饭圈). She has shown that greatness in art lies not in never falling, but in returning from humiliation with one’s voice enlarged, one’s dignity protected, and one’s courage made visible to the world.(因此，Lady Gaga值得人们超越时尚或粉丝圈的钦佩。她已经表明，艺术的伟大不在于从不跌倒，而在于从屈辱中归来，声音更加洪亮，尊严得到保护，勇气让全世界看到。)”可知，文章讲述Lady Gaga遭遇事业挫败与精神低谷，不沉溺自怜、坚持成长并与过往和解，诠释历经失败仍坚守初心、坚韧重生的伟大。 语篇类型三: 说明文（5篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）Amid all the excitement, surprise, and anxiety over China’s DeepSeek R1 AI model, I want to make a point: To many young Americans, DeepSeek is cool. They see the Chinese internet as fascinating. How did this happen? First, Chinese products and services have an increasing charm and originality. I am not a keen TikTok user, but it has a magnetic presence that no US video site can match since more than half of all Americans are active TikTok users. TikTok was shut down earlier in January this year, and the site faces uncertainty. So America’s internet youth flocked to a Chinese video site called RedNote, also known as Xiaohongshu. RedNote has more than 300million users in China, but until recently barely received attention in the US. And when young Americans visited RedNote, they were struck by an obvious fact: It is not the kind of site their parents would frequent. The opening page is full of Chinese characters and many images that, at least to me, an old American, make no sense. Yet Chinese and American youth interact frequently there, for example trading tips for making steamed eggs properly. As for the AI large-language models, DeepSeek is a marvel. Of all the LLMs, I find it the most fun to chat with. Its written answers can be moody and playful. Certainly this week DeepSeek was the top download on Apple’s app store. Another possible reason for the rise of China into the ranks of cultural coolness is the lack of competitors. Not so long ago, it was common for a typical American teenager to develop a passion for Europe, which was seen as more intellectual, more artistic, more “cultured”. Today Europe has lost some of its romantic appeal. Besides, it is true that anything your parents thought was cool when they were your age, you don’t. While the differences between American and Chinese cultures are obvious, both Americans and Chinese are friendly, open, forward-looking, and business-friendly. The cultural gap is by no means unbridgeable. China has the talent, scale, and resources to create online experiences that will appeal to Americans. Undoubtedly, China has gained an advantage-not only in technology, but also in liveliness. 1．Why does the author mention “more than half of all Americans are active TikTok users” in para.2? A．To prove that he has resisted the temptation of TikTok. B．To indicate that TikTok should spend more on advertising. C．To highlight that TikTok has a strong appeal to most Americans. D．To suggest that other US video sites learn from TikTok’s marketing strategies. 2．The author describes his encounter with RedNote to show ______. A．that RedNote has a confusing and unrealistice layout B．why RedNote doesn’t really appeal to older Americans C．that RedNote is too complex for older people to operate D．how RedNote uses its new features to catch users’ attention 3．What is the author’s attitude towards Chinese internet products and services? A．They are completely unappealing and worthless. B．They have some charm but lack innovation. C．Their charm and originality are on the rise. D．It’s hard to understand their popularity among the youth. 4．Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the coolness of China’s internet? A．European culture has lost all its appeal to American youth. B．DeepSeek is a wise and humorous companion when chatting. C．Chinese online products and services boast an innovative and unique style. D．Young Americans’ parents think China’s internet shape their children’s views. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文围绕中国互联网产品和服务在年轻美国人群体中的 “酷文化” 现象展开，分析其背后的原因及影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“First, Chinese products and services have an increasing charm and originality. I am not a keen TikTok user, but it has a magnetic presence that no US video site can match since more than half of all Americans are active TikTok users.( 第一，中国的产品和服务越来越有魅力，越来越有创意。我不是抖音的忠实用户，但它的吸引力是任何美国视频网站都无法比拟的，因为超过一半的美国人是抖音的活跃用户。)”可知，前文说中国产品和服务有越来越大的魅力和创意，TikTok 有美国视频网站无法比拟的吸引力。提到这一数据是为了强调 TikTok 对大多数美国人有很强的吸引力，以此来证明中国互联网产品的魅力。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“And when young Americans visited RedNote, they were struck by an obvious fact: It is not the kind of site their parents would frequent. The opening page is full of Chinese characters and many images that, at least to me, an old American, make no sense.( 当年轻的美国人访问RedNote时，他们被一个显而易见的事实震惊了：这不是他们的父母经常光顾的那种网站。这本书的第一页满是汉字和许多图片，至少对我这个老美国人来说，毫无意义。)”可知，作者描述自己与 RedNote 的相遇，提到首页满是汉字和对他（一个老美国人）来说没意义的图片，后面又说这不是他父母会常去的网站。这表明 RedNote 对年长的美国人没有吸引力。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段“First, Chinese products and services have an increasing charm and originality.( 第一，中国的产品和服务越来越有魅力，越来越有创意。)”可知，文章开头就提到中国产品和服务有越来越大的魅力和创意，后面又通过 TikTok、RedNote、DeepSeek 等例子进一步说明。作者认为中国互联网产品和服务的魅力和创意在上升。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“As for the AI large-language models, DeepSeek is a marvel. Of all the LLMs, I find it the most fun to chat with. Its written answers can be moody and playful. Certainly this week DeepSeek was the top download on Apple’s app store.( 在人工智能大语言模型方面，DeepSeek堪称奇迹。在所有的LLMs中，我发现与它聊天是最有趣的。它的书面回答可能是喜怒无常和好玩的。当然，本周DeepSeek是苹果应用商店下载量最高的应用。)”以及第五段中“Another possible reason for the rise of China into the ranks of cultural coolness is the lack of competitors. Not so long ago, it was common for a typical American teenager to develop a passion for Europe, which was seen as more intellectual, more artistic, more “cultured”.( 中国崛起为“酷文化”的另一个可能原因是缺乏竞争对手。就在不久之前，一个典型的美国青少年对欧洲产生热情是很常见的，因为欧洲被认为更有智慧、更有艺术气息、更“有文化”。)”可知，年轻的美国父母认为中国的互联网影响了他们孩子的观点不是中国互联网酷的原因。故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海黄浦·期末）O. Henry—Master of the Short Story O. Henry, born William Sydney Porter on September 11,1862, in Greensboro, North Carolina, USA, is celebrated as one of the founding figures of the modern American short story. He died on June 5,1910, at the age of 47. Porter’s life was as eventful as his fiction. After his mother’s early death, he was raised by relatives. He left school at 15, trained as a pharmacist, and later moved to Texas in 1882. There, he held diverse jobs including bank teller and journalist, experiences that later enriched his stories. In 1887, he married Athol Estes, with whom he had a daughter. His life took a dramatic turn in 1894 when the bank he worked for discovered financial discrepancies. Accused of embezzlement in 1896, he fled to Honduras but returned when his wife became seriously ill. Convicted in 1898, he served three years of a five-year sentence at the Ohio State Penitentiary. It was during this imprisonment that he began writing short stories seriously under the pen name “O. Henry” and submitting them to magazines. Following his early release for good behavior in 1901, he moved to New York City. This period marked his creative peak. Writing at an astonishing pace (often one story per week), he became immensely popular, publishing primarily in newspapers like the New York World. His stories vividly captured the lives of ordinary New Yorkers, especially the working class and underprivileged — shop clerks, artists, waitresses, and even petty criminals — portraying their struggles, joys, and resilience with warmth and humor. Despite his literary success and income, O. Henry struggled with financial management and alcoholism. His health deteriorated, leading to his death from cirrhosis of the liver and other complications on June 5, 1910. Literary Legacy: O. Henry’s fame rests primarily on his unique narrative technique and subject matter: The “O. Henry Twist”: This is his most famous contribution. His stories are renowned for their surprise endings — sudden, unexpected plot twists that are both startling and logically consistent with the preceding story, often delivering a powerful emotional punch or ironic revelation. Focus on the “Little People”: His work centered on the everyday lives, dreams, and misfortunes of common city dwellers, particularly in New York (which he called “Baghdad-on-the-Subway”), the American West, and Latin America. He infused these tales with deep humanity, humor, and gentle social commentary. Blend of Humor and Pathos: His witty style, featuring wordplay and satire, often masked underlying themes of hardship, sacrifice, and compassion. Stories like The Gift of the Magi (a poignant tale of sacrificial love between a poor couple) and The Last Leaf (a story of artistic sacrifice and hope) exemplify his ability to mingle laughter with tears. Impact: O. Henry is globally recognized as one of the “Three Masters of the Short Story,” alongside Guy de Maupassant (France) and Anton Chekhov (Russia). His “O. Henry Twist” has influenced countless writers. The prestigious O. Henry Award continues to honor excellence in short story writing, and his works remain widely read and adapted globally. 1．What can be inferred about the period O. Henry lived in New York City? A．It was a time of great personal happiness and stability for him. B．His popularity declined despite his high productivity. C．He focused exclusively on writing about wealthy socialites. D．He achieved his greatest literary success and output, though personal problems persisted. 2．In the context of his writing style “Blend of Humor and Pathos”, the word “pathos” refers to: A．fast-paced action and adventure. B．a quality that evokes feelings of pity, sadness, or tenderness. C．complex historical background. D．scientific accuracy and detail. 3．The passage suggests that O. Henry’s personal experiences most directly influenced his writing in which TWO ways? a) His legal troubles and imprisonment provided a unique setting and perspective. b) His academic background in literature gave him classical techniques. c) His observations of ordinary people in Texas and New York shaped his characters and settings. d) His extensive travels throughout Europe broadened his cultural themes. e) His work as a journalist trained him solely in writing factual reports. A．a+b B．a+c C．c+e D．d+e 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国短篇小说大师欧·亨利的生平、写作风格及其对世界文学的深远影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Following his early release for good behavior in 1901, he moved to New York City. This period marked his creative peak. Writing at an astonishing pace (often one story per week), he became immensely popular, publishing primarily in newspapers like the New York World.(1901年，因表现良好他提前获释，随后搬到了纽约市。这段时期是他的创作巅峰。他以惊人的速度进行写作（通常每周一篇），广受欢迎，作品主要发表在《纽约世界报》等报纸上)”及第五段“Despite his literary success and income, O. Henry struggled with financial management and alcoholism. His health deteriorated, leading to his death from cirrhosis of the liver and other complications on June 5, 1910.(尽管欧·亨利在文学上取得了成功，也有了收入，但他在财务管理和酗酒问题上苦苦挣扎。他的健康状况不断恶化，最终于1910年6月5日因肝硬化及其他并发症去世)”可推知，欧·亨利在纽约市生活期间，虽然个人问题持续存在，但他取得了最大的文学成就，创作量也最大。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段中“Blend of Humor and Pathos: His witty style, featuring wordplay and satire, often masked underlying themes of hardship, sacrifice, and compassion.(幽默与pathos的结合：他诙谐的风格，以文字游戏和讽刺为特色，常常掩盖了苦难、牺牲和同情等潜在主题)”可知，pathos与humor相对，对应tears所体现的情感，结合选项推知，pathos指的是一种能唤起怜悯、悲伤或温柔情感的特质。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“It was during this imprisonment that he began writing short stories seriously under the pen name “O. Henry” and submitting them to magazines.(正是在这段监禁期间，他开始以“欧·亨利”为笔名认真撰写短篇小说，并将其提交给杂志)”以及第二段中“He left school at 15, trained as a pharmacist, and later moved to Texas in 1882. There, he held diverse jobs including bank teller and journalist, experiences that later enriched his stories.(他15岁辍学，接受了药剂师培训，后来于1882年搬到得克萨斯州。在那里，他从事过各种各样的工作，包括银行出纳员和记者，这些经历后来丰富了他的故事创作)”和第四段中“His stories vividly captured the lives of ordinary New Yorkers, especially the working class and underprivileged — shop clerks, artists, waitresses, and even petty criminals — portraying their struggles, joys, and resilience with warmth and humor.(他的故事生动地描绘了普通纽约人的生活，尤其是工人阶级和弱势群体——店员、艺术家、女服务员，甚至是小罪犯——用温暖和幽默描绘了他们的挣扎、欢乐和韧性)”可推知，欧·亨利的法律问题和监禁为他提供了一个独特的背景和视角，以及他在得克萨斯州和纽约对普通人的观察塑造了他的人物和背景，即a和c两点最直接地影响了他的写作。故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海·期末）The world’s forests may hold more secrets than previously thought: a new global estimate of tree biodiversity suggests that there are about 9,200 tree species yet to be documented. Most are likely in the tropics, according to the new research. The new research drew on the efforts of hundreds of contributors, who have categorized trees in two huge data sets. One, the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative, records every species found in extensively documented forest plots worldwide. The other, TREECHANGE, puts together sightings of individual species. Together they suggest there are approximately 64,100 recorded tree species on the planet — up from previous estimates of around 60,000. The researchers reached their estimate of an additional 9,200 yet undocumented species on the basis of the number of rare ones already in the databases. Most unknown species are likely to be defined as rare, found in limited numbers in small geographical areas, says the quantitative forest ecologist Jingjing Liang. The team’s result is “a rather conservative estimate,” Liang says,  “because scientists know less about the preponderance of uncommon trees in places such as the Amazon, where out-of-the-way spots could host pockets of unusual species found nowhere else.” “If we can focus the resources on those rain forests in the Amazon,” Liang adds, “then we would be able to estimate it with higher confidence.” Silman, a conservation biologist, who was not involved in the new study agrees that the study result is likely an underestimate. His and his colleagues’ local surveys suggest there are at least 3,000 and possibly more than 6,000 unknown tree species in the Amazon basin alone. Tree species often get grouped together based on appearance, he notes, so new genetic analysis techniques will likely lead to the discovery of even more biodiversity. Sliman wonders how many species will go extinct before scientists describe them. “How many are already known to native peoples in the Amazon — or were known to peoples or cultures who have themselves been made extinct through colonization, disease, or absorption? How many species already have dried samples sitting in a cabinet?” he says. Searching for the new species will inform not only conservation but the basic evolutionary science of how and why species diversify and die out, Silman says. “Just the fact that there are thousands of species of something as common as trees out there that are still left to be discovered,” he adds, “I find pretty inspirational.” 1．What is the finding of the new research? A．Maintaining tree diversity has become a global challenge. B．About nine thousand new tree species have been identified. C．Thousands of tree species remain unknown to science. D．Human activities have led to the reduced number of trees. 2．What can be learned about the research method? A．The researchers adopted quality method to analyze data. B．The researchers did extensive field study in out-of-the-way spots. C．Doing surveys and interviews is the main research method. D．Inferring from the existing data is the main research method. 3．The underlined word “preponderance” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________. A．majority B．duration C．cultivation D．capacity 4．According to Silman, one of the reasons for the underestimate of the tree species may be that ________. A．genetic analysis technique failed to produce accurate information B．the local peoples or the local cultures are not fully aware of the tree species C．trees of similar sizes in the Amazon basin are grouped together D．too many rare trees were made into dried samples before being documented 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了通过新的调查研究，得出的对全球的树木生物种类的数量估算，其中还包括一些未记录在案的树种；同时一些生物学家通过调查认为在亚马逊热带雨林里面，还有许多不知名的树种等待人们去发现，这也令这些生物学家们倍受鼓舞。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The world’s forests may hold more secrets than previously thought: a new global estimate of tree biodiversity suggests that there are about 9,200 tree species yet to be documented.(世界上的森林可能拥有比以前想象的更多的秘密：一项新的全球树木生物多样性估计表明，约有9200种树木尚未被记录在案)”可知，该项新研究指出成千上万的树种仍不为科学所知。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The new research drew on the efforts of hundreds of contributors, who have categorized trees in two huge data sets.(这项新研究利用了数百名贡献者的努力，他们在两个巨大的数据集中对树木进行了分类)”和第三段“The researchers reached their estimate of an additional 9,200 yet undocumented species on the basis of the number of rare ones already in the databases.(根据数据库中已有的稀有物种的数量，研究人员得出了他们对另外9200个尚未记录的物种的估计)”可知，该研究的主要方法是从已有的数据中进行推断得出结论。故选D。 3．词义猜测题。根据划线词后文“such as the Amazon, where out-of-the-way spots could host pockets of unusual species found nowhere else. (比如亚马逊，在那里偏僻的地方可能有一些其他地方没有的不常见的树种)”可知，这里通过举例子说明划线词所在部分“scientists know less about the preponderance of uncommon trees in places such as the Amazon(科学家们对亚马逊等地大多数不常见的树木知之甚少)”中，在如亚马逊雨林这种地方有很多科学家们没见过、不了解的树种，所以他们对这里大多数不常见的树木都知之甚少，故“the preponderance of”表示“大多数”，与“the majority of”同义。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Sliman wonders how many species will go extinct before scientists describe them. “How many are already known to native peoples in the Amazon — or were known to peoples or cultures who have themselves been made extinct through colonization, disease, or absorption? How many species already have dried samples sitting in a cabinet?” he says. (斯利曼想知道，在科学家对这些物种进行描述之前，会有多少物种会灭绝。‘在亚马逊地区，有多少物种已被当地居民所熟知——或者有多少物种曾为那些因殖民、疾病或被同化而消亡的民族或文化所知晓？又有多少物种的干燥样本已经存放在实验室的柜子里？’他说道)”可知，Sliman认为当地的民族或文化也不完全了解这些树种，所以这也是树种数量被低估的一个原因。故选B。 