专题05 完形填空（期末复习专项训练）高二英语下学期沪外版

**基本信息** 聚焦完形填空专项，按“人与自我”“人与社会”“人与自然”三大主题分类，精选上海各区期末真题，强化语篇语境中的词汇运用与逻辑推理，培养语言能力与思维品质。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |人与自我|5篇|涉及学习态度、人际关系等主题，考查情感态度词辨析|以自我认知为核心，构建“个人经历-价值观”逻辑链| |人与社会|6篇|涵盖社会现象、文化差异等内容，侧重上下文语义连贯|围绕社会互动，形成“个体行为-社会影响”推理线| |人与自然|4篇|聚焦环境问题、动物保护等话题，强化语境词义推断|立足生态关系，建立“自然现象-人类应对”认知框架|

专题05 完形填空（期末复习专项训练） 语篇类型一: 人与自我（5篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）No, You Don’t Get an A Just for Effort After 20 years of teaching, I thought I’d heard every argument in the book from students who wanted a better grade. But recently, multiple students had a new complaint: “My grade doesn’t reflect the effort I put into this course.” High marks are for 1 , not grit (硬扛，死磕). In the past, students understood that hard work was not sufficient; an A required great work. Yet today, many students expect to be rewarded for the quantity of their effort rather than the quality of their knowledge. In surveys, two-thirds of college students say that “trying hard” should be a factor in their grades, and a third think they should get at least a B just for 2 at (most) classes. This isn’t Gen Z’s fault. It’s the result of a(n) 3 about one of the most popular educational theories. More than a generation ago, the psychologist Carol Dweck published groundbreaking experiments that changed how many parents and teachers talk to kids. Praising kids for their abilities 4 their resilience (韧劲), making them more likely to give up when they encountered setbacks. To persist and learn in the face of challenges, kids needed to believe that abilities and skills are 5 , and the best way to nurture this growth mindset was to shift from praising intelligence to effort. This idea quickly made its way into viral articles, best-selling books and popular TED talks. Psychologists have long found that rewarding effort cultivates a strong work ethic and reinforces learning. That’s especially 6 for students who weren’t born into comfort or don’t have a record of achievement. 7 , the problem is that we’ve taken the practice of celebrating hard work. We are treating it as an end in itself. We’ve taught a generation of kids that their worth is defined 8 by their work ethic. That does great harm to the students. One study found that if there wasn’t a time limit, the higher people scored on their own 9 , the more likely they were to stick to a task they will never accomplish. This is what worries me most about valuing perseverance above all else: It can motivate people to stick with a bad 10 instead of developing better ones. With students, a textbook example is pulling all-nighters rather than spacing out their studying over a few days. Teachers and parents owe kids a more 11 message. There’s a reason we award Olympic medals to the athletes who swim the fastest, not the ones who train the hardest. Motivation is only one of multiple variables (变量) in the achievement equation (等式). Ability, opportunity and luck 12 , too. The ideal 13 to a disappointing grade is not to complain that your diligence wasn’t rewarded. It’s to ask how you could make your investment 14 better. Trying harder isn’t always the answer. Sometimes it’s working smarter, and other times it’s working on something else altogether. Every teacher should support students to succeed. In my classes, I make it clear that my goal is to give as many A’s as possible. But they’re earned through mastering all. The true 15 of learning is not the time and energy you put in. It’s the knowledge and skills you take out. 1．A．industriousness B．engagement C．morality D．excellence 2．A．doing well B．showing up C．nodding off D．burning out 3．A．misunderstanding B．stretching C．extinction D．emergence 4．A．creates B．restores C．stocks D．hurts 5．A．intangible B．attainable C．preservable D．valuable 6．A．fearful B．sentimental C．dreary D．important 7．A．Therefore B．Otherwise C．However D．Besides 8．A．barely B．initially C．primarily D．proportionately 9．A．grit B．education C．adaptability D．intellect 10．A．tendency B．strategy C．motive D．criterion 11．A．balanced B．universal C．motivational D．random 12．A．vary B．arise C．count D．interfere 13．A．switch B．response C．obstacle D．access 14．A．run out B．drop in C．catch on D．pay off 15．A．measurement B．significance C．theory D．reward Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期末）You’re a planner. You have your calendar color-coded, dinner reservations booked a month 1 , and you know exactly what you’ll be doing on your next vacation. You meet someone who’s all about “going with the flow,” a non-planner who seldom makes a to-do list. Can a planner and a non-planner live together happily? The short answer is yes. But both need to 2 and meet halfway.   It’s important to note that many successful relationships involve 3 . Planners bring structure, 4 and the comfort of predictability. Non-planners bring flexibility, adaptability and ways to handle the unexpected.   It’s no surprise that good communication is key in any relationship, especially between planners and free spirits. Planners may long for a sense of order and 5 about what’s coming up, while the non-planners prefer going with the moment. This doesn’t have to be a source of 6 . Instead, it can be an opportunity to discuss expectations openly.   While it’s true that no one should have to change their 7 to make a relationship work, compromise (妥协) can help. Rather than expecting anyone to 8 adopt the other’s way of doing things, consider finding a middle ground. For example, maybe the planner takes charge of the essentials, like booking a hotel for a weekend getaway, while the non-planner is free to suggest day-of activities 9 what feels right in the moment.   Planners might discover that they actually enjoy a touch of the unexpected. While unplanned moments can feel unsettling, they often lead to 10 experiences. Planners may also realize that they’re less 11 if they can let go a little, especially for small things.   12 , non-planners may see planning isn’t so bad. Having a few things set up can feel easier. And for big decisions, it’s reassuring to have a(n) 13 partner.   Even with understanding and compromise, your differences will sometimes 14 each other. When that happens, take a step back and remember what you appreciate about your partner’s style. These moments are normal -- they can actually 15 the strengths each of you bring to the partnership.   So, can opposites work? Yes, if you respect each other, stay open-minded, and find balance. The best relationships often are the ones that challenge us to see things from a new perspective. 1．A．in advance B．in person C．in detail D．in secret 2．A．justify B．guarantee C．adapt D．intervene 3．A．comments B．expectations C．sacrifices D．opposites 4．A．creativity B．reliability C．uncertainty D．popularity 5．A．clarity B．complaint C．concern D．argument 6．A．strength B．confusion C．happiness D．conflict 7．A．personality B．identity C．appearance D．background 8．A．doubtfully B．randomly C．fully D．blindly 9．A．separated from B．based on C．engaged in D．composed of 10．A．unforgettable B．unavoidable C．unavailable D．unbearable 11．A．fulfilled B．depressed C．confused D．stressed 12．A．On the other side B．On the contrary C．As a result D．In addition 13．A．talented B．qualified C．organized D．devoted 14．A．inspire B．annoy C．comfort D．unite 15．A．neglect B．weaken C．highlight D．preserve Passage 3 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）Pursuing a “Useless” Degree At university, when I told people I was studying for a history degree, the response was almost always the same: “You want to be a teacher?” “No, a journalist.” “Oh. But you’re not 1 in communications?” In the days when a university education was a privilege, perhaps there wasn’t the 2 that a degree had to be a springboard (跳板) directly into a career. Those days are long gone. Today, a degree is almost a (n) 3 for the job market, one that more than halves your chances of being unemployed. Still, that alone is no 4 of a job — and yet we’re paying more and more for one. Given those costs, most of us want to maximize the return on that 5 — and that can lead to a materialistic approach to higher education. Want to be a journalist? Study journalism, we’re told. A lawyer? Pursue law. Not totally sure? Go into STEM — you can become an engineer or an IT expert. And no matter what you do, 6 the humanities, such as history, philosophy and languages. It’s true that the humanities come with a higher risk of unemployment, but the risk is 7 than you would imagine. For young people in the U.S., the unemployment rate of those with humanities degrees is four percent, just a little more than that of engineering degree holders. What’s more, lower 8 may not be caused by the degree itself either since the gender pay gap 9 in the humanities whose graduates are more likely to be female. So it comes as no surprise that 10 tend to earn less than engineers. According to LinkedIn’s research on the most 11 job skills by employers for 2019, the ability to communicate and get along with people, to understand what’s on other people’s minds, and to do full-strength critical analysis were all valued and appreciated across almost all industries. It goes without saying that even without a humanities degree, you can still be a (n) 12 communicator and critical thinker. Therefore, any good university education, not just one in English or psychology, should 13 these abilities further. But few courses of study are quite as 14 on reading, writing, speaking and critical thinking as the humanities — whether that’s by debating other students in a seminar (研讨会), writing a thesis paper or analyzing poetry. The whole question of whether a student should choose STEM or the humanities might be 15 to begin with. Whatever a student pursues in university, it must be something that they are not only good at, but interested in. Even if it means pursuing a “useless” degree — like one in humanities. 1．A．believing B．leading C．majoring D．participating 2．A．assumption B．explanation C．judgment D．intention 3．A．luxury B．choice C．necessity D．tool 4．A．concern B．guarantee C．indication D．shortage 5．A．achievement B．investment C．punishment D．requirement 6．A．consider B．forget C．notice D．remember 7．A．bigger B．rarer C．severer D．smaller 8．A．salaries B．scores C．spending D．status 9．A．assists B．consists C．persists D．resists 10．A．chemists B．lawyers C．IT experts D．English teachers 11．A．built-in B．grown-up C．missed-out D．sought-after 12．A．amusing B．excellent C．nervous D．poor 13．A．fasten B．sharpen C．weaken D．worsen 14．A．hard B．fixed C．heavy D．soft 15．A．important B．misguided C．challenging D．miserable Passage 4 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）The sudden death of Zhang Xuefeng has pushed him into the centre of public debate. For many Chinese students and parents, he was not merely an internet educator. He was also a powerful symbol of a highly 1 age, in which college majors were judged mainly by salary, stability, and the chance of entering the civil service. This is why the debate around him should not end with 2 alone. The real question is whether choosing a university major must be as utilitarian (pursuing investment pay-offs) as he often suggested. Zhang became famous partly because he spoke in a direct and practical way. His remarks on journalism and his claim that “liberal arts are all service industries” caused strong 3 , and he later apologized. Yet these remarks also won support from many anxious families, because they seemed to offer clear answers in a(n) 4 world. To be fair, a practical view of education is not entirely wrong. For many ordinary families, especially those without much social capital, a college major is not a(n) 5 choice. It is closely connected with future income, employment pressure, and class mobility. In such cases, it is 6 that parents care about whether a subject can lead to a stable job. A poor family may simply not have the luxury to treat higher education as a(n) 7 adventure. In this sense, Zhang did meet a real social need: he turned hidden information into public advice, and he gave many families a sense of direction when they felt lost. 8 , practicality should not become the only standard. The problem with extreme utilitarianism is that it reduces knowledge to a mere tool and turns students into machines designed for the 9 market. A major is then valued only by one question: “Will it help me get a job quickly?” But society changes too fast for such calculations to remain 10 . Today’s “safe” major may be overcrowded tomorrow; today’s “useless” field may become newly 11 in a different economic or cultural climate. If everyone rushes toward the same options, the result may be not security, but another form of competition and disappointment. More importantly, education should do more than produce 12 . Literature, history, philosophy, journalism, and other humanities subjects may not always lead directly to high salaries, but they help people understand society, language, memory, justice, and the meaning of human life. Without such training, a person may become efficient, yet remain intellectually 13 . A society that laughs at all “useless” knowledge may lose the ability to reflect on itself. Therefore, college-major selection should be practical, but not blindly utilitarian. Students must consider jobs and reality, yet they should also consider interest, ability, and the deeper value of knowledge. Zhang Xuefeng’s popularity showed the anxiety of the age; his death now reminds us of something else: life is short, and education should not be reduced to nothing more than a race for 14 return. Between dream and survival, what young people need is not one extreme or the other, but a wiser 15 . 1．A．developed B．competitive C．digitised D．globalised 2．A．morality B．personality C．employment D．mourning 3．A．approval B．embarrassment C．controversy D．reflection 4．A．uncertain B．diverse C．unique D．massive 5．A．subjective B．abstract C．habitual D．psychological 6．A．regrettable B．understandable C．questionable D．admirable 7．A．rewarding B．commercial C．strategic D．romantic 8．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．However D．Furthermore 9．A．labour B．academic C．consumer D．financial 10．A．changeable B．beneficial C．flexible D．reliable 11．A．innovative B．irreplaceable C．demanding D．irreversible 12．A．workers B．scientists C．adventurers D．creators 13．A．productive B．instructive C．reflective D．passive 14．A．profitable B．immediate C．marginal D．successive 15．A．balance B．escape C．alternative D．pursuit Passage 5 （25-26高二下·上海嘉定·期中）All that chatter on social media may be more valuable than we think, say researchers who are 1 the postings for clues about how to best control infectious disease. According to the researchers, who reported their findings in the journal Science, applying mathematical models to what people are talking about on Facebook and Twitter could help scientists to better understand how contagious (感染的) diseases spread, and how people react to 2 . “Social media and other data sources can be used for 3 into how people will react when faced with a new disease control measure or the threat of infectious disease,” study author Chris Bauch, a professor of Applied Mathematics at the University of Waterloo, said in a statement. “We can create 4 from this data that allows researchers to observe how social contagion networks 5 better-known biological contagion networks.” What people 6 on social media can sometimes predict the spread of ideas about diseases like the flu, for example, or beliefs about vaccinations. The researchers looked at the social media reactions to 7 like childhood immunizations and public health messages related to infections like influenza. “If highly 8 people in the social network (such as celebrities) suggest that the vaccine carries risks, the resulting understanding of vaccine risks can spread quickly through the social network, 9 a vaccine scare and a (n) 10 in vaccine coverage,” they write. 11 , such social connectivity can also help to 12 biological contagion through 13 or culturally promoted behaviors, like covering your mouth when you cough. Bauch and his co-author Alison Galvani from Yale University argue that social media should get more attention as a means of judging how people will respond to disease control measures. Collecting data from social networks could be used to understand behavior, and predict how a population may 14 to control measures, which is valuable for public health workers. The researchers are continuing to study how social media can 15 together both social contagion and biological contagion networks to better predict how diseases spread — and how to stop them. 1．A．underlying B．mining C．burying D．drawing 2．A．outcomes B．outlets C．outbreaks D．outlooks 3．A．insight B．implication C．investigation D．application 4．A．charts B．models C．methods D．wonders 5．A．couple with B．interfere with C．mix with D．interact with 6．A．update B．act C．share D．comment 7．A．issues B．examples C．tips D．trends 8．A．acknowledged B．connected C．respected D．scolded 9．A．fueling B．accumulating C．removing D．stimulating 10．A．increase B．urge C．recovery D．drop 11．A．Nevertheless B．Moreover C．Virtually D．Accordingly 12．A．spread B．prevent C．accelerate D．affect 13．A．imitated B．intended C．motivated D．inherited 14．A．agree B．adapt C．appeal D．respond 15．A．employ B．analyze C．relate D．tie 语篇类型二: 人与社会（6篇） Passage 1 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）As a rule, friendship is considered an unalloyed good, like flowers and fresh fruit. Most people can name at least half a dozen people they 1 as reasonably good friends. Yet researchers who explore the deep nature of friendship 2 the bond can have its thorns (刺). Take the new evidence that people choose friends who 3 themselves. The tendency toward homophily (同质性), toward flocking together with birds of your inner and outer feather, gives rise to a harmonious sense of 4 . But homophily, researchers said, is also the basis of tribalism and xenophobia (仇外心理), the 5 to “otherize” those who differ from you and your beloved friends in one or more ways. “Why must it be the case that we love our own and hate the other?” Nicholas Christakis of Yale University said. “I have struggled with this, and read and studied a tremendous amount, and I have mostly 6 news. It’s awful. Xenophobia and in-group bias go hand-in-hand. It’s like, in order to 7 together, we need a common enemy.” Fortunately, he added, no model insists that the out-group must be exterminated or otherwise 8 from the scene. “It’s possible to treat the out-group with mild dislike or even grudging respect,” he said. “Cultivating in-group distinctiveness does not require that the other must be killed.” 9 , even the ordinary business of making friends is an exclusionary act and a judgement call, therefore threaded with the potential for pain. “A friendship is always a little bit of a conspiracy (阴谋),” said Alexander Nehamas, a professor of philosophy at Princeton. “We two are here, they are over there, and we’re going to do our thing whether they want us to or not. And if they try to join us, we can say, no, sorry, that seat is 10 . We’re saving it for a friend.” Who may not return the favor. Abdullah Almaatouq of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his colleagues recently showed that people are poor 11 of who their friends are. When the researchers asked 84 college students to identify which of their classmates 12 as friends, the researchers found that in half the cases, those labeled friends failed to repay the title. Friendships are also surprisingly fragile. Based on a detailed survey of 540 participants, researchers at Oxford University determined that people had a falling out with a member of their social circle about once every 7.2 months, or nearly two times annually, and that a year later 40 percent of those broken relationships remained 13 . The overall rates of friendship conflict did not differ between men and women, but women were more likely to argue with close friends, to express feelings of great suffering over the breakup, and to be more 14 of evidence of regret before settling differences. Sure, love may mean never having to say you’re sorry. But friendship is 15 , and sorry may not be enough. 1．A．appear B．know C．name D．view 2．A．admit B．adopt C．ensure D．hope 3．A．defend B．distance C．familiarize D．resemble 4．A．achievement B．belonging C．confidence D．control 5．A．ability B．chance C．freedom D．urge 6．A．dispiriting B．popular C．positive D．untrustworthy 7．A．band B．head C．live D．put 8．A．collected B．eliminated C．hidden D．transferred 9．A．Moreover B．Nevertheless C．Otherwise D．Meanwhile 10．A．covered B．locked C．removed D．taken 11．A．candidates B．judges C．listeners D．models 12．A．disguised B．qualified C．remained D．served 13．A．unattached B．unprepared C．unhealed D．unproven 14．A．demanding B．deserving C．trusting D．understanding 15．A．harder B．rarer C．stricter D．