Passage 4 （24-25高二下·上海徐汇·期末）While researching Starbound, my book exploring the feasibility of interstellar (星际) travel, encountered astonishing—and often absurd—spaceship concepts proposed in trustworthy scientific journals. The most ill-famed is Project Orion (1957 - 1965), which aimed to propel a spacecraft I exploding thermonuclear bombs behind it, using the explosive force to thrust the vessel forward Decades later, physicist Freeman Dyson, who contributed to the project, reflected: “We were a insane to believe any of this could work.” His sincere admission underscores the audacity (鲁莽) such ideas. Yet Orion is just one example. In 1984, Anthony Martin speculated in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society that a starship could carry “only 50 million people”— equivalent to the earth population of the British Isles. His casual dismissal of this shocking number (“Only?”) revealed scale of these ambitions. That same year, physicist Robert L. Forward proposed a laser-powered light sail spanning 1,000 kilometers. However, he acknowledged a critical flaw: the system would require up to 75,000 terawatts (TW) of energy. To put this in perspective, one terawatt equaled Earth’s total annual energy output at the time. In 1996, NASA engineer Thomas McKendree proposed a spacecraft constructed with diamond - like materials using molecular nanotechnology (纳米技术). This 4,610-kilometer-long “diamond ship” could theoretically house 99 billion people—a curiously specific figure that begs the question: why not round to 100 billion? Even seemingly practical designs face overwhelming hurdles (障碍). Take the “world ship” concept, where generations live and die during voyages lasting centuries. A 2020 study defined these ships as carrying over 100,000 passengers at speeds below 10% of light’s velocity (速度). However, researchers identified a critical flaw: with an estimated three component failures per second, maintenance systems would need near-perfect autonomy. Paradoxically, the self-repairing mechanisms required to fix these breakdowns would themselves be likely to fail, creating a destructive cycle that could doom the entire mission. Given these challenges, focusing on colonizing our solar system—targets like Mars, the Moon, or icy moons such as Europa—may be more realistic. While still enormously complex and costly, such projects avoid the fantastical hurdles of interstellar travel. As physicist Suresh Singh notes, “The best ideas aren’t always the grandest—sometimes they’re just the ones that don’t defy physics.” 1．What does Freeman Dyson’s reflection on Project Orion reveal about the project’s feasibility? A．It was a well-executed plan with minor flaws. B．It relied on cautious and gradually increasing advancements. C．The team underestimated the risks of their ambitious approach. D．The design was too simple to address interstellar challenges. 2．Why does the author highlight Anthony Martin’s use of the word “only” when describing a starship’s capacity? A．To criticize his lack of scientific accuracy. B．To emphasize the unrealistic scale of proposed projects. C．To praise his focus on practicality over ambition. D．To question the ethics of transporting large populations. 3．What is the author’s likely intent in questioning the “99 billion” population figure for the diamond spacecraft? A．To applaud the precision of scientific calculations. B．To highlight the environmental impact of such a ship. C．To argue for even larger interstellar vehicles. D．To suggest the proposal lacks practicality or credibility. 4．What is the central flaw identified in the “world ship” concept? A．A self-defeating cycle of mechanical failures. B．Insufficient speed to reach distant stars. C．Ethical concerns about generational confinement. D．The astronomical cost of construction materials. 5．How does the author contrast colonizing the solar system with interstellar travel? A．It requires abandoning all ambitious goals. B．It prioritizes achievable projects over implausible ones. C．It focuses solely on cost-effective solutions. D．It ignores the potential of future technological breakthroughs. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了星际旅行的可行性，列举了历史上几个著名的星际飞船概念（如猎户座计划、钻石飞船等），并指出这些方案存在的不切实际之处。最后提出更现实的方案是优先殖民太阳系内天体。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The most ill-famed is Project Orion (1957 - 1965), which aimed to propel a spacecraft I exploding thermonuclear bombs behind it, using the explosive force to thrust the vessel forward Decades later, physicist Freeman Dyson, who contributed to the project, reflected: “We were a insane to believe any of this could work.” His sincere admission underscores the audacity (鲁莽) such ideas.(最臭名昭著的是猎户座计划（1957-1965年），该计划旨在通过在一艘宇宙飞船后面引爆热核炸弹来推动飞船前进，利用爆炸力将飞船向前推进。几十年后，参与该项目的物理学家弗里曼·戴森反思道：“我们太疯狂了，居然相信这些都能奏效。”他真诚的坦言凸显了这些想法的鲁莽。)”这表明他认为Project Orion的想法过于大胆、不切实际，团队高估了自己的能力，低估了风险。选项C“该团队低估了他们激进方法的风险”最符合这一态度。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In 1984, Anthony Martin speculated in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society that a starship could carry “only 50 million people”— equivalent to the earth population of the British Isles. His casual dismissal of this shocking number (“Only?”) revealed scale of these ambitions.(1984年，安东尼·马丁在《英国星际学会杂志》上推测，一艘星际飞船只能搭载“5000万人”——相当于不列颠群岛的地球人口。他对这个惊人的数字的随意否定（“只有？”）揭示了这些雄心的规模。)”可知，文中提到Anthony Martin在描述一艘可容纳“仅5000万人”的星舰时使用了“Only?”这个词，语气上显得轻描淡写，仿佛这个数字并不庞大。但实际上5000万人口已经相当于一个国家的人口规模，作者借此突出这类设想在规模上的荒谬性。因此，选项B“为了强调所提项目规模的不现实性”最贴切。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“This 4,610-kilometer-long “diamond ship” could theoretically house 99 billion people—a curiously specific figure that begs the question: why not round to 100 billion?(这艘长4610公里的“钻石船”理论上可以容纳990亿人——这是一个非常具体的数字，让人不禁要问：为什么不凑整到1000亿呢？)”可知，作者对Thomas McKendree提出的990亿人口容量提出疑问：“a curiously specific figure that begs the question: why not round to 100 billion?” 这种质疑暗示该数字缺乏合理性或可信度，只是为了凑数而设定，而不是基于严谨的推算。因此，选项D“建议该提议缺乏实用性或可信度”最为准确。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“However, researchers identified a critical flaw: with an estimated three component failures per second, maintenance systems would need near-perfect autonomy. Paradoxically, the self-repairing mechanisms required to fix these breakdowns would themselves be likely to fail, creating a destructive cycle that could doom the entire mission.(然而，研究人员发现了一个关键缺陷：据估计，每秒有三个部件发生故障，维护系统需要近乎完美的自主性。矛盾的是，修复这些故障所需的自修复机制本身也可能失败，从而形成一个破坏性的循环，可能导致整个任务失败。)”可知，这说明其核心问题是机械故障与修复之间的恶性循环。故选A项。 5．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Given these challenges, focusing on colonizing our solar system—targets like Mars, the Moon, or icy moons such as Europa—may be more realistic. While still enormously complex and costly, such projects avoid the fantastical hurdles of interstellar travel. As physicist Suresh Singh notes, “The best ideas aren’t always the grandest—sometimes they’re just the ones that don’t defy physics.”(考虑到这些挑战，专注于殖民我们的太阳系——比如火星、月球或像欧罗巴这样的冰卫星——可能更为现实。虽然这些项目仍然极其复杂且成本高昂，但它们避免了星际旅行的奇幻障碍。正如物理学家苏雷什·辛格所指出的那样，“最好的想法并不总是最伟大的——有时它们只是那些不违背物理学的想法。”)”可知，强调应优先考虑不违背物理规律、切实可行的项目。选项B“它优先考虑可实现的项目，而非不切实际的设想”最能概括这一对比。故选B项。 Passage 5 （24-25高二下·上海徐汇·期末）Time travel is a classic theme in science fiction, appearing in everything from Doctor Who to Edge of Tomorrow. Whether through a time machine or mysterious ancient stones, altering the past often creates chaos — changing timelines, erasing key events, or trapping characters in endless loops. Movies like Groundhog Day and Palm Springs play with these ideas, making us wonder: How would we escape such a fate? Memory loss is another favorite sci-fi theme. A hero who can’t remember anything instantly creates mystery — why? What are they hiding? Selective amnesia (健忘症) deepens the intrigue (阴谋、诡计) while keeping readers and characters on the same page. Stories like Memento and Inception explore identity: Who are we without our memories? Nicholas Binge’s Dissolution masterfully combines time travel and memory into a gripping thriller (惊悚片). The protagonist (主角), Maggie, is an elderly woman facing loneliness — her husband, Stanley, no longer recognizes her, and her estranged son avoids her. Then a stranger, Hassan, claims Stanley’s memories are being stolen. The story unfolds through interview transcripts and flashbacks, creating a complex puzzle reminiscent (回忆者) of Memento. Binge’s clever writing keeps you hooked, and with a film adaptation already in the works, this is a must-read for sci-fi fans. For something shorter but equally intriguing, Olivia Waite’s Murder by Memory offers a cozy yet futuristic mystery. Ship detective Dorothy Gentleman wakes up in someone else’s body to find that a killer is erasing victims’ stored memories — ensuring they stay dead. The novella is fast-paced and fun, perfect for readers who love sci-fi crime. Though brief, it’s the start of a promising series, and hopefully, future installments will be bundled into a longer collection. If you enjoy mind-bending plots about time and memory, these two books are excellent choices — one a layered thriller, the other a quick but clever whodunit. Happy reading! 1．What is a common consequence of time travel in science fiction stories? A．Characters gain supernatural abilities. B．Historical accuracy is exactly preserved. C．Societies achieve Utopian perfection. D．Timelines are disrupted, leading to repeated or erased events. 2．How does selective memory loss enhance a story’s narrative? A．It eliminates the need for character development. B．It allows the protagonist to outsmart others easily. C．It creates shared uncertainty between the character and reader. D．It focuses the plot entirely on action sequences. 3．What challenges does the protagonist of Dissolution face? A．Isolation from family and her husband’s fading memory. B．A high-stakes political conspiracy. C．A dangerous journey through physical realms. D．A career-threatening professional mistake. 4．What unique element defines the murders in Murder by Memory? A．Victims’ stored memories are destroyed, preventing rebirth. B．The killer uses futuristic technology to hide their identity. C．The crimes occur in a virtual reality simulation. D．The detective possesses supernatural powers. 5．According to the author, what unites the two recommended books? A．Both are lengthy novels with intricate world-building. B．They blend themes of identity and futuristic technology. C．They cater to fans of twisty, thought-provoking narratives. D．Both focus on historical events reimagined through sci-fi. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科幻作品中时间旅行和记忆主题的书籍推荐。 1．细节理解题。 根据第一段中“Whether through a time machine or mysterious ancient stones, altering the past often creates chaos — changing timelines, erasing key events, or trapping characters in endless loops. (无论是通过时间机器还是神秘的古代石头，改变过去往往都会造成混乱——改变时间线、抹去关键事件，或者让角色陷入无尽的循环之中。)”可知，在科幻故事中，时间旅行的一个常见后果是时间线被扰乱，导致事件重复或被抹去。故选D。 2．细节理解题。 根据第二段中“Selective amnesia (健忘症) deepens the intrigue (阴谋、诡计) while keeping readers and characters on the same page. (选择性失忆加深了阴谋，同时让读者和角色处于同一认知层面。)”可知，选择性失忆在故事中创造了角色和读者之间的共同不确定性，从而增强了故事的叙述。故选C。 3．细节理解题。 根据第三段中“The protagonist (主角), Maggie, is an elderly woman facing loneliness — her husband, Stanley, no longer recognizes her, and her estranged son avoids her. (主角玛吉是一位面临孤独的老年女性——她的丈夫斯坦利不再认得她，而她疏远的儿子也躲着她。)”可知，《Dissolution》的主角面临的挑战是与家人的隔绝以及她丈夫逐渐衰退的记忆。故选A。 4．细节理解题。 根据第四段中“Ship detective Dorothy Gentleman wakes up in someone else’s body to find that a killer is erasing victims’ stored memories — ensuring they stay dead. (飞船侦探多萝西·绅士在别人的身体里醒来，发现一个杀手正在抹去受害者储存的记忆——以确保他们永远死去。)”可知，《Murder by Memory》中的谋杀案的独特之处在于受害者储存的记忆被摧毁，从而阻止了他们的重生。故选A。 5．推理判断题。 根据最后一段中“If you enjoy mind-bending plots about time and memory, these two books are excellent choices — one a layered thriller, the other a quick but clever whodunit. (如果你喜欢关于时间和记忆的烧脑情节，这两本书是绝佳的选择——一本是层层递进的惊悚片，另一本是快速而聪明的侦探小说。)”可知，作者认为这两本书的共同之处在于它们都迎合了喜欢曲折、发人深省的叙述的读者。故选C。 语篇类型四: 议论文（5篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期末）Everything Must Be Paid for Twice One financial lesson they should teach in school is that most of the things we buy have to be paid for twice. There’s the first price, usually paid in dollars, just to gain possession of the desired thing, whatever it is: a book, a budgeting app, a unicycle. But then, in order to make use of the thing, you must also pay a second price. This is the effort and initiative required to gain its benefits, and it can be much higher than the first price. A new novel, for example, might require twenty dollars for its first price — and ten hours of dedicated reading time for its second. Only when the second price is being paid do you see any return on the first one. Paying only the first price is about the same as throwing money in the garbage. In pre-consumer societies, people focused less on acquiring things and more on mastering their use — consistently putting tools to work. The miracle of industrialization has lowered first prices dramatically. Yet technology also creates endless buying options. Here’s the cruel truth: no matter how many gym memberships you buy or classics you collect, your daily 24 hours don’t expand. Their potential remains “unredeemed” until you pay the second price — your consistent effort. I believe this is one reason our modern lifestyles can feel unsatisfying sometimes. In our search for fulfillment, we keep paying first prices, creating a correspondingly enormous debt of unpaid second prices. Yet the real value of any purchase stays locked up until both prices are paid. This feeling of not having enough leads to a big problem: we automatically spend too much time on easy entertainment-like phone apps, streaming services, and fast food — even though they don’t really make us much happier than doing nothing. We choose these things because they’re simple and require little effort, but they waste lots of time. This leaves us with even less energy for more important things. The best solution is simple: stop buying unnecessary things, and focus on using what you already have. This way, you can finally enjoy all those books, gadgets, and items you own but never used. Paying the effort cost may seem hard at first, but you’ll grow to love it. It’s like walking through an unknown forest — each step in the unmapped wilderness is challenging, yet full of life. When you reach the other side, the forest becomes part of you, making you stronger. 1．What is the author’s primary argument about modern consumption? A．Technology has significantly reduced product prices. B．A return to pre-industrial lifestyles could restore balance. C．True value requires both financial cost and personal effort. D．Excessive product variety often leads to dissatisfaction. 2．The underlined word “unredeemed” in paragraph 5 is closest to ______. A．returned for money back B．damaged beyond repair C．priced too high D．not yet realized or claimed 3．According to the passage, why do people prefer easy entertainment? A．They cost less money than meaningful activities. B．They usually require little effort to engage with. C．They are advertised everywhere aggressively. D．They are more accessible than complex alternatives. 4．What does the “unknown forest” metaphor in the last paragraph suggest about paying second prices? A．It’s better to follow paths others have made. B．One needs special support to achieve success. C．The difficulty leads to personal transformation. D．The process is dangerous and should be avoided. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章指出我们购买的东西通常要付两次代价，真正的价值需要经济成本和个人努力，现代消费中人们常忽视后者，还给出了解决办法。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“There’s the first price, usually paid in dollars, just to gain possession of the desired thing, whatever it is: a book, a budgeting app, a unicycle. But then, in order to make use of the thing, you must also pay a second price. This is the effort and initiative required to gain its benefits, and it can be much higher than the first price.(有第一个价格，通常用美元支付，只是为了获得想要的东西，不管是什么：一本书、一个预算应用程序、一辆独轮车。但为了使用这个东西，你还必须支付第二个价格。这是获得其好处所需的努力和主动性，而且它可能比第一个价格高得多)”以及后文多次强调真正价值需要支付两次代价可知，作者关于现代消费的主要观点是真正的价值需要经济成本和个人努力。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Their potential remains ‘unredeemed’ until you pay the second price — your consistent effort.(它们的潜在可能性仍然‘unredeemed’，直到你支付第二个价格——你持续的努力)”和前文提到购买了东西但不付出努力就无法获得其价值可推知，“unredeemed”意思是“还未实现或获得”，D项与“not yet realized or claimed”同义。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“This feeling of not having enough leads to a big problem: we automatically spend too much time on easy entertainment-like phone apps, streaming services, and fast food — even though they don’t really make us much happier than doing nothing. We choose these things because they’re simple and require little effort, but they waste lots of time.(这种“不够用”的感觉导致了一个大问题：我们自然而然地把太多时间花在简单的娱乐上——比如手机应用程序、流媒体服务和快餐——尽管它们并不比什么都不做更让我们快乐。我们选择这些东西是因为它们简单，需要很少的努力，但它们浪费了很多时间)”可知，人们更喜欢轻松的娱乐是因为参与其中通常需要很少的努力。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Paying the effort cost may seem hard at first, but you’ll grow to love it. It’s like walking through an unknown forest — each step in the unmapped wilderness is challenging, yet full of life. When you reach the other side, the forest becomes part of you, making you stronger.(一开始付出努力的代价可能看起来很难，但你会逐渐喜欢上它。这就像穿过一片未知的森林——在未被绘制地图的荒野中每一步都充满挑战，但又充满生机。当你到达另一边时，森林就成为了你的一部分，让你变得更强大)”可知，“未知的森林”这个比喻暗示付出第二次代价时，困难会带来个人的转变，让你变得更强大。