stronger Passage 2 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）The Diamond-Water Paradox Have you ever purchased something and thought to yourself, “It’s crazy how much I’m paying for this!?” This might happen more 1 than you would like, based on the dozens of transactions you may make on a daily basis. Questioning some of your financial transactions may be best answered or explained through something known as the diamond-water paradox. Getting enough water to sustain life typically has a 2 price, while a piece of diamond jewelry has a high price. Why does an economy put a much lower value on something vital to sustaining life compared to something that simply looks 3 and sparkles? This question is the diamond-water paradox, also known as the paradox of value, and it was first 4 by the economist Adam Smith in the 1700s. In his works, Smith points out that practical things that we use every day often have little or no value in exchange. Things like cups, socks, and water are a few examples. 5 , things that often have the greatest value in the market have little or no practical use. An example may be an old piece of art or 1920s baseball card. Other than looking at it, there isn’t much else we can do with the art or baseball card. So, why are things   6 this way? Understanding why the paradox exists can be 7 by understanding the economic terms known as marginal utility and scarcity. Scarcity can be simply defined as how readily 8 a product, skill, or service is. Is there a lot of it compared to what people are demanding? Marginal utility is the additional satisfaction or gain someone gets from using or purchasing an additional unit of a particular good or service. People are   9 to pay a higher price for goods with greater marginal utility. So, let’s go back to water and diamonds. There is plenty of water in most parts of the world (not scarce), which means that, as consumers, we usually have a low 10 for water. In a typical situation, we aren’t willing to pay a lot of money for one more drink of water. Diamonds, 11 , are scarce. Because they are harder to find and get, our marginal utility (additional satisfaction), for adding a diamond to our collection is much higher than someone offering us one more drink of water. If one is dying of thirst, then this paradox might not 12 , and the marginal utility from another drink of water would be much higher than the additional satisfaction of owning a diamond. Let’s look at an example. An Example Does paying $300-$400 for an Xbox compared to $50 for a solid pair of shoes make sense? From a practical and 13 standpoint, it certainly doesn’t. In order to 14 and enable our most basic form of transportation (walking), we need shoes to protect our feet. They are certainly more important and practical than an Xbox. The price 15 comes back to the satisfaction, or marginal utility, we get from purchasing a pair of shoes compared to an Xbox. If you were in the middle of the jungle and trying to survive, you might pay more for those shoes, but until that happens, most of us will continue to pay more for our electronics! This paradox, indeed, reminds us that value is not determined by practical use alone, but by the interplay of scarcity and marginal utility. Adam Smith 亚当·斯密，英国经济学家，古典经济学之父，著有《国富论》。   Xbox 是由美国微软公司开发并于2001年发售的一款家用电视游戏机。 1．A．unconsciously B．frequently C．occasionally D．rarely 2．A．fixed B．high C．fair D．low 3．A．shiny B．dim C．rough D．smooth 4．A．neglected B．accepted C．presented D．rejected 5．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．In other words D．On the other hand 6．A．measured B．compared C．valued D．displayed 7．A．challenged B．facilitated C．replaced D．questioned 8．A．accessible B．available C．apparent D．convertible 9．A．prepared B．able C．reluctant D．willing 10．A．scarcity B．demand C．marginal utility D．expectation 11．A．however B．otherwise C．accordingly D．besides 12．A．hold B．settle C．matter D．vanish 13．A．emotional B．general C．fundamental D．survival 14．A．get around B．get over C．get together D．get across 15．A．tag B．difference C．cap D．list Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海黄浦·期末）Taylor works full-time in the cleaning department while co-parenting his 10-year-old son. Ada, a cancer survivor, was enduring the miserable treatment. Mohammad was kicked out of prep school, then 1 for 100 days from high school for selling chocolate to his classmates. Emanuel was 2 a three-year sentence for armed robbery. These are not the profiles of students who get admitted to a classic university-run honors college. 3 , they are enrolled at the Honors Living-Learning Community of Rutgers University-Newark, an institution where they and others with similarly 4 life stories are pushing the boundaries of what defines an honors college by emphasizing courage in overcoming life’s difficulties, rather than 5 . Across the United States, the continuous drive for reputation has generated the 6 in the number of honors colleges. Nearly 900 schools, almost all being public universities and community colleges belong to the National Collegiate Honors Council. Among them, it is usually a brilliant idea for an institution to 7 applicants whose top-of-the-class high-school records and SAT scores would assure a renowned private university. The bait (诱饵) is the honors college, which promises the intimate feel of a small college within a(n) 8 state school. The students in these honors colleges, mostly white and middle-class, receive concierge treatment (礼宾待遇) with considerable scholarships, separate housing, special seminars, faculty mentors, research opportunities and first crack at courses in high demand. However, things are 9 at the Honors Living-Learning Community, which mainly enrolls black and Latino students–nearly twice as many as the total of black and Latino undergraduates in the rest of Rutgers-Newark’s programs. Their high-school grades and SAT scores are lower than the campus average. While academic skill 10 in determining who gets selected, the emphasis is on these students’ perseverance, their drive to learn and their passion for social justice. Every 11 of the honors program comes straight from the book on how to engage undergraduates 12 , and minority students in particular. The students receive scholarships that cover their living expenses well as tuition. Without this 13 , most couldn’t enroll full-time, and evidence shows that part-time students are far less likely to graduate. A 14 number of community college graduates are admitted, which gives 18-year-olds, fresh out of high school, an opportunity to learn from peers with more life 15 . 1．A．graduated B．abandoned C．prohibited D．suspended 2．A．reading B．serving C．passing D．escaping 3．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．Instead D．Similarly 4．A．faulty B．smooth C．meaningful D．interesting 5．A．social experience B．family backgrounds C．academic performance D．human relationships 6．A．pursuit B．explosion C．exploit D．progress 7．A．tempt B．enroll C．introduce D．cultivate 8．A．remote B．public C．packed D．outstanding 9．A．difficult B．different C．discouraging D．disturbing 10．A．differs B．ranges C．matters D．varies 11．A．student B．major C．component D．college 12．A．especially B．intensively C．generally D．particularly 13．A．passion B．aim C．aid D．initiative 14．A．stable B．certain C．random D．growing 15．A．expectancy B．tragedy C．experience D．passion Passage 4 （24-25高二下·上海·期末）Frankenstein On a stormy night in 1815, a young, 18-year-old girl had a 1 nightmare. The nightmare was terrible, but it gave her an idea for a tale — a tale that would become the most recognized 2 story in the world: the story of Frankenstein's monster. The author's name was Mary Shelley (1797 — 1851). Her novel describes the trials of an 3 young scientist, Dr Frankenstein, who uses his knowledge to bring an inanimate body to life, but then 4 the shocking “monster” he creates. At the time of writing, the story was a powerful warning 5 scientific advances and is the Industrial Revolution, which was about 6 across Europe. Many artists and writers were concerned 7 this industrialization and the effect it would have 8 man's relationship with nature. They saw danger in the new scientific advances. Volume 1, Chapter 4 It was on a dreary night in November that I completed my work. With an anxiety that almost 1 to pain, I collected the instruments of life around me that I might add a small amount of being to the lifeless thing that 2 at my feet. It was already one in the morning; the rain fell dismally against the windows, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the failing light, I saw the yellow eye of the 3 open; it breathed hard, and a sudden movement disturbed its arms and legs. How can I describe my emotions at this disaster, or how to describe the terrible creature I had tried to form? His arms and legs were in proportion, and I had selected his 4 as beautiful. Beautiful! His yellow skin 5 covered the muscles beneath; his hair was black and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness that formed a horrible contrast with his watery eyes, his 6 face and straight black mouth. I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the only purpose of breathing life into an inanimate body. For this I had 7 myself of rest and health, but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream disappeared, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. 1．A．moral B．vivid C．massive D．pure 2．A．horror B．motivation C．peak D．charm 3．A．elegant B．ambitious C．innocent D．patient 4．A．rejects B．boosts C．hacks D．rebels 5．A．at B．with C．against D．of 6．A．spread B．spreading C．to spread D．to spreading 7．A．at B．to C．about D．with 8．A．at B．to C．about D．on 9．A．amounted B．attained C．combined D．engaged 10．A．lies B．lied C．laid D．lay 11．A．creature B．cage C．civilian D．comedy 12．A．features B．settings C．symbols D．professions 13．A．universally B．barely C．unrealistically D．artificially 14．A．shifted B．rooted C．eased D．wrinkled 15．A．deprived B．behaved C．decreased D．tackled Passage 5 （24-25高二下·上海静安·期末）Checking packages is unhealthy obsession There’s a child-like joy that comes with ordering something online — whether it be clothes or kitchen gadgets. We sit 1 the U.S. Postal Service or FedEx pages to see when our items will arrive, and we become overly excited, hopeful and anxious. But why? According to Owen O’Kane, a psychotherapist, even the smallest positive future events can 2 us when we’re feeling down. This is why people look forward to dinner reservations, hair appointments and yes, receiving packages. But it’s not the purchase itself that arouses this happiness. Experts say there’s something about the 3 of a package arriving that is exciting for those in need of change in their lives. When our package finally arrives, many of us are satisfied. But that initial excitement has probably 4 because our obsession with our parcel represents much more than the item we purchased. For some, the arrival of a package may represent “an imagined positive future, where you can control your needs for a book or blouse,” making life feel more 5 and less dull. Waiting for a parcel can also serve as a temporary 6 from the boredom, giving you something new to look forward to. “You’re distracting yourself from other feelings like anxiety, boredom. When you imagine a positive event in the future, you feel only joyful expectation. And tracking it down to the street of the delivery truck makes it even more 7 ” O’Kane says. Nevertheless, anticipation isn’t always a good thing. People became angry recently when the U. S. Postal Service announced its slower delivery. And now, many are worried about items arriving late, appearing broken, or simply not 8 expectations. This phenomenon is called pre-parcel anxiety and it’s more common than you would think. “We live in a society where we build expectations and 9 perfectionism. We want efficiency and 10 with patience,” O’Kane explains. A delayed package may seem 11 to some. But for others, feeling hopeful and then being let down is angering and anxiety-provoking. “We feel tricked, sometimes on a personal level. We all want fair transactions, and when we 12 and the other party drops the ball, anger is often the result,” O’Kane says, comparing it to “broken, ignored or forgotten” promises. 13 , O’Kane says these reactions are telling about more deep-rooted issues beyond a delayed package. “Anxiety is 14 to uncertainty, and many struggle with not having control. So it’s really 15 of something bigger, of the need to control everything and to be perfect.” 1．A．winding B．switching C．refreshing D．registering 2．A．fascinate B．motivate C．innovate D．cultivate 3．A．accommodation B．companion C．transportation D．anticipation 4．A．faded B．surged C．remained D．expanded 5．A．advisable B．manageable C．knowledgeable D．considerable 6．A．voyage B．liberty C．resistance D．distraction 7．A．cultural B．real C．pale D．fictional 8．A．catching up with B．giving rise to C．putting up with D．living up to 9．A．embrace B．reject C．sacrifice D．spot 10．A．interact B．struggle C．identify D．charge 11．A．insignificant B．invaluable C．indifferent D．inevitable 12．A．live in harmony B．do our part C．pave the way D．cheer up 13．A．However B．Generally C．Instead D．Fortunately 14．A．attachment B．dominance C．intolerance D．discrimination 15．A．critical B．suspicious C．fond D．symbolic Passage 6 （24-25高二下·上海·期末）If you survey American parents about what they want for their kids, more than 90 percent say one of their top priorities is that their children be caring. This makes sense: Kindness and concern for others are held as 1 in nearly every society. But when you ask children what their parents want for them, 81 percent say their parents 2 achievement and happiness over caring. Kids learn what’s 3 to adults not by listening to what we say, but by noticing what gets our attention. And in many developed societies, parents now pay more attention to individual achievement and happiness than anything else. However much we 4 kindness and caring, we’re not actually showing our kids that we appreciate these traits. Perhaps we shouldn’t be surprised, then, that kindness appears to be 5 . An analysis of annual surveys of American college students showed a substantial drop from 1979 to 2009 in imagining the perspectives of others. Over this period; students grew 6 to feel concern for people less fortunate than themselves. It’s not just that people care less; they seem to be 7 less, too. In one experiment, a sociologist left thousands of what appeared to be lost letters in dozens of American cities in 2001, and again in 2011. From the first round to the second one, the proportion of letters that was 8 by passersby and put in a mailbox declined by 10 percent. Psychologists find that kids born after 1995 9 as much as their predecessors (前辈) that other people experiencing difficulty should be helped — but they feel less personal responsibility to take action themselves. If we truly care less about one another, some of the 10 lies with the values parents have promoted. In our own lives, we’ve observed many parents becoming so focused on achievement that they 11 kindness. Other parents discourage kindness, seeing it as a source of 12 in a fiercely competitive world. In some parenting circles, for example, there’s a movement against 13 when preschoolers are selfish in their play. These parents worry that stepping in might prevent kids from learning to stick up for themselves, and say that they’re less 14 the prospect of raising an adult who doesn’t share than one who struggles to say no. But there’s no reason parents can’t teach their kids to care about others and themselves — to be both 15 and self-respecting. If you encourage children to consider the needs and feelings of others, sometimes they will and sometimes they won’t. But they’ll soon learn that if you don’t treat others considerately, they may not be considerate toward you. 1．A．events B．virtues C．records D．media 2．A．change B．dislike C．value D．pay 3．A．important B．available C．familiar D．equal 4．A．encounter B．deserve C．display D．praise 5．A．in decline B．under control C．on hand D．above average 6．A．more willing B．less likely C．more surprised D．less relieved 7．A．saying B．thinking C．enjoying D．helping 8．A．set aside B．taken down C．picked up D．put off 9．A．care B．doubt C．believe D．complain 10．A．difference B．theme C．demand D．blame 11．A．neglect B．respect C．define D．evaluate 12．A．happiness B．weakness C．comfort D．anxiety 13．A．discriminating B．forgiving C．collapsing D．intervening 14．A．curious about B．grateful for C．worried about D．helpful for 15．A．independent B．generous C．knowledgeable D．appreciative 语篇类型三: 人与自然（4篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海黄浦·期末）The continuous presentation of frightening stories about global warming in the popular media makes us unnecessarily frightened. Even worse, it 1 our kids. Al Gore famously 2 how a sea-level rise of 20 feet would almost completely flood Florida, New York, Holland, and Shanghai, even though the United Nations says that such a thing will not even happen, 3 that sea levels will rise 20 times less than that. When 4 with these exaggerations (夸大), some of us say that they are for a good cause, and surely there is no harm done if the result is that we focus even more on handling climate change. This 5 is astonishingly wrong. Such exaggerations do plenty of harm. Worrying excessively about global warming means that we worry less about other things, where we could do so much more good. We focus, 6 , on global warming’s impact on Datong malaria (疟疾) — which will put slightly more people at 7 in 100 years — instead of dealing with the half a billion people 8 from malaria today with prevention and treatment policies that are much cheaper and dramatically more effective than carbon reduction would be. Exaggeration also wears out the public’s 9 to cope with global warming. If the planet is certain to be destroyed owing to global warming, people wonder, why do anything? A record 54% of American voters now believe the news media make global warming appear worse than it really is. A majority of people now believe — 10 — that global warming is not even caused by humans. But the 11 cost of exaggeration, I believe, is the unnecessary alarm that it causes — particularly among children. An article in The Washington Post cited nine-year-old Alyssa, who cries about the possibility of mass animal 12 from global warming. The newspaper also reported that parents are 13 effective outlets for their eight-year-olds’ concern with dying polar bears. They might be better off educating them and letting them know that, 14 to common belief, the global polar bear population has doubled over the past half- century, to about 22,000. Despite the possible 15 of summer Arctic ice, polar bears will not become extinct. 1．A．exhausts B．depresses C．terrifies D．exploits 2．A．dismissed B．demonstrated C．deposited D．described 3．A．denying B．justifying C．estimating D．advocating 4．A．faced B．identified C．equipped D．entitled 5．A．announcement B．argument C．interaction D．dialogue 6．A．for example B．in addition C．by contrast D．in short 7．A．peace B．leisure C．ease D．risk 8．A．suffering B．evolving C．developing D．prohibiting 9．A．ability B．preference C．willingness D．likelihood 10．A．enthusiastically B．incorrectly C．considerately D．reasonably 11．A．smallest B．worst C．fewest D．least 12．A．separation B．reservation C．isolation D．extinction 13．A．turning out B．taking over C．searching for D．pulling through 14．A．sensitive B．contrary C．related D．accustomed 15．A．disappearance B．transformation C．existence D．mobilization Passage 2 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）Not-so cold blooded The word reptilian (爬虫类的) doesn’t describe just lizards and snakes. When 1 humans, it means an unfriendly, unfeeling type of person. But scientists agree that reptiles aren’t 2 — they’re misunderstood. Extensive research has shown that reptiles experience a wide range of emotions and that they’re highly socially complex animals. A growing body of research pushes back on the   3 notion that reptiles only have the capacity for survival instincts and not for emotional intelligence. Despite this wealth of evidence demonstrating reptiles’ emotional capacity, however, they’ve retained a reputation for being as 4 emotionally as they are physically. These misconceptions can lead to a lack of 5 for reptiles’ needs in captivity (人工圈养) and in the wild, advocates say. As more and more reptilian species are threatened by habitat loss, scientists and conservationists say that recognizing reptiles’ capacity for 6 can help pet owners and policymakers alike take better care of them. Yet the myth of the emotionless “lizard brain” 7 . Popularized in the 1970s by astronomer and science communicator Carl Sagan, the term refers to the parts of the human brain that we use for 8 . According to this misconception, the human brain evolved over time by adding 9 more sophisticated structures to this underdeveloped lizard brain, including the limbic (边缘的) system, which is the source of our emotions. Because reptiles are our evolutionary forerunners, some researchers long believed that this instinctual part of the brain was the only part that originated with our 10 ancestors — and that without humanlike brain structures, reptiles didn’t have the capacity for emotions at all. Scientists have repeatedly disproven the misconception throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, with a 2019 review identifying 37 studies supporting reptiles’ emotional capacity. While they may not be outwardly 11 in the same way that humans or other mammals are, reptiles are indeed highly social animals and have developed complex 12 for parental care, courtship, and nesting.Yet even as research on reptile 13 continues to build, the stereotypes around reptilian emotions have persisted. Part of this is simply because reptiles 14 their emotions differently than humans. In a 2021 study, researchers found that lizards emit chemicals to communicate with each other, meaning they’re much harder to 15 than their mammalian counterparts. 