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）Land rights for the indigenous are still a problem, but is it time to turn our attention to language? According to the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, ‘suppressing indigenous people’s demands to a healthy environment continues to be an issue. However, there is an issue beyond land use that the human rights NGO sees as being in need of discussion, one that in fact requires more talking in general. The loss of indigenous languages around the world is a growing concern. The Rosetta Project, a network of language experts and native speakers working to preserve “endangered tongues”, has suggested that one language is being lost to the world every three months, a trend set to continue as it calculates that 92 per cent of the world’s languages are spoken by fewer than ten people each. UNESCO, meanwhile, has previously suggested that a language is becoming extinct every two weeks, and that “approximately 600 languages have disappeared in the last century”. As well as the rate, there is also disagreement in official circles over what actually defines language loss, with no one providing definitive criteria for when one crosses the point of no return. David Crystal, a patron for the International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language, has suggested that language extinction be when “the last person who speaks it dies”. He states that while “there is nothing unusual about a single language dying,” we are witnessing language extinction “on a massive scale”. Providing estimates and causation theories are various key stakeholders stressing the importance of language diversity. The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues explains that “this threat is acutely felt by indigenous peoples”. This is due to the languages no longer being taught to emerging generations, being almost exclusively a possession of the elders. In Crystal’s words, this is an issue; those speaking a language “are a living monument to what the community once was”, a responsibility he feels the next generation should carry. While not passing a language on to a younger generation does have a major influence on its extinction, the globalization of English has also played a key role. There are currently estimated to be some 360 million English as first-language speakers across almost 100 countries worldwide. Its use in governments, academic journals and trade negotiations has aided this spread. Patricia Ryan, a long-time English teacher in the Middle East who has given many high-profile talks on the effects of English around the world, explains that while it is the “undisputed global language”, English does not translate every view and every term used by its local counterparts, something Ryan believes is often forgotten. “When a language dies, we don't always know what we lose with that language,” she says. Extinction isn’t always the end of the road for a language, however. The death, then later rebirth, of spoken Israeli Hebrew shows how, with concerted effort, a once-dead tongue can find a new lease of life. At the beginning of the 19th century, the language only existed in scholarly and religious written work having died out in spoken form around 200 to 400 CE. According to Claude Hagege, a noted French linguist who himself speaks some 50 languages, its revival as a spoken form used in everyday Jewish life occurred only because of the “strong will” of the Israeli Jews. It is now estimated that there are nine million Hebrew speakers worldwide. Campaigners such as those at the Rosetta Project are asking whether more languages should hold official status, such as Welsh. In Wales, both English and Welsh were made official languages in 1993 under the Welsh Language Act, the goal being for both tongues to carry the same importance and be widely used across the country — extinction prohibited by legislation. The legal system, road signs and education all now contain English and Welsh versions sitting side by side. A new set of goals under the Welsh government's Cymraeg 2050 strategy include the aim to create one million Welsh speakers by 2050. UNESCO is hoping similar tactics will be just as successful on a much larger scale. 2019 has been designated the International Year of Indigenous Languages. This will involve stressing the importance of linguistic diversity, stating that it “matters for development, peace-building and reconciliation” The action plan for the year suggests the centrality of indigenous peoples in official decision-making, drawing on their anecdotal knowledge. There will also be an emphasis on the development of language-sharing technology. Preparation for the year has, in fact, already begun with the first official event having taken place last month. A three-day international seminar in Asunción, Paraguay was used to present the achievements of previous language policies and to detail how UNESCO was hoping to build on these results. Further, an International Decade on Indigenous Languages (covering 2020 to 2030) was also proposed to continue any targets unmet within the course of 2019. UNESCO stresses that avoiding indigenous language extinction will play “a vital role in the sustainable development of the communities that speak them.” 1．What is the primary concern regarding indigenous languages according to the passage? A．Indigenous people are demanding more land rights from their governments. B．Indigenous languages are disappearing at an alarming rate worldwide. C．There is disagreement over how to define language extinction accurately. D．UNESCO lacks sufficient funding to support language preservation projects. 2．According to David Crystal, what distinguishes current language extinction from historical patterns? A．Modern technology has accelerated the process of language death. B．Younger generations are more resistant to learning traditional languages. C．The scale of language extinction today is unprecedented in human history. D．Governments are now more actively involved in language preservation efforts. 3．What can be inferred about the role of English globalization in language extinction? A．English is deliberately designed to replace indigenous languages worldwide. B．English speakers intentionally ignore the cultural values embedded in other languages. C．The dominance of English in key domains inadvertently contributes to language loss. D．English is the only factor responsible for the extinction of indigenous languages. 4．The example of Hebrew revival is used to illustrate that ______. A．Language extinction can be reversed through collective determination and effort. B．All extinct languages can be revived if enough resources are invested. C．Religious languages have a better chance of survival than secular ones. D．Written records are more important than spoken traditions for language preservation. 5．What is the most appropriate title for this passage? A．The Globalization of English: Threat or Opportunity? B．UNESCO's 2019: A Year for Indigenous Languages C．Hebrew Revival: A Model for Language Preservation D．Indigenous Languages: Crisis, Causes, and Conservation Efforts 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A 5．D 【导语】本文阐述全球土著语言快速消亡的严峻危机，分析失传背后多重成因，同时列举语言复兴案例与多国、国际组织采取的各类保护行动。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“According to the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, ‘suppressing indigenous people’s demands to a healthy environment continues to be an issue. However, there is an issue beyond land use that the human rights NGO sees as being in need of discussion, one that in fact requires more talking in general. The loss of indigenous languages around the world is a growing concern. (国际土著事务工作组表示，压制原住民对健康环境的诉求仍是一大问题。该人权组织认为，除土地利用外，还有亟待探讨的议题，也亟需各方多加交流。全球范围内土著语言不断消亡，愈发令人担忧。)”可知，文章首要关注的问题是土著语言正以惊人速度不断消失。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“He states that while “there is nothing unusual about a single language dying,” we are witnessing language extinction “on a massive scale”.(他称单一语言消亡不足为奇，但如今我们正见证大规模的语言灭绝现象。)”可知，当下语言消亡的规模在人类历史上前所未有。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“While not passing a language on to a younger generation does have a major influence on its extinction, the globalization of English has also played a key role. There are currently estimated to be some 360 million English as first-language speakers across almost 100 countries worldwide. Its use in governments, academic journals and trade negotiations has aided this spread. Patricia Ryan, a long-time English teacher in the Middle East who has given many high-profile talks on the effects of English around the world, explains that while it is the “undisputed global language”, English does not translate every view and every term used by its local counterparts, something Ryan believes is often forgotten. “When a language dies, we don’t always know what we lose with that language,” she says.(未能将语言代代传承是语言消亡的重要原因，而英语的全球化进程也起到了关键作用。据统计，目前全球近百个国家约有3.6亿英语母语者。英语广泛应用于政务、学术期刊及贸易谈判领域，进一步助推其传播。帕特里夏・瑞安长期在中东从事英语教学，多次发表备受关注的演讲，探讨英语带来的全球影响。她表示，英语虽是无可争议的世界通用语言，却无法尽数译出本土语言的观点与特有词汇，这点常被人们忽略。她说道：“一门语言消逝，我们往往说不清究竟失去了什么。”)”可知，英语在关键领域占据主导，无意间造成土著语言流失。 4．推理判断题。根据第六段“The death, then later rebirth, of spoken Israeli Hebrew shows how, with concerted effort, a once-dead tongue can find a new lease of life.(以色列希伯来语先消亡、后复兴的历程表明，齐心协力之下，一门已然绝迹的语言能够重获生机。)”可知，该事例说明凭借集体决心与行动可以逆转语言消亡。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文特别是根据第二段“The loss of indigenous languages around the world is a growing concern.(世界各地土著语言的消亡问题正日益受到关注。)”、第五段“While not passing a language on to a younger generation does have a major influence on its extinction, the globalization of English has also played a key role. (虽说未能将语言传承给后代是其消亡的重要诱因，但英语全球化也对此影响颇深。)”以及第七段“Campaigners such as those at the Rosetta Project are asking whether more languages should hold official status, such as Welsh. (罗塞塔项目等相关倡议人士呼吁，更多语言应取得官方地位，威尔士语便是一例。)”可知，文章围绕土著语言的消亡危机、成因及保护措施展开论述。所以D项“Indigenous Languages: Crisis, Causes, and Conservation Efforts(土著语言：危机、成因与保护)”符合文意。 Passage 3 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）One of the most unexpected things about having children is how the quest to mold perfect little humans ultimately becomes a project of making yourself a better person. Though hardly revolutionary, this epiphany came to me recently when I was talking to an inanimate object, Amazon’s Echo speaker, in front of my 18-month-old Jack. “Echo, turn on the lights. Echo, set my thermostat to 72 degrees. Echo, play ‘Wheels on the Bus’,” I commanded the gadget, which understands and responds to an ever growing set of orders (including, no surprise, “Echo, buy more diapers”). Every time I said “Echo,” Jack’s eyes shot up to the cylinder-shaped speaker atop the refrigerator, its glowing blue halo indicating it was listening. Then, one day, the inevitable happened: “Uggo!” Jack barked. “Bus!” After I explained to Jack that it’s not nice to call someone an uggo, I saw myself through my son’s words — and didn’t like how I looked. Sure, Echo doesn’t care how you talk to it. But to Jack, I must have seemed like a tyrant. And by imitation, he became my little dictator. This dilemma is likely only to grow as voice-based artificial intelligence becomes more commonplace. Already, Apple’s iPhones and iPads have Siri; Google-powered devices come with a similar feature, Google Now; and Microsoft has Cortana. Soon we’ll be regularly talking to digital Moneypennys at home, work and everywhere else. Like most parents, my wife and I hope Jack grows up to be kind. Like most toddlers he needs some help with this. My exchanges with my technology have clearly been setting a bad example. But how exactly to talk to our technology is far from clear. “The issue of ‘please’ is huge. It’s one of the foundations of etiquette,” says Lizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute and the great-great-granddaughter of America’s best-known arbiter of manners, “Kids model the behavior of the parent, and if you want your child to be using the word please often, you need to use it often too.” So now I say “please” as much as I can. I say it to my wife, my son’s teddy bear, Siri, Echo, Cortana, even my dog. But not everybody agrees that speaking to computers the way we’d like to be spoken to is the best way forward. Oren Etzioni, CEO of the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Seattle, is one. “I don’t say ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ to my toaster,” he argues. “Why should I say it to Echo?” Etzioni believes that the machines we have now, our smartphones and tablets, are effectively appliances. “It seems to me that we reserve politeness as a social lubricant,” he says. “It has a purpose.” And as a father, Etzioni is concerned that his son will overanthropomorphize smart devices. “I’d be worried that he’d get confused in the same way that we don’t want our kids to think Superman is real and then jump off something to soar into the sky,” he says. If you’ve ever been fooled by an online customer-service chatbot or an automated phone system, you’ll agree that this technology is evolving quickly. Coming generations will find it even harder to differentiate between bots and people, as they encounter even more artificially intelligent assistants backed by machine learning — computers that teach themselves through repeated interactions with human beings. At Microsoft, for instance, there’s a personality team dedicated to helping Cortana get a better grasp of manners and mannerisms. The technology is being infused with cultural cues to make it more likable. For example, Cortana’s avatar bows to Japanese users, who prefer formality. “Having a personality designed into the system, knowing some of the nuances of the way humans communicate, how they use different adjectives and how they say ‘thank you’ and ‘please’ — we think it’s an important part of getting that overall speech and dialogue system right,” says Marcus Ash, program manager for Cortana. Meanwhile, Hound, a voice-assistant app available for a broad range of devices, not only processes the magic words (please, thank you, you’re welcome, excuse me, sorry), but also softens its responses when users speak them. “When you say ‘hello’ to Hound, you might hear one type of response, but when you say ‘hey’ or ‘yo,’ you will definitely hear a different one,” says Keyvan Mohajer, a co-founder and the CEO of SoundHound. For humans, etiquette is a kind of social algorithm for managing feelings. Computers will get better at understanding this — but that will likely take decades. Which is more than enough time for me to solve this uggo problem. 1．What is the main dilemma the author faces regarding voice-based AI? A．His son Jack cannot pronounce “Echo” correctly and calls it “Uggo”. B．His commanding tone towards AI sets a bad example for his son’s behavior. C．Amazon’s Echo speaker does not understand his son’s voice commands. D．Voice-based AI is becoming too expensive for ordinary families to afford. 2．According to the passage, what do supporters of using polite language with AI believe? A．AI devices will eventually replace human companions in daily life. B．Children learn behavior by observing parents, so modeling politeness is important. C．Saying “please” and “thank you” can improve the performance of AI systems. D．AI technology should be designed to refuse commands without polite words. 3．What concern does Oren Etzioni express about teaching children to be polite to AI? A．Children will become too dependent on AI assistants for daily tasks. B．AI devices will start demanding more polite treatment from users. C．Children might confuse AI with real people and develop unrealistic expectations. D．Parents will spend too much time teaching manners instead of other skills. 4．What does the passage suggest about the future of human-AI interaction? A．AI will soon be able to fully understand and respond to human emotions. B．People will eventually stop using polite language with AI devices. C．It will take considerable time for AI to truly grasp human social etiquette. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文主要介绍的是随着语音人工智能的普及，父母在使用智能设备时的语言习惯对孩子的影响，以及围绕是否应该对人工智能使用礼貌用语展开的讨论。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Sure, Echo doesn’t care how you talk to it. But to Jack, I must have seemed like a tyrant. And by imitation, he became my little dictator. (当然，Echo并不介意你如何跟它说话。但对杰克来说，我肯定看起来像个暴君。通过模仿，他成了我的小独裁者。)”可知，作者意识到自己对AI发号施令的语气给儿子树立了坏榜样，这正是作者面临的主要困境。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“‘The issue of ‘please’ is huge. It’s one of the foundations of etiquette,’ says Lizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute and the great-great-granddaughter of America’s best-known arbiter of manners, ‘Kids model the behavior of the parent, and if you want your child to be using the word please often, you need to use it often too.’ (‘‘请’这个问题非常重要。它是礼仪的基础之一，’美国最著名的礼仪仲裁者的玄孙女、艾米莉·波斯特研究所所长莉齐·波斯特说。‘孩子会模仿父母的行为，如果你希望你的孩子经常使用‘请’这个词，你自己也需要经常使用。’)”可知，支持对AI使用礼貌用语的人认为孩子通过观察父母来学习行为，因此父母树立礼貌的榜样很重要。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段“And as a father, Etzioni is concerned that his son will overanthropomorphize smart devices. ‘I’d be worried that he’d get confused in the same way that we don’t want our kids to think Superman is real and then jump off something to soar into the sky,’ he says. (作为一名父亲，埃齐奥尼担心他的儿子会过度将智能设备拟人化。‘我担心他会感到困惑，就像我们不想让孩子认为超人是真的，然后从什么东西上跳下来飞向天空一样，’他说。)”可知，奥伦·埃齐奥尼担心孩子可能会把AI与真人混淆，从而产生不切实际的期望。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“For humans, etiquette is a kind of social algorithm for managing feelings. Computers will get better at understanding this — but that will likely take decades. (对人类来说，礼仪是一种管理情感的社会算法。计算机将能更好地理解这一点——但这可能需要几十年的时间。)”可知， 这篇文章暗示AI要真正掌握人类社交礼仪还需要相当长的时间。 Passage 4 （25-26高二下·上海松江·期中）There is a saying that “all plans are useless, but planning is vital”. Plans are useless as they become out of date very quickly. But without the process of planning, you won’t prepare for the future. You nee$ 专题01 阅读理解（期末复习专项训练） 语篇类型一: 应用文（5篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）How to Apply to a Chinese university in 2025 Planning to study abroad in China is easier than you may think. China has become more and more popular over the past years due to its great educational facilities, renowned science and technology degrees, and up to 30 top-ranked higher educational institutions. If you decided to study here, read below the easy steps for applying to a Chinese university. Choose universities and programmes Prior to the application, if you have clear ideas about the universities, locations, majors and (or) programmes to which you intend to apply. The International Services China website provides basic information on universities that you can apply to. Click “Apply Now” within the website to access the official website of the universities’ international students’ office for detailed application procedures. Prepare application documents Application documents vary with different universities, degrees, and programs. These include, but are not limited to: passport photo, graduation certificate, academic transcript from last graduated school, Chinese/ English language proficiency certificate (HSK (Chinese-proficiency test) score for Chinese-taught programmes, and IELTS for English-taught programmes), and recommendation letters from previous school teachers. 60Upon receiving your application documents, the Chinese institution will review your qualification and decide whether to accept you based on academic performance, language proficiency and other criteria. Admission decisions are typically made within four to eight weeks. Successful applicants receive an admission letter and Visa-application forms JW202/JW2011 for visa processing. Preparations before departure Apply for the Chinese student visa as soon as possible. Check with the Chinese embassy/ consulate in your area for details. Arrange a health insurance plan. You can get your insurance from your home country or purchase a health insurance card once you arrive in China. Admission requirements in China 1．Which of the following descriptions best fits into the blank? A．Prepare for admission tests B．Obtain admission results C．Transfer registration fees D．Wait for a scholarship approval 2．Which of the following statements is true according to the diagram? A．Students must complete a Bachelor’s degree in China before applying for a Master’s. B．Language courses in China are compulsory before starting a Bachelor’s degree. C．Employment is a possible outcome after completing any higher education degree in China. D．Secondary education must be completed in China to qualify for Bachelor’s studies. 3．The passage is primarily targeted at _______. A．university professors seeking research collaborations in China B．Chinese high school students preparing for the Gaokao exam C．international students who are planning to study in China D．parents of domestic Chinese students choosing a local university Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期末）Helping keep seniors safe and connected   ADT Medical Alert systems are built for every senior’s lifestyle, whether they stay close to home or like to venture out.   On-the-Go   Provides freedom and peace of mind while at home or miles from it.   - Mobile base unit   - No landline required   - Fall Detection (optional)   - GPS location capabilities   - Pendant options available   $39.99/mo: $41.99/mo   + Activation fee: $49.50   Medical Alert Plus   Extended in-home range grants independence to those who love to garden or relax in the yard.   - In-home operations   - No landline required   - Fall Detection (optional)   - Home temperature monitoring   - Pendant options available   $37.99/mo: $39.99/mo   + Activation fee: $49.50   Medical Alert Basic   Gives you or your loved ones the confidence needed to live alone and maintain independence when home.   - In-home operations   - Landline required   - Home temperature monitoring   $29.99/mo: $31.99/mo   + Activation fee: $49.50   STEP 1 You Press Button   Press the personal help button to send an emergency alert to ADT.   Fall Detection pendants can automatically send an alert if a fall occurs.   Fast, reliable 24/7 help in an emergency   When you need help quickly, ADT is there for you. We’ve got you covered with fast, reliable help in an emergency, so you can live with no worries.   STEP 2 We Respond   ADT’s monitoring professionals will communicate with you via two-way voice to determine what kind of help is needed.   STEP 3 You Get Help   At the push of a button, ADT’s monitoring professionals will alert your caregivers, loved ones or emergency responders based on your needs and preferences. 1．John’s 80-year-old father stays indoors mostly but gets 15 minutes of garden sunlight daily. Which system is most suitable for him? A．On-the-Go. B．Medical Alert Plus. C．Medical Alert Basic. D．Any of the above. 2．What are the standard activation and first-month fees for Medical Alert Basic? A．$49.50, $3.99. B．$49.50, $29.99. C．$90, $29.99. D．$90, $31.99. 3．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．ADT can receive automatic *alerts* (警报) from Fall Detection pendants. B．The monitoring professionals talk with seniors on the *landline* (固定电话). C．ADT systems only give care to seniors staying close to home. D．Seniors cannot choose whom to alert when an emergency occurs. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海宝山·期末）Based on their geography, volcanoes have different appearances. We classify them as stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, and cinder cones. Let’s dive into the differences between these types of volcanoes. Stratovolcanoes are tall and cone-shaped (锥形的). Instead of flat shield volcanoes like in Hawaii, they have bigger peaks. They build up by layering lava(熔岩), ash, and etc. Examples of stratovolcanoes include: ·MOUNT FUJI: Mount Fuji is a dormant (inactive) stratovolcano that last erupted in the early 1700s. MOUNT TOBA: Mount Toba in Sumatra is 100 kilometers long and 30 kilometers wide is a caldera(喷火山口). When ash falls or lava flows, it solidifies and makes a narrower cone. If you travel along the Pacific Ring of Fire, these are mostly this type of volcano. The Pacific Ocean seafloor brings water causing eruptions from stratovolcanoes. Stratovolcanoes run through cycles with lots of small eruptions. Shield volcanoes earned their name because they’re shaped like a shield. Hawaiian volcanoes are typical shield volcanoes. If you go to Hawaii, they are broad and flat. These volcanoes can be hundreds of kilometers wide. Examples of shield volcanoes include: MAUNA LOA: Mauna Loa in Hawaii is the world’s largest active shield volcano. From its base below sea level to its summit, it’s also the tallest mountain in the world. ·FERNANDINA ISLAND: Fernandina Island is an active shield volcano in the Galapagos Islands. Shield volcanoes tend to erupt liquid lava. Violent explosions are possible. But they’re not as common for shield volcanoes. Because the lava has a low viscosity (more watery), it can flow on the surface better. When these types of volcanoes erupt, lava flows out large distances. Cinder cones are small in comparison to the other types of volcanoes. In fact, they’re only tens of hundreds of meters in size. But at the same time, they’re very steep typically with a bowl-shaped crater at the summit. Examples of cinder cones include: ·CERRO NEGRO: Cerro Negro is an active cinder cone in Nicaragua. It’s the youngest in Central America. ·PARICUTIN: The Paricutin volcano in Mexico is a cinder cone that suddenly erupted in a cornfield. Cinder cones form out of tephra, magma, and ash that it throws out. When cinder cones shoot out lava, it splits it up in the air and scatters. Eventually, it cools down and becomes part of its steep cone-like feature. 1．Which of the following statements is True based on the passage? A．MOUNT TOBA is an inactive volcano that erupted in the early 1700s. B．Shield volcanoes can be hundreds of kilometers wide and their lava flows out extensively. C．Though small in size, Cinder cones are the most active in frequency and the steepest. D．MAUNA LOA is the world’s highest mountain from the horizon to the mountaintop. 2．Which of the following best summarizes the introduction of each volcano? A．illustration-appearance-examples-features B．appearance-examples-formation-location C．illustration-features-examples-exceptions D．illustration–location–appearance–features 3．What is the purpose of writing this passage? A．To entertain those interested in geography with descriptions of volcanoes. B．To express general concern about eruptions of different types of volcanoes. C．To inform readers of the unique characteristics of different types of volcanoes. D．To educate students some basic information about disruptive effects of volcanoes. Passage 4 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）Welcome to the “Chicken Soup” Family The first Chicken Soup for the Soul book was released in 1993 and quickly became a holiday favorite. Thereafter, more than 250 books have been published containing inspiring stories submitted by readers. On this part of the website, you will find a list of our new book topics, our writing guidelines and our submission form. We welcome your stories, written in English, from all over the world! ● Guidelines for a Chicken Soup for the Soul story 1. Tell an exciting, heartwarming, or funny story about something that has happened to you or someone you know. Your story should be written in the first person. 2. Don’t be afraid to speak from the heart. We do let you use a pen name for your story. 3. Keep your story to 1,200 words or less. 4. We love poems that tell a story, but we do not publish poems that seem overly focused on rhyming or those which read more like greeting cards. What happens after you submit your story? 5. Please complete all fields in the submission form. After you press the SUBMIT button, wait for the next screen to come up with a message that says: “Thank you! Your information has been received.” This is the only confirmation that your story has been entered into our database. 6. We do not send rejection letters, and we occasionally will save a submission for consideration for a future book. But in general, if you have not heard from us 60 days prior to the book’s on-sale date, that probably means we have decided not to use your story. 7. If we choose your story for a future book, we will notify you by e-mail and request your permission to print it. You will be paid $ 200 one month after the publication of the book and receive ten free copies of the book your story appears in. You will also be entitled to buy books from us at half price. ● A few more tips about submitting your stories The only way to submit your stories is via our website. If you have any problems when trying to fill out the form to submit your work, please contact us at: webmaster@chickensoupforthesoul.com. Please submit stories that have not been previously published. The only exception to this is if your work has only been published in a small local publication with limited circulation or on your own blog. Please do not send us any book manuscripts, unless through a literary agent, as they will be automatically discarded. “We love our writers, and we look forward to reading your stories. Thanks for sharing!” — Amy Newmark, editor-in-chief of the book series 8．Your writing won’t be taken into consideration by Chicken Soup for the Soul’s editors if ________. A．you don’t submit it on your own B．you don’t use your real name in the story C．it has already been published on a large scale D．it is a poem that tells a true story about yourself 9．You’ll hear from Chicken Soup for the Soul’s editors ________. A．as soon as you submit your story on its website B．after your story has been published in a new edition. C．when your story has been chosen for a future edition. D．45 days before its new edition is available for purchase 10．Which of the following statements is TRUE if your story is published by Chicken Soup for the Soul? A．You will stand a chance of being a staff writer at the publishing house. B．You will be paid $ 200 every month after the publication of your story. C．You will get a 50% discount when buying books from the company. D．You will receive ten copies of every publication from the company for free. Passage 5 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）DOWNLOAD THESE APPS In our modern, fast-paced world, maintaining both physical fitness and mental well-being can feel like a constant challenge. Thankfully, your smartphone can be a powerful aid in building healthier habits. “Lasting change comes from consistency, not perfection,” notes wellness coach Dr. Lena Shaw. “The key is to find tools that are engaging, fit into your daily life, and support your specific goals — whether that’s getting stronger, managing stress, or simply feeling more energized.” Here are three apps designed to motivate your fitness journey — and two more to help you recover, track progress, and sustain your efforts. Freeletics This app uses artificial intelligence to create personalized bodyweight workouts that adapt to your fitness level and goals. No equipment is needed — just your motivation. Whether you have 15 minutes or an hour, Freeletics designs high-intensity sessions that improve strength, making it ideal for busy schedules. Strava More than a running and cycling tracker, Strava is a social fitness network. Map your routes, record your pace, and share activities with friends. Its segment feature lets you compete against others on specific trails or streets, adding a fun, competitive edge to solo workouts. Many users find the community support key to staying motivated. Nike Training Club Offering a massive library of free workouts from professional athletes and trainers, this app covers everything from yoga and mobility to strength and cardio (力量训练；有氧训练). Each session includes clear video guidance and tips. You can filter by duration, equipment, or focus area, making it easy to fit exercise into your day. MyFitnessPal A long-time favorite for nutrition tracking, this app features a vast food database that helps you log meals quickly. By monitoring calorie intake and macronutrients, you can better understand your eating habits. Setting personalized goals and connecting with other health apps makes it a central tool for weight management or dietary awareness. Down Dog Perfect for relaxation and flexibility, Down Dog offers customizable yoga, meditation, and stretching sessions. You choose the style, duration, difficulty, and even the background music. Every practice is generated fresh, so you never repeat the same sequence. It’s like having a patient, personal yoga instructor available anytime. 1．This passage is most likely to be found in ________. A．a sports science research journal B．the lifestyle or wellness section of a website C．an advertisement for smartphone products D．a medical treatment guide for injuries 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．Freeletics is not suitable for beginners due to its exclusive high-intensity focus. B．Strava tracks both running and cycling but lacks features for live group challenges or route sharing. C．Nike Training Club uses artificial intelligence to personalize workout plans based on your fitness data and heart rate. D．Down Dog dynamically creates unique session content based on user preferences to prevent repetition and maintain engagement. 3．Sarah wants to start exercising at home without any equipment, and she also hopes to better understand her diet to support her fitness goals. Which combination of apps is most suitable for her? A．Freeletics and MyFitnessPal B．Nike Training Club and MyFitnessPal C．Nike Training Club and Down Dog D．Freeletics and Down Dog 语篇类型二: 记叙文（5篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海静安·期末）After a few hours the road began to be rough, and the walking grew so difficult that the Scarecrow often fell over the yellow bricks, which were here very uneven. Sometimes, indeed, they were broken or missing altogether, leaving holes that Dorothy walked around. As for the Scarecrow, having no brains, he walked straight ahead, and so stepped into the holes and fell at full length on the hard bricks. It never hurt him, however, and Dorothy would pick him up and set him upon his feet again, while he joined her in laughing merrily at his own disaster. The farms were not nearly so well cared for here as they were farther back. There were fewer houses and fewer fruit trees, and the farther they went, the more disappointing and lonesome the country became. At noon they sat down by the roadside, near a little brook, and Dorothy opened her basket and got out some bread. She offered a piece to the Scarecrow, but he refused. “I am never hungry,” he said, “and it is a lucky thing I am not, for my mouth is only painted, and if I should cut a hole in it so I could eat, the straw I am stuffed with would come out, and that would spoil the shape of my head.” Dorothy saw at once that this was true, so she only nodded and went on eating her bread. “Tell me something about yourself and the country you came from,” said the Scarecrow, when Dorothy had finished her dinner. So she told him all about Kansas, and how gray everything was there, and how the tornado had carried her to this strange Land of Oz. The Scarecrow listened carefully, and said, “I cannot understand why you should wish to leave this beautiful country and go back to the dry, gray place you call Kansas.” “That is because you have no brains” answered the girl. “No matter how dull and gray our homes are, we people of flesh and blood would rather live there than in any other country, be it ever so beautiful. There is no place like home.” 1．The Scarecrow often fell while walking on the road because ________. A．he was too tired and hungry to walk steadily B．he lacked the brains to avoid the holes C．the road was narrow and slippery D．he was distracted by talking too much with Dorothy 2．What does Dorothy mean when she says, “There is no place like home”? A．She believes Kansas is the most beautiful place. B．She values home for its emotional significance. C．She prefers the simplicity and stability of her old life. D．She misses her family and friends in Kansas. 3．Which of the following best describes the Scarecrow’s personality? A．Cheerful and eager to learn. B．Innocent and self-doubting. C．Humble but not practical. D．Observant but emotionally distant. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期末）In October 1989, Alaa Murabit, the middle child of 11, was born in a Canadian home to an immigrant family from Libya in Africa. Her younger years were filled with fun and kindness. Her supportive parents treated her and her siblings with equality and fairness. Her father emphasized the importance of education and gender equality, which greatly influenced her views on social justice. Growing up with so many brothers and sisters, she learned to focus, negotiate and talk fast, or she wouldn’t get a chance to do anything. Most importantly, she learned that it was necessary to have a seat at the table to defend yourself. For example, if a lamp broke while you were away and couldn’t explain what happened, you might get grounded as punishment. An extremely gifted girl, Alaa graduated from high school at age 15. After that, the family moved to her parents’ hometown in Libya. The following year she began studying at the College of Medicine at Al Zawiya University in Libya, graduating in 2013. In the midst of her medical studies, civil war broke out in Libya in February 2011. It wasn’t until then, at age 21, that Murabit sensed a cultural shift as women were given a seat at the table. They were finally involved in decision-making and information-sharing to help deal with the war happening around them. But, when political leaders convinced women to go back to their old roles, many lost their chance to have a say in important matters. It was then that Murabit founded The Voice of Libyan Women, a national organization to advance women’s rights. The organization works to improve political participation and empower women economically. Additionally, she helps to promote security for all, create strategies for establishing and maintaining peace and encourages faith-supported peacebuilding. Following medical school, Murabit went on to receive a master’s degree from the London School of Economics while continuing to push for women’s rights. She talked in schools and homes and put up posters and signboards around the country promoting those rights. She fights not only for women but also for the health of the world. Dr. Murabit’s leadership helped to shape the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, impacting billions of people for the better. 