1．A．applied to B．bound by C．compared to D．relevant to 2．A．senseless B．hateful C．cruel D．emotionless 3．A．commonly ignored B．seemingly misleading C．widely accepted D．generally rejected 4．A．cold-blooded B．sensitive C．aggressive D．intelligent 5．A．ignorance B．awareness C．tolerance D．adaptability 6．A．emotion B．survival C．sensibility D．suffering 7．A．persists B．disappears C．changes D．emerges 8．A．emotional responses B．logical thinking C．social communication D．survival instinct 9．A．dramatically B．slightly C．progressively D．occasionally 10．A．furry B．feathered C．scaly D．leathered 11．A．attractive B．impressive C．cooperative D．expressive 12．A．rituals B．commands C．traditions D．rules 13．A．evolution B．domestication C．colonization D．socialization 14．A．hide B．experience C．show D．control 15．A．read B．trust C．capture D．approach Passage 3 （25-26高二上·上海·期中）Why are so Many Whales Washing up Dead on East-coast Beaches? Luna was last seen alive in September off the coast of Nova Scotia. Scientists had been tracking the 40-year-old whale for decades. Like all humpback whales, his tail, called a fluke, had distinctive pigmentation (色素沉淀) patterns. These are used by scientists as a sort of 1 . Luna’s fluke had a moon shape, hence his name. Those tracking him knew every scar and took 2 of new ones whenever they saw him. The next time he was seen was when his carcass washed ashore in January on Lido Beach on Long Island, about 40 miles (65km) from Manhattan and 600 miles from Nova Scotia. Whales have been dying in 3 numbers along America’s east coast since 2016. So much so that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the federal agency that monitors fisheries and oceans, 4 the existence of an “Unusual Mortality Event” back in 2017. Prior to 2007, Rob DiGiovanni, the chief scientist at the Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, which surveys wildlife and conducts necropsies (尸检), said he saw 5 whales just once every two years. Then it became one to three a year; now it is every few weeks. Since the start of December, 29 dead whales, including right whales, whose 6 are already precarious, have washed ashore along America’s east coast. Luna was the tenth of 13 whales to be found dead on New York and New Jersey beaches. Scientists are trying to figure out why. A whale necropsy is a huge 7 . The equipment may entail cranes (起重机) to lift the whale, as well as sharp knives to fillet it. In 40％ of the necropsies, there was evidence of blunt force trauma or propeller wounds, which indicates the whales were 8 by a vessel, or evidence of entanglement in fishing gear. Some die of 9 causes; others from ingesting debris (垃圾碎片). Paul Sieswerda of Gotham Whale, a research organisation, said that vessel strikes are the 10 of “the butler standing there with a smoking gun.” Preliminary findings from Luna’s necropsy indicate a vessel was the probable cause of death. Whale sightings, particularly of humpbacks, have increased in the New York Bight, which stretches from the tip of Long Island to the far end of the Jersey Shore. Like their human 11 , the whales are drawn to the Big Apple’s cuisine. Menhaden, a kind of fish many whales 12 , have increased off the shores of New York and New Jersey, possibly because of warming waters. No longer must people trek to Maine or Nantucket to 13 whales. New Yorkers can observe them near city beaches. Several whale-watching companies, including in Brooklyn, have 14 . Unfortunately, the whales are essentially playing in 15 . New York Harbour is America’s busiest port, which puts the whales in the path of all sorts of vessels, including enormous container ships and cruise liners. Some of the carcasses on the beach are the result. 1．A．reaction B．language C．fingerprint D．culture 2．A．care B．note C．charge D．advantage 3．A．small B．decreasing C．random D．elevated 4．A．threatened B．declared C．denied D．guaranteed 5．A．stranded B．migrating C．trained D．fascinating 6．A．structures B．economies C．balances D．numbers 7．A．undertaking B．mistake C．opportunity D．responsibility 8．A．tracked B．lifted C．hit D．photographed 9．A．root B．urgent C．sudden D．natural 10．A．outcome B．equivalent C．cause D．purpose 11．A．voices B．resources C．rights D．neighbours 12．A．feed on B．belong to C．cope with D．adapt to 13．A．hunt B．save C．see D．exhibit 14．A．sprung up B．gone broke C．stepped back D．fallen apart 15．A．trouble B．traffic C．silence D．order Passage 4 （23-24高二下·上海宝山·期末）Methane (甲烷) is a greenhouse gas. Over 20 years it has over 80 times the planet-cooking power of carbon dioxide, and is 1 for nearly 45%of warming today. Because methane is the main 2 of natural gas, much of man-made emissions comes from the energy industry. Yet because it is short-lived, controlling methane offers the world its best possible chance for 3 progress against climate change. As COP28, the UN’s climate summit, gets 4 in Dubai, it is greatly encouraging, therefore, that the chances of such a deal on methane are good. Negotiators must 5 at a rare opportunity to strike one. The reason a deal looks possible is that the politics are promising in all the biggest markets. China has recently announced that it will start including methane in its national climate plans. America will soon finalize regulations to 6 methane emissions from its huge oil and gas sector, including measures that cover leaky pipelines and storage. And the European Union has also agreed on tough methane standards, covering both domestic sources and 7 fossil fuels. 8 are helping, too. A range of new technologies for monitoring methane will help 9 large sources of emissions from the energy industry. Because oil and gas firms can often sell methane (rather than wastefully burning or releasing it), many investment s to avoid 10 will pay for themselves. Most firms do not invest because of the trouble, higher returns on other projects, or wells’ distance from consumers. Whatever the reason, they suffer no 11 for adding needlessly to global warming. Since green-washing, the process of conveying a false impression about how some products or measures are environmentally sound, is quite common, if a global methane deal is to be more than that, 12 , it will need rigour (缜密). Methane-control seemed to 13 at the UN climate summit in Glasgow two years ago, when negotiators 14 came up with a proposal to cut emissions by 30% by 2030．Yet the deal was voluntary, and had no enforcement mechanisms (机制); emissions have since 15 . An agreement this time round must link promises to national climate plans and, crucially, to domestic enforcement mechanisms. 1．A．powerful B．noticeable C．responsible D．possible 2．A．cause B．ingredient C．agent D．consequence 3．A．quick B．economic C．original D．national 4．A．under way B．in the making C．on board D．to the point 5．A．stare B．point C．come D．leap 6．A．increase B．stabilize C．reduce D．balance 7．A．imported B．localized C．exported D．globalized 8．A．Revolutions B．Evolutions C．Resolutions D．Innovations 9．A．create B．activate C．decrease D．spot 10．A．disasters B．delays C．emissions D．examinations 11．A．loss B．punishment C．abuse D．defeat 12．A．however B．therefore C．further D．once 13．A．pay off B．make out C．run out D．take off 14．A．noisily B．admittedly C．reluctantly D．accidentally 15．A．declined B．disappeared C．swung D．risen Passage 1 （2026·上海青浦·二模）Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D．Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Camera traps, once beloved tools for wildlife enthusiasts to capture animal moments, have progressed into powerful scientific instruments revealing a groundbreaking truth: most mammals (哺乳动物) do not keep to fixed daily schedules. Instead, they flexibly 1 their activity patterns to avoid human presence. A groundbreaking global study published in Science Advances, employing 8.9 million observations from over 20,000 camera trap sites across 38 countries and six continents, has overturned decades of conventional classifications of animal behavior. For generations, scientists categorized mammals into fixed groups: day-active, night-active, dawn-and-dusk-active, or active all the time. However, this research — led by over 200 international researchers — uncovered that only 39% of the 445 studied species fit neatly into these boxes. A striking 74% regularly shifted their behavior 2 environmental changes and human activities, demonstrating remarkable behavioral flexibility. For instance, elk, a kind of large deer, develop well as both day-active and night-active in remote regions with minimal human disturbance but 3 to strictly night-active habits in areas with heavy hiking, hunting, or urban development. Gray foxes and wild snowshoe rabbits exhibited similar adaptive shifts, 4 survival over fixed routines. This behavioral adjustment is a critical survival 5 . Human activities often damage animals’ access to food, water, shelter, or breeding opportunities. By altering when they search for food or reproduce, mammals reduce direct 6 with humans and ease stress. The camera trap data — collected from backyards to wilderness — has created the largest standardized wildlife activity database, offering incomparable 7 into how humans shape the natural world. The study challenges the belief that mammals’ activity patterns are 8 fixed. Camera trap data proves most species modify their habits based on 9 factors, especially in high-human-activity regions where animals change their natural schedules to avoid contact. These shifts are calculated survival responses: when resources are disturbed, mammals shift their active periods to 10 risk. Beyond reshaping scientific understanding, these findings have practical 11 for conservation. Knowing species avoid humans by shifting to night activity guides wildlife managers in designing protection plans. What began as a way to take animal photos has become a tool that deepens our 12 of human-wildlife coexistence. This new understanding also encourages us to 13 our own behaviour to better share the planet. For conservationists, the findings offer clear 14 for protection plans, reducing human-wildlife conflict and promoting harmonious coexistence. As human impact grows, recognizing these adaptive shifts will be 15 to preserving biodiversity. 1．A．devote B．adjust C．track D．generate 2．A．in response to B．in contrast to C．in reference to D．in proportion to 3．A．respond B．object C．contribute D．switch 4．A．ruling B．spreading C．prioritizing D．taking 5．A．gesture B．strategy C．target D．exchange 6．A．conflict B．cooperation C．negotiation D．coexistence 7．A．admissions B．division C．insights D．introduction 8．A．temporarily B．accidentally C．occasionally D．naturally 9．A．unknown B．particular C．external D．sustainable 10．A．multiply B．detect C．minimize D．overcome 11．A．distractions B．limitations C．transformations D．implications 12．A．confusion B．comprehension C．ignorance D．inspiration 13．A．regulate B．classify C．conceal D．suspect 14．A．criticisms B．guidelines C．preference D．distinction 15．A．contrary B．irrelevant C．secondary D．crucial Passage 2 （25-26高三下·上海长宁·阶段检测）Reading is not an instinct. As children, we have to start from scratch. We wire our brains to read by gradually enhancing links between the critical areas: those that recognise the visual form of letters, those that tell us what a word sounds like and how you 1 say it, and so on. Writing by hand helps to form these brain 2 . When we learn how to write, we use parts of the brain known as the motor cortices that control physical movements. When we read, those same areas are activated — suggesting we basically write words in our minds as we 3 them. Karin James of Indiana University in Bloomington has found that young children can recognise new letters more readily when they learn that letters by writing them 4 by typing or tracing. James has also shown that some brain regions that light up when adults read also become active in children 5 letters they’ve learned to print by hand — but not in children who’ve learned letters by typing them. This seems like strong evidence of the importance of handwriting, but James 6 that just because adults use certain circuitry (线路) to read does not necessarily mean it’s the only writing that could work. “Our brains are clearly 7 ,” she says, “It might be just fine to start typing — and for that you need a whole different brain network and learn how to read that way. We don’t know yet.” For now though, most studies suggest handwriting has a(n) 8 role to play. Marieke Long-camp at Aix-Marseille University in France has shown that when adults learned unfamiliar characters based on the Bengali and Gujarati alphabets either by writing or typing, those who 9 the letters remembered them better three weeks later. Part of the problem is that typing does not 10 in us the same understanding of character or letter forms as writing by hand. “If you show children just a single typical A, they’re not going to be able to understand that another 11 of an A is the same thing.” James says. The messy and inconsistent way that children (and many adults) tend to write, 12 , may help them to cope with a wide variety of typefaces and letter forms. Writing freehand, then, seems to be an important part of learning to read — but does the 13 of handwriting make a difference? Some schools have 14 teaching cursive (草书体的) or joined-up writing. In the US, for instance, it is not part of the national curriculum adopted by 46 states, though it has come back in some states in response to a public outcry. When it comes to learning to read, though, James has found that writing in cursive doesn’t seem to add anything to the mix. “It seems like it’s any kind of   15 of a letter by hand that makes the difference.” she says. 1．A．occasionally B．physically C．gradually D．instinctively 2．A．structures B．connections C．processes D．functions 3．A．write B．coin C．recite D．read 4．A．rather than B．as well as C．such as D．or else 5．A．listening to B．depending on C．looking at D．thinking of 6．A．requires B．decides C．foresees D．cautions 7．A．similar B．different C．delicate D．adaptable 8．A．critical B．unpredictable C．unclear D．increased 9．A．wrote out B．responded to C．typed in D．pointed at 10．A．trust B．implant C．spend D．invest 11．A．example B．equivalent C．form D．method 12．A．as a result B．in a word C．by contrast D．vice versa 13．A．history B．type C．dominance D．study 14．A．suggested B．permitted C．practised D．stopped 15．A．creation B．recognition C．existence D．typing Passage 3 （25-26高二上·上海嘉定·阶段检测）Keeping Up With “Irrelevant” News Today’s world is something of a contradiction. Even though we are being given access to more information than ever before, we are 1 enough becoming less informed. As we scroll through thousands of postings each day on social media, we see lots of gossip about celebrities and read people’s opinions about various issues. However, because we can now “choose (whether being forced to or not)” the news we read, we may be missing the news we “need.” According to a new survey released by Gallup, about 58% of Americans get their news from online sources, 38% from television and radio, and only 3% from printed newspapers and magazines. In Shanghai, we can also see the evidence of this drop in print media readership with the 2 of the red kiosks (书报亭) that used to be ubiquitous (无处不在的) around the city. This is 3 , as I see it, since newspapers and magazines, which explain stories in more detail, are still one of the most reliable sources of news today. I got into the habit of reading news stories when I was in high school. Every morning I would 4 a copy of The Globe and Mail, a Canadian newspaper based in Toronto, and read through it during my lunch break. Both top stories on the front page and the small ones on the inside pages looked 5 to me. As an added 6 reading news stories everyday has made me feel better connected to the wider world. Last February, terrible earthquakes hit Turkey and Syria. News about this event spread like wildfire. Instead of seeing it as a tragic story in a faraway place that did not have an effect on other countries, the international community 7 stepped in to help. Within 48 hours rescue teams from around the world were sent to the stricken areas. They worked to save the lives of those who were trapped beneath the rubble of collapsed buildings and to help other survivors 8 the cold of winter by giving them medical aid and supplying them with the basic necessities of life. That being said, some may still argue that all news is, ultimately, 9 to them. It’s likely that few of us would be able to name a news story in the last month that helped us to make a more informed 10 in our personal lives. If there is something I’ve noticed about people, including myself, is that we are almost always poor at 11 between what is and is not “relevant.” For me, I never 12 that the habit of reading news stories would end up helping me with my schoolwork and that it would later help pave the path to my future career. By reading well-written newspaper articles, I was able to include some of the information in my essays and to 13 my own writing skills. 14 , the news allows us to understand the world and our place in it. But bear in mind that online news sources can be less reliable unless they are a(n) 15 source such as Xinhua or, of course, our very own SSP. 1．A．curiously B．fortunately C．interestingly D．strangely 2．A．disadvantage B．disappearance C．disapproval D．disconnection 3．A．meaningful B．necessary C．reasonable D．unfortunate 4．A．hand out B．pick up C．show off D．throw away 5．A．abstract B．boring C．fascinating D．weird 6．A．bonus B．chance C．priority D．task 7．A．hesitantly B．instantly C．pleasantly D．reluctantly 8．A．celebrate B．endure C．record D．realize 9．A．immoral B．insignificant C．irrelevant D．unbelievable 10．A．complaint B．decision C．effort D．mistake 11．A．balancing B．distinguishing C．regulating D．switching 12．A．announced B．expected C．learned D．suggested 13．A．abandon B．boast C．improve D．share 14．A．By contrast B．For instance C．In short D．On average 15．A．controversial B．established C．independent D．profitable Passage 4 （2026·上海长宁·二模）A new artificial intelligence-powered stethoscope, a device that medical experts use to listen to sounds in the body such as a heartbeat, can detect three different heart conditions in 15 seconds. More than one million people across the UK are now affected by heart failure, a(n) 1 where the heart can’t make blood flow properly because of weak muscle function. One 2 is shortness of breath, but it is frequently ignored. As a result, 70% of people only have the condition 3 after they have been rushed to hospital. The new device, developed by a team at Imperial College London and the National Health Service, looks about the 4 of a playing card. Doctors put it on a patient’s chest and it records the electrical signals in the heart and listens to the sound of blood flowing through the organ. Then, this 5 is sent to an AI system. The system then 6 it against data from thousands of other people to see if there’s a problem, and the result is immediately sent to a smartphone. Scientists looked at what happened to patients whose doctors examined them with a(n) 7 stethoscope, and those whose doctors used the AI one. The study included more than 12,700 people at about 200 GP (全科医生) surgeries in north London over the course of a year. This study found that the AI stethoscope was able to detect 8 heart activity that a doctor might miss with a regular one. Patients 9 with the AI stethoscope were twice as likely to have their heart failure spotted. The device was also 3.5 times more likely to find atrial fibrillation, namely an irregular heartbeat. It was also better at 10 whether one or more of a patient’s heart valves, which are like doors to the different sections in the heart and control blood flow, were not working properly. There are some problems to be solved, though. The AI stethoscope often told patients that they could be 11 heart failure when they weren’t. The researchers said that the 12 should only be used when GPs suspected that their patient had heart problems, and not for routine checks on healthy people. “This is an elegant example of how the 13 stethoscope, invented more than 200 years ago, can be upgraded for the 21st century,” said Dr Sonya Babu-Narayan, from the British Heart Foundation charity. “We need 14 like these, providing early detection of heart failure.” 15 , she said, the condition can be quite advanced by the time the patient goes to hospital feeling unwell. 1．A．situation B．disorder C．framework D．platform 2．A．figure B．role C．sign D．location 3．A．upgraded B．overlooked C．confirmed D．registered 4．A．value B．size C．symbol D．