1．What important lesson did Alaa learn from growing up in a large family? A．The right to defend oneself. B．The importance of strict discipline. C．The value of avoiding conflict. D．The necessity of quick decision-making. 2．What major event pushed Alaa to found The Voice of Libyan Women? A．Her early graduation from high school at age 15. B．The outbreak of civil war in Libya in 2011. C．Her medical studies at Al Zawiya University. D．Her move to London for a master’s degree. 3．What is a primary goal of The Voice of Libyan Women? A．To provide free medical care in war zones. B．To promote women’s return to previous roles. C．To encourage women to say no to traditional faith. D．To increase women’s political and economic participation. 4．Which best describes Murabit’s approach to creating change? A．Defending the traditional systems. B．Combining grassroots action with global policy. C．Rejecting all religious involvement in peacebuilding. D．Prioritizing academic research over community engagement. Passage 3 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）In December 2022, I began keeping a diary in English, my second language. This, I came to learn, makes me an outside observer of my own emotions, providing clarity that is lost in the proximity (亲近) of my native tongue. During graduate school, a diary in Spanish helped me fill the emptiness of time that seemed devoid of meaning. But looking back, I realize how much of what I wrote then was shaped by writing in a language too close to my heart to allow me to think clearly. In January 2021, I wrote a long, unstructured passage in Spanish, full of phrases like “ese manto gris perenne que es el cielo de enero” (“ever-gray January sky”). The diary entry read as if it were rushed to the page unfiltered, straight from the brain. Writing a diary in English, however, forced me to dig for precise words, slowing down my thinking and taming my thoughts. Through English, navigating life’s concerns became more bearable, and what started as a way to record my life turned into a therapeutic practice of self-analysis. Last summer, I was caught in an identity crisis: I felt emotionally stuck between A Coruña, my hometown in Spain, and New York, where I currently live. Neither place felt like a true fit, and writing about that despair in English gave me the space for deeper introspection (内省). “Is it possible to feel settled somewhere,” I wrote, “when part of who you are depends on constantly leaving?” By detaching from the rawness of my native tongue, I finally came to understand myself. Ismael Ramos, a writer from my hometown, disagrees. He believes his work, much of which is intimate poetry, comes alive in his native Galician — a language related to Spanish and Portuguese. Decoupling his language from his experience is inherently challenging, especially while dealing with his emotions. “There is a language of your body,” Mr. Ramos told me. He is right: Writing in English feels unnatural, and it will never be as close to my heart as Spanish. Yet precisely because it feels unnatural, it frees me from the linguistic habits that often limit how I understand myself. Other writers have embraced the practice of keeping a diary in a second or third language. Jhumpa Lahiri learned Italian as a way to find herself. “I don’t recognize the person who is writing in this diary,” she wrote a decade ago. “But I know that it’s the most genuine, most vulnerable part of me.” Keeping a diary in a foreign language was humbling, a process full of mistakes that nevertheless allowed me to re-examine my identity from a fresh, distant perspective. It made who I am clearer to me. 1．According to Paragraph 2, why did the author feel that writing in Spanish during graduate school was ineffective for clear thinking? A．Because Spanish was too difficult to express complex emotions. B．Because writing in Spanish required her to slow down her thoughts excessively. C．Because Spanish was too emotionally close to her to allow for objective reflection. D．Because she lacked sufficient vocabulary in Spanish to describe her feelings. 2．What was the main outcome of the author’s identity crisis in the summer mentioned in Paragraph 3? A．She decided to permanently return to her hometown in Spain. B．She realized that writing in English provided space for deeper self-understanding. C．She concluded that living in New York was not suitable for her at all. D．She began writing poetry in Galician like Ismael Ramos. 3．Based on the passage, what can be inferred about the author’s view on using a second language for personal writing? A．It is only useful for professional writers like Jhumpa Lahiri. B．It creates emotional distance that helps uncover hidden truths about oneself. C．It ultimately fails to capture the raw authenticity of human experience. D．It should be avoided because it feels unnatural and uncomfortable. 4．Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage? A．The Challenges of Learning English as a Second Language B．A Comparison of Spanish and English Poetry Styles C．How Writing in a Foreign Language Became My Path to Self-Knowledge D．Why Keeping a Diary Is Essential for Emotional Health Passage 4 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）Once upon a time, in a village in La Mancha, there lived a lean, thin-faced old gentleman whose favorite pastime was to read books about knights in armor. He loved to read about their daring exploits, strange adventures, bold rescues of ladies in distress, and intense devotion to their ladies. In fact, he became so caught up in the subject of chivalry that he neglected every other interest and even sold many acres of good farmland so that he might buy all the books he could get on the subject. He would lie awake at night, absorbed in every detail of these fantastic adventures. As time went on, the old gentleman crammed his head so full of these stories and lost so much sleep from reading through the night that he lost his wits completely. He began to believe that all the fantastic and romantic tales he read about enchantments challenges, wounds and battles were true histories. At last he fell into the strangest fancy that any madman has ever had: He resolved to become himself a knight errant, to travel through the world with horse and armor in search of adventures. First, he got out some rust-eaten armor that had belonged to his ancestors, then cleaned and repaired it as best as he could. Although the head-piece of the helmet was intact, unfortunately, the visor that would have protected the face was gone. Not to be discouraged by this deficiency, however, he fashioned another out of some pieces of stiff paper and strips of iron. In his eyes it was without a doubt the most splendid helmet ever fashioned. Next he considered what glorious, high-sounding name he might give his horse, who was to bear him on his quest. For though his horse was but a tired hack, practically skin and bones, to him it appeared as magnificent as Bucephalus, the horse of Alexander the Great. After four days of inventing and rejecting various names, he at last settled on Rocinante, which he thought sounded suitably grand. He then set about to choose a suitable name for himself. After eight days of hard consideration, he decided that he would be known as Don Quixote. Following the example of many knights he admired, he decided to proclaim his native land as well, and so he called himself Don Quixote de La Mancha. Now he needed to find a lady whom he might adore and serve, for a knight without a lady is like a body without a soul. It so happened that in a neighboring village there lived a nice-looking farm girl whom he had once admired from a distance. He decided that she would be the lady of his fancy and that she should be known as Dulcinea del Toboso, a name that to his ears sounded musical and anything but ordinary. Now, with all these preparations made, Don Quixote was eager to sally forth: A whole world awaited, full of injustices to be made right and great deeds to be performed. So, clad in his rusty armor, with his improvised helmet tied to his head, Don Quixote mounted Rocinante and started out through the back of the stable yard. But then he had a terrible thought: He had never yet been dubbed a knight! He took comfort, however, in his memory of the many books of chivalry he had read and determined that, like many of the heroes in those books, which he took for truth, he would simply have himself knighted by the first person that came along. So he rode on under a hot July sun, blissfully happy in his thoughts of how, in years to come, others would read of the brave exploits of Don Quixote de La Mancha and his faithful steed, Rocinante. 1．What is the main focus of the passage? A．The old gentleman’s transformation from a reader into a self-imagined knight. B．The harmful effects of excessive reading on one's mental health. C．The process of preparing equipment and choosing names for a knightly quest. D．The contrast between the old gentleman's fantasy and the reality of his situation. 2．According to the passage, why did the old gentleman sell his farmland? A．To finance his journey as a knight errant. B．To purchase more books about chivalry. C．To buy proper armor and weapons for his quest. D．To support his neglected family and estate. 3．What can be inferred about the old gentleman’s mental state from the passage? A．He is fully aware of the absurdity of his plan but pursues it for entertainment. B．He has completely lost touch with reality and believes in the world of his books. C．He is deliberately pretending to be mad to escape his mundane life. D．He is temporarily confused but will likely recover once his adventure begins. 4．The phrase “anything but ordinary” in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to ______. A．completely common B．decidedly different C．quite exceptional D．somewhat typical Passage 5 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）There are careers in popular music which proceed in a straight, glittering line, and there are others which are tested in fierce fire before they attain their full reputation. Lady Gaga belongs unmistakably to the latter order. To regard her merely as a provider of marvellous performances is to mistake the lightning for the storm. Behind the masks, the stunning concerts, and the uproar of fame, there has long stood a woman of uncommon endurance, who has had to earn, more than once, the right to remain herself. The gravest trial of her middle career came with ARTPOP, issued in 2013, a record born with extravagant ambition and fashioned in ignorance of ordinary taste. Yet, though it opened strongly, it did not win the unanimous applause that had delivered her earlier triumphs. In time, Gaga herself spoke of that season as one of desolation. She recalled becoming deeply depressed, worn out by conflict, and haunted by a sadness so heavy that, in her own description, she could scarcely feel the beat of her heart. On another occasion, reflecting on the same period, she confessed that she had not wished to sing any more. Such words, from an artist built so visibly for the stage, carry the chill of true torture. It was then that Tony Bennett entered not merely as a collaborator, but as a rescuer of the spirit. Their partnership on Cheek to Cheek did more than widen her range of music talents; it restored to her a simpler faith in music itself. Bennett, by her own repeated witnesses, wanted nothing from her but her friendship and her voice. In an industry governed by appetite, calculation, and noise, such generosity must have seemed almost antique. That an elder statesman of song could steady a younger artist at the brink of inward collapse is one of the more moving episodes in recent musical history. Gaga would say, with no hint of theatrical excess, he had saved her life. What followed is the true measure of her greatness. She did not vanish into self-pity, nor did she allow one grievous chapter to define the remainder of her story. She worked, adapted, sang in new idioms, acted, endured, and returned. Most touching of all, perhaps, was the reconciliation that came in the summer of 2025, when The Mayhem Ball restored ARTPOP songs such as Aura and Applause to her live stage after years of her refusal to play them. It was not only a set-list alteration; it was an act of artistic pardon. She had gone back to the wounded province of her own past and lit it, at last, with acceptance. For this reason Lady Gaga deserves admiration beyond fashion or fandom (饭圈). She has shown that greatness in art lies not in never falling, but in returning from humiliation with one’s voice enlarged, one’s dignity protected, and one’s courage made visible to the world. 1．What made Gaga’s ARTPOP period especially painful? A．Public reduction of her work to mere display. B．Mental strain caused by conflict and sorrow. C．Fading praise, mental collapse, refusal to sing. D．Weakening and saddened belief in music. 2．What was Tony Bennett’s greatest importance to Gaga? A．Renewal of her trust in song. B．Enlargement of her artistic scope. C．Repair of her public standing. D．Escape from a calculating profession. 3．What gave Gaga’s 2025 return to ARTPOP songs its special meaning? A．Recovery of a once-failed record. B．Recognition of overdue public acceptance. C．Peace with a painful career experience. D．Correction of critical opinion on the album. 4．What is the main focus of the passage? A．The burden of fame in pop culture. B．The healing force of artistic companionship. C．The later defence of a troubled album. D．The greatness of persistence through failure. 语篇类型三: 说明文（5篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）Amid all the excitement, surprise, and anxiety over China’s DeepSeek R1 AI model, I want to make a point: To many young Americans, DeepSeek is cool. They see the Chinese internet as fascinating. How did this happen? First, Chinese products and services have an increasing charm and originality. I am not a keen TikTok user, but it has a magnetic presence that no US video site can match since more than half of all Americans are active TikTok users. TikTok was shut down earlier in January this year, and the site faces uncertainty. So America’s internet youth flocked to a Chinese video site called RedNote, also known as Xiaohongshu. RedNote has more than 300million users in China, but until recently barely received attention in the US. And when young Americans visited RedNote, they were struck by an obvious fact: It is not the kind of site their parents would frequent. The opening page is full of Chinese characters and many images that, at least to me, an old American, make no sense. Yet Chinese and American youth interact frequently there, for example trading tips for making steamed eggs properly. As for the AI large-language models, DeepSeek is a marvel. Of all the LLMs, I find it the most fun to chat with. Its written answers can be moody and playful. Certainly this week DeepSeek was the top download on Apple’s app store. Another possible reason for the rise of China into the ranks of cultural coolness is the lack of competitors. Not so long ago, it was common for a typical American teenager to develop a passion for Europe, which was seen as more intellectual, more artistic, more “cultured”. Today Europe has lost some of its romantic appeal. Besides, it is true that anything your parents thought was cool when they were your age, you don’t. While the differences between American and Chinese cultures are obvious, both Americans and Chinese are friendly, open, forward-looking, and business-friendly. The cultural gap is by no means unbridgeable. China has the talent, scale, and resources to create online experiences that will appeal to Americans. Undoubtedly, China has gained an advantage-not only in technology, but also in liveliness. 1．Why does the author mention “more than half of all Americans are active TikTok users” in para.2? A．To prove that he has resisted the temptation of TikTok. B．To indicate that TikTok should spend more on advertising. C．To highlight that TikTok has a strong appeal to most Americans. D．To suggest that other US video sites learn from TikTok’s marketing strategies. 2．The author describes his encounter with RedNote to show ______. A．that RedNote has a confusing and unrealistice layout B．why RedNote doesn’t really appeal to older Americans C．that RedNote is too complex for older people to operate D．how RedNote uses its new features to catch users’ attention 3．What is the author’s attitude towards Chinese internet products and services? A．They are completely unappealing and worthless. B．They have some charm but lack innovation. C．Their charm and originality are on the rise. D．It’s hard to understand their popularity among the youth. 4．Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the coolness of China’s internet? A．European culture has lost all its appeal to American youth. B．DeepSeek is a wise and humorous companion when chatting. C．Chinese online products and services boast an innovative and unique style. D．Young Americans’ parents think China’s internet shape their children’s views. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海黄浦·期末）O. Henry—Master of the Short Story O. Henry, born William Sydney Porter on September 11,1862, in Greensboro, North Carolina, USA, is celebrated as one of the founding figures of the modern American short story. He died on June 5,1910, at the age of 47. Porter’s life was as eventful as his fiction. After his mother’s early death, he was raised by relatives. He left school at 15, trained as a pharmacist, and later moved to Texas in 1882. There, he held diverse jobs including bank teller and journalist, experiences that later enriched his stories. In 1887, he married Athol Estes, with whom he had a daughter. His life took a dramatic turn in 1894 when the bank he worked for discovered financial discrepancies. Accused of embezzlement in 1896, he fled to Honduras but returned when his wife became seriously ill. Convicted in 1898, he served three years of a five-year sentence at the Ohio State Penitentiary. It was during this imprisonment that he began writing short stories seriously under the pen name “O. Henry” and submitting them to magazines. Following his early release for good behavior in 1901, he moved to New York City. This period marked his creative peak. Writing at an astonishing pace (often one story per week), he became immensely popular, publishing primarily in newspapers like the New York World. His stories vividly captured the lives of ordinary New Yorkers, especially the working class and underprivileged — shop clerks, artists, waitresses, and even petty criminals — portraying their struggles, joys, and resilience with warmth and humor. Despite his literary success and income, O. Henry struggled with financial management and alcoholism. His health deteriorated, leading to his death from cirrhosis of the liver and other complications on June 5, 1910. Literary Legacy: O. Henry’s fame rests primarily on his unique narrative technique and subject matter: The “O. Henry Twist”: This is his most famous contribution. His stories are renowned for their surprise endings — sudden, unexpected plot twists that are both startling and logically consistent with the preceding story, often delivering a powerful emotional punch or ironic revelation. Focus on the “Little People”: His work centered on the everyday lives, dreams, and misfortunes of common city dwellers, particularly in New York (which he called “Baghdad-on-the-Subway”), the American West, and Latin America. He infused these tales with deep humanity, humor, and gentle social commentary. Blend of Humor and Pathos: His witty style, featuring wordplay and satire, often masked underlying themes of hardship, sacrifice, and compassion. Stories like The Gift of the Magi (a poignant tale of sacrificial love between a poor couple) and The Last Leaf (a story of artistic sacrifice and hope) exemplify his ability to mingle laughter with tears. Impact: O. Henry is globally recognized as one of the “Three Masters of the Short Story,” alongside Guy de Maupassant (France) and Anton Chekhov (Russia). His “O. Henry Twist” has influenced countless writers. The prestigious O. Henry Award continues to honor excellence in short story writing, and his works remain widely read and adapted globally. 1．What can be inferred about the period O. Henry lived in New York City? A．It was a time of great personal happiness and stability for him. B．His popularity declined despite his high productivity. C．He focused exclusively on writing about wealthy socialites. D．He achieved his greatest literary success and output, though personal problems persisted. 2．In the context of his writing style “Blend of Humor and Pathos”, the word “pathos” refers to: A．fast-paced action and adventure. B．a quality that evokes feelings of pity, sadness, or tenderness. C．complex historical background. D．scientific accuracy and detail. 3．The passage suggests that O. Henry’s personal experiences most directly influenced his writing in which TWO ways? a) His legal troubles and imprisonment provided a unique setting and perspective. b) His academic background in literature gave him classical techniques. c) His observations of ordinary people in Texas and New York shaped his characters and settings. d) His extensive travels throughout Europe broadened his cultural themes. e) His work as a journalist trained him solely in writing factual reports. A．a+b B．a+c C．c+e D．d+e Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海·期末）The world’s forests may hold more secrets than previously thought: a new global estimate of tree biodiversity suggests that there are about 9,200 tree species yet to be documented. Most are likely in the tropics, according to the new research. The new research drew on the efforts of hundreds of contributors, who have categorized trees in two huge data sets. One, the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative, records every species found in extensively documented forest plots worldwide. The other, TREECHANGE, puts together sightings of individual species. Together they suggest there are approximately 64,100 recorded tree species on the planet — up from previous estimates of around 60,000. The researchers reached their estimate of an additional 9,200 yet undocumented species on the basis of the number of rare ones already in the databases. Most unknown species are likely to be defined as rare, found in limited numbers in small geographical areas, says the quantitative forest ecologist Jingjing Liang. The team’s result is “a rather conservative estimate,” Liang says,  “because scientists know less about the preponderance of uncommon trees in places such as the Amazon, where out-of-the-way spots could host pockets of unusual species found nowhere else.” “If we can focus the resources on those rain forests in the Amazon,” Liang adds, “then we would be able to estimate it with higher confidence.” Silman, a conservation biologist, who was not involved in the new study agrees that the study result is likely an underestimate. His and his colleagues’ local surveys suggest there are at least 3,000 and possibly more than 6,000 unknown tree species in the Amazon basin alone. Tree species often get grouped together based on appearance, he notes, so new genetic analysis techniques will likely lead to the discovery of even more biodiversity. Sliman wonders how many species will go extinct before scientists describe them. “How many are already known to native peoples in the Amazon — or were known to peoples or cultures who have themselves been made extinct through colonization, disease, or absorption? How many species already have dried samples sitting in a cabinet?” he says. Searching for the new species will inform not only conservation but the basic evolutionary science of how and why species diversify and die out, Silman says. “Just the fact that there are thousands of species of something as common as trees out there that are still left to be discovered,” he adds, “I find pretty inspirational.” 1．What is the finding of the new research? A．Maintaining tree diversity has become a global challenge. B．About nine thousand new tree species have been identified. C．Thousands of tree species remain unknown to science. D．Human activities have led to the reduced number of trees. 2．What can be learned about the research method? A．The researchers adopted quality method to analyze data. B．The researchers did extensive field study in out-of-the-way spots. C．Doing surveys and interviews is the main research method. D．Inferring from the existing data is the main research method. 3．The underlined word “preponderance” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________. A．majority B．duration C．cultivation D．capacity 4．According to Silman, one of the reasons for the underestimate of the tree species may be that ________. A．genetic analysis technique failed to produce accurate information B．the local peoples or the local cultures are not fully aware of the tree species C．trees of similar sizes in the Amazon basin are grouped together D．too many rare trees were made into dried samples before being documented Passage 4 （24-25高二下·上海徐汇·期末）While researching Starbound, my book exploring the feasibility of interstellar (星际) travel, encountered astonishing—and often absurd—spaceship concepts proposed in trustworthy scientific journals. The most ill-famed is Project Orion (1957 - 1965), which aimed to propel a spacecraft I exploding thermonuclear bombs behind it, using the explosive force to thrust the vessel forward Decades later, physicist Freeman Dyson, who contributed to the project, reflected: “We were a insane to believe any of this could work.” His sincere admission underscores the audacity (鲁莽) such ideas. Yet Orion is just one example. In 1984, Anthony Martin speculated in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society that a starship could carry “only 50 million people”— equivalent to the earth population of the British Isles. His casual dismissal of this shocking number (“Only?”) revealed scale of these ambitions. That same year, physicist Robert L. Forward proposed a laser-powered light sail spanning 1,000 kilometers. However, he acknowledged a critical flaw: the system would require up to 75,000 terawatts (TW) of energy. To put this in perspective, one terawatt equaled Earth’s total annual energy output at the time. In 1996, NASA engineer Thomas McKendree proposed a spacecraft constructed with diamond - like materials using molecular nanotechnology (纳米技术). This 4,610-kilometer-long “diamond ship” could theoretically house 99 billion people—a curiously specific figure that begs the question: why not round to 100 billion? Even seemingly practical designs face overwhelming hurdles (障碍). Take the “world ship” concept, where generations live and die during voyages lasting centuries. A 2020 study defined these ships as carrying over 100,000 passengers at speeds below 10% of light’s velocity (速度). However, researchers identified a critical flaw: with an estimated three component failures per second, maintenance systems would need near-perfect autonomy. Paradoxically, the self-repairing mechanisms required to fix these breakdowns would themselves be likely to fail, creating a destructive cycle that could doom the entire mission. Given these challenges, focusing on colonizing our solar system—targets like Mars, the Moon, or icy moons such as Europa—may be more realistic. While still enormously complex and costly, such projects avoid the fantastical hurdles of interstellar travel. As physicist Suresh Singh notes, “The best ideas aren’t always the grandest—sometimes they’re just the ones that don’t defy physics.” 1．What does Freeman Dyson’s reflection on Project Orion reveal about the project’s feasibility? A．It was a well-executed plan with minor flaws. B．It relied on cautious and gradually increasing advancements. C．The team underestimated the risks of their ambitious approach. D．The design was too simple to address interstellar challenges. 2．Why does the author highlight Anthony Martin’s use of the word “only” when describing a starship’s capacity? A．To criticize his lack of scientific accuracy. B．To emphasize the unrealistic scale of proposed projects. C．To praise his focus on practicality over ambition. D．To question the ethics of transporting large populations. 3．What is the author’s likely intent in questioning the “99 billion” population figure for the diamond spacecraft? A．To applaud the precision of scientific calculations. B．To highlight the environmental impact of such a ship. C．To argue for even larger interstellar vehicles. D．To suggest the proposal lacks practicality or credibility. 4．What is the central flaw identified in the “world ship” concept? A．A self-defeating cycle of mechanical failures. B．Insufficient speed to reach distant stars. C．Ethical concerns about generational confinement. D．The astronomical cost of construction materials. 5．How does the author contrast colonizing the solar system with interstellar travel? A．It requires abandoning all ambitious goals. B．It prioritizes achievable projects over implausible ones. C．It focuses solely on cost-effective solutions. D．It ignores the potential of future technological breakthroughs. Passage 5 （24-25高二下·上海徐汇·期末）Time travel is a classic theme in science fiction, appearing in everything from Doctor Who to Edge of Tomorrow. Whether through a time machine or mysterious ancient stones, altering the past often creates chaos — changing timelines, erasing key events, or trapping characters in endless loops. Movies like Groundhog Day and Palm Springs play with these ideas, making us wonder: How would we escape such a fate? Memory loss is another favorite sci-fi theme. A hero who can’t remember anything instantly creates mystery — why? What are they hiding? Selective amnesia (健忘症) deepens the intrigue (阴谋、诡计) while keeping readers and characters on the same page. Stories like Memento and Inception explore identity: Who are we without our memories? Nicholas Binge’s Dissolution masterfully combines time travel and memory into a gripping thriller (惊悚片). The protagonist (主角), Maggie, is an elderly woman facing loneliness — her husband, Stanley, no longer recognizes her, and her estranged son avoids her. Then a stranger, Hassan, claims Stanley’s memories are being stolen. The story unfolds through interview transcripts and flashbacks, creating a complex puzzle reminiscent (回忆者) of Memento. Binge’s clever writing keeps you hooked, and with a film adaptation already in the works, this is a must-read for sci-fi fans. For something shorter but equally intriguing, Olivia Waite’s Murder by Memory offers a cozy yet futuristic mystery. Ship detective Dorothy Gentleman wakes up in someone else’s body to find that a killer is erasing victims’ stored memories — ensuring they stay dead. The novella is fast-paced and fun, perfect for readers who love sci-fi crime. Though brief, it’s the start of a promising series, and hopefully, future installments will be bundled into a longer collection. If you enjoy mind-bending plots about time and memory, these two books are excellent choices — one a layered thriller, the other a quick but clever whodunit. Happy reading! 1．What is a common consequence of time travel in science fiction stories? A．Characters gain supernatural abilities. B．Historical accuracy is exactly preserved. C．Societies achieve Utopian perfection. D．Timelines are disrupted, leading to repeated or erased events. 2．How does selective memory loss enhance a story’s narrative? A．It eliminates the need for character development. B．It allows the protagonist to outsmart others easily. C．It creates shared uncertainty between the character and reader. D．It focuses the plot entirely on action sequences. 3．What challenges does the protagonist of Dissolution face? A．Isolation from family and her husband’s fading memory. B．A high-stakes political conspiracy. C．A dangerous journey through physical realms. D．A career-threatening professional mistake. 4．What unique element defines the murders in Murder by Memory? A．Victims’ stored memories are destroyed, preventing rebirth. B．The killer uses futuristic technology to hide their identity. C．The crimes occur in a virtual reality simulation. D．The detective possesses supernatural powers. 5．According to the author, what unites the two recommended books? A．Both are lengthy novels with intricate world-building. B．They blend themes of identity and futuristic technology. C．They cater to fans of twisty, thought-provoking narratives. D．Both focus on historical events reimagined through sci-fi. 语篇类型四: 议论文（5篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期末）Everything Must Be Paid for Twice One financial lesson they should teach in school is that most of the things we buy have to be paid for twice. There’s the first price, usually paid in dollars, just to gain possession of the desired thing, whatever it is: a book, a budgeting app, a unicycle. But then, in order to make use of the thing, you must also pay a second price. This is the effort and initiative required to gain its benefits, and it can be much higher than the first price. A new novel, for example, might require twenty dollars for its first price — and ten hours of dedicated reading time for its second. Only when the second price is being paid do you see any return on the first one. Paying only the first price is about the same as throwing money in the garbage. In pre-consumer societies, people focused less on acquiring things and more on mastering their use — consistently putting tools to work. The miracle of industrialization has lowered first prices dramatically. Yet technology also creates endless buying options. Here’s the cruel truth: no matter how many gym memberships you buy or classics you collect, your daily 24 hours don’t expand. Their potential remains “unredeemed” until you pay the second price — your consistent effort. I believe this is one reason our modern lifestyles can feel unsatisfying sometimes. In our search for fulfillment, we keep paying first prices, creating a correspondingly enormous debt of unpaid second prices. Yet the real value of any purchase stays locked up until both prices are paid. This feeling of not having enough leads to a big problem: we automatically spend too much time on easy entertainment-like phone apps, streaming services, and fast food — even though they don’t really make us much happier than doing nothing. We choose these things because they’re simple and require little effort, but they waste lots of time. This leaves us with even less energy for more important things. The best solution is simple: stop buying unnecessary things, and focus on using what you already have. This way, you can finally enjoy all those books, gadgets, and items you own but never used. Paying the effort cost may seem hard at first, but you’ll grow to love it. It’s like walking through an unknown forest — each step in the unmapped wilderness is challenging, yet full of life. When you reach the other side, the forest becomes part of you, making you stronger. 1．What is the author’s primary argument about modern consumption? A．Technology has significantly reduced product prices. B．A return to pre-industrial lifestyles could restore balance. C．True value requires both financial cost and personal effort. D．Excessive product variety often leads to dissatisfaction. 2．The underlined word “unredeemed” in paragraph 5 is closest to ______. A．returned for money back B．damaged beyond repair C．priced too high D．not yet realized or claimed 3．According to the passage, why do people prefer easy entertainment? A．They cost less money than meaningful activities. B．They usually require little effort to engage with. C．They are advertised everywhere aggressively. D．They are more accessible than complex alternatives. 4．What does the “unknown forest” metaphor in the last paragraph suggest about paying second prices? A．It’s better to follow paths others have made. B．One needs special support to achieve success. C．The difficulty leads to personal transformation. D．