clue 5．A．information B．analysis C．sample D．card 6．A．compares B．protects C．balances D．exchanges 7．A．experimental B．virtual C．durable D．traditional 8．A．strong B．initial C．instant D．unusual 9．A．supported B．examined C．equipped D．defended 10．A．picking up B．turning down C．making for D．taking over 11．A．classifying B．experiencing C．measuring D．controlling 12．A．research B．solution C．section D．device 13．A．useless B．advanced C．humble D．remote 14．A．innovations B．suspicions C．evaluations D．conclusions 15．A．However B．Therefore C．Besides D．Otherwise 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 1 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 完形填空（期末复习专项训练） 语篇类型一: 人与自我（5篇） Passage 1 1.D 2.B 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.A Passage 2 1.A 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.A 11.D 12.A 13.C 14.B 15.C Passage 3 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.B 14.C 15.B Passage 4 1.B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.A 10.D 11.B 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.A Passage 5 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.A 14.D 15.D 语篇类型二: 人与社会（6篇） Passage 1 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.C Passage 2 1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.D 10.C 11.A 12.A 13.D 14.A 15.B Passage 3 1.D 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.C 11.C 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.C Passage 4 1.B 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.A 13.B 14.D 15.A Passage 5 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.D Passage 6 1. B 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.A 6.B 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.D 14.C 15.B 人与自然（4篇） Passage 1 1.C 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.B 11.B 12.D 13.C 14.B 15.A Passage 2 1.A 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.A 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.D 12.A 13.D 14.C 15.A Passage 3 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.D 10.B 11.D 12.A 13.C 14.A 15.B Passage 4 1.C 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.D 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.D 14.A 15.D Passage 1 1.B 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.B 15.D Passage 2 1.B 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.A Passage 3 1.D 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.C 10.B 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.B Passage 4 1.B 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.A 7.D 8.D 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.C 14.A 15.D 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 完形填空（期末复习专项训练） 语篇类型一: 人与自我（5篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）No, You Don’t Get an A Just for Effort After 20 years of teaching, I thought I’d heard every argument in the book from students who wanted a better grade. But recently, multiple students had a new complaint: “My grade doesn’t reflect the effort I put into this course.” High marks are for 1 , not grit (硬扛，死磕). In the past, students understood that hard work was not sufficient; an A required great work. Yet today, many students expect to be rewarded for the quantity of their effort rather than the quality of their knowledge. In surveys, two-thirds of college students say that “trying hard” should be a factor in their grades, and a third think they should get at least a B just for 2 at (most) classes. This isn’t Gen Z’s fault. It’s the result of a(n) 3 about one of the most popular educational theories. More than a generation ago, the psychologist Carol Dweck published groundbreaking experiments that changed how many parents and teachers talk to kids. Praising kids for their abilities 4 their resilience (韧劲), making them more likely to give up when they encountered setbacks. To persist and learn in the face of challenges, kids needed to believe that abilities and skills are 5 , and the best way to nurture this growth mindset was to shift from praising intelligence to effort. This idea quickly made its way into viral articles, best-selling books and popular TED talks. Psychologists have long found that rewarding effort cultivates a strong work ethic and reinforces learning. That’s especially 6 for students who weren’t born into comfort or don’t have a record of achievement. 7 , the problem is that we’ve taken the practice of celebrating hard work. We are treating it as an end in itself. We’ve taught a generation of kids that their worth is defined 8 by their work ethic. That does great harm to the students. One study found that if there wasn’t a time limit, the higher people scored on their own 9 , the more likely they were to stick to a task they will never accomplish. This is what worries me most about valuing perseverance above all else: It can motivate people to stick with a bad 10 instead of developing better ones. With students, a textbook example is pulling all-nighters rather than spacing out their studying over a few days. Teachers and parents owe kids a more 11 message. There’s a reason we award Olympic medals to the athletes who swim the fastest, not the ones who train the hardest. Motivation is only one of multiple variables (变量) in the achievement equation (等式). Ability, opportunity and luck 12 , too. The ideal 13 to a disappointing grade is not to complain that your diligence wasn’t rewarded. It’s to ask how you could make your investment 14 better. Trying harder isn’t always the answer. Sometimes it’s working smarter, and other times it’s working on something else altogether. Every teacher should support students to succeed. In my classes, I make it clear that my goal is to give as many A’s as possible. But they’re earned through mastering all. The true 15 of learning is not the time and energy you put in. It’s the knowledge and skills you take out. 1．A．industriousness B．engagement C．morality D．excellence 2．A．doing well B．showing up C．nodding off D．burning out 3．A．misunderstanding B．stretching C．extinction D．emergence 4．A．creates B．restores C．stocks D．hurts 5．A．intangible B．attainable C．preservable D．valuable 6．A．fearful B．sentimental C．dreary D．important 7．A．Therefore B．Otherwise C．However D．Besides 8．A．barely B．initially C．primarily D．proportionately 9．A．grit B．education C．adaptability D．intellect 10．A．tendency B．strategy C．motive D．criterion 11．A．balanced B．universal C．motivational D．random 12．A．vary B．arise C．count D．interfere 13．A．switch B．response C．obstacle D．access 14．A．run out B．drop in C．catch on D．pay off 15．A．measurement B．significance C．theory D．reward 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D 5．B 6．D 7．C 8．C 9．A 10．B 11．A 12．C 13．B 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者结合自己最近在教学中听到学生对成绩抱怨的经历，探讨了教育不应仅以努力程度作为评分标准，卓越的成果才是获得高分的正当理由，指出过度强调努力反而会让学生陷入低效策略，平衡看待能力、方法和机会才是关键。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：高分代表优秀，而不是坚韧。A. industriousness勤勉；B. engagement参与；C. morality道德；D. excellence优秀。根据下文“an A required great work”可知，得A需要出色的工作，因此高分代表的是优秀。故选D。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在调查中，三分之二的大学生表示，“努力”应该是他们成绩的一个因素，三分之一的人认为，他们应该至少得到一个B，因为他们在（大多数）课程中都出现了。A. doing well表现好；B. showing up出现；C. nodding off打瞌睡；D. burning out精疲力竭。根据上文“Yet today, many students expect to be rewarded for the quantity of their effort rather than the quality of their knowledge.”可知，许多学生期望根据他们努力的数量而不是知识的质量得到奖励，因此其想法会是因为在课程中出现而至少得到一个B。故选B。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是对最流行的教育理论之一的误解的结果。A. misunderstanding误解；B. stretching延伸；C. extinction灭绝；D. emergence出现。根据下文“____7____, the problem is that we’ve taken the practice of celebrating hard work. We are treating it as an end in itself.”可知，我们已经养成了庆祝辛勤工作的习惯，把它本身看作是目的，这是对教育理论的误解。故选A。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：赞扬孩子的能力会伤害他们的韧性，使他们更有可能在遇到挫折时放弃。A. creates创造；B. restores恢复；C. stocks储存；D. hurts伤害。根据下文“making them more likely to give up when they encountered setbacks”可知，这会让孩子更有可能在遇到挫折时放弃，因此是指伤害他们的韧性。故选D。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：为了在挑战面前坚持和学习，孩子们需要相信能力和技能是可以获得的，而培养这种成长心态的最好方法是从赞扬智力转变为赞扬努力。A. intangible无形的；B. attainable可获得的；C. preservable可保存的；D. valuable有价值的。根据下文“this growth mindset”可知，成长心态对应的是相信能力和技能是可以获得的。故选B。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这对那些并非出生在舒适环境或没有成就记录的学生尤其重要。A. fearful害怕的；B. sentimental感伤的；C. dreary沉闷的；D. important重要的。根据下文“for students who weren’t born into comfort or don’t have a record of achievement”可知，对那些并非出生在舒适环境或没有成就记录的学生而言，奖励努力从而培养强烈的职业道德，并加强学习是很重要的。故选D。 7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，问题是我们已经养成了庆祝辛勤工作的习惯。A. Therefore因此；B. Otherwise否则；C. However然而；D. Besides此外。根据上文“Psychologists have long found that rewarding effort cultivates a strong work ethic and reinforces learning.”和下文“the problem is that we’ve taken the practice of celebrating hard work”可知，前面肯定奖励努力的意义，后面指出我们面临的问题，前后是转折关系，应用However“然而”衔接。故选C。 8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我们教育了一代孩子，他们的价值主要是由他们的职业道德来定义的。A. barely几乎不；B. initially最初地；C. primarily主要地；D. proportionately成比例地。根据上文“We are treating it as an end in itself.”可知，我们把庆祝辛勤工作本身看作是目的，这会导致让孩子们认为他们的价值主要是由职业道德来定义的。故选C。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一项研究发现，如果没有时间限制，人们在自己的毅力上得分越高，他们就越有可能坚持完成一项他们永远无法完成的任务。A. grit毅力；B. education教育；C. adaptability适应性；D. intellect智力。根据下文“This is what worries me most about valuing perseverance above all else”可知，作者很担心把毅力看得比什么都重要这件事，因此是指在自己的毅力上得分越高。故选A。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：把毅力看得比什么都重要，这是我最担心的：它会促使人们坚持一个糟糕的策略，而不是发展出更好的策略。A. tendency趋势；B. strategy策略；C. motive动机；D. criterion标准。根据下文“With students, a textbook example is pulling all-nighters rather than spacing out their studying over a few days.”可知，后面举出学生通宵学习而非在几天内分开学习的例子，这是他们对待学习的策略，因此是指会促使人们坚持一个糟糕的策略。故选B。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：老师和家长应该给孩子一个更平衡的讯息。A. balanced平衡的；B. universal普遍的；C. motivational激励的；D. random随机的。根据下文“There’s a reason we award Olympic medals to the athletes who swim the fastest, not the ones who train the hardest. Motivation is only one of multiple variables (变量) in the achievement equation (等式).”可知，奖牌奖励的是卓越的表现，而非仅仅是刻苦的训练，影响成就的变量很多，动机只是其中一个，因此是指给孩子一个更平衡的关于成就的讯息。故选A。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：能力、机会和运气也很重要。A. vary变化；B. arise出现；C. count重要；D. interfere干扰。根据上文“Motivation is only one of multiple variables (变量) in the achievement equation (等式).”可知，影响成就的变量很多，能力、机会和运气也很重要。故选C。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：面对令人失望的成绩，理想的反应不是抱怨你的勤奋没有得到回报。A. switch切换；B. response反应；C. obstacle障碍；D. access使用权。根据下文“not to complain that your diligence wasn’t rewarded”可知，抱怨勤奋没有得到回报不是面对令人失望的成绩的理想反应。故选B。 14．考查动词短语辨析。句意：而是问你如何才能让你的投入取得更好的效果。A. run out用完；B. drop in顺访；C. catch on流行；D. pay off取得好效果。根据此处是讨论如何取得更好的成就的情境，以及上文“how you could make your investment”可知，学生需要思考的是如何才能让投入更好地奏效，即取得更好的效果。故选D。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：学习的真正衡量标准不是你投入的时间和精力。A. measurement衡量；B. significance意义；C. theory理论；D. reward奖励。根据上文“In my classes, I make it clear that my goal is to give as many A’s as possible. But they’re earned through mastering all.”可知，A是通过掌握所有技能而获得的，因此是指学习的真正衡量标准不是投入的时间和精力。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期末）You’re a planner. You have your calendar color-coded, dinner reservations booked a month 1 , and you know exactly what you’ll be doing on your next vacation. You meet someone who’s all about “going with the flow,” a non-planner who seldom makes a to-do list. Can a planner and a non-planner live together happily? The short answer is yes. But both need to 2 and meet halfway.   It’s important to note that many successful relationships involve 3 . Planners bring structure, 4 and the comfort of predictability. Non-planners bring flexibility, adaptability and ways to handle the unexpected.   It’s no surprise that good communication is key in any relationship, especially between planners and free spirits. Planners may long for a sense of order and 5 about what’s coming up, while the non-planners prefer going with the moment. This doesn’t have to be a source of 6 . Instead, it can be an opportunity to discuss expectations openly.   While it’s true that no one should have to change their 7 to make a relationship work, compromise (妥协) can help. Rather than expecting anyone to 8 adopt the other’s way of doing things, consider finding a middle ground. For example, maybe the planner takes charge of the essentials, like booking a hotel for a weekend getaway, while the non-planner is free to suggest day-of activities 9 what feels right in the moment.   Planners might discover that they actually enjoy a touch of the unexpected. While unplanned moments can feel unsettling, they often lead to 10 experiences. Planners may also realize that they’re less 11 if they can let go a little, especially for small things.   12 , non-planners may see planning isn’t so bad. Having a few things set up can feel easier. And for big decisions, it’s reassuring to have a(n) 13 partner.   Even with understanding and compromise, your differences will sometimes 14 each other. When that happens, take a step back and remember what you appreciate about your partner’s style. These moments are normal -- they can actually 15 the strengths each of you bring to the partnership.   So, can opposites work? Yes, if you respect each other, stay open-minded, and find balance. The best relationships often are the ones that challenge us to see things from a new perspective. 1．A．in advance B．in person C．in detail D．in secret 2．A．justify B．guarantee C．adapt D．intervene 3．A．comments B．expectations C．sacrifices D．opposites 4．A．creativity B．reliability C．uncertainty D．popularity 5．A．clarity B．complaint C．concern D．argument 6．A．strength B．confusion C．happiness D．conflict 7．A．personality B．identity C．appearance D．background 8．A．doubtfully B．randomly C．fully D．blindly 9．A．separated from B．based on C．engaged in D．composed of 10．A．unforgettable B．unavoidable C．unavailable D．unbearable 11．A．fulfilled B．depressed C．confused D．stressed 12．A．On the other side B．On the contrary C．As a result D．In addition 13．A．talented B．qualified C．organized D．devoted 14．A．inspire B．annoy C．comfort D．unite 15．A．neglect B．weaken C．highlight D．preserve 【答案】 1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 5．A 6．D 7．A 8．C 9．B 10．A 11．D 12．A 13．C 14．B 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨规划者和非规划者能否和谐共处，指出双方需相互适应、妥协并找到平衡。 1．考查介词短语辨析。句意：你有一个彩色编码的日历，提前一个月预订晚餐，并且清楚地知道下一个假期要做什么。A. in advance提前；B. in person亲自；C. in detail详细地；D. in secret秘密地。根据上文“You’re a planner.”以及下文的“and you know exactly what you’ll be doing on your next vacation”可知，作为规划者，还准确知道自己下一个假期要做什么，由此可知，规划者会“提前”一个月预订晚餐。故选A项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但双方都需要适应并折中。A. justify证明……有理；B. guarantee保证；C. adapt适应；D. intervene干预。根据下文“and meet halfway”可知，双方需要适应并折中。故选C项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：值得注意的是，许多成功的关系都涉及对立面。A. comments评论；B. expectations期望；C. sacrifices牺牲；D. opposites对立面。根据下文“Planners bring structure, ___4___ and the comfort of predictability. Non-planners bring flexibility, adaptability and ways to handle the unexpected.”可知，规划者和非规划者是对立面，许多成功的关系都涉及“对立面”符合语境。故选D项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：规划者带来结构、可靠性和可预测性的舒适感。A. creativity创造力；B. reliability可靠性；C. uncertainty不确定性；D. popularity受欢迎。根据上文“Planners bring structure”以及下文的“Non-planners bring flexibility, adaptability and ways to handle the unexpected.”可知，此处与下文的内容的对立面，由此可知，规划者带来结构，“可靠性”和可预测性的舒适感，符合语境。故选B项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：规划者可能渴望一种秩序感和对即将发生的事情的清晰认识，而非规划者更喜欢随波逐流。A. clarity清晰；B. complaint抱怨；C. concern关心；D. argument争论。根据上文“Planners may long for a sense of order”可知，规划者渴望秩序感，由此可知，此处表示对即将发生事情的“清晰”认识，符合语境。故选A项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这不一定是冲突的根源。A. strength力量；B. confusion困惑；C. happiness幸福；D. conflict冲突。根据下文“Instead, it can be an opportunity to discuss expectations openly.”可知，这不一定是冲突的根源，相反是公开讨论期望的机会。故选D项。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然没有人应该为了维持一段关系而改变自己的个性，但是妥协是有帮助的。A. personality个性；B. identity身份；C. appearance外表；D. background背景。根据下文“compromise (妥协) can help.”可知，没有人应该为了维持关系而改变“个性”，但是妥协有帮助。故选A项。 8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：与其期望任何人完全采用对方的做事方式，不如考虑找到一个中间立场。A. doubtfully怀疑地；B. randomly随意地；C. fully完全地；D. blindly盲目地。根据下文“consider finding a middle ground”可知，不要期望任何人“完全”采用对方的做事方式，而是找中间立场。故选C项。 9．考查动词短语辨析。句意：例如，或许可以让规划者负责关键事务，比如为周末度假预订酒店，而不擅长规划的人则可以自由根据当下的感觉建议当天的活动。A. separated from与……分离；B. based on基于；C. engaged in从事；D. composed of由……组成。根据上文的“the non-planner is free to suggest day-of activities”与下文“what feels right in the moment”可知，非规划者的建议“基于”当下的感觉。故选B项。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然计划外的时刻可能会让人不安，但它们往往会带来难忘的经历。A. unforgettable难忘的；B. unavoidable不可避免的；C. unavailable难以获得的；D. unbearable难以忍受的。根据上文“Planners might discover that they actually enjoy a touch of the unexpected.”可知，计划外的时刻会带来“难忘的”经历，符合语境。故选A项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：规划者可能还会意识到，如果他们能稍微放手，尤其是在小事上，他们的压力会更小。A. fulfilled满足的；B. depressed沮丧的；C. confused困惑的；D. stressed有压力的。根据上文的“Planners might discover that they actually enjoy a touch of the unexpected.”可知，规划者很享受那种意外之喜，结合下文“if they can let go a little, especially for small things”可推断，此处指的是规划者稍微放手，“压力”会更小。故选D项。 12．考查介词短语辨析。句意：另一方面，非规划者可能会发现规划并不是那么糟糕。A. On the other side另一方面；B. On the contrary相反；C. As a result结果；D. In addition此外。根据上文“Planners might discover that they actually enjoy a touch of the unexpected.”可知，上文介绍了规划者的一些看法，结合下文“non-planners may see planning isn’t so bad.”可知，这里从另一方面说明非规划者的看法。故选A项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对于重大决定，有一个有条理的伴侣是令人放心的。A. talented有天赋的；B. qualified有资格的；C. organized有条理的；D. devoted忠诚的。根据上文“Planners bring structure, __4___ and the comfort of predictability.”可知，规划者是有条理的，所以对于重大决定，有个“有条理的”伴侣令人放心。故选C项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：即使有了理解和妥协，你们的分歧有时也会惹恼对方。A. inspire激励；B. annoy惹恼；C. comfort安慰；D. unite团结。根据下文“When that happens, take a step back and remember what you appreciate about your partner’s style.”可知，分歧有时会“惹恼”对方，这时要退一步。故选B项。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些时刻是正常的——它们实际上可以突出你们各自为这段关系带来的优势。A. neglect忽视；B. weaken削弱；C. highlight突出；D. preserve保护。根据下文“the strengths each of you bring to the partnership”可知，这些时刻能“突出”双方为关系带来的优势。故选C项。 Passage 3 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）Pursuing a “Useless” Degree At university, when I told people I was studying for a history degree, the response was almost always the same: “You want to be a teacher?” “No, a journalist.” “Oh. But you’re not 1 in communications?” In the days when a university education was a privilege, perhaps there wasn’t the 2 that a degree had to be a springboard (跳板) directly into a career. Those days are long gone. Today, a degree is almost a (n) 3 for the job market, one that more than halves your chances of being unemployed. Still, that alone is no 4 of a job — and yet we’re paying more and more for one. Given those costs, most of us want to maximize the return on that 5 — and that can lead to a materialistic approach to higher education. Want to be a journalist? Study journalism, we’re told. A lawyer? Pursue law. Not totally sure? Go into STEM — you can become an engineer or an IT expert. And no matter what you do, 6 the humanities, such as history, philosophy and languages. It’s true that the humanities come with a higher risk of unemployment, but the risk is 7 than you would imagine. For young people in the U.S., the unemployment rate of those with humanities degrees is four percent, just a little more than that of engineering degree holders. What’s more, lower 8 may not be caused by the degree itself either since the gender pay gap 9 in the humanities whose graduates are more likely to be female. So it comes as no surprise that 10 tend to earn less than engineers. According to LinkedIn’s research on the most 11 job skills by employers for 2019, the ability to communicate and get along with people, to understand what’s on other people’s minds, and to do full-strength critical analysis were all valued and appreciated across almost all industries. It goes without saying that even without a humanities degree, you can still be a (n) 12 communicator and critical thinker. Therefore, any good university education, not just one in English or psychology, should 13 these abilities further. But few courses of study are quite as 14 on reading, writing, speaking and critical thinking as the humanities — whether that’s by debating other students in a seminar (研讨会), writing a thesis paper or analyzing poetry. The whole question of whether a student should choose STEM or the humanities might be 15 to begin with. Whatever a student pursues in university, it must be something that they are not only good at, but interested in. Even if it means pursuing a “useless” degree — like one in humanities. 1．A．believing B．leading C．majoring D．participating 2．A．assumption B．explanation C．judgment D．intention 3．A．luxury B．choice C．necessity D．tool 4．A．concern B．guarantee C．indication D．shortage 5．A．achievement B．investment C．punishment D．requirement 6．A．consider B．forget C．notice D．remember 7．A．bigger B．rarer C．severer D．smaller 8．A．salaries B．scores C．spending D．status 9．A．assists B．consists C．persists D．resists 10．A．chemists B．lawyers C．IT experts D．English teachers 11．A．built-in B．grown-up C．missed-out D．sought-after 12．A．amusing B．excellent C．nervous D．poor 13．A．fasten B．sharpen C．weaken D．worsen 14．A．hard B．fixed C．heavy D．soft 15．A．important B．misguided C．challenging D．miserable 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．B 6．B 7．D 8．A 9．C 10．D 11．D 12．B 13．B 14．C 15．B 【导语】文章围绕人文学科价值展开论述，批判当下唯功利化的择校观念，反驳人文学科专业无用、失业风险高、薪资低的片面看法，阐明人文学科在培养沟通、思辨等核心职场能力上的优势，倡导大学生结合自身特长与兴趣选择专业。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：哦。但你没在学传媒学啊？A. believing相信；B. leading引领；C. majoring主修；D. participating参与。根据上文““You want to be a teacher?” “No, a journalist.””以及下文“communications”可知，上文说的是作者攻读历史学位，不是想当老师而是想当记者，下文提到了传媒学，由此推断此处询问为什么想当记者却没主修传播学。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在大学教育还是一种特权的年代，人们或许不会想当然认为学位必须是直接踏入职场的跳板。A. assumption设想、固有看法；B. explanation解释；C. judgment判断；D. intention意图。根据下文“a degree had to be a springboard (跳板) directly into a career”可知，下文提到了学位必须是直接踏入职场的跳板，这里说的是一种固有的看法。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如今，学历几乎是进入就业市场的必需品，它能让失业概率降低一半以上。A. luxury奢侈品；B. choice选择；C. necessity必需品；D. tool工具。根据下文“one that more than halves your chances of being unemployed”可知，下文说的是它能让失业概率降低一半以上，可推理出此处说的是学历几乎是进入就业市场的必需品。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：即便如此，单凭学历并不能保证获得一份工作，可我们却在高等教育上花费越来越多。A. concern担忧；B. guarantee保证；C. indication迹象；D. shortage短缺。根据下文“and yet we’re paying more and more for one”可知，下文提到了我们却在高等教育上花费越来越多，可推理出此处说的是单凭学历并不能保证获得一份工作。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：考虑到高昂的成本，大多数人都想要最大化这笔投入的回报。A. achievement成就；B. investment投资；C. punishment惩罚；D. requirement要求。根据上文“and yet we’re paying more and more for one”可知，上文提到了我们却在高等教育上花费越来越多，可推理出此处说的是大多数人都想要最大化这笔投入的回报。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：无论如何，都要舍弃历史、哲学、语言这类人文学科。A. consider考虑；B. forget舍弃、抛开；C. notice注意；D. remember铭记。根据上文“Want to be a journalist? Study journalism, we’re told. A lawyer? Pursue law. Not totally sure? Go into STEM—you can become an engineer or an IT expert”可知，上文说的是想当记者，我们被告知要学新闻专业。想当律师，那就攻读法律。如果还不完全确定，那就投身STEM领域——你可以成为工程师或IT专家。可推知此处说的是在功利化观念下，人们只推荐实用型专业，排斥人文学科。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：诚然，人文学科存在更高的失业风险，但这种风险远比人们想象的要低。A. bigger更大的；B. rarer更稀少的；C. severer更严重的；D. smaller更小的。根据下文“the unemployment rate of those with humanities degrees is four percent, just a little more than that of engineering degree holders”可知，下文说的是人文学科毕业生的失业率为4%，仅略高于工程学学位持有者，可推理出此处说的是人文学科失业风险并没有普遍认知中那么高。“smaller更小的”符合语境。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：此外，偏低的薪资水平也并非是人文学科本身造成的，因为性别薪酬差距在人文学科领域一直存在，该专业毕业生中女性占比更高。A. salaries薪资；B. scores分数；C. spending开销；D. status地位。根据下文“tend to earn less than engineers”可知，下文提到了赚钱多少的问题，可推理出此处说的是偏低的薪资水平也并非是人文学科本身造成的。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. assists协助；B. consists组成；C. persists持续存在；D. resists抵抗。根据上文“the gender pay gap”以及下文“in the humanities”可知，上文说的是性别薪酬差距，下文提到了人文学科，可推理出此处说的是性别薪酬差距在人文学科领域一直存在。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，这类人文学科从业者收入普遍低于工程师也就不足为奇了。A. chemists化学家；B. lawyers律师；C. IT experts信息技术专员；D. English teachers英语教师。前文重点讨论人文学科，英语教师属于典型人文类职业，契合文章讨论范畴。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据领英针对2019年雇主最迫切需求的职场技能所开展的研究，沟通与人际交往能力、洞察他人想法的能力，以及深度的批判性分析能力，在几乎所有行业中都备受重视与认可。A. built-in内置的；B. grown-up成熟的；C. missed-out被遗漏的；D. sought-after备受追捧的。根据下文“the ability to communicate and get along with people, to understand what’s on other people’s minds, and to do full-strength critical analysis were all valued and appreciated across almost all industries”可知，下文说的是沟通与人际交往能力、洞察他人想法的能力，以及深度的批判性分析能力，在几乎所有行业中都备受重视与认可，可推理出此处说的是领英针对2019年雇主最迫切需求的职场技能所开展的研究。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：毋庸置疑，即便没有人文专业学历，人们依旧可以成为优秀的沟通者与思辨者。A. amusing有趣的；B. excellent优秀的；C. nervous紧张的；D. poor糟糕的。根据下文“any good university education”可知，下文提到优质的大学教育，可推理出此处说的是优秀的沟通技能。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，所有优质的大学教育，都应进一步提升学生的这类综合能力。A. fasten加固；B. sharpen提升、磨练；C. weaken削弱；D. worsen恶化。根据上文“any good university education”可知，上文提到了优质大学教育，可推理出此处说的是优质大学教育应该提升这些能力。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但几乎没有哪个专业能像人文学科一样，高度侧重读写、表达与批判性思维的训练。A. hard困难的；B. fixed固定的；C. heavy大量的、侧重的；D. soft温和的。根据下文“reading, writing, speaking and critical thinking”以及“the humanities”可知，下文提到了读写、表达与批判性思维的训练，还提到了人文学科，可推理出此处说的是人文学科高度侧重读写、表达与批判性思维的训练。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：从根源来看，纠结选择理工科还是人文学科本身就是一种错误的想法。A. important重要的；B. misguided被误导的、错误的；C. challenging有挑战的；D. miserable悲惨的。根据下文“Whatever a student pursues in university, it must be something that they are not only good at, but interested in. Even if it means pursuing a “useless” degree—like one in humanities”可知，下文说的是无论大学生攻读何种专业，都必须是他们不仅擅长，而且感兴趣的方向。即便这意味着要攻读像人文学科这样所谓的‘无用’学位，也在所不惜，可推理出此处说的是从根源来看，纠结选择理工科还是人文学科本身就是一种错误的想法。 Passage 4 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）The sudden death of Zhang Xuefeng has pushed him into the centre of public debate. For many Chinese students and parents, he was not merely an internet educator. He was also a powerful symbol of a highly 1 age, in which college majors were judged mainly by salary, stability, and the chance of entering the civil service. This is why the debate around him should not end with 2 alone. The real question is whether choosing a university major must be as utilitarian (pursuing investment pay-offs) as he often suggested. Zhang became famous partly because he spoke in a direct and practical way. His remarks on journalism and his claim that “liberal arts are all service industries” caused strong 3 , and he later apologized. Yet these remarks also won support from many anxious families, because they seemed to offer clear answers in a(n) 4 world. To be fair, a practical view of education is not entirely wrong. For many ordinary families, especially those without much social capital, a college major is not a(n) 5 choice. It is closely connected with future income, employment pressure, and class mobility. In such cases, it is 6 that parents care about whether a subject can lead to a stable job. A poor family may simply not have the luxury to treat higher education as a(n) 7 adventure. In this sense, Zhang did meet a real social need: he turned hidden information into public advice, and he gave many families a sense of direction when they felt lost. 8 , practicality should not become the only standard. The problem with extreme utilitarianism is that it reduces knowledge to a mere tool and turns students into machines designed for the 9 market. A major is then valued only by one question: “Will it help me get a job quickly?” But society changes too fast for such calculations to remain 10 . Today’s “safe” major may be overcrowded tomorrow; today’s “useless” field may become newly 11 in a different economic or cultural climate. If everyone rushes toward the same options, the result may be not security, but another form of competition and disappointment. More importantly, education should do more than produce 12 . Literature, history, philosophy, journalism, and other humanities subjects may not always lead directly to high salaries, but they help people understand society, language, memory, justice, and the meaning of human life. Without such training, a person may become efficient, yet remain intellectually 13 . A society that laughs at all “useless” knowledge may lose the ability to reflect on itself. Therefore, college-major selection should be practical, but not blindly utilitarian. Students must consider jobs and reality, yet they should also consider interest, ability, and the deeper value of knowledge. Zhang Xuefeng’s popularity showed the anxiety of the age; his death now reminds us of something else: life is short, and education should not be reduced to nothing more than a race for 14 return. Between dream and survival, what young people need is not one extreme or the other, but a wiser 15 . 1．A．developed B．competitive C．digitised D．globalised 2．A．morality B．personality C．employment D．mourning 3．A．approval B．embarrassment C．controversy D．reflection 4．A．uncertain B．diverse C．unique D．massive 5．A．subjective B．abstract C．habitual D．psychological 6．A．regrettable B．understandable C．questionable D．admirable 7．A．rewarding B．commercial C．strategic D．romantic 8．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．However D．Furthermore 9．A．labour B．academic C．consumer D．financial 10．A．changeable B．beneficial C．flexible D．reliable 11．A．innovative B．irreplaceable C．demanding D．irreversible 12．A．workers B．scientists C．adventurers D．creators 13．A．productive B．instructive C．reflective D．passive 14．A．profitable B．immediate C．marginal D．successive 15．A．balance B．escape C．alternative D．pursuit 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．B 6．B 7．D 8．C 9．A 10．D 11．B 12．A 13．D 14．B 15．A 【导语】文章主要讲述了张雪峰之死引发的关于大学专业选择应实用但不应盲目功利化的讨论。 1．考查形容词。句意：对于许多中国学生和家长来说，他不仅仅是一个网络教育者，他还是一个高度竞争时代的有力象征，在这个时代，大学专业主要通过薪资、稳定性和进入公务员系统的机会来评判。A. developed发达的；B. competitive竞争的；C. digitised数字化的；D. globalised全球化的。根据后文“in which college majors were judged mainly by salary, stability, and the chance of entering the civil service”可知，大学专业主要通过薪资、稳定性和进入公务员系统的机会来评判，可见这是一个竞争激烈的时代。 2．考查名词。句意：这就是为什么围绕他的争论不应该仅仅以哀悼告终。A. morality道德；B. personality个性；C. employment就业；D. mourning哀悼。根据前文“The sudden death of Zhang Xuefeng has pushed him into the centre of public debate.”可知，张雪峰的突然去世使他成为公众辩论的中心，所以此处指围绕他的争论不应该仅仅以哀悼告终。 3．考查名词。句意：他对新闻学的评论以及他声称“文科都是服务业”引起了强烈争议，后来他道歉了。A. approval批准；B. embarrassment尴尬；C. controversy争议；D. reflection反思。根据前文“His remarks on journalism and his claim that “liberal arts are all service industries” caused strong”和后文“and he later apologized”可知，他后来道歉了，说明他的“文科都是服务业”言论引起了争议。 4．考查形容词。句意：然而，这些言论也得到了许多焦虑家庭的支持，因为它们似乎在一个不确定的世界中提供了明确的答案。A. uncertain不确定的；B. diverse多样的；C. unique独特的；D. massive巨大的。根据上文“won support from many anxious families”可知，这些言论得到了许多焦虑家庭的支持，说明这个世界是不确定的，所以人们需要明确的答案。 5．考查形容词。句意：对许多普通家庭，尤其是那些没有多少社会资本的家庭来说，大学专业不是一个抽象的选择。A. subjective主观的；B. abstract抽象的；C. habitual习惯的；D. psychological心理的。根据后文“It is closely connected with future income, employment pressure, and class mobility.”可知，大学专业与未来收入、就业压力和阶级流动性密切相关，所以这不是一个抽象的选择。 6．考查形容词。句意：在这种情况下，父母关心一门学科是否能带来稳定的工作是可以理解的。A. regrettable遗憾的；B. understandable可理解的；C. questionable可疑的；D. admirable令人钦佩的。根据前文“It is closely connected with future income, employment pressure, and class mobility.”可知，大学专业与未来收入、就业压力和阶级流动性密切相关，所以父母关心学科是否能带来稳定的工作是可以理解的。 7．考查形容词。句意：一个贫穷的家庭可能根本没有奢侈把高等教育当作一次浪漫的冒险。A. rewarding有回报的；B. commercial商业的；C. strategic战略的；D. romantic浪漫的。根据前文“A poor family may simply not have the luxury”可知，贫穷的家庭没有奢侈，所以他们不会把高等教育当作一次浪漫的冒险。 8．考查副词。句意：然而，实用性不应该成为唯一的标准。A. Therefore因此；B. Moreover此外；C. However然而；D. Furthermore此外。根据后文“practicality should not become the only standard”可知，前文认可务实选专业有合理性，后文说务实不应成为唯一标准，前后转折关系，用However。 9．考查名词。句意：极端功利主义的问题在于，它把知识仅仅当作一种工具，把学生变成专为劳动力市场设计的机器。A. labour劳动力；B. academic学术；C. consumer消费者；D. financial金融。根据前文“turns students into machines”可知，学生被变成机器，说明这是为劳动力市场设计的。 10．考查形容词。句意：但社会变化太快，这样的计算无法保持可靠。A. changeable可变的；B. beneficial有益的；C. flexible灵活的；D. reliable可靠的。根据前文“society changes too fast”可知，社会变化太快，所以这样的计算无法保持可靠。 11．考查形容词。句意：如今热门稳妥的专业，明天可能就会人满为患；当下看似“无用”的领域，在不同经济与文化环境下，或许会变得无可替代。A. innovative创新的；B. irreplaceable不可替代的；C. demanding要求高的；D. irreversible不可逆转的。根据前文“Today’s “safe” major may be overcrowded tomorrow; today’s “useless” field may become newly”和下文“If everyone rushes toward the same options, the result may be not security, but another form of competition and disappointment.”可知，如果所有人都扎堆涌向同一个选择，结果往往不是安稳稳妥，而是另一种内卷竞争与失望落空。所以当下看似“无用”的领域，在不同经济与文化环境下，或许会变得无可替代。 12．考查名词。句意：更重要的是，教育应该做的不仅仅是培养工人。A. workers工人；B. scientists科学家；C. adventurers冒险家；D. creators创造者。根据前文将大学专业和工作收入相联系的观点和后文“Literature, history, philosophy, journalism, and other humanities subjects may not always lead directly to high salaries”可知，文学、历史、哲学、新闻学和其他人文学科可能并不总是直接带来高薪，说明教育不仅仅是为了培养工人。 13．考查形容词。句意：没有这样的训练，一个人可能会变得高效，但在智力上仍然是被动的。A. productive多产的；B. instructive有启发性的；C. reflective反思的；D. passive被动的。根据前文“a person may become efficient, yet remain intellectually”可知，一个人可能会变得高效，但在智力上没有受到启发，所以仍然是被动的。 14．考查形容词。句意：生命短暂，教育不应沦为一场只为追求即时回报的竞赛。A. profitable有利可图的；B. immediate立即的；C. marginal边缘的；D. successive连续的。根据前文“education should not be reduced to nothing more than a race”可知，教育不应沦为一场竞赛，说明不是为了追求即时回报。 15．考查名词。句意：在梦想和生存之间，年轻人需要的不是非此即彼，而是一种更明智的平衡。A. balance平衡；B. escape逃跑；C. alternative替代品；D. pursuit追求。根据前文“not one extreme or the other”可知，年轻人需要不走极端，做出明智的平衡。 Passage 5 （25-26高二下·上海嘉定·期中）All that chatter on social media may be more valuable than we think, say researchers who are 1 the postings for clues about how to best control infectious disease. According to the researchers, who reported their findings in the journal Science, applying mathematical models to what people are talking about on Facebook and Twitter could help scientists to better understand how contagious (感染的) diseases spread, and how people react to 2 . “Social media and other data sources can be used for 3 into how people will react when faced with a new disease control measure or the threat of infectious disease,” study author Chris Bauch, a professor of Applied Mathematics at the University of Waterloo, said in a statement. “We can create 4 from this data that allows researchers to observe how social contagion networks 5 better-known biological contagion networks.” What people 6 on social media can sometimes predict the spread of ideas about diseases like the flu, for example, or beliefs about vaccinations. The researchers looked at the social media reactions to 7 like childhood immunizations and public health messages related to infections like influenza. “If highly 8 people in the social network (such as celebrities) suggest that the vaccine carries risks, the resulting understanding of vaccine risks can spread quickly through the social network, 9 a vaccine scare and a (n) 10 in vaccine coverage,” they write. 11 , such social connectivity can also help to 12 biological contagion through 13 or culturally promoted behaviors, like covering your mouth when you cough. Bauch and his co-author Alison Galvani from Yale University argue that social media should get more attention as a means of judging how people will respond to disease control measures. Collecting data from social networks could be used to understand behavior, and predict how a population may 14 to control measures, which is valuable for public health workers. The researchers are continuing to study how social media can 15 together both social contagion and biological contagion networks to better predict how diseases spread — and how to stop them. 1．A．underlying B．mining C．burying D．drawing 2．A．outcomes B．outlets C．outbreaks D．outlooks 3．A．insight B．implication C．investigation D．application 4．A．charts B．models C．methods D．wonders 5．A．couple with B．interfere with C．mix with D．interact with 6．A．update B．act C．share D．comment 7．A．issues B．examples C．tips D．trends 8．A．acknowledged B．connected C．respected D．scolded 9．A．fueling B．accumulating C．removing D．stimulating 10．A．increase B．urge C．recovery D．drop 11．A．Nevertheless B．Moreover C．Virtually D．Accordingly 12．A．spread B．prevent C．accelerate D．affect 13．A．imitated B．intended C．motivated D．inherited 14．A．agree B．adapt C．appeal D．respond 15．A．employ B．analyze C．relate D．tie 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．D 6．C 7．A 8．B 9．A 10．D 11．A 12．B 13．A 14．D 15．D 【导语】文章主要介绍了研究人员通过挖掘社交媒体上的帖子来寻找关于如何最好地控制传染病的线索，并阐述了社交媒体在预测疾病传播和人们反应方面的作用。 1．考查动词。句意：研究人员正在挖掘这些发帖内容，寻找最佳管控传染病的线索，他们表示社交媒体上的各类讨论或许比我们想象中更有价值。A. underlying构成…… 的基础；B. mining挖掘；C. burying埋葬；D. drawing画。根据下文“the postings for clues about how to best control infectious disease”可知，研究人员搜集挖掘社交平台信息。 2．考查名词。句意：根据发表在《科学》杂志上的研究结果，研究人员表示，将数学模型应用于人们在Facebook和Twitter上的言论，可以帮助科学家更好地了解传染病的传播方式，以及人们对疫情爆发的反应。A. outcomes结果；B. outlets出口；C. outbreaks（疾病）爆发；D. outlooks展望。根据上文“how contagious (感染的) diseases spread”可知，此处指人们对传染病爆发的反应，固定搭配disease outbreaks意为“疫情爆发”。 3．考查名词。句意：社交媒体及其他数据来源可用于深入了解人们面对新型防疫措施或传染病威胁时的反应。A. insight深刻了解、洞悉；B. implication暗示；C. investigation调查；D. application应用。根据下文“into how people will react”可知，社交媒体和其他数据来源可以提供深入了解人们反应的途径。insight into为固定短语，意为“对……的深入了解”。 4．考查名词。句意：我们可以依托这些数据建立模型，让研究人员更清晰地观察社会传播网络与广为人知的生物传染网络之间如何相互影响。A. charts图表；B. models模型；C. methods方法；D. wonders奇迹。根据上文“applying mathematical models”可知，上下文多次提及科研使用模型分析数据，此处是信息词models的词汇复现。 5．考查动词短语。句意同上。A. couple with与……结合；B. interfere with干扰；C. mix with与……混合；D. interact with与……相互作用。根据上文“social contagion networks”和下文“biological contagion networks”可知，文章研究两种传播网络的相互影响与联系。 6．考查动词。句意：例如，人们在社交媒体上分享的内容，有时能够预测流感等疾病相关观念的传播趋势，或是大众对疫苗接种的看法。A. update更新；B. act行动；C. share分享；D. comment评论。根据下文“on social media”可知，人们在社交平台分享观点、内容，share贴合日常网络行为。 7．考查名词。句意：研究人员分析了网民针对儿童疫苗接种、流感感染相关公共卫生宣传等公共卫生议题的社交媒体反应。A. issues议题，公共问题；B. examples例子；C. tips提示；D. trends趋势。根据下文“childhood immunizations and public health messages related to infections like influenza”可知，疫苗接种和公共卫生都属于社会公共议题。 8．考查形容词。句意：研究人员写道：“社交网络中人脉广泛的关键人物（如名人）若宣称疫苗存在风险，这种疫苗风险认知会在社交网络中迅速扩散，加剧疫苗恐慌，造成疫苗接种率下降。” A. acknowledged公认的；B. connected人脉广的、社交联结强的；C. respected受尊敬的；D. scolded被斥责的。根据下文“in the social network (such as celebrities)”可知，名人在社交网络中联结广泛、影响力大。 9．考查动词。句意同上。A. fueling加剧；B. accumulating积累；C. removing移除；D. stimulating刺激。根据上文“suggest that the vaccine carries risks”可知，负面言论会助长、加剧恐慌。 10．考查名词。句意同上。A. increase增长；B. urge强烈欲望；C. recovery恢复；D. drop下降。根据上文“a vaccine scare”可知，民众害怕疫苗，自然会减少接种，接种率下降。 11．考查副词。句意：然而，这种社会联结也能够借助模仿性行为或大众推崇的健康习惯（如咳嗽时捂住口鼻），帮助防范生物性疾病传播。A. Nevertheless然而；B. Moreover此外；C. Virtually实际上；D. Accordingly因此。上段讲社交网络的负面影响（疫苗恐慌），本段讲正面作用，上下文正反对比，为转折逻辑。 12．考查动词。句意同上。A. spread传播；B. prevent阻止；C. accelerate加速；D. affect影响。根据下文“through _____ or culturally promoted behaviors, like covering your mouth when you cough”可知，良好社交传播的健康行为，能够预防疾病传播。 13．考查动词。句意同上。A. imitated模仿；B. intended打算；C. motivated激发；D. inherited继承。根据上文“social connectivity ”和下文“or culturally promoted behaviors”可知，社交平台中健康行为会被大众模仿学习。 14．考查动词。句意：收集社交网络数据，有助于分析大众行为、预测民众对防疫举措的应对方式，这对公共卫生工作者而言意义重大。A. agree同意；B. adapt适应；C. appeal呼吁；D. respond反应。根据上文“how people will respond to disease control measures”可知，此处指预测人群可能对控制措施的反应。 15．考查动词。句意：目前，研究人员仍在持续研究如何借助社交媒体，将社会传播网络与生物传染网络紧密结合，从而更精准地预测疾病传播路径，并探索阻断疾病传播的有效方法。A. employ雇佣；B. analyze分析；C. relate联系；D. tie系。根据下文“together both social contagion and biological contagion networks”可知，此处指将两种网络联系在一起。固定搭配tie together意为“把……联系起来”。 语篇类型二: 人与社会（6篇） Passage 1 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）As a rule, friendship is considered an unalloyed good, like flowers and fresh fruit. Most people can name at least half a dozen people they 1 as reasonably good friends. Yet researchers who explore the deep nature of friendship 2 the bond can have its thorns (刺). Take the new evidence that people choose friends who 3 themselves. The tendency toward homophily (同质性), toward flocking together with birds of your inner and outer feather, gives rise to a harmonious sense of 4 . But homophily, researchers said, is also the basis of tribalism and xenophobia (仇外心理), the 5 to “otherize” those who differ from you and your beloved friends in one or more ways. “Why must it be the case that we love our own and hate the other?” Nicholas Christakis of Yale University said. “I have struggled with this, and read and studied a tremendous amount, and I have mostly 6 news. It’s awful. Xenophobia and in-group bias go hand-in-hand. It’s like, in order to 7 together, we need a common enemy.” Fortunately, he added, no model insists that the out-group must be exterminated or otherwise 8 from the scene. “It’s possible to treat the out-group with mild dislike or even grudging respect,” he said. “Cultivating in-group distinctiveness does not require that the other must be killed.” 9 , even the ordinary business of making friends is an exclusionary act and a judgement call, therefore threaded with the potential for pain. “A friendship is always a little bit of a conspiracy (阴谋),” said Alexander Nehamas, a professor of philosophy at Princeton. “We two are here, they are over there, and we’re going to do our thing whether they want us to or not. And if they try to join us, we can say, no, sorry, that seat is 10 . We’re saving it for a friend.” Who may not return the favor. Abdullah Almaatouq of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his colleagues recently showed that people are poor 11 of who their friends are. When the researchers asked 84 college students to identify which of their classmates 12 as friends, the researchers found that in half the cases, those labeled friends failed to repay the title. Friendships are also surprisingly fragile. Based on a detailed survey of 540 participants, researchers at Oxford University determined that people had a falling out with a member of their social circle about once every 7.2 months, or nearly two times annually, and that a year later 40 percent of those broken relationships remained 13 . The overall rates of friendship conflict did not differ between men and women, but women were more likely to argue with close friends, to express feelings of great suffering over the breakup, and to be more 14 of evidence of regret before settling differences. Sure, love may mean never having to say you’re sorry. But friendship is 15 , and sorry may not be enough. 1．A．appear B．know C．name D．view 2．A．admit B．adopt C．ensure D．hope 3．A．defend B．distance C．familiarize D．resemble 4．A．achievement B．belonging C．confidence D．control 5．A．ability B．chance C．freedom D．urge 6．A．dispiriting B．popular C．positive D．untrustworthy 7．A．band B．head C．live D．put 8．A．collected B．eliminated C．hidden D．transferred 9．A．Moreover B．Nevertheless C．Otherwise D．Meanwhile 10．A．covered B．locked C．removed D．taken 11．A．candidates B．judges C．listeners D．models 12．A．disguised B．qualified C．remained D．served 13．A．unattached B．unprepared C．unhealed D．unproven 14．A．demanding B．deserving C．trusting D．understanding 15．A．harder B．rarer C．stricter D．stronger 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．D 4．B 5．D 6．A 7．A 8．B 9．B 10．D 11．B 12．B 13．C 14．A 15．C 【导语】主要探讨友谊并非全然美好，存在排斥性、脆弱性等阴暗面，分析其深层成因与特点。 1．考查动词。句意：大多数人至少能说出六个他们视作还不错的好朋友。A. appear出现；B. know知道；C. name命名；D. view看待。根据原后文“reasonably good friends”可知，人们能把六个人看作他们的朋友。 2．考查动词。句意：然而探究友谊深层本质的研究者承认，这种关系也有棘手之处。A. admit承认；B. adopt采纳；C. ensure确保；D. hope希望。根据后文“the bond can have its thorns (刺)”以及友谊的弊端可知，研究者承认友谊有缺点。 3．考查动词。句意：新证据表明，人们会选择与自己相像的人做朋友。A. defend保卫；B. distance疏远；C. familiarize使熟悉；D. resemble像、类似。根据后文“homophily（同质性）”可知，人们倾向结交相似的人。 4．考查名词。句意：这种同质性倾向，即和内外特质相似的人聚在一起，会带来和谐的归属感。A. achievement成就；B. belonging归属感；C. confidence自信；D. control控制。根据“flocking together”可知，聚在一起产生归属感。 5．考查名词。句意：但研究者表示，同质性也是部落主义与仇外心理的根源，是将与自己和好友有差异的人“异类化”的强烈欲望。A. ability能力；B. chance机会；C. freedom自由；D. urge强烈欲望。根据后文““otherize” those who differ from you”可知，人们本能地排斥异类，是一种强烈的倾向。 6．考查形容词。句意：我对此苦苦思索，阅读研究了大量资料，得到的大多是令人沮丧的消息。A. dispiriting令人沮丧的；B. popular受欢迎的；C. positive积极的；D. untrustworthy不可信的。根据后文“It’s awful”可知，研究结果很糟糕、令人沮丧。 7．考查动词。句意：为了抱团在一起，我们需要一个共同的敌人。A. band联合、抱团；B. head前往；C. live生活；D. put放置。根据后文“we need a common enemy.”可知，一个共同的敌人促使人们团结在一起。 8．考查动词。句意：幸运的是，没有理论认为外部群体必须被消灭或从视野中清除。A. collected收集；B. eliminated消灭、清除；C. hidden隐藏；D. transferred转移。根据“exterminated”并列可知，此处指清除异类。 9．考查副词。句意：然而，即便是普通的交友行为也带有排他性，是一种主观判断，因此潜藏着产生伤害的可能。A. Moreover此外；B. Nevertheless然而；C. Otherwise否则；D. Meanwhile同时。前文讲抱团心理，此处说明交普通的交友情况，上下文为转折关系。 10．考查形容词。句意：如果他们试图加入我们，我们可以说，抱歉，这个位置有人了。A. covered覆盖的；B. locked锁住的；C. removed移除的；D. taken被占用的。根据后文“We’re saving it for a friend.”可知，此处比喻拒绝他人加入。 11．考查名词。句意：麻省理工学院的阿卜杜拉・阿尔马图克及其同事近期研究发现，人们往往并不擅长判断谁才是自己真正的朋友。A. candidates候选人；B. judges判断者；C. listeners倾听者；D. models榜样。根据后文“When the researchers asked 84 college students to identify which of their classmates ____as friends, the researchers found that in half the cases, those labeled friends failed to repay the title.”可知，人们不擅长判断真正的朋友。 12．考查动词。句意：研究人员让84名大学生选出哪些同学称得上是自己的朋友，结果发现，有一半的情况里，那些被称作 “朋友”的人，辜负了这个称谓。A. disguised伪装；B. qualified符合、算得上；C. remained保持；D. served服务。根据前文“asked 84 college students to identify”以及后文“as friends”可知，此处指让学生找出哪些同学称得上是朋友，qualify as意为“被认为是、算得上”。 13．考查形容词。句意：牛津大学的研究人员通过对540名参与者开展详细调查发现：人们平均每7.2个月就会与社交圈中的一人闹翻一次，即每年将近两次；且一年之后，40%的破裂关系仍未修复。A. unattached无依附的；B. unprepared无准备的；C. unhealed未愈合的；D. unproven未证实的。根据“broken relationships”可知，关系破裂后未修复。 14．考查形容词。句意：男女之间发生友谊冲突的总体概率并无差异，但女性更易与亲密朋友发生争执，会因友谊破裂承受更大的痛苦情绪，且在和解前，更要求对方拿出悔过的实际表现。A. demanding要求高的；B. deserving值得的；C. trusting信任的；D. understanding善解人意的。根据后文“evidence of regret before settling differences.”可知，女性更在意对方是否后悔，要求对方表达歉意。 15．考查形容词比较级。句意：诚然，爱或许意味着永远不必说抱歉，但友谊更严格，一句抱歉或许远远不够。A. harder更艰难的；B. rarer更稀有的；C. stricter更严格的；D. stronger更强的。根据前文友谊脆弱、易破裂、和解不易以及后文“sorry may not be enough.”可知，友谊更严格，只道歉是不够的。 Passage 2 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）The Diamond-Water Paradox Have you ever purchased something and thought to yourself, “It’s crazy how much I’m paying for this!?” This might happen more 1 than you would like, based on the dozens of transactions you may make on a daily basis. Questioning some of your financial transactions may be best answered or explained through something known as the diamond-water paradox. Getting enough water to sustain life typically has a 2 price, while a piece of diamond jewelry has a high price. Why does an economy put a much lower value on something vital to sustaining life compared to something that simply looks 3 and sparkles? This question is the diamond-water paradox, also known as the paradox of value, and it was first 4 by the economist Adam Smith in the 1700s. In his works, Smith points out that practical things that we use every day often have little or no value in exchange. Things like cups, socks, and water are a few examples. 5 , things that often have the greatest value in the market have little or no practical use. An example may be an old piece of art or 1920s baseball card. Other than looking at it, there isn’t much else we can do with the art or baseball card. So, why are things   6 this way? Understanding why the paradox exists can be 7 by understanding the economic terms known as marginal utility and scarcity. Scarcity can be simply defined as how readily 8 a product, skill, or service is. Is there a lot of it compared to what people are demanding? Marginal utility is the additional satisfaction or gain someone gets from using or purchasing an additional unit of a particular good or service. People are   9 to pay a higher price for goods with greater marginal utility. So, let’s go back to water and diamonds. There is plenty of water in most parts of the world (not scarce), which means that, as consumers, we usually have a low 10 for water. In a typical situation, we aren’t willing to pay a lot of money for one more drink of water. Diamonds, 11 , are scarce. Because they are harder to find and get, our marginal utility (additional satisfaction), for adding a diamond to our collection is much higher than someone offering us one more drink of water. If one is dying of thirst, then this paradox might not 12 , and the marginal utility from another drink of water would be much higher than the additional satisfaction of owning a diamond. Let’s look at an example. An Example Does paying $300-$400 for an Xbox compared to $50 for a solid pair of shoes make sense? From a practical and 13 standpoint, it certainly doesn’t. In order to 14 and enable our most basic form of transportation (walking), we need shoes to protect our feet. They are certainly more important and practical than an Xbox. The price 15 comes back to the satisfaction, or marginal utility, we get from purchasing a pair of shoes compared to an Xbox. If you were in the middle of the jungle and trying to survive, you might pay more for those shoes, but until that happens, most of us will continue to pay more for our electronics! This paradox, indeed, reminds us that value is not determined by practical use alone, but by the interplay of scarcity and marginal utility. Adam Smith 亚当·斯密，英国经济学家，古典经济学之父，著有《国富论》。   Xbox 是由美国微软公司开发并于2001年发售的一款家用电视游戏机。 1．A．unconsciously B．frequently C．occasionally D．rarely 2．A．fixed B．high C．fair D．low 3．A．shiny B．dim C．rough D．smooth 4．A．neglected B．accepted C．presented D．rejected 5．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．In other words D．On the other hand 6．A．measured B．compared C．valued D．displayed 7．A．challenged B．facilitated C．replaced D．questioned 8．A．accessible B．available C．apparent D．convertible 9．A．prepared B．able C．reluctant D．willing 10．A．scarcity B．demand C．marginal utility D．expectation 11．A．however B．otherwise C．accordingly D．besides 12．A．hold B．settle C．matter D．vanish 13．A．emotional B．general C．fundamental D．survival 14．A．get around B．get over C．get together D．get across 15．A．tag B．difference C．cap D．list 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．D 6．C 7．B 8．B 9．D 10．C 11．A 12．A 13．D 14．A 15．B 【导语】文章主要介绍钻石—水悖论，解释商品价值由稀缺性与边际效用共同决定的经济学原理。 1．考查副词。句意：基于你每天可能进行的数十笔交易，这种情况发生的频率可能比你愿意承认的还要高。A. unconsciously无意识地；B. frequently频繁地；C. occasionally偶尔；D. rarely很少。根据后文“on a daily basis”可知，日常交易多，该情况经常发生。 2．考查形容词。句意：获取维持生命所需的水通常价格低廉，而一件钻石珠宝价格高昂。A. fixed固定的；B. high高的；C. fair公平的；D. low低的。根据常识及后文“while a piece of diamond jewelry has a high price”可知，水的价格低。 3．考查形容词。句意：为什么对于维持生命至关重要的东西，其经济价值远低于仅仅看起来闪亮耀眼的东西？A. shiny闪亮的；B. dim昏暗的；C. rough粗糙的；D. smooth光滑的。根据后文“sparkles”可知，钻石是闪亮的。 4．考查动词。句意：这个问题就是钻石—水悖论，又称价值悖论，最早由经济学家亚当·斯密在18世纪提出。A. neglected忽视；B. accepted接受；C. presented提出；D. rejected拒绝。根据后文“by the economist Adam Smith in the 1700s.”可知，该悖论由亚当·斯密首次提出。 5．考查连词短语。句意：另一方面，在市场上通常价值最高的东西几乎没有实际用途。A. Therefore因此；B. Moreover此外；C. In other words换句话说；D. On the other hand另一方面。根据前文“Smith points out that practical things that we use every day often have little or no value in exchange. Things like cups, socks, and water are a few examples.”实用物品交换价值低，后文“things that often have the greatest value in the market have little or no practical use.”可推知，贵重物品实用性低，为对比关系。 6．考查动词。句意：那么，为什么事物是这样被定价的呢？A. measured测量；B. compared比较；C. valued估价、定价；D. displayed展示。根据前文“____, things that often have the greatest value in the market have little or no practical use.”以及全文讨论物品价值高低可知，此处指价值被如此评判。 7．考查动词。句意：理解稀缺性和边际效用这两个经济学术语，有助于我们理解这一悖论存在的原因。A. challenged挑战；B. facilitated促进、有助于；C. replaced替代；D. questioned质疑。根据后文“by understanding the economic terms known as marginal utility and scarcity.”可知，理解专业术语可以帮助弄懂悖论。 8．考查形容词。句意：稀缺性可以简单定义为一种产品、技能或服务的易得程度。A. accessible可进入的；B. available可获得的；C. apparent明显的；D. convertible可转换的。根据后文“Is there a lot of it compared to what people are demanding?”可知，指物品可获取的难易程度。 9．考查形容词。句意：人们愿意为边际效用更高的商品支付更高的价格。A. prepared准备好的；B. able能够的；C. reluctant不情愿的；D. willing愿意的。根据后文“pay a higher price for goods with greater marginal utility”可知，人们愿意为更高的额外满足感付高价。 10．考查名词。句意：世界大部分地区水资源充足（不稀缺），这意味着作为消费者，我们对水的边际效用通常较低。A. scarcity稀缺；B. demand需求；C. marginal utility边际效用；D. expectation期待。根据前文定义及后文“we aren’t willing to pay a lot of money for one more drink of water”可知，此处指水的边际效用低。 11．考查副词。句意：然而，钻石是稀缺的。A. however然而；B. otherwise否则；C. accordingly因此；D. besides此外。前文“There is plenty of water in most parts of the world (not scarce)”说水不稀缺，此处说钻石稀缺，为转折关系。 12．考查动词。句意：如果一个人渴得快要死去，这个悖论可能就不成立了。A. hold成立；B. settle解决；C. matter要紧；D. vanish消失。根据前文“If one is dying of thirst”可知，极端情况下悖论不成立，hold在此表示“（理论、观点）成立、有效”。 13．考查形容词。句意：从实用和生存的角度来看，这当然不合理。A. emotional情感的；B. general普遍的；C. fundamental基本的；D. survival生存的。根据后文“ If you were in the middle of the jungle and trying to survive”可知，指生存的角度。 14．考查动词短语。句意：为了四处走动、实现我们最基本的出行方式（行走），我们需要鞋子保护双脚。A. get around四处走动；B. get over克服；C. get together聚会；D. get across使理解。根据后文“enable our most basic form of transportation (walking)”可知，鞋子方便人四处行走。 15．考查名词。句意：价格差异归根结底来自购买鞋子和Xbox带给我们的满足感，即边际效用。A. tag标签；B. difference差异；C. cap上限；D. list清单。根据前文“Does paying $300-$400 for an Xbox compared to $50 for a solid pair of shoes make sense?”游戏机和鞋子价格不同可知，此处指价格差异。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海黄浦·期末）Taylor works full-time in the cleaning department while co-parenting his 10-year-old son. Ada, a cancer survivor, was enduring the miserable treatment. Mohammad was kicked out of prep school, then 1 for 100 days from high school for selling chocolate to his classmates. Emanuel was 2 a three-year sentence for armed robbery. These are not the profiles of students who get admitted to a classic university-run honors college. 3 , they are enrolled at the Honors Living-Learning Community of Rutgers University-Newark, an institution where they and others with similarly 4 life stories are pushing the boundaries of what defines an honors college by emphasizing courage in overcoming life’s difficulties, rather than 5 . Across the United States, the continuous drive for reputation has generated the 6 in the number of honors colleges. Nearly 900 schools, almost all being public universities and community colleges belong to the National Collegiate Honors Council. Among them, it is usually a brilliant idea for an institution to 7 applicants whose top-of-the-class high-school records and SAT scores would assure a renowned private university. The bait (诱饵) is the honors college, which promises the intimate feel of a small college within a(n) 8 state school. The students in these honors colleges, mostly white and middle-class, receive concierge treatment (礼宾待遇) with considerable scholarships, separate housing, special seminars, faculty mentors, research opportunities and first crack at courses in high demand. However, things are 9 at the Honors Living-Learning Community, which mainly enrolls black and Latino students–nearly twice as many as the total of black and Latino undergraduates in the rest of Rutgers-Newark’s programs. Their high-school grades and SAT scores are lower than the campus average. While academic skill 10 in determining who gets selected, the emphasis is on these students’ perseverance, their drive to learn and their passion for social justice. Every 11 of the honors program comes straight from the book on how to engage undergraduates 12 , and minority students in particular. The students receive scholarships that cover their living expenses well as tuition. Without this 13 , most couldn’t enroll full-time, and evidence shows that part-time students are far less likely to graduate. A 14 number of community college graduates are admitted, which gives 18-year-olds, fresh out of high school, an opportunity to learn from peers with more life 15 . 1．A．graduated B．abandoned C．prohibited D．suspended 2．A．reading B．serving C．passing D．escaping 3．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．Instead D．Similarly 4．A．faulty B．smooth C．meaningful D．interesting 5．A．social experience B．family backgrounds C．academic performance D．human relationships 6．A．pursuit B．explosion C．exploit D．progress 7．A．tempt B．enroll C．introduce D．cultivate 8．A．remote B．public C．packed D．outstanding 9．A．difficult B．different C．discouraging D．disturbing 10．A．differs B．ranges C．matters D．varies 11．A．student B．major C．component D．college 12．A．especially B．intensively C．generally D．particularly 13．A．passion B．aim C．aid D．initiative 14．A．stable B．certain C．random D．growing 15．A．expectancy B．tragedy C．experience D．passion 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．C 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．B 10．C 11．C 12．B 13．C 14．D 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了罗格斯大学荣誉学院的创新招生模式。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Mohammad被预备学校开除，然后因为向同学卖巧克力而被高中停课100天。A. graduated毕业；B. abandoned抛弃；C. prohibited禁止；D. suspended暂停，中止（课程、活动等）。根据下文“for 100 days from high school for selling chocolate to his classmates”可知，Mohammad因犯错被学校“停学”。故选D。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Emanuel因持械抢劫被判三年徒刑。A. reading阅读；B. serving服刑；C. passing通过；D. escaping逃跑。根据下文“a three-year sentence for armed robbery”可知，Emanuel因持械抢劫被判三年徒刑，因此他正在“服刑”。故选B。 3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，他们被罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校的荣誉生活学习社区录取，在那里，他们和其他有着类似坎坷人生故事的人正在通过强调克服生活困难的勇气，而不是学术表现，来突破荣誉学院的界限。A. Therefore因此；B. Moreover此外；C. Instead相反；D. Similarly相似地。根据上文“These are not the profiles of students who get admitted to a classic university-run honors college.”和下文“they are enrolled at the Honors Living-Learning Community of Rutgers University-Newark, an institution where they and others with similarly ____ life stories are pushing the boundaries of what defines an honors college by emphasizing courage in overcoming life’s difficulties”可知，这些人并不是传统大学荣誉学院录取的学生类型，而“相反”，他们被罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校的荣誉生活学习社区录取。故选C。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. faulty有错误的，有问题的；B. smooth顺利的；C. meaningful有意义的；D. interesting有趣的。根据上文“Taylor works full-time in the cleaning department while co-parenting his 10-year-old son. Ada, a cancer survivor, was enduring the miserable treatment. Mohammad was kicked out of prep school, then ____ for 100 days from high school for selling chocolate to his classmates. Emanuel was ____ a three-year sentence for armed robbery.”可知，上文提到的辍学、犯罪等经历可知，他们的人生故事是“坎坷的、有波折的”，faulty 可引申为“不顺利的”，符合语境。故选A。 5．考查名词短语辨析。句意同上。A. social experience社会经验；B. family backgrounds家庭背景；C. academic performance学术表现；D. human relationships人际关系。根据上文“These are not the profiles of students who get admitted to a classic university-run honors college.”和下文“While academic skill ____ in determining who gets selected, the emphasis is on these students’ perseverance, their drive to learn and their passion for social justice.”可知，传统荣誉学院更看重“学业表现”，而罗格斯大学的荣誉生活学习社区在招生时更强调学生的毅力、学习动力和对社会正义的热情，而不是“学术表现”。故选C。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在美国各地，对声誉的不断追求导致了荣誉学院数量的激增。A. pursuit追求；B. explosion爆炸，激增；C. exploit利用；D. progress进步。根据下文“Nearly 900 schools, almost all being public universities and community colleges belong to the National Collegiate Honors Council.”可知，荣誉学院的数量在“激增”。故选B。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：对于一所学校来说，吸引那些在高中成绩优异、SAT分数高到足以保证进入知名私立大学的申请者通常是一个好主意。A. tempt吸引；B. enroll注册；C. introduce介绍；D. cultivate培养。根据下文“applicants whose top-of-the-class high-school records and SAT scores would assure a renowned private university. The bait (诱饵) is the honors college”可知，荣誉学院是吸引这些优秀申请者的“诱饵”。故选A。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：诱饵是荣誉学院，它承诺在一所杰出的州立学校内营造出小型学院的亲密氛围。A. remote遥远的；B. public公立的；C. packed挤满的；D. outstanding杰出的。根据上文“state school. The students in these honors colleges, mostly white and middle-class, receive concierge treatment (礼宾待遇) with considerable scholarships, separate housing, special seminars, faculty mentors, research opportunities and first crack at courses in high demand.”可知，这些学校是“杰出的”大学。故选D。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，荣誉生活学习社区的情况却有所不同，这里主要招收黑人和拉丁裔学生——几乎是罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校其他项目黑人和拉丁裔本科生总数的两倍。A. difficult困难的；B. different不同的；C. discouraging令人沮丧的；D. disturbing令人不安的。根据下文“which mainly enrolls black and Latino students–nearly twice as many as the total of black and Latino undergraduates in the rest of Rutgers-Newark’s programs”可知，荣誉生活学习社区的情况与其他荣誉学院“不同”。故选B。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然学术技能在决定谁被选中时很重要，但重点在于这些学生的毅力、学习动力和对社会正义的热情。A. differs不同；B. ranges变动，（在一定范围内）变化；C. matters重要；D. varies变化。根据下文“the emphasis is on these students’ perseverance”可知，虽然学术技能在决定谁被选中时“重要”，但重点还是在于学生的毅力等品质。故选C。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：荣誉项目的每个组成部分都直接源自于关于如何强烈吸引本科生——尤其是少数族裔学生——的书籍。A. student学生；B. major专业；C. component组成部分；D. college学院。根据下文“of the honors program”可知，此处指的是荣誉项目的每一部分。故选C。 12．考查副词词义辨析。句意同上。A. especially尤其；B. intensively深入地，强烈地；C. generally一般地；D. particularly特别地。根据上文“the book on how to engage undergraduates”可知，此处表示这些书籍强烈吸引本科生。故选B。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果没有这种援助，大多数人无法全日制入学，证据表明，非全日制学生毕业的可能性要小得多。A. passion激情；B. aim目标；C. aid援助；D. initiative倡议。根据上文“The students receive scholarships that cover their living expenses well as tuition.”可知，学生获得的奖学金是一种“援助”。故选C。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：越来越多的社区大学毕业生被录取，这给了刚从高中毕业的18岁学生一个向更有生活经验的同龄人学习的机会。A. stable稳定的；B. certain确定的；C. random随机的；D. growing增长的。根据下文“number of community college graduates are admitted”可知，越来越多的社区大学毕业生被录取，因此此处表示“增长的”数量。故选D。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. expectancy期望；B. tragedy悲剧；C. experience经验；D. passion激情。根据上文“community college graduates”可知，社区大学毕业生有更多的生活“经验”。故选C。 Passage 4 （24-25高二下·上海·期末）Frankenstein On a stormy night in 1815, a young, 18-year-old girl had a 1 nightmare. The nightmare was terrible, but it gave her an idea for a tale — a tale that would become the most recognized 2 story in the world: the story of Frankenstein's monster. The author's name was Mary Shelley (1797 — 1851). Her novel describes the trials of an 3 young scientist, Dr Frankenstein, who uses his knowledge to bring an inanimate body to life, but then 4 the shocking “monster” he creates. At the time of writing, the story was a powerful warning 5 scientific advances and is the Industrial Revolution, which was about 6 across Europe. Many artists and writers were concerned 7 this industrialization and the effect it would have 8 man's relationship with nature. They saw danger in the new scientific advances. Volume 1, Chapter 4 It was on a dreary night in November that I completed my work. With an anxiety that almost 1 to pain, I collected the instruments of life around me that I might add a small amount of being to the lifeless thing that 2 at my feet. It was already one in the morning; the rain fell dismally against the windows, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the failing light, I saw the yellow eye of the 3 open; it breathed hard, and a sudden movement disturbed its arms and legs. How can I describe my emotions at this disaster, or how to describe the terrible creature I had tried to form? His arms and legs were in proportion, and I had selected his 4 as beautiful. Beautiful! His yellow skin 5 covered the muscles beneath; his hair was black and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness that formed a horrible contrast with his watery eyes, his 6 face and straight black mouth. I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the only purpose of breathing life into an inanimate body. For this I had 7 myself of rest and health, but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream disappeared, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. 1．A．moral B．vivid C．massive D．pure 2．A．horror B．motivation C．peak D．charm 3．A．elegant B．ambitious C．innocent D．patient 4．A．rejects B．boosts C．hacks D．rebels 5．A．at B．with C．against D．of 6．A．spread B．spreading C．to spread D．to spreading 7．A．at B．to C．about D．with 8．A．at B．to C．about D．on 9．A．amounted B．attained C．combined D．engaged 10．A．lies B．lied C．laid D．lay 11．A．creature B．cage C．civilian D．comedy 12．A．features B．settings C．symbols D．professions 13．A．universally B．barely C．unrealistically D．artificially 14．A．shifted B．rooted C．eased D．wrinkled 15．A．deprived B．behaved C．decreased D．tackled 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．B 4．A 5．C 6．B 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．D 11．A 12．A 13．B 14．D 15．A 【导语】这篇文章是《弗兰肯斯坦》创作背景及小说节选。它旨在向读者客观介绍这部经典作品的创作背景、核心内容、时代意义，并通过节选提供文本例证，帮助读者理解这部作品。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：1815年一个暴风雨的夜晚，一位18岁的年轻女孩做了一个清晰的噩梦。A. moral 道德的；B. vivid 生动的，清晰的；C. massive 大量的；D. pure 纯净的。此空需要一个形容词修饰“nightmare”。B项“vivid”意为“生动的，逼真的”，能体现出噩梦的清晰和真实感，这也与后文“it gave her an idea for a tale”对女孩产生的影响相呼应。故选B项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那个噩梦十分可怕，却它给了她一个故事的灵感——这个故事日后将成为全世界最广为人知的恐怖故事：弗兰肯斯坦的怪物传说。A. horror 恐怖；B. motivation 动机；C. peak 顶峰；D. charm 魅力。 根据前文的“nightmare”可推测，这个故事是恐怖的，“horror”表示“恐怖”，并且根据常识，《弗兰肯斯坦》是经典的恐怖故事，符合其文学类型。故选A项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她的小说描述了一位有雄心的年轻科学家弗兰肯斯坦博士的试验。A. elegant 优雅的；B. ambitious 有雄心的；C. innocent 无辜的；D. patient 耐心的。空格修饰“young scientist”， 结合后文“uses his knowledge to bring an inanimate body to life”可知他用知识赋予无生命体生命，是其有雄心的体现。故选B项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：弗兰肯斯坦博士用学识赋予无生命体以生命，却拒绝他亲手创造的骇人怪物。A. rejects 拒绝，排斥；B. boosts 推广；C. hacks 砍，非法侵入；D. rebels 反叛。 空格描述弗兰肯斯坦对他创造的怪物的反应。根据空前弗兰肯斯坦博士用学识赋予无生命体以生命， 再结合but 以及后文“breathless horror and disgust”描述他感到喘不过气的恐惧和厌恶，可推测他是拒绝接受自己创造的怪物，A项最准确描述了他的态度和行动。故选A项。 5．考查介词辨析。句意：在创作这部小说时，这个故事是对科学进步以及即将蔓延欧洲的工业革命的有力警示。A. at 在……；B. with 带有 ；C. against 反对；D. of ……的。根据本段最后一句“They saw danger in the new scientific advances.”可知强调的是科学进步的危险，C项 against 符合语意。故选C项。 6．考查固定搭配。句意：在创作这部小说时，这个故事是对科学进步以及即将蔓延欧洲的工业革命的有力警示。A. spread 传播(过去式/过去分词)；B. spreading 传播(现在分词/动名词)；C. to spread 传播(不定式)；D. to spreading 传播(介词+动名词)。根据文章第一段给的时间点1815年，以及上文“the story was a powerful warning 5 scientific advances and is the Industrial Revolution”结合常识可知，1815年工业革命处于向欧洲扩散的进程中，非“即将开始”。“be about doing”表示“正在进行某事”（动作已开始），更符合工业革命在1815年的历史阶段。故选B项。 7．考查介词词义辨析。句意：许多艺术家和作家对这种工业化以及它将对人类与自然的关系产生的影响感到担忧。A. at 在；B. to 向，对于；C. about 关于；D. with 和……一起。分析句子结构可知，空格需与“concerned”搭配。“concerned about”是固定搭配，意为“对……担忧”。故选C项。 8．考查介词词义辨析。句意：许多艺术家和作家对这种工业化以及它将对人类与自然的关系产生的影响感到担忧。A. at 在；B. to 向，对于；C. about 关于；D. on 在……上，关于。分析句子结构可知，空格需与“effect”搭配。“effect on”是固定搭配，意为“对……的影响”。故选D项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：我怀着一种几乎为痛苦的焦虑，将生命的工具聚集在身边，想为我脚下那个躺着的无生命之物增添一丝生气。 A. amounted 总计达；B. attained 达到，获得；C. combined 结合；D. engaged 从事。空格动词需与“to”搭配，描述焦虑的程度。结合语意“焦虑几乎达到了痛苦的程度”，“amounted to”有“相当于，达到……程度”的含义，符合句意。故选A项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：我怀着一种几乎为痛苦的焦虑，将生命的工具聚集在身边，想为我脚下那个躺着的无生命之物增添一丝生气。A. lies 撒谎，位于，躺(lie的单三形式)；B. lied 撒谎(lie的过去式)；C. laid 放置(lay的过去式)；D. lay 躺，位于(lie的过去式)。 空格描述无生命之物的状态。根据常识和上下文“I saw the yellow eye”可推测是向下看,看到了黄色的眼睛，所以它应该是“躺”或“位于”在他脚边。故选D项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我看到那生物的黄色眼睛睁开了。 A. creature 生物；B. cage 笼子；C. civilian 平民；D. comedy 喜剧。空格修饰yellow eye，这眼睛属于弗兰肯斯坦刚刚赋予生命的那个东西。前文称它为“the lifeless thing”，后文称它为“the terrible creature”，A项符合语意。故选A项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它的四肢比例协调，而且我选择让它有一个好看的外貌。A. features 面貌；B. settings 环境，设置；C. symbols 特征；D. professions 职业。 空格指弗兰肯斯坦为他的创造物选择的“美丽的”部分。根据后文描述（皮肤、头发、牙齿、眼睛、脸、嘴），他是在描述其身体特征。 故选A项。 13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：它那黄色的皮肤几乎遮不住下面的肌肉 。A. universally 普遍地；B. barely 几乎不；C. unrealistically 不现实地；D. artificially 人工地。空格修饰“covered”，描述黄色皮肤覆盖肌肉的程度。后文说皮肤与肌肉形成对比，且整体描述非常恐怖。后文“formed a horrible contrast”表明皮肤的状态不佳（黄色）与下面的肌肉形成可怕对比。B项barely表示皮肤很薄，几乎遮不住肌肉，能解释这种恐怖效果，符合怪物外貌的恐怖描述。故选B项。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它的头发乌黑飘逸；它那珍珠般洁白的牙齿与它那水汪汪的眼睛、满是褶皱的面容和笔直的黑嘴巴形成了可怕的对比。A. shifted 改变的；B. rooted 扎根的；C. eased 放松的；D.wrinkled 有皱纹的。结合语意，这里说怪物的脸满是褶皱，十分吓人，故选D项。 15．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：为了这个目的，我剥夺了自己的休息时间和健康。A. deprived 剥夺；B. behaved 表现；C. decreased 减少；D. tackled 处理，应付。 空格动词需与“myself of rest and health”搭配。结合上文“I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the only purpose of breathing life into an inanimate body”这里说作者为了给无生命的物体注入生命，几乎两年努力工作，推测为此剥夺了自己的休息时间和健康。“deprive oneself of sth”是固定搭配，意为“使自己丧失某物，剥夺自己的某物”，符合句意。故选A项。 Passage 5 （24-25高二下·上海静安·期末）Checking packages is unhealthy obsession There’s a child-like joy that comes with ordering something online — whether it be clothes or kitchen gadgets. We sit 1 the U.S. Postal Service or FedEx pages to see when our items will arrive, and we become overly excited, hopeful and anxious. But why? According to Owen O’Kane, a psychotherapist, even the smallest positive future events can 2 us when we’re feeling down. This is why people look forward to dinner reservations, hair appointments and yes, receiving packages. But it’s not the purchase itself that arouses this happiness. Experts say there’s something about the 3 of a package arriving that is exciting for those in need of change in their lives. When our package finally arrives, many of us are satisfied. But that initial excitement has probably 4 because our obsession with our parcel represents much more than the item we purchased. For some, the arrival of a package may represent “an imagined positive future, where you can control your needs for a book or blouse,” making life feel more 5 and less dull. Waiting for a parcel can also serve as a temporary 6 from the boredom, giving you something new to look forward to. “You’re distracting yourself from other feelings like anxiety, boredom. When you imagine a positive event in the future, you feel only joyful expectation. And tracking it down to the street of the delivery truck makes it even more 7 ” O’Kane says. Nevertheless, anticipation isn’t always a good thing. People became angry recently when the U. S. Postal Service announced its slower delivery. And now, many are worried about items arriving late, appearing broken, or simply not 8 expectations. This phenomenon is called pre-parcel anxiety and it’s more common than you would think. “We live in a society where we build expectations and 9 perfectionism. We want efficiency and 10 with patience,” O’Kane explains. A delayed package may seem 11 to some. But for others, feeling hopeful and then being let down is angering and anxiety-provoking. “We feel tricked, sometimes on a personal level. We all want fair transactions, and when we 12 and the other party drops the ball, anger is often the result,” O’Kane says, comparing it to “broken, ignored or forgotten” promises. 13 , O’Kane says these reactions are telling about more deep-rooted issues beyond a delayed package. “Anxiety is 14 to uncertainty, and many struggle with not having control. So it’s really 15 of something bigger, of the need to control everything and to be perfect.” 1．A．winding B．switching C．refreshing D．registering 2．A．fascinate B．motivate C．innovate D．cultivate 3．A．accommodation B．companion C．transportation D．anticipation 4．A．faded B．surged C．remained D．expanded 5．A．advisable B．manageable C．knowledgeable D．considerable 6．A．voyage B．liberty C．resistance D．distraction 7．A．cultural B．real C．pale D．fictional 8．A．catching up with B．giving rise to C．putting up with D．living up to 9．A．embrace B．reject C．sacrifice D．spot 10．A．interact B．struggle C．identify D．charge 11．A．insignificant B．invaluable C．indifferent D．inevitable 12．A．live in harmony B．do our part C．pave the way D．cheer up 13．A．However B．Generally C．Instead D．Fortunately 14．A．attachment B．dominance C．intolerance D．discrimination 15．A．critical B．suspicious C．fond D．symbolic 【答案】 1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．B 6．D 7．B 8．D 9．A 10．B 11．A 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述人们网购后频繁查看物流的行为背后，是对积极未来的期待及对掌控感的需求，这种“包裹焦虑”反映了更深层的心理问题。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们坐在电脑前刷新美国邮政或联邦快递的页面，查看物品何时到达，我们变得过于兴奋、充满希望和焦虑。但是为什么呢？A. winding缠绕；B. switching切换；C. refreshing刷新；D. registering注册。根据下文“the U.S. Postal Service or FedEx pages to see when our items will arrive”以及常识可知，查看物流信息时需要刷新页面，refreshing符合语义。故选C项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：心理治疗师欧文·奥凯恩表示，即使是最小的积极未来事件，也能在我们情绪低落时激励我们。A. fascinate使着迷；B. motivate激励；C. innovate创新；D. cultivate培养。根据下文“people look forward to dinner reservations, hair appointments and yes, receiving packages”可知，这里指对未来事件的期待能激励人们，motivate正确。故选B项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：专家表示，对于需要生活改变的人来说，包裹到达的期待是令人兴奋的。A. accommodation住宿；B. companion同伴；C. transportation运输；D. anticipation期待。根据下文“anticipation isn’t always a good thing”以及语境可知，这里指对包裹到达的期待，anticipation是原词复现。故选D项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但最初的兴奋可能已经消退，因为我们对包裹的痴迷远不止我们购买的物品。A. faded消退；B. surged激增；C. remained保留；D. expanded扩大。由“but”表转折可知，这里指收到包裹后兴奋感消退，与前面的“期待”形成对比，faded符合转折逻辑。故选A项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对一些人来说，一个包裹的到来可能代表着“一个想象中的积极未来，在那里你可以控制自己对一本书或一件衬衫的需求”，让生活感觉更容易管理，也不那么乏味。A. advisable明智的；B. manageable可控制的；C. knowledgeable博学的；D. considerable相当大的。根据下文“less dull”以及语境可知，这里与“不那么乏味”并列，“可控制的”体现对生活的积极感受，与上文“control your needs”对应，符合语境。故选B项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：等待包裹也可以作为一种暂时的分心，让你有新的期待。A. voyage航行；B. liberty自由；C. resistance抵抗；D. distraction分心。根据下文“distracting yourself from other feelings”可知，这里指等待包裹可让你暂时分心，distraction是原词复现。故选D项。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：追踪到送货卡车的街道，会让它感觉更真实。A. cultural文化的；B. real真实的；C. pale苍白的；D. fictional虚构的。根据上文“tracking it down to the street of the delivery truck”以及语境可知，这里指追踪物流信息使期待的事件更真实，real符合语义。故选B项。 8．考查动词短语辨析。句意：现在，许多人担心物品迟到、破损，或者仅仅是不符合预期。A. catching up with赶上；B. giving rise to引起；C. putting up with忍受；D. living up to符合。根据下文“expectations”以及语境可知，这里指收到的物品不符合预期，not living up to expectations，表示“不符合预期”，符合语境。故选D项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们生活在一个建立期望并拥抱完美主义的社会。A. embrace拥抱；B. reject拒绝；C. sacrifice牺牲；D. spot发现。根据上文“build expectations”以及语境可知，这里与“建立期望”并列，“拥抱”完美主义符合语境。故选A项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们想要效率，却很难有耐心。A. interact互动；B. struggle挣扎；C. identify识别；D. charge充电。根据上文“We want efficiency”以及语境可知，这里与 “想要效率”形成对比，表“我们很难有耐心”，struggle with patience，表示“缺乏耐心”，符合语境。故选B项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：延迟的包裹对某些人来说可能微不足道。A. insignificant微不足道的；B. invaluable无价的；C. indifferent冷漠的；D. inevitable不可避免的。根据下文“for others, feeling hopeful and then being let down is angering and anxiety-provoking”以及But表转折可知，此处指包裹延迟对一些人来说微不足道，与后文“激怒和焦虑”形成对比。故选A项。 12．考查动词短语辨析。句意：奥凯恩说：“我们都希望交易公平，当我们尽到了自己的责任，而另一方却搞砸了，愤怒往往就会随之而来。” 他将这种情况比作那些“被违背、被忽视或被遗忘” 的承诺。A. live in harmony和谐共处；B. do our part尽自己的本分；C. pave the way铺路；D. cheer up振作起来。根据下文“other party drops the ball”以及语境可知，这里“另一方失误”与“我们尽了自己的本分”形成对比，所以do our part正确。故选B项。 13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，O’Kane 表示，这些反应揭示了比包裹延迟更根深蒂固的问题。A. However然而；B. Generally通常；C. Instead相反；D. Fortunately幸运地。根据下文“these reactions are telling about more deep-rooted issues beyond a delayed package”以及语境可知，前句讲具体反应，此句转向深层原因，应用However表转折。故选A项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：焦虑是对不确定性的不容忍，许多人难以控制。A. attachment依恋；B. dominance支配；C. intolerance无法容忍；D. discrimination歧视。根据上文“Anxiety” 和下文“uncertainty”以及上文对延迟包裹的焦虑情况可知，这里指焦虑是对不确定性的不容忍，intolerance正确。故选C项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：所以它实际上象征着更重大的意义，象征着一种掌控一切、追求完美的需求。A. critical批判的；B. suspicious怀疑的；C. fond喜爱的；D. symbolic象征的。根据上文“these reactions are telling about more deep-rooted issues beyond a delayed package”可知，这里指象征更重大的意义，符合对深层心理的描述。故选D项。 Passage 6 （24-25高二下·上海·期末）If you survey American parents about what they want for their kids, more than 90 percent say one of their top priorities is that their children be caring. This makes sense: Kindness and concern for others are held as 1 in nearly every society. But when you ask children what their parents want for them, 81 percent say their parents 2 achievement and happiness over caring. Kids learn what’s 3 to adults not by listening to what we say, but by noticing what gets our attention. And in many developed societies, parents now pay more attention to individual achievement and happiness than anything else. However much we 4 kindness and caring, we’re not actually showing our kids that we appreciate these traits. Perhaps we shouldn’t be surprised, then, that kindness appears to be 5 . An analysis of annual surveys of American college students showed a substantial drop from 1979 to 2009 in imagining the perspectives of others. Over this period; students grew 6 to feel concern for people less fortunate than themselves. It’s not just that people care less; they seem to be 7 less, too. In one experiment, a sociologist left thousands of what appeared to be lost letters in dozens of American cities in 2001, and again in 2011. From the first round to the second one, the proportion of letters that was 8 by passersby and put in a mailbox declined by 10 percent. Psychologists find that kids born after 1995 9 as much as their predecessors (前辈) that other people experiencing difficulty should be helped — but they feel less personal responsibility to take action themselves. If we truly care less about one another, some of the 10 lies with the values parents have promoted. In our own lives, we’ve observed many parents becoming so focused on achievement that they 11 kindness. Other parents discourage kindness, seeing it as a source of 12 in a fiercely competitive world. In some parenting circles, for example, there’s a movement against 13 when preschoolers are selfish in their play. These parents worry that stepping in might prevent kids from learning to stick up for themselves, and say that they’re less 14 the prospect of raising an adult who doesn’t share than one who struggles to say no. But there’s no reason parents can’t teach their kids to care about others and themselves — to be both 15 and self-respecting. If you encourage children to consider the needs and feelings of others, sometimes they will and sometimes they won’t. But they’ll soon learn that if you don’t treat others considerately, they may not be considerate toward you. 1．A．events B．virtues C．records D．media 2．A．change B．dislike C．value D．pay 3．A．important B．available C．familiar D．equal 4．A．encounter B．deserve C．display D．praise 5．A．in decline B．under control C．on hand D．above average 6．A．more willing B．less likely C．more surprised D．less relieved 7．A．saying B．thinking C．enjoying D．helping 8．A．set aside B．taken down C．picked up D．put off 9．A．care B．doubt C．believe D．complain 10．A．difference B．theme C．demand D．blame 11．A．neglect B．respect C．define D．evaluate 12．A．happiness B．weakness C．comfort D．anxiety 13．A．discriminating B．forgiving C．collapsing D．intervening 14．A．curious about B．grateful for C．worried about D．helpful for 15．A．independent B．generous C．knowledgeable D．appreciative 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 5．A 6．B 7．D 8．C 9．C 10．D 11．A 12．B 13．D 14．C 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要讨论了美国父母对孩子期望与孩子感知之间的差异，特别是关于成就、幸福与关怀之间的平衡，以及这种差异如何影响孩子的价值观和行为。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这很有道理：在几乎每个社会中，善良和对他人的关心都被视为美德。A. events事件；B. virtues美德；C. records记录；D. media媒体。根据上文“more than 90 percent say one of their top priorities is that their children be caring(超过90%的人表示，他们的首要任务之一是让孩子变得关心他人)”以及“Kindness and concern for others”可知，善良和对他人的关心都是“美德”。故选B项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但当你问孩子们他们的父母希望他们成为什么样的人时，81%的孩子说他们的父母更看重成就和幸福，而不是关心他人。A. change改变；B. dislike不喜欢；C. value重视；D. pay支付。根据上文“what their parents want for them”和下文“parents now pay more attention to individual achievement and happiness than anything else(比起其他任何事情，父母现在更关注个人的成就和幸福)”可知，此处指孩子们认为父母更“重视，看重”成就和幸福。故选C项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：孩子们通过观察什么能吸引我们的注意力，而不是听我们说什么，来了解成年人认为什么是重要的。A. important重要的；B. available可获得的；C. familiar熟悉的；D. equal平等的。根据文章首句中“If you survey American parents about what they want for their kids(如果你调查美国父母对孩子的期望)”以及下文“parents now pay more attention to individual achievement and happiness than anything else(比起其他任何事情，父母现在更关注个人的成就和幸福)”中的“pay attention to”可知，孩子们通过观察父母的注意力所在来了解成年人认为什么是“重要的”。故选A项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：无论我们多么赞扬善良和关心他人，我们实际上并没有向孩子们展示我们欣赏这些品质。A. encounter遭遇；B. deserve值得；C. display展示；D. praise赞扬。根据上文“more than 90 percent say one of their top priorities is that their children be caring(超过90%的人表示，他们的首要任务之一是让孩子变得关心他人)”和下文“we’re not actually showing our kids that we appreciate these traits”表达的让步关系可知，父母都希望孩子变得善良体贴，故此处表示尽管我们“赞扬、歌颂”善良和体贴，但实际上没有向孩子表现出这一点。故选D项。 5．考查介词短语辨析。句意：也许我们不应该感到惊讶，因为善良似乎正在减少。A. in decline在减少；B. under control在控制之下；C. on hand在手头；D. above average高于平均水平。根据下文“An analysis of annual surveys of American college students showed a substantial drop from 1979 to 2009 in imagining the perspectives of others.(一项对美国大学生年度调查的分析显示，从1979年到2009年，从别人的角度着想的能力大幅下降)”可知，善良似乎正在“减少，衰退”。故选A项。 6．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：在这段时间里，学生们越来越不太可能对那些比自己不幸的人表示关心。A. more willing更愿意的；B. less likely不太可能的；C. more surprised更惊讶的；D. less relieved不太放心的。根据上文“a substantial drop from 1979 to 2009 in imagining the perspectives of others”可知，为别人着想的能力在下降，故学生们越来越“不太可能”对那些比自己不幸的人表示关心。故选B项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：不仅仅是人们关心得更少了；他们似乎也帮助得更少了。A. saying说；B. thinking思考；C. enjoying享受；D. helping帮助。根据下文“other people experiencing difficulty should be helped — but they feel less personal responsibility to take action themselves(其他遇到困难的人应该得到帮助，但他们觉得自己没有采取行动的个人责任)”可知，人们似乎也更不愿意“帮忙”了。故选D项。 8．考查动词短语辨析。句意：从第一轮到第二轮，被路人捡起并放入邮箱的信件比例下降了10%。A. set aside留出；B. taken down记下；C. picked up捡起；D. put off推迟。根据上文“what appeared to be lost letters”以及下文“by passersby and put in a mailbox”可知，此处表示看似被丢掉的信件被路人“捡起”并放入邮箱。故选C项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：心理学家发现，1995年以后出生的孩子和他们的前辈一样认同那些遇到困难的人应该得到帮助，但他们觉得自己采取行动的个人责任感降低了。A. care关心；B. doubt怀疑；C. believe相信，认同；D. complain抱怨。根据下文“but they feel less personal responsibility to take action themselves”表示的转折关系可知，孩子们“认为”那些遇到困难的人应该得到帮助，但是他们认为自己没有义务采取行动去帮忙，空处和下文“take action”形成对比。故选C项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果我们真的不那么关心彼此，部分责任在于父母所提倡的价值观。A. difference差异；B. theme主题；C. demand需求；D. blame责任。根据下文“we’ve observed many parents becoming so focused on achievement that they ____11____ kindness”以及“Other parents discourage kindness”可知，下文描述了父母关注个人成就而不关心善良体贴的事实，故此处表示孩子不会关心他人的部分“责任”在于父母所提倡的价值观。故选D项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在我们自己的生活中，我们观察到许多父母过于关注成就，以至于忽视了善良。A. neglect忽视；B. respect尊重；C. define定义；D. evaluate评估。根据上文描述的善良下降的现象以及空前“many parents becoming so focused on achievement”可知，许多父母过于关注成就，以至于“忽视”了善良。故选A项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：其他父母则不鼓励善良，认为在一个竞争激烈的世界里，善良是软弱的根源。A. happiness幸福；B. weakness软弱；C. comfort安慰；D. anxiety焦虑。根据上文“Other parents discourage kindness”和下文“in a fiercely competitive world”可知，在一个竞争激烈的世界里，善良被视为“软弱”的根源。故选B项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，在一些育儿圈子里，有一场运动反对在学龄前儿童在玩耍时表现出自私进行干预。A. discriminating歧视；B. forgiving原谅；C. collapsing崩溃；D. intervening干预。根据下文“stepping in”可知，此处表示反对在孩子玩耍中出现自私行为时“干预”。故选D项。 14．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：这些父母担心干预可能会阻止孩子学会维护自己，并表示与担心培养出一个不懂得分享的成年人相比，他们更担心的是培养出一个难以说“不”的成年人。A. curious about对……好奇；B. grateful for对……感激；C. worried about担心；D. helpful for对……有帮助。根据上文“there’s a movement against ____13____ when preschoolers are selfish in their play. These parents worry that stepping in might prevent kids from learning to stick up for themselves”可知，一些父母反对干预孩子的自私行为，希望孩子学会维护自己，由此推知这些父母“不那么担心”培养出一个不懂得分享的成年人，更担心的是培养出一个不会拒绝的成年人。故选C项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但父母没有理由不教他们的孩子关心他人和关心自己 —— 既要慷慨仁慈又要自重。A. independent独立的；B. generous慷慨的，仁慈的；C. knowledgeable知识渊博的；D. appreciative感激的。根据上文“teach their kids to care about others and themselves”可知，父母应该教孩子既要“慷慨“又要自尊，此处与care about others对应，表示对他人“慷慨，体贴”。故选B项。 语篇类型三: 人与自然（4篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海黄浦·期末）The continuous presentation of frightening stories about global warming in the popular media makes us unnecessarily frightened. Even worse, it 1 our kids. Al Gore famously 2 how a sea-level rise of 20 feet would almost completely flood Florida, New York, Holland, and Shanghai, even though the United Nations says that such a thing will not even happen, 3 that sea levels will rise 20 times less than that. When 4 with these exaggerations (夸大), some of us say that they are for a good cause, and surely there is no harm done if the result is that we focus even more on handling climate change. This 5 is astonishingly wrong. Such exaggerations do plenty of harm. Worrying excessively about global warming means that we worry less about other things, where we could do so much more good. We focus, 6 , on global warming’s impact on Datong malaria (疟疾) — which will put slightly more people at 7 in 100 years — instead of dealing with the half a billion people 8 from malaria today with prevention and treatment policies that are much cheaper and dramatically more effective than carbon reduction would be. Exaggeration also wears out the public’s 9 to cope with global warming. If the planet is certain to be destroyed owing to global warming, people wonder, why do anything? A record 54% of American voters now believe the news media make global warming appear worse than it really is. A majority of people now believe — 10 — that global warming is not even caused by humans. But the 11 cost of exaggeration, I believe, is the unnecessary alarm that it causes — particularly among children. An article in The Washington Post cited nine-year-old Alyssa, who cries about the possibility of mass animal 12 from global warming. The newspaper also reported that parents are 13 effective outlets for their eight-year-olds’ concern with dying polar bears. They might be better off educating them and letting them know that, 14 to common belief, the global polar bear population has doubled over the past half- century, to about 22,000. Despite the possible 15 of summer Arctic ice, polar bears will not become extinct. 1．A．exhausts B．depresses C．terrifies D．exploits 2．A．dismissed B．demonstrated C．deposited D．described 3．A．denying B．justifying C．estimating D．advocating 4．A．faced B．identified C．equipped D．entitled 5．A．announcement B．argument C．interaction D．dialogue 6．A．for example B．in addition C．by contrast D．in short 7．A．peace B．leisure C．ease D．risk 8．A．suffering B．evolving C．developing D．prohibiting 9．A．ability B．preference C．willingness D．likelihood 10．A．enthusiastically B．incorrectly C．considerately D．reasonably 11．A．smallest B．worst C．fewest D．least 12．A．separation B．reservation C．isolation D．extinction 13．A．turning out B．taking over C．searching for D．pulling through 14．A．sensitive B．contrary C．related D．accustomed 15．A．disappearance B．transformation C．existence D．mobilization 【答案】 1．C 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．B 6．A 7．D 8．A 9．C 10．B 11．B 12．D 13．C 14．B 15．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述媒体对全球变暖的夸张报道致人们过度恐惧，尤其吓坏孩子，实则诸多担忧无必要。 1．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：更糟糕的是，它吓坏了我们的孩子。A. exhausts使筋疲力尽；B. depresses使沮丧；C. terrifies使恐惧；D. exploits剥削。根据上文“makes us unnecessarily frightened”及下文“nine-year-old Alyssa, who cries about the possibility of mass animal 　12　 from global warming”可知，这里指媒体对全球变暖的夸张报道让孩子恐惧，terrifies与frightened呼应。故选C项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：阿尔・戈尔曾著名地描述过海平面上升20英尺将几乎完全淹没佛罗里达等地的情景，尽管联合国称这种情况根本不会发生，估计海平面上升幅度将比那少20倍。A. dismissed驳回；B. demonstrated证明；C. deposited沉积；D. described描述。根据下文“how a sea-level rise of 20 feet would almost completely flood Florida”以及语境可知，此处指戈尔描述了淹没场景，并非真实发生，described符合语境。故选D项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：句意：阿尔・戈尔曾著名地描述过海平面上升20英尺将几乎完全淹没佛罗里达等地的情景，尽管联合国称这种情况根本不会发生，估计海平面上升幅度将比那少20倍。A. denying否认；B. justifying证明合理；C. estimating估计；D. advocating提倡。根据下文“that sea levels will rise 20 times less than that”以及语境可知，这是联合国后对海平面上升的估计数据，estimating符合科学机构的表述方式。故选C项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：当面对这些夸张说法时，我们中有人认为它们是为了正当目的，如果结果是我们更加关注应对气候变化，那么肯定没有坏处。A. faced面对；B. identified识别；C. equipped装备；D. entitled使有资格。根据下文“with these exaggerations”以及语境可知，这里指指人们面对媒体的夸张报道，be faced with，为固定搭配，意为“面对”，与“these exaggerations”搭配，符合语境。故选A项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：这种论点大错特错。A. announcement公告；B. argument论点；C. interaction互动；D. dialogue对话。根据上文“that they are for a good cause”以及语境可知，这是部分人持有的论点，argument指前文提到的“夸张报道有益”的观点，符合语境。故选B项。 6．考查介词短语辨析。 句意：例如，我们关注的是全球变暖对Datong疟疾的影响——这将在100年内使更多的人面临风险——而不是用比减少碳排放更便宜、更有效的预防和治疗政策来应对今天患有疟疾的5亿人。A. for example例如；B. in addition此外；C. by contrast相比之下；D. in short总之。根据下文“global warming’s impact on Datong malaria”以及语境可知，这是对“worry less about other things”的举例说明，for example符合逻辑。故选A项。 7．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：例如，我们关注的是全球变暖对Datong疟疾的影响——这将在100年内使更多的人面临风险——而不是用比减少碳排放更便宜、更有效的预防和治疗政策来应对今天患有疟疾的5亿人。A. peace和平；B. leisure休闲；C. ease安逸；D. risk风险。根据上文“Datong malaria”以及语境可知，这里指Datong疟疾使更多的人面临风险，put sb. at risk，为固定搭配，意为“使某人面临风险”，符合语境。故选D项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：例如，我们关注的是全球变暖对Datong疟疾的影响——这将在100年内使更多的人面临风险——而不是用比减少碳排放更便宜、更有效的预防和治疗政策来应对今天患有疟疾的5亿人。A. suffering遭受；B. evolving进化；C. developing发展；D. prohibiting禁止。根据下文“from malaria today”以及语境可知，这里表示遭受疟疾的人们，suffer from表示“遭受……之苦”，与“half a billion people”和“malaria”搭配，指疟疾患者的现状。故选A项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：夸张还会削弱公众应对全球变暖的意愿。A. ability能力；B. preference偏好；C. willingness意愿；D. likelihood可能性。根据下文“If the planet is certain to be destroyed owing to global warming, people wonder, why do anything? ” 可知，这里指过度夸张会降低人们行动的意愿，willingness符合语境。故选C项。 10．考查副词词义辨析。 句意：大多数人现在错误地认为全球变暖甚至不是人类引起的。A. enthusiastically热情地；B. incorrectly错误地；C. considerately体贴地；D. reasonably合理地。根据下文“that global warming is not even caused by humans”及科学事实可知，“全球变暖非人类所致”这观点是错误的。故选B项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。 句意：但我认为，夸张最严重的代价是它引起的不必要恐慌，特别是在孩子当中。A. smallest最小的；B. worst最严重的；C. fewest最少的；D. least最小的。根据下文“particularly among children”及“who cries about the possibility of mass animal 　　12　　 from global warming” 可知，对孩子的影响是夸张带来的最严重后果，worst强调程度。故选B项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：九岁的艾丽莎为全球变暖可能导致大量动物灭绝而哭泣。A. separation分离；B. reservation保留；C. isolation孤立；D. extinction灭绝。根据下文“dying polar bears”和“polar bears will not become extinct”可知，孩子担心的是动物灭绝，extinction为原词复现。故选D项。 13．考查动词短语辨析。 句意：报纸还报道说，父母们在为八岁孩子对濒危北极熊的担忧寻找有效的宣泄途径。A. turning out结果是；B. taking over接管；C. searching for寻找；D. pulling through渡过难关。根据下文“effective outlets for their eight-year-olds’ concern with dying polar bears”以及语境可知，这里指父母们在为八岁孩子对濒危北极熊的担忧寻找有效的宣泄途径。searching for effective outlets，表示“寻找有效的宣泄方式”，符合父母应对孩子焦虑的场景。故选C项。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。 句意：让他们知道，与普遍看法相反，全球北极熊数量在过去半个世纪翻了一番。A. sensitive敏感的；B. contrary相反的；C. related相关的；D. accustomed习惯的。根据下文“polar bears will not become extinct”以及语境可知，这里指实际情况与普遍看法相反，contrary to common belief，表示“与普遍看法相反”，与“has doubled”的事实形成对比。故选B项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：尽管北极夏季冰层可能消失，北极熊不会灭绝。A. disappearance消失；B. transformation转变；C. existence存在；D. mobilization动员。根据下文“polar bears will not become extinct”以及Despite表转折可知，这里指尽管北极夏季冰层可能消失，但是北极熊不会灭绝，与“polar bears will not become extinct”形成让步关系。故选A项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）Not-so cold blooded The word reptilian (爬虫类的) doesn’t describe just lizards and snakes. When 1 humans, it means an unfriendly, unfeeling type of person. But scientists agree that reptiles aren’t 2 — they’re misunderstood. Extensive research has shown that reptiles experience a wide range of emotions and that they’re highly socially complex animals. A growing body of research pushes back on the   3 notion that reptiles only have the capacity for survival instincts and not for emotional intelligence. Despite this wealth of evidence demonstrating reptiles’ emotional capacity, however, they’ve retained a reputation for being as 4 emotionally as they are physically. These misconceptions can lead to a lack of 5 for reptiles’ needs in captivity (人工圈养) and in the wild, advocates say. As more and more reptilian species are threatened by habitat loss, scientists and conservationists say that recognizing reptiles’ capacity for 6 can help pet owners and policymakers alike take better care of them. Yet the myth of the emotionless “lizard brain” 7 . Popularized in the 1970s by astronomer and science communicator Carl Sagan, the term refers to the parts of the human brain that we use for 8 . According to this misconception, the human brain evolved over time by adding 9 more sophisticated structures to this underdeveloped lizard brain, including the limbic (边缘的) system, which is the source of our emotions. Because reptiles are our evolutionary forerunners, some researchers long believed that this instinctual part of the brain was the only part that originated with our 10 ancestors — and that without humanlike brain structures, reptiles didn’t have the capacity for emotions at all. Scientists have repeatedly disproven the misconception throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, with a 2019 review identifying 37 studies supporting reptiles’ emotional capacity. While they may not be outwardly 11 in the same way that humans or other mammals are, reptiles are indeed highly social animals and have developed complex 12 for parental care, courtship, and nesting.Yet even as research on reptile 13 continues to build, the stereotypes around reptilian emotions have persisted. Part of this is simply because reptiles 14 their emotions differently than humans. In a 2021 study, researchers found that lizards emit chemicals to communicate with each other, meaning they’re much harder to 15 than their mammalian counterparts. 1．A．applied to B．bound by C．compared to D．relevant to 2．A．senseless B．hateful C．cruel D．emotionless 3．A．commonly ignored B．seemingly misleading C．widely accepted D．generally rejected 4．A．cold-blooded B．sensitive C．aggressive D．intelligent 5．A．ignorance B．awareness C．tolerance D．adaptability 6．A．emotion B．survival C．sensibility D．suffering 7．A．persists B．disappears C．changes D．emerges 8．A．emotional responses B．logical thinking C．social communication D．survival instinct 9．A．dramatically B．slightly C．progressively D．occasionally 10．A．furry B．feathered C．scaly D．leathered 11．A．attractive B．impressive C．cooperative D．expressive 12．A．rituals B．commands C．traditions D．rules 13．A．evolution B．domestication C．colonization D．socialization 14．A．hide B．experience C．show D．control 15．A．read B．trust C．capture D．approach 【答案】 1．A 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．B 6．A 7．A 8．D 9．C 10．C 11．D 12．A 13．D 14．C 15．A 【导语】主要介绍的是人们对爬行动物存在情感冷漠的误解，而研究表明它们情感丰富且社交复杂，尽管有证据，误解仍存。 1．考查动词短语。句意：当这个词用于形容人类时，它指的是一种不友好、无情的人。A. applied to应用于，适用于；B. bound by受……约束；C. compared to与……相比；D. relevant to与……相关。根据后文“it means an unfriendly, unfeeling type of person.”可知，这个词用于描述人类时的含义。 2．考查形容词。句意：但科学家们一致认为爬行动物并非没有情感——它们被误解了。A. senseless无意义的；B. hateful可恨的；C. cruel残忍的；D. emotionless无情感的。根据后文“they’re misunderstood”以及“Extensive research has shown that reptiles experience a wide range of emotions”可知，爬行动物并非没有情感。 3．考查形容词短语。句意：越来越多的研究反驳了这种被广泛接受的观念，即爬行动物只有生存本能，而没有情商。A. commonly ignored普遍被忽视的；B. seemingly misleading看似误导的；C. widely accepted被广泛接受的；D. generally rejected普遍被拒绝的。由“A growing body of research pushes back on”可知，是反驳一种观念，这种观念应该是被大众广泛接受的，widely accepted符合语境。 4．考查形容词。句意：然而，尽管有大量证据表明爬行动物有情感能力，但它们在情感上和身体上一样冷血的名声依然存在。A. cold-blooded冷血的；B. sensitive敏感的；C. aggressive好斗的；D. intelligent聪明的。根据前文“it means an unfriendly, unfeeling type of person”提到人们认为爬行动物情感冷漠，这里说名声依旧。 5．考查名词。句意：倡导者说，这些误解可能导致在圈养和野外环境中，人们对爬行动物的需求缺乏认识。A. ignorance无知；B. awareness认识，意识；C. tolerance容忍；D. adaptability适应性。根据前文“These misconceptions”可知，因为存在误解，所以人们对爬行动物的需求缺乏认识。 6．考查名词。句意：科学家和自然资源保护者说，认识到爬行动物的情感能力可以帮助宠物主人和政策制定者更好地照顾它们。A. emotion情感；B. survival生存；C. sensibility敏感性；D. suffering痛苦。根据前文“reptiles experience a wide range of emotions”一直说爬行动物有情感，这里说认识到它们的情感能力能帮助更好照顾它们。 7．考查动词。句意：然而，“蜥蜴脑”没有情感的神话依然存在。A. persists持续存在；B. disappears消失；C. changes改变；D. emerges出现。根据前文“Yet”以及后文“the stereotypes around reptilian emotions have persisted”可知，这种错误观念依然存在。 8．考查名词短语。句意：这个术语由天文学家兼科学传播者卡尔·萨根在20世纪70年代推广开来，指的是人类大脑中用于生存本能的部分。A. emotional responses情感反应；B. logical thinking逻辑思维；C. social communication社会交流；D. survival instinct生存本能。根据后文“According to this misconception, the human brain evolved over time by adding ____more sophisticated structures to this underdeveloped lizard brain”以及“this instinctual part of the brain”可知，这个词指的是用于生存本能的大脑部分。 9．考查副词。句意：根据这种误解，人类大脑随着时间的推移，通过逐步在这个发育不全的“蜥蜴脑”上增加更复杂的结构而进化，包括边缘系统，这是我们情感的来源。A. dramatically显著地；B. slightly轻微地；C. progressively逐步地；D. occasionally偶尔。根据后文“more sophisticated structures to this underdeveloped lizard brain”可知，这里说大脑进化是逐步增加复杂结构。 10．考查形容词。句意：因为爬行动物是我们进化的先驱，一些研究人员长期以来认为，大脑的这一本能部分是唯一起源于我们有鳞片的祖先的部分——而且没有类人猿的大脑结构，爬行动物根本没有情感能力。A. furry多毛的；B. feathered有羽毛的；C. scaly有鳞片的；D. leathered有皮革的。根据常识可知，爬行动物的特点是有鳞片。 11．考查形容词。句意：虽然它们可能不像人类或其他哺乳动物那样在外表上富有表现力，但爬行动物确实是高度社会化的动物，并且已经发展出了复杂的育雏、求偶和筑巢仪式。A. attractive有吸引力的；B. impressive令人印象深刻的；C. cooperative合作的；D. expressive富有表现力的。根据前文“While they may not be outwardly”可知，这里说爬行动物不像人类或哺乳动物那样在外表上能明显表现情感。 12．考查名词。句意：虽然它们可能不像人类或其他哺乳动物那样在外表上富有表现力，但爬行动物确实是高度社会化的动物，并且已经发展出了复杂的育雏、求偶和筑巢仪式。A. rituals仪式；B. commands命令；C. traditions传统；D. rules规则。这里说爬行动物在育雏、求偶和筑巢方面有复杂的行为方式，rituals可表示这些特定的行为仪式，符合语境。 13．考查名词句意：然而，即使关于爬行动物社会化的研究不断积累，围绕爬行动物情感的刻板印象仍然存在。A. evolution进化；B. domestication驯化；C. colonization殖民化；D. socialization社会化。根据前文“highly social animals”可知，爬行动物是高度社会化动物，这里说关于它们社会化的研究。 14．考查动词。句意：部分原因仅仅是因为爬行动物表达情感的方式与人类不同。A. hide隐藏；B. experience经历；C. show展示，表达；D. control控制。根据后文“In a 2021 study, researchers found that lizards emit chemicals to communicate with each other”可知，蜥蜴通过释放化学物质交流，即表达情感方式不同。 15．考查动词。句意：在2021年的一项研究中，研究人员发现蜥蜴通过释放化学物质相互交流，这意味着它们比哺乳动物更难被理解。A. read理解，读懂；B. trust信任；C. capture捕获；D. approach接近。根据前文“In a 2021 study, researchers found that lizards emit chemicals to communicate with each other, meaning they’re much harder”可知，因为蜥蜴通过释放化学物质交流，所以比起哺乳动物更难被理解。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·上海·期中）Why are so Many Whales Washing up Dead on East-coast Beaches? Luna was last seen alive in September off the coast of Nova Scotia. Scientists had been tracking the 40-year-old whale for decades. Like all humpback whales, his tail, called a fluke, had distinctive pigmentation (色素沉淀) patterns. These are used by scientists as a sort of 1 . Luna’s fluke had a moon shape, hence his name. Those tracking him knew every scar and took 2 of new ones whenever they saw him. The next time he was seen was when his carcass washed ashore in January on Lido Beach on Long Island, about 40 miles (65km) from Manhattan and 600 miles from Nova Scotia. Whales have been dying in 3 numbers along America’s east coast since 2016. So much so that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the federal agency that monitors fisheries and oceans, 4 the existence of an “Unusual Mortality Event” back in 2017. Prior to 2007, Rob DiGiovanni, the chief scientist at the Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, which surveys wildlife and conducts necropsies (尸检), said he saw 5 whales just once every two years. Then it became one to three a year; now it is every few weeks. Since the start of December, 29 dead whales, including right whales, whose 6 are already precarious, have washed ashore along America’s east coast. Luna was the tenth of 13 whales to be found dead on New York and New Jersey beaches. Scientists are trying to figure out why. A whale necropsy is a huge 7 . The equipment may entail cranes (起重机) to lift the whale, as well as sharp knives to fillet it. In 40％ of the necropsies, there was evidence of blunt force trauma or propeller wounds, which indicates the whales were 8 by a vessel, or evidence of entanglement in fishing gear. Some die of 9 causes; others from ingesting debris (垃圾碎片). Paul Sieswerda of Gotham Whale, a research organisation, said that vessel strikes are the 10 of “the butler standing there with a smoking gun.” Preliminary findings from Luna’s necropsy indicate a vessel was the probable cause of death. Whale sightings, particularly of humpbacks, have increased in the New York Bight, which stretches from the tip of Long Island to the far end of the Jersey Shore. Like their human 11 , the whales are drawn to the Big Apple’s cuisine. Menhaden, a kind of fish many whales 12 , have increased off the shores of New York and New Jersey, possibly because of warming waters. No longer must people trek to Maine or Nantucket to 13 whales. New Yorkers can observe them near city beaches. Several whale-watching companies, including in Brooklyn, have 14 . Unfortunately, the whales are essentially playing in 15 . New York Harbour is America’s busiest port, which puts the whales in the path of all sorts of vessels, including enormous container ships and cruise liners. Some of the carcasses on the beach are the result. 1．A．reaction B．language C．fingerprint D．culture 2．A．care B．note C．charge D．advantage 3．A．small B．decreasing C．random D．elevated 4．A．threatened B．declared C．denied D．guaranteed 5．A．stranded B．migrating C．trained D．fascinating 6．A．structures B．economies C．balances D．numbers 7．A．undertaking B．mistake C．opportunity D．responsibility 8．A．tracked B．lifted C．hit D．photographed 9．A．root B．urgent C．sudden D．natural 10．A．outcome B．equivalent C．cause D．purpose 11．A．voices B．resources C．rights D．neighbours 12．A．feed on B．belong to C．cope with D．adapt to 13．A．hunt B．save C．see D．exhibit 14．A．sprung up B．gone broke C．stepped back D．fallen apart 15．A．trouble B．traffic C．silence D．order 【答案】 1．C 2．B 3．D 4．B 5．A 6．D 7．A 8．C 9．D 10．B 11．D 12．A 13．C 14．A 15．B 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了美国东海岸鲸群近年频现“异常死亡事件”，尸检显示有船只撞击痕迹或渔具缠绕；海水变暖引来鲱鱼，座头鲸增多的同时港口船只繁忙导致鲸鱼致撞船风险飙升。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些被科学家用作一种指纹。A. reaction反应；B. language语言；C. fingerprint指纹；D. culture文化。根据上文“Like all humpback whales his tail, called a fluke, had distinctive pigmentation (色素沉淀) patterns.”及下文“Luna’s fluke had a moon shape, hence his name. Those tracking him knew every scar and took ____ of new ones whenever they saw him.”可知，主语These指distinctive pigmentation patterns，鲸鱼尾巴上独特的色素沉淀成为这条鲸鱼的身份标志，科学家通过这些识别出鲸鱼，由此可知，这些独特的色素沉淀像人类指纹一样可以确定鲸的身份，被科学家用作指纹。故选C项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那些跟踪他的人对他的每一个伤疤都了如指掌，每次见到他都会记下新的伤疤。A. care照顾、护理；B. note笔记、钞票；C. charge掌管、费用；D. advantage优势。根据上文“Those tracking him knew every scar”及后面宾语“new ones”可知，跟踪记录他的人知道他身上的每个伤疤，当发现他有了新的伤疤时会把新伤疤也记录下来。动词短语take note of意为“记录”，与track为近义词呼应。故选B项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：自2016年以来，美国东海岸的鲸鱼死亡数量一直在上升。A. small小的；B. decreasing减少的；C. random任意的，随机的；D. elevated升高的。根据下文“said he saw ____ whales just once every two years. Then it became one to three a year; now it is every few weeks. Since the start of December, 29 dead whales, including right whales, whose ____ are already precarious, have washed ashore along America’s east coast.”可知，2016年以来，这里发现的死亡的鲸鱼的数量在增长。故选D项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：以至于监测渔业和海洋的联邦机构美国国家海洋和大气管理局在2017年宣布存在“不寻常的死亡事件”A. threatened威胁；B. declared宣布，宣告；C. denied否认；D. guaranteed担保，保证。根据前面主语“the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the federal agency that monitors fisheries and oceans,”可知，这是一个专业权威机构，后面宾语中的“不寻常的死亡事件”是根据相关数据做出的官方消息发布。故选B项。 5．考查过去分词和形容词词义辨析。句意：2007年之前，大西洋海洋保护协会的首席科学家罗布·迪乔瓦尼说，他每两年才看到一次搁浅的鲸鱼。A. stranded滞留的，被困的，搁浅的；B. migrating迁徙的；C. trained受训练的；D. fascinating迷人的。根据下文“Since the start of December, 29 dead whales, including right whales, whose ____ are already precarious, have washed ashore along America’s east coast. Luna was the tenth of 13 whales to be found dead on New York and New Jersey beaches.”可知，此处指的是受伤或死后被冲到岸上的鲸鱼。故选A项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：12月初以来，29头死鲸被冲上美国东海岸的海岸，其中包括露脊鲸，这种鲸的数量已经不稳定。A. structures结构；B. economies经济；C. balances平衡；D. numbers数字。根据上文“29 dead whales, including right whales,”可知，非自然死亡的鲸鱼在增多，此处表示露脊鲸这个物种的数量已经不稳定，可能有濒危趋势。故选D项。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：鲸鱼尸检是一项浩大的工程。A. undertaking事业，任务；B. mistake错误；C. opportunity机会；D. responsibility责任。根据前面主语“A whale necropsy”及下文“The equipment may entail cranes (起重机) to lift the whale, as well as sharp knives to fillet it.”可知，这里指的是对死去的鲸鱼进行尸检是一件实施起来非常复杂困难的任务。故选A项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在40%的尸检中，有钝力创伤或螺旋桨伤口的证据，这表明鲸鱼是被船只击中的，或者是被渔具缠住的证据。A. tracked跟踪、记录；B. lifted举起、抬高；C. hit击打、袭击；D. photographed拍摄。根据上文“there was evidence of blunt force trauma or propeller wounds”可知，鲸鱼身上有钝力创伤或螺旋桨伤口，说明鲸鱼可能被船只撞击到，hit与下文“that vessel strikes”的strikes呼应。故选C项。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有些死于自然原因；其他则是因为摄入了碎片。A. root块根的；根源的；B. urgent紧急的；C. sudden突然的；D. natural自然的，天然的。根据上文“In 40％ of the necropsies, there was evidence of blunt force trauma or propeller wounds, which indicates the whales were ____ by a vessel, or evidence of entanglement in fishing gear.”及下文“others from ingesting debris (垃圾碎片).”可知，其他都是列举的和人类有关的鲸鱼死亡原因，此处表示也会有一些鲸鱼死于自然的原因或自然死亡。故选D项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究机构Gotham Whale的Paul Sieswerda说，船只撞击相当于“站在那里拿着冒烟的枪的管家”。A. outcome结果；B. equivalent对等的人；C. cause原因；事业；D. purpose目的。根据前面“vessel strikes”及后面“the butler standing there with a smoking gun.”可知，这是一个比喻，船只对于鲸鱼来说很危险，就像拿着冒烟的枪的人指着他们一样。故选B项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：和它们的人类邻居一样，鲸鱼也被纽约的美食所吸引。A. voices声音；B. resources资源；C. rights权利；D. neighbours邻居。根据上文“Whale sightings, particularly of humpbacks, have increased in the New York Bight, which stretches from the tip of Long Island to the far end of the Jersey Shore.”及空前“Like their human”可知，对于来到纽约湾的鲸鱼来说，人类就是他们的邻居。故选D项。 12．考查动词短语辨析。句意：鲱鱼，一种许多鲸鱼赖以为生的鱼类，在纽约和新泽西海岸附近的数量有所增加，可能是因为海水变暖。A. feed on以……为食；B. belong to属于；C. cope with处理；D. adapt to适应。该空是定语从句的谓语动词，根据前面先行词“Menhaden, a kind of fish”可知，鲸鱼应该是以这种鱼为食，纽约湾这种鱼数量增多，因此出现在这里的鲸鱼也有所增加。故选A项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们不再需要长途跋涉到缅因州或楠塔基特岛去看鲸鱼。A. hunt打猎；B. save挽救；节约；C. see看见，看到；D. exhibit展览。根据上文“Whale sightings, particularly of humpbacks, have increased in the New York Bight, which stretches from the tip of Long Island to the far end of the Jersey Shore.”及下文“New Yorkers can observe them near city beaches.”可知，人们在纽约的海边就能看到鲸鱼，不必再去缅因州或楠塔基特岛了，可推测人们以前是去那些地方看鲸鱼，sightings，observe与see呼应。故选C项。 14．考查动词短语辨析。句意：包括布鲁克林在内的几家观鲸公司如雨后春笋般涌现。A. sprung up突然大量涌现；B. gone broke破产；C. stepped back后退；D. fallen apart解体；崩溃。根据上文“Whale sightings, particularly of hu$