The process is dangerous and should be avoided. Passage 2 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）Land rights for the indigenous are still a problem, but is it time to turn our attention to language? According to the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, ‘suppressing indigenous people’s demands to a healthy environment continues to be an issue. However, there is an issue beyond land use that the human rights NGO sees as being in need of discussion, one that in fact requires more talking in general. The loss of indigenous languages around the world is a growing concern. The Rosetta Project, a network of language experts and native speakers working to preserve “endangered tongues”, has suggested that one language is being lost to the world every three months, a trend set to continue as it calculates that 92 per cent of the world’s languages are spoken by fewer than ten people each. UNESCO, meanwhile, has previously suggested that a language is becoming extinct every two weeks, and that “approximately 600 languages have disappeared in the last century”. As well as the rate, there is also disagreement in official circles over what actually defines language loss, with no one providing definitive criteria for when one crosses the point of no return. David Crystal, a patron for the International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language, has suggested that language extinction be when “the last person who speaks it dies”. He states that while “there is nothing unusual about a single language dying,” we are witnessing language extinction “on a massive scale”. Providing estimates and causation theories are various key stakeholders stressing the importance of language diversity. The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues explains that “this threat is acutely felt by indigenous peoples”. This is due to the languages no longer being taught to emerging generations, being almost exclusively a possession of the elders. In Crystal’s words, this is an issue; those speaking a language “are a living monument to what the community once was”, a responsibility he feels the next generation should carry. While not passing a language on to a younger generation does have a major influence on its extinction, the globalization of English has also played a key role. There are currently estimated to be some 360 million English as first-language speakers across almost 100 countries worldwide. Its use in governments, academic journals and trade negotiations has aided this spread. Patricia Ryan, a long-time English teacher in the Middle East who has given many high-profile talks on the effects of English around the world, explains that while it is the “undisputed global language”, English does not translate every view and every term used by its local counterparts, something Ryan believes is often forgotten. “When a language dies, we don't always know what we lose with that language,” she says. Extinction isn’t always the end of the road for a language, however. The death, then later rebirth, of spoken Israeli Hebrew shows how, with concerted effort, a once-dead tongue can find a new lease of life. At the beginning of the 19th century, the language only existed in scholarly and religious written work having died out in spoken form around 200 to 400 CE. According to Claude Hagege, a noted French linguist who himself speaks some 50 languages, its revival as a spoken form used in everyday Jewish life occurred only because of the “strong will” of the Israeli Jews. It is now estimated that there are nine million Hebrew speakers worldwide. Campaigners such as those at the Rosetta Project are asking whether more languages should hold official status, such as Welsh. In Wales, both English and Welsh were made official languages in 1993 under the Welsh Language Act, the goal being for both tongues to carry the same importance and be widely used across the country — extinction prohibited by legislation. The legal system, road signs and education all now contain English and Welsh versions sitting side by side. A new set of goals under the Welsh government's Cymraeg 2050 strategy include the aim to create one million Welsh speakers by 2050. UNESCO is hoping similar tactics will be just as successful on a much larger scale. 2019 has been designated the International Year of Indigenous Languages. This will involve stressing the importance of linguistic diversity, stating that it “matters for development, peace-building and reconciliation” The action plan for the year suggests the centrality of indigenous peoples in official decision-making, drawing on their anecdotal knowledge. There will also be an emphasis on the development of language-sharing technology. Preparation for the year has, in fact, already begun with the first official event having taken place last month. A three-day international seminar in Asunción, Paraguay was used to present the achievements of previous language policies and to detail how UNESCO was hoping to build on these results. Further, an International Decade on Indigenous Languages (covering 2020 to 2030) was also proposed to continue any targets unmet within the course of 2019. UNESCO stresses that avoiding indigenous language extinction will play “a vital role in the sustainable development of the communities that speak them.” 1．What is the primary concern regarding indigenous languages according to the passage? A．Indigenous people are demanding more land rights from their governments. B．Indigenous languages are disappearing at an alarming rate worldwide. C．There is disagreement over how to define language extinction accurately. D．UNESCO lacks sufficient funding to support language preservation projects. 2．According to David Crystal, what distinguishes current language extinction from historical patterns? A．Modern technology has accelerated the process of language death. B．Younger generations are more resistant to learning traditional languages. C．The scale of language extinction today is unprecedented in human history. D．Governments are now more actively involved in language preservation efforts. 3．What can be inferred about the role of English globalization in language extinction? A．English is deliberately designed to replace indigenous languages worldwide. B．English speakers intentionally ignore the cultural values embedded in other languages. C．The dominance of English in key domains inadvertently contributes to language loss. D．English is the only factor responsible for the extinction of indigenous languages. 4．The example of Hebrew revival is used to illustrate that ______. A．Language extinction can be reversed through collective determination and effort. B．All extinct languages can be revived if enough resources are invested. C．Religious languages have a better chance of survival than secular ones. D．Written records are more important than spoken traditions for language preservation. 5．What is the most appropriate title for this passage? A．The Globalization of English: Threat or Opportunity? B．UNESCO's 2019: A Year for Indigenous Languages C．Hebrew Revival: A Model for Language Preservation D．Indigenous Languages: Crisis, Causes, and Conservation Efforts Passage 3 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）One of the most unexpected things about having children is how the quest to mold perfect little humans ultimately becomes a project of making yourself a better person. Though hardly revolutionary, this epiphany came to me recently when I was talking to an inanimate object, Amazon’s Echo speaker, in front of my 18-month-old Jack. “Echo, turn on the lights. Echo, set my thermostat to 72 degrees. Echo, play ‘Wheels on the Bus’,” I commanded the gadget, which understands and responds to an ever growing set of orders (including, no surprise, “Echo, buy more diapers”). Every time I said “Echo,” Jack’s eyes shot up to the cylinder-shaped speaker atop the refrigerator, its glowing blue halo indicating it was listening. Then, one day, the inevitable happened: “Uggo!” Jack barked. “Bus!” After I explained to Jack that it’s not nice to call someone an uggo, I saw myself through my son’s words — and didn’t like how I looked. Sure, Echo doesn’t care how you talk to it. But to Jack, I must have seemed like a tyrant. And by imitation, he became my little dictator. This dilemma is likely only to grow as voice-based artificial intelligence becomes more commonplace. Already, Apple’s iPhones and iPads have Siri; Google-powered devices come with a similar feature, Google Now; and Microsoft has Cortana. Soon we’ll be regularly talking to digital Moneypennys at home, work and everywhere else. Like most parents, my wife and I hope Jack grows up to be kind. Like most toddlers he needs some help with this. My exchanges with my technology have clearly been setting a bad example. But how exactly to talk to our technology is far from clear. “The issue of ‘please’ is huge. It’s one of the foundations of etiquette,” says Lizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute and the great-great-granddaughter of America’s best-known arbiter of manners, “Kids model the behavior of the parent, and if you want your child to be using the word please often, you need to use it often too.” So now I say “please” as much as I can. I say it to my wife, my son’s teddy bear, Siri, Echo, Cortana, even my dog. But not everybody agrees that speaking to computers the way we’d like to be spoken to is the best way forward. Oren Etzioni, CEO of the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Seattle, is one. “I don’t say ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ to my toaster,” he argues. “Why should I say it to Echo?” Etzioni believes that the machines we have now, our smartphones and tablets, are effectively appliances. “It seems to me that we reserve politeness as a social lubricant,” he says. “It has a purpose.” And as a father, Etzioni is concerned that his son will overanthropomorphize smart devices. “I’d be worried that he’d get confused in the same way that we don’t want our kids to think Superman is real and then jump off something to soar into the sky,” he says. If you’ve ever been fooled by an online customer-service chatbot or an automated phone system, you’ll agree that this technology is evolving quickly. Coming generations will find it even harder to differentiate between bots and people, as they encounter even more artificially intelligent assistants backed by machine learning — computers that teach themselves through repeated interactions with human beings. At Microsoft, for instance, there’s a personality team dedicated to helping Cortana get a better grasp of manners and mannerisms. The technology is being infused with cultural cues to make it more likable. For example, Cortana’s avatar bows to Japanese users, who prefer formality. “Having a personality designed into the system, knowing some of the nuances of the way humans communicate, how they use different adjectives and how they say ‘thank you’ and ‘please’ — we think it’s an important part of getting that overall speech and dialogue system right,” says Marcus Ash, program manager for Cortana. Meanwhile, Hound, a voice-assistant app available for a broad range of devices, not only processes the magic words (please, thank you, you’re welcome, excuse me, sorry), but also softens its responses when users speak them. “When you say ‘hello’ to Hound, you might hear one type of response, but when you say ‘hey’ or ‘yo,’ you will definitely hear a different one,” says Keyvan Mohajer, a co-founder and the CEO of SoundHound. For humans, etiquette is a kind of social algorithm for managing feelings. Computers will get better at understanding this — but that will likely take decades. Which is more than enough time for me to solve this uggo problem. 1．What is the main dilemma the author faces regarding voice-based AI? A．His son Jack cannot pronounce “Echo” correctly and calls it “Uggo”. B．His commanding tone towards AI sets a bad example for his son’s behavior. C．Amazon’s Echo speaker does not understand his son’s voice commands. D．Voice-based AI is becoming too expensive for ordinary families to afford. 2．According to the passage, what do supporters of using polite language with AI believe? A．AI devices will eventually replace human companions in daily life. B．Children learn behavior by observing parents, so modeling politeness is important. C．Saying “please” and “thank you” can improve the performance of AI systems. D．AI technology should be designed to refuse commands without polite words. 3．What concern does Oren Etzioni express about teaching children to be polite to AI? A．Children will become too dependent on AI assistants for daily tasks. B．AI devices will start demanding more polite treatment from users. C．Children might confuse AI with real people and develop unrealistic expectations. D．Parents will spend too much time teaching manners instead of other skills. 4．What does the passage suggest about the future of human-AI interaction? A．AI will soon be able to fully understand and respond to human emotions. B．People will eventually stop using polite language with AI devices. C．It will take considerable time for AI to truly grasp human social etiquette. Passage 4 （25-26高二下·上海松江·期中）There is a saying that “all plans are useless, but planning is vital”. Plans are useless as they become out of date very quickly. But without the process of planning, you won’t prepare for the future. You need to plan, but don’t stick to your plans so rigidly that you miss opportunities. Life is unpredictable, so why we plan? First, all of the things you want to achieve in your life require effort and preparation. You need to ensure you acquire the qualifications and experience that will allow you to progress in your chosen career, and to do that, you need a plan. Having a plan gives you a framework against which to measure your progress. Have you achieved what you set out to do? If not, why not? What can you learn from your successes and failures? A plan also provides a reference against which you can judge new opportunities. How much will this opportunity contribute to achieving your goals? If it doesn’t, why do you want to do it? Is it a distraction or have your goals and plan changed? One good way to plan the future is to create a version of your résumé three, five and ten years in the future. What qualifications would appear? What job titles would you have? Which companies would you have worked for? What experience would you have gained in each of the roles you have undertaken? If you don’t know what to put on the résumé, why not look in the papers or on the Internet for job advertisements. They will tell you what people are looking for when filling these roles today. Although this won’t change dramatically, certain aspects, such as qualifications, computer literacy, and international experience, will be more in demand. So by looking at the job requirements today and thinking about the future, you should be able to construct an outline future résumé to work toward. A good plan needs to include four key elements: •A vision statement that describes where you want to be. •A set of objectives that, if achieved, will lead you to the vision. •A “success map” showing how these objectives link together. •An indicator describing what success will look like at each stage. Think first about your vision of the future: is it all about a single goal such as becoming president of a multinational company, or is it about a lifestyle such as being a wealthy and respected partner in a law firm? Use some of the exercises described over the previous pages to help you to think about your vision. Next, write your vision down in a vision statement. This should not be longer than a paragraph, but needs to contain all the attributes that are important to you. Spend time on this; it is the important first step in planning your future. 1．It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that ______. A．it’s unnecessary to plan precisely B．a good plan brings you a good future C．plan itself is not as important as planning D．you can plan for more opportunities 2．According to Paragraph 2, plan is important for us in the following aspects except that ______. A．it reminds us whether we progress or not occasionally B．it enables us to be aware of what we’ve already had or not C．it tells us whether we are following the targets or not D．it makes us to change our goals based on the progress 3．Which of the following is the most appropriate order to make a good plan according to the passage? a. Set a clear index of each stage to help track the process. b. Process staged targets and realize them step by step. c. Make a blueprint and set a goal. d. Use an overall graph to supervise the relations of each goal. A．a b c d B．c d b a C．c b d a D．d c a b 4．Which of the following is best title of the passage? A．What Is a Good Plan? B．How to Find a Great Job? C．The Importance of Planning D．Set Goals for Your Future Passage 5 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）In the last episode of Feud: Bette and Joan, a biographical TV series that portrays the life of two legendary actresses, Joan Crawford, on the brink of death, pictures Bette Davis seated across from her table. They play at “Regrets”. Joan admits that she was not more generous towards Bette; Bette answers that she wishes she had been a friend to Joan. The sting of the scene lies in the suggestion that two great women, after years of mutual injury, had been made to inhabit a story already written for them: that of the female quarrel, elegant, marketable, and ruinous. Their hostility against each other is sharpened by an industry eager to profit from women at war. That, I think, is the true matter before us. When women appear in the same field, be it at the Oscars or at a fashion show, the public imagination hastens to cast them as rivals before it allows them to be artists or workers. A handsome gown becomes a weapon; a photograph of two actresses becomes a contest in which one slays and the other sucks; a rumour becomes an entire mythology of jealousy. Recent commentary in American outlets has observed how stubbornly popular culture continues to pit famous women against each other, from old tabloids to the modern Tiktok. The old Hollywood history of Bette Davis and Joan Crawford fits this pattern with almost indecent neatness. Their hostility was fed by studio publicity, tabloid appetite, and an industry delighted by the scene of two ageing actresses being forced to scrap over diminishing opportunities. The film What Ever Happened to Baby Jane proved a late-career triumph for both, but the triumph itself was narrated through bitterness and insult, as though the public could not endure the thought that two formidable women might occupy the same frame without one devouring the other. The “catfight” was one of its most saleable products. What has changed since then is chiefly the speed of circulation. Yesterday’s gossip columns have become today’s comment sections, fan edits, sales charts, and weaponised superlatives. The vocabulary is newer, the instinct antique. Women in music are measured against one another’s trophies; actresses are ranked by looks, youth, and desirability; even friendship is reported as strategy and civility as surrender. Such habits train audiences to treat women’s public lives as a scarcity drama in which admiration must be rationed and solidarity dismissed as pretence. For media, these narratives are often exaggerated, sometimes invented, but in all cases profitable. Bette and Joan might have spoken differently had the world not eagerly purchased their hostility. Whenever we say that one actress “overshadows” another, or cheer the supposed feud between female stars as though it were a sporting fixture, we become shareholders in the same shabby (卑鄙的) enterprise. A civilised press ought to describe women as more than mirrors arranged face to face, each reflecting the other into a loser. 1．In paragraph 1, what does the game “Regrets” scene reveal? A．Bette and Joan’s story was based on historical accuracy, not dramatic effect. B．Bette and Joan’s private regret outweighed the professional rivalry. C．Bette and Joan’s long-standing quarrel was, in the end, completely resolved. D．Bette and Joan were victims of a narrative reducing them to rivals. 2．In paragraph 3, the feud between Bette and Joan __________. A．reflected their disappointment over the reception of Baby Jane. B．was intensified by an industry that found women’s conflict profitable. C．became famous because people were interested in the life of ageing stars. D．was less significant itself than the TV retellings that turned it into legend. 3．The underlined part in paragraph 4 means that __________. A．Despite language change, the habit of shaping women as rivals remains. B．New words are created for female rivalry earlier generations don’t understand. C．The public today speaks of female stars in a more direct and creative manner. D．As celebrity culture becomes more refined, the judgement gets more severe. 4．Which of the following best states the central argument of the passage? A．The media should avoid female star coverage that draws ill-intended comments. B．The entertainment industry always depends on personal bitterness to attract audience. C．The interest in female feuds shows people treat women stars as if they must compete. D．Female feud has been exaggerated, but it’s an unavoidable part of actresses’ life. Passage 1 （25-26高三下·上海·阶段检测）More organisations are planning missions to the Moon in the coming years. Scientists warn, however, that this renewed rush to explore could damage some of the Moon’s most valuable scientific areas before they are properly studied. Researchers Dr Alanna Krolikowski and Martin Elvis argue that these “sites of extraordinary scientific importance” should be protected now, before irreversible harm occurs. A few areas in particular stand out. The first is the far side of the Moon, which always points away from Earth. “It’s probably the best place for radio astronomy in the Solar System because it’s protected from Earth’s artificial radio noise,” says Prof Ian Crawford, from University of London, who has also argued for careful management of our activities on the Moon. A radio telescope positioned on the far side of the Moon could help astronomers explore the dark ages — the first few hundred million years after the Big Bang, before the first stars and galaxies (星系) had fully formed. The telescope would be able to pick up those long radio waves that are reflected by Earth’s atmosphere and therefore impossible to study from the ground. “This means spacecraft operating on the far side will need to minimise radio transmissions (发射) and have their electronics well shielded,” says Crawford. The other areas of concern are the lunar poles. They are home to particularly cold and shadowy regions that sunlight never reaches. These regions trap chemicals (known as volatiles) that would normally break down and escape into space: chemicals that arrived by asteroid and comet impacts (小行星和彗星撞击) billions of years ago. As such, they provide us with an unparalleled snapshot into the history of the Solar System. The trouble is that one of those volatiles is water ice, a highly valuable resource for future human missions in space. The ice can be melted for water to drink and clean with, but also split into hydrogen for rocket fuel and oxygen for breathing. About half of all upcoming Moon missions are heading to the lunar poles for this reason. “The key priority is to prevent rocket gases and large amounts of dust from polluting the substances trapped in these permanently dark regions,” says Crawford. “It’s important that such pollution doesn’t occur before we’ve had a chance to examine these regions in their original states.” Further exploration of the Moon is inevitable, but we only have one chance to preserve its unique habitats and hidden secrets. 1．According to the passage, why is the far side of the Moon suitable for radio astronomy? A．It contains substances formed during the dark ages. B．It is largely free from radio signals produced on Earth. C．Its atmosphere reflects long radio waves back into space. D．Its physical features allow big telescopes to be built there. 2．Why does the lunar poles present a challenge for future exploration? A．Spacecraft activity may impact radio research. B．Its water ice is difficult for humans to use safely. C．Exploration may damage areas scientists hope to study. D．Ancient chemicals in the region are disappearing quickly. 3．Which of the following would Crawford most likely agree with? A．Radio astronomy should take priority over water-ice research. B．Lunar resources should mainly support future human settlements. C．Lunar exploration should continue with careful scientific protection. D．Scientists should avoid exploring regions that haven’t been polluted. 4．What is the passage mainly intended to do? A．To explain how future Moon missions will affect space travel. B．To describe the scientific value of the Moon’s hidden regions. C．To suggest ways to reduce the potential harm done by lunar research. D．To warn that important lunar areas could be damaged by exploration. Passage 2 （2026·上海浦东新·三模）Will magnesium (镁) supplements help you relax? Magnesium plays a role in hundreds of bodily processes. The mineral helps regulate heart rate and blood pressure, and is essential for the formation of DNA and proteins. Magnesium also helps make a brain chemical that modulates sleep, appetite and mood. Most of the body’s magnesium comes from food — leafy greens, beans, nuts, bananas, milk and whole grains are rich in it. But sales of supplements, which are formulated with additional substances to create magnesium salts, are soaring. Boosters claim they can aid sleep, lessen stress and depression, and even have cardiovascular (心血管的) benefits. What, though, does the research say about their usefulness? Begin with magnesium’s proposed sleep benefits. Recent trials to assess its effects, though mostly small, have been promising. In a study published in Nature and Science of Sleep in August 2025, 69 participants with poor sleep were offered a nightly dose of a magnesium compound. After four weeks, they were sleeping slightly better, perhaps owing to magnesium’s role in muscle relaxation. That said, the improvement was modest and unlikely to eliminate sleeplessness. Another trial, which was industry-sponsored, found broader benefits. 38 American adults took a gram of magnesium L-threonate every night for three weeks. As the researchers noted in 2024, the supplements led to better deep sleep. The intervention group also scored significantly higher on measures of alertness, energy and productivity. An additional finding also stood out: improved mood. Could magnesium help lift depression? Some small trials have shown promise. Consider a review of seven randomised clinical trials with a total of 325 depressed adult participants that was published in 2023 in the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry. The authors found that those given magnesium compounds experienced a statistically significant drop in depression scores. They noted that magnesium is associated with reduced chemical compounds linked to stress and mood disorders. Evidence for cardiovascular benefits, however, is weaker. Some studies suggest magnesium supplements can lower blood pressure, but only meaningfully in those who started out with hypertension or a magnesium deficiency called hypomagnesemia. As for strokes (中风), observational studies have linked higher magnesium intake to lower risk, but other factors may have played a role. All told, a balanced diet will provide enough magnesium for most people, although supplements may help those who struggle to get enough. In its fact sheet on magnesium, updated on January 6th, America’s National Institutes of Health noted that nearly half of Americans consume too little — perhaps owing to the prevalence of heavy processing of food, which drains the mineral. 1．According to the passage, the soaring sales of magnesium supplements are mainly driven by _______. A．the promotional claims regarding their potential health benefits B．the insufficient intake of magnesium from daily processed foods C．the creation of new magnesium salts essential for DNA formation D．the wide recognition of their superiority over natural food sources 2．What can be learned about the studies on magnesium’s effects? A．The benefits of magnesium extend beyond rest to cognitive performance. B．Industry-sponsored trials tend to yield more statistically significant results. C．Magnesium helps relieve depression by eliminating stress-related chemicals. D．Muscle relaxation is the definitive biological mechanism for curing sleeplessness. 3．It can be inferred from research on cardiovascular health that _______. A．observational data is more reliable than results from randomised clinical trials B．patients with hypertension are advised to replace medication with supplements C．the link between magnesium and stroke prevention requires further clarification D．the reduction of blood pressure is exclusive to patients with magnesium deficiency 4．Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards magnesium supplements? A．Apparent disapproval of their commercial marketing. B．Reluctant acceptance of their considerable popularity. C．Cautious skepticism about their advertised advantages. D．Slight preference for supplements over dietary changes. Passage 3 （2026·上海普陀·模拟预测）One of the children, probably inspired by a movie, used a stick to draw a “treasure map” in the sand pit (沙坑). Other children gathered around as he told the story of what “treasure” is, what a “map” is, and the adventure on which they were about to go. The treasure, he explained, was a chest full of gold and jewels. Some of the kids wanted to know what a chest was. Others wondered, knowing it was all imaginary, why the treasure couldn’t be ice cream or toys. The concept of the map was difficult. Although he assured the crew that treasure was buried somewhere on the playground, the map included a coconut tree and giant rocks. “Let’s pick some coconuts when we get there,” shouted one pirate. “Pirate,” in this case, had been defined as “guys who go around and find treasure.” These scenes are the gold standard of play-based learning. I’m sure there are many preschool educators who would have felt forced, in the name of learning, to step in with corrections and clarifications, or worse. In a moment, we see the children turn away from one another, away from their own questions, explorations, assumptions, and conclusions based on dialogue and agreement. They are now relying on the adult for questions and answers, rather than continuing to engage in the highest pursuit of human intellectual effort. There are those who would argue that this game is, at best, a waste of time, that these children playing their fantastical games of imagination, getting the facts wrong, playing with wrong ideas, and even spreading them amongst themselves, may be learning, but that it’s false knowledge that will somehow have to be undone. But that, I think, is a misunderstanding of what play is all about, and, for that matter, what learning is all about. The birth of the universe and the nature of space and time are every bit as much mysteries to physicists as treasure maps and pirates are to these preschoolers. What drives scientists is the same thing that drives playing children: they are motivated by the mystery, by their own questions, and by the freedom to seek answers. Too often, educators, in our commitment to facts, truth and teaching, take over the learning by providing shortcuts to answers, eliminating the mystery that has driven humans since the beginning of time. We forget that getting it wrong is every bit as important to this process as being right. The job in life is not to know stuff, but rather to figure stuff out so that we will then know. And we get there through play. 1．Why does the writer mention the “treasure map” in the 1st paragraph? A．To present a typical example of play-based learning. B．To introduce a popular game among young children. C．To show kids’ creative ideas about treasure and pirates. D．To explain different kinds of outdoor playground activities. 2．According to the passage, what is a possible result of the stepping in of the preschool teachers? A．A deeper understanding of facts and a more efficient learning process. B．The successful integration of imagination-based games into formal curricula. C．A shift from self-directed exploration to adult-dependent knowledge acquisition D．The immediate correction of false concepts and elimination of misunderstandings. 3．What can be inferred about the author’s attitude toward traditional educators? A．He hopes they are as motivated as physicists are. B．He admires their commitment to providing correct facts. C．He thinks they should participate more in children’s games. D．He worries they might unintentionally kill children’s curiosity. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A．How to Draw a Perfect Treasure Map B．Play: The Highest Pursuit of Learning C．Why Facts Matter Most in Preschools D．Insight: The Myth of Games in Education Passage 4 （2026·上海长宁·二模）Things rarely stay neat on their own. If you leave your desk untouched for a week, papers begin to pile up, dust gathers, and objects end up in the wrong places. It is the same with a room, a container, and even the vast universe. In nature, systems tend to move from order to disorder unless external energy is used to maintain them. This physical phenomenon is described by the second law of thermodynamics (热力学), which states that entropy — a measure of disorder — tends to increase over time. To understand this idea, imagine a box divided into two sections, filled with gas particles (粒子) moving at different speeds. Normally, these particles mix freely, and the system becomes more disordered. James Clerk Maxwell, a physicist in the 19th century, imagined a clever thought experiment to reverse particles’ increasing disorder. He described a “demon”, a tiny, intelligent being, that could observe each particle and open or close a small door between the two sections. By allowing only fast particles to pass in one direction and slow ones in the other, the being — Maxwell’s “demon” — could gradually separate them, creating order without using energy. If order could increase without any cost, this apparently contradicts the second law of thermodynamics. For many years, this puzzled scientists and led to debates about whether the law was truly universal. They wondered whether there existed other factors like information that could serve as “that Maxwell’s demon” in physical reality. The researchers at the University of Maryland, therefore, generated a model. Their model described a device that could effectively separate particles and reduce disorder in one part of a system. Crucially, however, the device did not break the second law. Instead of using external energy, it relied on encoded information to track and control particle behavior. In doing so, the encoded information moved disorder from the physical system into its own memory storage. As researcher Dibyendu Mandal explains, the apparent gain in order is balanced by increased disorder elsewhere, preserving the overall balance demanded by thermodynamics. This insight shows that information is closely linked to physical processes. It is not just an abstract concept but something that has real effects in the world. Although machines based on this principle are unlikely to produce large amounts of energy, they may still have practical uses. For example, they could help scientists control particles more precisely in experiments or improve techniques used in medicine. What began as a simple thought experiment has thus deepened our understanding of how order, energy, and information are connected. 1．The author describes a messy desk at the beginning of the passage to ________. A．use a familiar example to illustrate a scientific principle B．question whether disorder is in most cases unavoidable C．suggest that daily habits might influence scientific thinking D．compare various forms of human behavior in some contexts 2．According to the passage, what must Maxwell’s “demon” do in order to sort particles? A．Increase the speed of selected particles. B．Apply external energy to separate particles. C．Prevent particles from moving between sections. D．Observe and record information about the particles. 3．What can be inferred about the role of information in the system described? A．It replaces energy as the main factor in physical change. B．It allows the system to operate without any cost in the process. C．It has real effects in shifting disorder to another part of the system. D．It matters most when large amounts of data are processed in practice. 4．Which statement best reflects the author’s view of the second law of thermodynamics? A．Maxwell’s thought experiment reveals its limitations. B．It remains correct despite the earlier puzzling supposition. C．It applies better to large-scale systems such as the universe. D．Intelligent control causes it to break down in complex systems. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 1 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题01 阅读理解（期末复习专项训练） 语篇类型一: 应用文（4篇） Passage 1 1．D 2．D 3．A Passage 2 1. C 2. C 3. B 。。。。。。。 语篇类型二: 记叙文（4篇） 语篇类型三: 说明文（6篇） 语篇类型四: 议论文+ 文体（4篇） Passage 1 1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B Passage 2 。。。。。。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $