专题04 六选四（期末复习专项训练）高二英语下学期沪外版

**基本信息** 聚焦人与自我、社会、自然三大主题，通过16篇期末真题语篇，系统训练六选四题型的语篇逻辑衔接能力，提升语言理解与思维品质。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |人与自我|6篇（如《There Are Things to Love About Winter》）|六选四（段落补全）|围绕个人心理、行为等主题，考查主旨句、过渡句及例证逻辑| |人与社会|6篇（如《A writer for all time》）|六选四（段落补全）|涉及文化、科技等社会议题，训练观点衔接与因果关系分析| |人与自然|4篇（如《The Sacred Cat of Ancient Egypt》）|六选四（段落补全）|聚焦自然现象与生态，强化上下文语义连贯及逻辑推理|

专题04 六选四（期末复习专项训练） 语篇类型一: 人与自我（6篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）There Are Things to Love About Winter As soon as the temperature drops, my husband experiences a change. Like a bear in reverse, he comes alive in winter. I am his opposite. 1 I spent last weekend in a state of gloom, pulling out our family’s collection of giant, shapeless coats. Many people love winter, but if you’re not one of them, “you don’t have to just accept that you’ll be bad-tempered at this time of year,” said Kari Leibowitz, a health psychologist and author of “How to Winter: Harness Your Mindset to Thrive on Cold, Dark or Difficult Days.” Having a more positive approach doesn’t mean denying the realities of dark mornings or icy roads, she said. But when you write off wintertime, she added, you’re writing off a quarter of your life. Instead of “wishing away winter and waiting for spring,” Dr. Leibowitz said, lean into the cooling weather by planning cozy activities and rituals. Make a list of books we want to read during the cozy season, she suggested. 2 She gave some examples, such as baking, knitting or painting. “ 3 ” Holli-Anne Passmore, an associate professor of psychology, said. But she has found in her research that when people actively pay attention to their natural surroundings and notice how it makes them feel, it significantly boosts their well-being. One research subject wrote, “I felt awe that such a tiny bird can withstand the cold.” Another wrote: “I love trees, especially big ones. 4 ” I’ve already begun to take the experts’ advice: I ordered some cozy winter socks and am assembling my cold-weather reading list. A．Adapt summer activities for winter. B．Too often, we ignore the natural world in winter. C．When the leaves begin to fall, so does my mood. D．And start planning some “slow hobbies” we can do indoors. E．If the holidays tire me out, I can carve out time to rest and recover in January. F．I feel humbled by their size, knowing just how much more lies beneath the surface, too. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海黄浦·期末）What Your “Age” Says About You Imagine, for a moment, that you had no birth certificate and your age was simply based on the way you feel inside. How old would you say you are? Like your height or shoe size, the number of years that have passed since you first entered the world is an unchangeable fact. 1 Scientists are increasingly interested in this quality. They are finding that our “subjective age” may be essential for understanding the reasons why some people appear to be energetic as they grow old—while others fade. 2 It is now well accepted that people tend to mature as they get older, becoming less extroverted and less open to new experiences. These personality changes are often considered more obvious in the people with older subjective ages. However, those who feel younger than they really are also become more reliable and less neurotic as they gain the wisdom that comes with greater life experience. But it doesn’t come at the cost of the energy and vigor of youth. It’s not true that having a lower subjective age leaves us frozen in a state of permanent immaturity. Feeling younger than your years also seems to come with a lower risk of depression and greater mental wellbeing as we age. 3 Most people felt about eight years younger than their actual chronological age (实际年龄). But some felt they had aged — and the consequences were serious. Feeling between 8 and 13 years older than your actual age resulted in an 18-25% greater risk of death over the study periods, and greater disease burden—even when you control for other demographic (人口学的) factors such as education, race or marital status. 4 However old you really are, it’s worth questioning whether any of those limitations are coming from the within. A．It also means better physical health. B．One of the most interesting aspects of the research has explored how subjective age interacts with our personality. C．Some studies have explored the potential physical consequences of this difference. D．These findings can give us all a view of the way our own brains and bodies endure the passing of time. E．But everyday experience suggests that people often don’t experience ageing the same way. F．Many researchers are now trying to study how this knowledge might help us live longer. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海·期末）Why you get anxiety at night According to the Sleep Foundation in America, a conservative estimate (保守估计) is that 10 to 30 percent of adults experience difficulty falling asleep, especially due to anxious thoughts. Indeed, a study from the University of Oxford found that a key difference between insomniacs (失眠者) and the control group (对照组) was the content of their thoughts during bedtime. The problem sleepers were more focused on worries and concerns. 1 Many of us may have had the experience of falling fast asleep in front of the TV. However, when we take ourselves to bed, we lie there wide-awake with anxious thoughts racing through our minds. One of the main reasons is the lack of distraction. When you’re busy during the day, your brain is occupied with all manner of tasks and activities. In the evening, you might eat dinner, chat and then watch TV. All the while, the regions involved in planning and decision making in your brain are occupied. 2 Your mind is entirely free to turn in on itself, either to worry about all of the things that have been happening to you recently or the next day to come. Psychologists are increasingly realizing that one of the least effective ways to deal with troubling thoughts is to try to fight them. Doing so only increases their existence, making them hang around for longer. 3 One practical way to solve this problem is by making it a practice to write in a daily journal before going to bed. It’s as if the writing exercise got the anxious thoughts out of their heads and onto paper, making it easier for them to drop off. For many people, it’s not worries about the past that keep them awake, but worries about all of the things that they have yet to do. 4 If this fits with your own experiences, there’s evidence that you too could benefit from getting all of those worries out onto paper. Generally speaking, worry (in moderation) is a normal human activity. Rather than trying to fight it, the trick to getting a peaceful night’s sleep is to plan a time earlier in the day to give your brain a chance to avoid the building up of any potential anxieties. That way, when your head hits the pillow, you’ll find it easier to sail off to dreamland on calm waters. A．Instead, it’s better to accept the thoughts, so as to allow them to pass in time. B．As compared, the healthy controls tended to think about nothing in particular. C．Researchers asked them to spend five minutes before bedtime writing about all that they’d done. D．Yet the moment you rest your head on your pillow, all external distractions are suddenly gone. E．Indeed, there’s some evidence that Sunday nights are the worst for insomnia for this very reason. F．The key seems to be that participants wrote their to-do list rather than mentally thought about their unfinished tasks. Passage 4 （24-25高二下·上海静安·期末）Innovations in Food Production: Cultivated Meat Innovators in the United States and around the world will soon bring to market new and transformative products that have the ability to reshape animal agriculture as we know it. Consumers will be able to purchase meat and other animal-derived foods without supporting cruel, unclean, and unsafe factory farms and slaughterhouses. Cultivated meat — also referred to as slaughter-free meat or cell-based meat, is just that — animal meat produced from animals’ cells, without having to raise and kill living, feeling beings. 1 We do not need to rely on this flawed industrial system. Cultivated meat production will remove the need to crowd thousands of animals into cages and crowded barns, and of course would not require billions of animals to be slaughtered each year. The cell culturing process — similar to those used in making beer and cheese — can replace factory farms and eliminate the need to slaughter animals. Not only will cultivated meat production cut out the cruelty and suffering inherent in industrial factory farming, it promises to dramatically reduce environmental impacts. 2 They place these dangerous substances in massive “lagoons” that dot the American landscape. These waste lagoons threaten the public health and often spill over to pollute miles of waterways and kill countless wild animals. These lagoons are entirely absent from cultivated meat production. Absent too would be the bad smells and other harmful air pollutants local communities have to endure thanks to factory farms. And factory farms have to use huge amounts of antibiotics and other drugs to prevent and control disease because they crowd stressed, suffering animals by the thousands into dirty warehouses. 3 Every year more and more consumers are rejecting cruel and unsustainable factory-farmed products and demanding something better. 4 And that trend is only gaining momentum. For example, data collected by the Plant Based Foods Association (PBFA) found a 24% year to year growth in demand for plant-based meats in 2018! As interest in healthier and more sustainable options to slaughtered meat increases, cultivated meat can step in to help meet this booming demand. A．In contrast, cultivated meat production facilities will provide safe, clean, and controlled environments. B．Factory farms necessitate the disposal of animal waste, drugs, and chemicals. C．Animal agriculture causes animal suffering, pollutes the environment, and threatens human welfare. D．While cultivated meat avoids slaughter, some worry about its sensory qualities. E．We have seen dramatic growth in the demand for plant-based meats and milks in recent years. F．Some worry that scaling up production may require significant energy, reducing its environmental edge. Passage 5 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期末）Study with Me On social media, people share knowledge through videos — from piano lessons to computer repair. When seeking answers, many turn to YouTube, including those struggling with studying.   That’s where Study with Me (SWM) videos come into play. In Korea, the popular videos are called “gongbang,” which means Study Broadcast. In Japan, they’re called “benkyou douga,” and in America and other countries, they’re called Study with Me. 1 Students create and share videos of themselves studying attentively, usually for an exam. The camera often focuses on a clean desk with a tidy display of books, notebooks, a computer and a timer. Throughout most of the videos, no words are spoken; the focus is on the creator as he or she studies. The point is not to teach anything but simply to provide a study companion.   2 Financial site Business Insider says this type of video “serves a real purpose, helping people focus.”   The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology performed research on Study with Me videos and discovered several benefits. First, people can set up quiet study areas in their homes to view the videos. This cuts down on their commute to libraries or established study rooms. 3 Finally, viewers gain emotional support by knowing that they are part of a group with perhaps thousands of others, all working toward the same goal. Some viewers have said that Study with Me “satisfies the need for belonging and social contact” by providing a sense of companionship. 4 Some SWM livestreams, where viewers can chat with each other in real time, feel like online study groups. This helps create a satisfactory study environment where students can find the inspiration they need to stay on task. A．Next, observing the diligence of the creator often motivates viewers, especially those who have trouble studying. B．No matter what their names are, millions of viewers have joined the SWM craze. C．Moreover, with teachers answering questions and facilitating discussions, the learning atmosphere becomes highly engaging. D．The creator becomes a study mate, which reduces the isolation many students feel. E．Are SWM cideos just “lazy content,” or are they beneficial? F．Yet others point out that such peer-driven pressure can leave viewers feeling tense and uneasy. Passage 6 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）Why You Might Need an Adventure In Moby-Dick, Herman Melville’s narrator Ishmael offers a surprising way to lift spirits: When the “hypos (情绪低落)” struck, he took to the sea and forgot his troubles. Since whaling was an exhausting and dangerous job, this advice might seem counter-intuitive in today’s era of self-care. 1 If you’re troubled by your own case of the “hypos,” the cure may be a tough challenge. This idea has been confirmed by emerging research. A 2013 study found that experienced climbers tend to derive unusual spiritual inspiration, experience a greater sense of flow, and feel happier when climbing. A 2023 analysis of research on outdoor adventures showed that participants in these experiences benefit in multiple ways. These included physical and mental balance, personal growth, a sense of belonging, and deep, transformative experiences. 2 Indeed, learning new things with a spirit of curiosity and exploration has been shown to boost mood. This raises an interesting paradox (悖论) that appears in this field of happiness research. People derive a lot more happiness from high-skill activities that require learning than they do from low-skill ones that don’t, yet we typically settle for the latter. The obvious explanation is that the latter takes a lot less learning effort and mental focus. Although the happiness benefits of high-skill activities will probably be greater, they are deferred (延迟的) and seem abstract compared with the instant satisfaction of low-skill ones. Just as more demanding physical and mental adventures boost happiness, their absence can harm well-being. 3 Those who often report better moods tend to have an “adventure-based mindset” — purposely seeking out new, interesting, and challenging experiences. If you find yourself a bit down like Ishmael, you don’t necessarily need to risk your life chasing a great white whale around the world. Choose a challenge that is worthwhile and hard. If the knowledge in your head feels outdated or uninspiring, it might be time to explore a new field. For a physical challenge, sign up for a marathon or set out to walk a few hundred miles. 4 And that is the point. If it were safe, it wouldn’t be heroic; if it were predictable, it wouldn’t be an adventure. The object is not to win in a conventional way; it is to wake up and be fully alive. A．Starting an adventure can bring immediate and big happiness benefits. B．People can suffer when there aren’t enough external stimuli and new experiences. C．An adventure need not always be physical — mental challenges can offer similar rewards. D．There is no guarantee that whatever adventure you choose will turn out the way you hope, of course. E．Research has provided evidence about why materially comfortable humans would be drawn to difficult, even dangerous tasks. F．But Melville perhaps knew something we’ve forgotten: When life is getting you down, the answer is not more comfort but less. 语篇类型二: 人与社会（6篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）More Relevant Than Ever: Ghost in the Shell At 30 On May 10th, Ghost in the Shell was released in the Chinese mainland for the first time, celebrating the 30th anniversary of the anime (日本动漫) classic. What felt like a philosophical fantasy in 1995 is becoming a wise prediction about the near future. If you don’t know, Ghost in the Shell is set in a world where humans live alongside cyborgs that are part human, part machine. The lead character is Major Motoko Kusanagi, a cyborg agent working for an intelligence department. When tasked with tracking a mysterious hacker known as the Puppet Master, she is forced to confront existential questions about identity and the nature of self. It seems that the distinction between human and machine is no longer clear. 1 We are living at a time when our identities are extending into the digital world. 2 Reality is being shaped by the algorithms as we are shown only what we want to see. Meanwhile, face and fingerprint recognition allows us convenient access to devices and even physical spaces. Our thoughts, choices, and emotions become data points. and we are largely defined by social media profiles and digital footprints. 3 Unlike many sci-fi films, it does not present technology as evil; rather, it examines our interdependent relationship with it. In doing so, it exposes how easily we give up autonomy for convenience. MajorKusanagi is known by her colleagues as the artificial “shell” she occupies, yet she constantly wonders whether she has any true self inside. In a lot of ways, we are all Major Kusanagi, questioning essentially “What makes me me?” But there’s no need to panic. Existential crises existed long before we even thought about machines replacing us. When director Mamoru Oshii made Ghost in the Shell, it was less about the rise of technology than the essence of human beings. 4 . Thanks to developing technologies, we are changing faster than ever now — that’s just human nature. A．According to the Puppet Master: “To be human is to continually change.” B．The very definition of identity is challenged in this mind-blowing film. C．As we scroll, tap, and click, we are creating “ghosts” of ourselves in the sea of information. D．This philosophical anxiety shouldn’t paralyze(使…瘫痪) us with fear E．Ghost in the Shell warned us about this, not in a scary way, but with curiosity. F．The Puppet Master’s motives remain unclear until the final act. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海·期末）A writer for all time 1 At that point, seven years after the playwright’s death, Shakespeare was just one of many respected writers of his era, but in the years that followed the words of that preface proved to be true. His reputation grew and grew and today Shakespeare is widely recognized as the greatest writer in the history of English literature. His plays live on, translated into at least 80 languages and performed all over the globe. Why is it that, 400 years after his death, his work is still rated so highly? Many writers before Shakespeare could write great comedy, or tragedy, or history, but Shakespeare could tell great stories in all these genres and more: from fantastic fairy tale (A Midsummer Night’s Dream) to political play (Richard Ⅲ). 2 In fact, he usually took them from traditional stories, history or other writers. In his hands, however, they became powerful tales that went beyond time and culture. Romeo and Juliet is a story of love, hate and teenage rebellion against strict parents. Macbeth shows the dangers of ruthless ambition. Othello deals with insecurity, trust and jealousy. 3 As well as productions using the original language and settings, there have been imaginative reinterpretations as musicals (Romeo and Juliet / West Side Story), sci-fi films(The Tempest/ Forbidden Planet), high school romantic comedies(welfth Night/ She’s the Man), Bollywood films (Macbeth/ Maqbool), and even children’s cartoons (Hamlet/ The Lion King). While some parts of Shakespeare’s plays are in prose, his greatest speeches are in verse and their language, though old-fashioned, still arouses modern audiences’ feelings. His jokes ensure that the theatre is often filled with laughter, but moments later there might be a most beautiful passage about love or chilling words about death, revenge or jealousy. 4 It is thought that he started writing these in 1592 when the disease stopped Londoners from being able to go to the theatre. They include some of the most famous lines about love and beauty in the English. A．He rarely came up with original plots for his plays. B．“He was not of an age, but for all time!” stated the preface of William Shakespeare’s collected plays when they were first published in 1623. C．It’s no surprise that theatre and film directors return again and again to his plays for their material. D．Even individual words were a chance for Shakespeare to show off his creativity. E．They include everyday words, such as generous, apostrophe, hurry, road and amazement. F．As well as at least 37 plays, he is known 30 for 154 short poems called sonnets. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海宝山·期末）Fifty-year-old Chen Hong and 40-year-old Lei Na from Chongqing have made history by becoming the first blind couple in China to complete a full marathon. During the 2024 Shanghai Marathon on Dec.1, assisted by five escort runners (护跑队员) ，Chen and Lei accomplished a 42.19-kilometer full marathon in 5 hours and 47 minutes. Their marathon journey began on Oct.15, 2022, with the founding of the Chongqing branch of Running in the Dark. Running in the Dark is a national charity that supports partially sighted runners. 1 The organization has also broadened its range to include sports such as hiking, cycling and swimming. Among the earliest participants, Chen and Lei seldom miss any of the branch’s monthly running events. Despite both losing their eyesight, the couple has steadily improved their running skills, with their escort runners alongside. 2 One person is visually damaged and the other acts as an escort runner, who alerts the former to turns, obstacles on the track and running techniques. “We serve as their eyes, but they help us see from our souls. 3 ” said Lu Wei, founder of the Chongqing branch. “By removing the obstacles they face during exercise, we hope to create a closer bond with each other.” To prepare for the full marathon in Shanghai, Chen and Lei spent eight months diligently engaged in running and various exercises to enhance their physical and core strength. “I think more people with disabilities should connect with society, which gives them love and respect, rather than isolating themselves at home. We only live once. 4 ” Chen said. A．It originated in Shanghai in 2016 and has grown to 27 branches nationwide. B．So why not reveal our true colors? C．Each makes the other better. D．They not only show their efforts, but also present an optimistic outlook on life. E．The participants run in pairs, holding a short rope between them. F．It’s just the beginning of their brand-new lives. Passage 4 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）Sima Qian: Chinese Historian and Scientist Sima Qian (145 BCE—86 BCE), astronomer, calendar expert, and the first great Chinese historian. He is most noted for his authorship of the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), which is considered to be the most important history of China down to the end of the 2nd century. Life Sima Qian was the son of Sima Tan, the grand historian at the Han court during the period 140—110 BCE. The office of grand historian combined responsibility for astronomical observations and for the regulation of the calendar with the duties of keeping a daily record of state events and court ceremonies. 1 In 105 he was among those responsible for a complete reform of the Chinese calendar, a reform pushed by Wudi the emperor's inauguration of what was to be a “new beginning” to the Han dynasty. At about the same time, Sima Qian began to undertake the unfulfilled ambition of his father to write a definitive history of the Chinese past, an ambition strengthened by his belief that under Wudi the Han had reached a peak of achievement that deserved to be recorded for the offspring. Before his history was completed, however, Sima Qian deeply offended the emperor by coming to the defense of a disgraced general. 2 Wudi later relented, and Sima Qian again rose in the imperial favor, becoming palace secretary (zhongshuling). But he remained bitterly conscious of the shame he had suffered and lived a retiring life, devoting himself to the completion of his great masterpiece. Structure and content of Shiji The Shiji is Sima Qian's great claim to fame. His main achievement was that he reduced to an orderly narrative the complex events of the past, recorded in often contradictory sources deriving from the many independent states, each of which employed its own chronology. He organized these facts not, as in previous histories, simply as a chronologically ordered record but according to a new five-part plan. The Basic Annals (Benji) gave a dated chronological outline centered on events at the court considered to have been the most influential power at the time. The Shiji provided a model for the later dynastic histories but differs from them in many ways. Its time span is far longer: Such attempts to encompass the whole of human history were rare among later Chinese historians. 3 It covered not only the court annals of the Qin and the Han dynasties but also various earlier histories, parts of court chronicles of various feudal states, and material from the canonical books and the philosophical writings of all the schools, even historical romances. Neither is his subject matter exclusively court-centered and “political,” as were the later histories; it includes a far wider range of society, including businessmen and merchants, condottieri and bandits, actors and court favorites, good officials and bad. Influence 4 He exerted a strong influence on later writers, particularly upon the early writers of narrative prose and fiction. Since Sima Qian’s time, his history has been acknowledged as the great historical masterpiece in Chinese, a standard against which all later histories would be measured and a model for large-scale historical composition, not only in China but in all East Asian countries influenced by the Chinese literary tradition. A．Its source material, too, was far more varied. B．His actions were deemed to be defaming the emperor, and celebrations ensued. C．Sima Qian is important not only as a historian but also as a master of racy, flexible Chinese prose. D．In conclusion, Sima Qian was a hero in China, and his actions are celebrated extensively every year. E．After travelling extensively in his youth, Sima Qian entered court service. F．Sima Qian was punished for “defaming the emperor,” a capital crime. Passage 5 （25-26高二下·上海松江·期中）Directions: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Vaccine to Protect Against Gluten (面筋) Being Developed A vaccine against celiac disease (乳糜泻病), which causes the body to attack itself when a person eats gluten, is one step closer to being rolled out. Researchers hope a new experimental treatment for celiac disease called Nexvax2 could allow patients with the serious immune disorder to eat a normal diet — including pasta (面食)  and bread. 1 Celiac disease is not an intolerance or allergy to gluten but an autoimmune disorder that causes the small intestine to turn on itself when it encounters gluten (a protein present in foods like wheat, rye and barley). This harms the tiny villi in the digestive tract and stops a celiac from absorbing nutrients from their food. “Even patients who strictly adhere to a gluten-free diet can suffer short and long-term adverse effects from gluten exposure,” Australian researchers at The Royal Melbourne Hospital warned in a statement. The hereditary condition affects an estimated one in 100 people worldwide, with more than 2 million Americans believed to be undiagnosed according to the Celiac Disease Foundation. In Phase I trials, the vaccine, Nexvax2, was found to be safe and tolerable in the doses that the average patient would take. It has now entered Phase II trials, during which researchers investigate whether Nexvax2 can protect patients against the negative effects of gluten entering a celiac’s digestive system. 2 To be eligible, The Royal Melbourne Hospital said, persons must be between 18 and 70 years old, be proven to have celiac disease and have followed a gluten-free diet for at least 12 months. Participants will be asked to eat a moderate amount of gluten, inject themselves with the experimental drug twice a week, as well as complete online questionnaires. 3 Some participants will also undergo gastroscopy and biopsy procedures. Dr. Jason Tye-Din said: “The vaccine is designed to target the 90 percent of celiac disease patients with the HLA-DQ2 genetic form of disease. 4 ” A．Researchers will collect blood samples and blood pressure and pulse results from patients. B．Currently, quitting gluten is the only way to treat the condition and to prevent serious health complications. C．Celiac disease can develop at any age after people start eating foods or medicines that can contain gluten. D．An international team of researchers hope to recruit around 150 participants in the U.S., Australia and New Zealand for the trial. E．People with a first-degree relative with celiac disease (parent, child, sibling) have a 1 in 10 risk of developing celiac disease. F．A successful therapy that can restore normal gluten tolerance would revolutionize celiac disease management. Passage 6 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）How Generation Z is Redefining the Value of Higher Education As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application forms and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree have changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey. Millennials were told that if you did well in school and got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found deficient. 1 . Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 percent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries. This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree. 2 . Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors (前辈), even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. 3 . For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 percent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two. 4 . It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfillment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory (轨迹). Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: “I am a geographer.” or “I am a classicist.” Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way. A．As degrees became universal, they became devalued. B．Many too are seeing the advantages of eliminating a degree requirement for certain roles. C．In fact, meaningful learning remains central to students’ academic success and lives beyond high school. D．Given students’ demand for hands-on learning, institutions and employers need to expand relevant offerings. E．Instead, it stresses a degree is not for all, that the leap to university isn’t inevitable and that other options are available. F．For Generation Z, education is likely to extend beyond ages 18 or 21, with lifelong upskilling essential to sustain employability. 语篇类型三: 人与自然（4篇） Passage 1 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）The Sacred Cat of Ancient Egypt The symbolic rise of the cat in ancient Egypt did not begin in temples or theology — it began in storage rooms. Egyptian survival depended on grain, and grain attracted rats, which in turn attracted snakes. The cat entered this fragile ecosystem as a silent regulator, eliminating threats before they became disasters. In this context, the cat was not admired for beauty or companionship, but for its ability to preserve stability. 1 Unlike animals associated with primitive physical force, the cat represented controlled power. 2 This behavior aligned perfectly with the Egyptian concept of order, which was not about constant action, but about maintaining balance through restraint. The cat’s presence inside the home symbolized a hidden safeguard, an unseen force ensuring that disorder never crossed the threshold. In Egyptian symbolic thinking, the most dangerous spaces were not the open desert or the deep underworld, but the thresholds — the moments and places where order could fail. 3 The cat’s symbolic power grew precisely because it occupied these transitional zones. It was most active at night, most alert when humans slept, and most present at the edges of domestic life rather than its center. At the highest level of Egyptian symbolism, the cat was no longer a household guardian — it became a cosmic agent of order. Religious texts and imagery describe a great cat associated with the sun god, confronting and destroying the snake of chaos that threatened the daily rebirth of the sun. 4 Just as the household cat protects grain from destruction, the cosmic cat protects existence itself from collapse. A．This is why cat’s symbolism could stretch from household guardianship to the most destructive aspects of divine anger without losing coherence. B．It did not chase chaos openly; it waited, observed, and struck only when necessary. C．The image of the solar cat fighting the snake expresses the same principle seen in domestic life, but on a universal scale. D．Over time, this practical role reshaped perception: the animal that defended life became inseparable from the idea of protection itself. E．Snakes, traitors, and forces that endangered royal or cosmic stability required instant removal. F．Doorways, nightfall, sleeping hours, and storage rooms were all vulnerable points where chaos might enter unnoticed. Passage 2 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）“Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star” could eventually become less of a baby song and more of an elegy (挽歌). Seeing stars keeps getting more difficult because “artificial lighting is making the night sky about 10% brighter each year,” according to a study that analyzed reports from more than 50,000 amateur stargazers. 1 To illustrate the magnitude of the change, researchers gave this example: A child is born where 250 stars are visible on a clear night. 2 . “We are losing, year by year, the possibility to see the stars, which has been a universal human experience,” said Fabio Falchi, a physicist at Chile’s University of Santiago de Compostela. “If you can still see the dimmest stars, you are in a very dark place. But if you see only the brightest ones, you are in a very light-polluted place.” “ 3 ,” said Christopher Kyba, a physicist at the German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. But the satellites used aren’t able to detect light with wavelengths toward the blue end of the spectrum (光谱) — including the light from energy-efficient LED bulbs. More than half of the new outdoor lights installed in the United States in the past decade have been LED lights, according to the researchers. The satellites are also better at detecting light that scatters upward, like a spotlight, than light that scatters horizontally, like the glow of an illuminated billboard at night. Georgetown University biologist Emily Williams, who was not part of the study, said skyglow disrupts circadian rhythms (昼夜节律) in humans and other forms of life: “ 4 . And when sea turtle babies hatch, they use light to orient toward the ocean — light pollution is a huge deal for them.” A．Prior studies of artificial lighting, which used satellite images, had estimated an annual increase of 2% in sky brightness. B．That’s a much faster rate of change than scientists had previously estimated looking at satellite data. C．That could effectively bring an end to the all-time popular children’s rhyme. D．By the time that child turns an adult, only less than half of the stars are still visible. E．Migratory songbirds normally use starlight to orient where they are in the sky at night. F．Human beings are not the only victim affected by the disruption of artificial light overflow. Passage 3 （25-26高二下·上海浦东新·月考）Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program. In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. 1 They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children. But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University. That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. 2 Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was easing deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. 3 That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests. Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. 4 And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment. A．Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. B．Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. C．“We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says. D．Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.” E．A previous study, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported this traditional view. F．Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment though. Passage 4 （2026·上海奉贤·二模）A Cow Shocks Scientists by Using a Tool The smart animal club continues to add new members, and the newest might surprise you. In a study newly published, scientists from the University of Veterinary Medicine analyzed the behavior of a pet cow in Austria named Veronika and concluded that it qualifies as tool use. The definition of tool use is actually rather strict. 1 Despite roughly 10,000 years of human-cattle coexistence, this is the first time scientists have documented a cow using a tool. 2 They then recorded which end she grabbed and which part of her body she scratched (挠). According to the researchers, Veronika rolled out her tongue like a carpet, using its flexible tip to grab the stick and roll it into her mouth. She then held the brush steadily, turned her neck, and scratched herself. This observation made scientists reconsider cows’ intelligence. 3 Veronika, as researchers noted, had different preferences for scratching different areas of her body. For example, when targeting the softer and more sensitive regions of her lower body, she switches over to the smooth stick end. Moreover, when scratching her upper body, Veronika uses wider and more forceful movements, while her lower-body scratching is slower, more careful, and highly controlled. “The test confirmed Veronika’s behavior was intentional and controlled,” says Robert Shumaker, an evolutionary biologist. 4 There is already evidence that other mammals like water buffalo and goats are known tool users. A．More surprisingly, the animal can even adjust how she handles the tool. B．The multi-purpose nature of tool use is beyond everyone’s expectations. C．Her life circumstances may to some extent explain this unique behavior. D．An animal must intentionally grasp and control an object to achieve a goal. E．To test Veronika’s skills, researchers placed a brush on the ground near her. F．He is excited to add cows to the list of tool-using animals, but not surprised. Passage 1 （2026·上海松江·二模）Efforts to Enhance Wild Elephant Conservation Deep in the rainforests of southwest China’s Yunnan Province, every time winter comes, the amount of wild food goes down, leading to elephants’ frequent visits to villages in search of food. In Jiangcheng County, Pu’er City, more than 50 wild Asian elephants live all year round. The damage they cause is shocking. 1 A dedicated team is now working to ensure peaceful coexistence between humans and wild elephants, and Diao Faxing is the leader. He and his coworkers are tasked with monitoring Asian elephants and giving alerts. They must track the movements of dozens of elephants in real time over nearly 1,000 square kilometers. Once spotting elephants in the area, they give warnings to nearby villagers to keep their distance without delay. 2 He explained that in 2010, Yunnan Province started a public insurance system for wild animal incidents, fully funded by the government. The elephants usually come to eat villagers’ crops and then leave, which is almost like the locals are raising them. When such incidents occur, insurance companies pay money to households to make up for their losses. Thanks to proper assessment of the damage and government’s financial support, the system works smoothly. In 2022, Yunnan successfully applied to the State Council to establish the Asian Elephant National Park, with the proposed area covering over 386 square kilometers. 3 . First, China’s National Park Law, which came into force on January 1, 2026, has provided a strong legal foundation for the park’s establishment. And according to the Department of Nature Reserve Management Office, other preparation is also advancing — baseline research, specialized resource surveys, habitat restoration, ecological repair, public education, and conflict resolution. The goal is to enhance protection and spread awareness to support the park’s establishment. Diao sees a win-win situation for both nature and human being. “Building an Asian Elephant National Park gives elephants a home. At the same time, we could develop tourism, with local people helping to attract visitors,” he said. 4 And that is the cornerstone of coexistence between people and elephants. A．Furthermore, Diao helps the insurance companies to assess elephant-related damages. B．Now various preparations of the park are progressing steadily in line with good planning. C．Therefore, local people decided to combine-their own efforts to drive the elephants away. D．In response to the application, local laws and policies are made and enacted at a fast pace. E．That is a severe problem facing the local people and different sides are attempting to solve it. F．To him, the park is a combination of locals’ peace and contentment and elephants’ suitable habitats. Passage 2 （25-26高三下·上海·阶段检测）Skillcation Travel today is no longer just about sightseeing or relaxing. Many people now choose trips with special purposes — “sleepcations” for rest, “sports tourism” for big events, or “gig tripping” to follow favorite singers. 1 It gives travelers the chance to develop new skills while enjoying a change of scene. According to Ben Martin, an economics director at the architecture and hospitality firm HKS, skillcations reflect people’s growing wish to learn through experience. 2 Such activities not only make travel more meaningful — but also bring a sense of growth and creativity that lasts long after the trip ends. 3 In India, the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation offers “skillcation packages” where visitors can take part in painting, swimming, acting, or cooking lessons. Similar programs appear in many countries: cheese-making in Switzerland, flamenco dancing in Spain, glacier research in Iceland, or ice sculpting in China. These experiences often lead to cultural connection, self-confidence, and new friendships as travelers share the joy of learning together. Still, a skillcation is not for everyone. It sometimes requires effort, patience, and the courage to step outside one’s comfort zone. 4 Yet for curious minds, this kind of travel can be deeply rewarding. Returning home with a new ability or memory gives people a strong sense of achievement and may inspire them to explore further. Even a short trip can include elements of skill-building — a cooking class, a flower-arranging workshop, or an archery lesson. The key is to choose what truly interests you and fits your experience. With an open mind and a bit of adventure, a skillcation can turn ordinary travel into a journey of personal discovery. A．A newer idea, the skillcation, combines leisure with learning. B．Skillcation, as its name suggests, is a short holiday taken to disconnect from work, C．Instead of simply visiting landmarks, travelers join cooking, pottery, or dance classes, or learn local crafts. D．Some destinations are already promoting this trend. E．There are also ways to include elements of skill-building in your travels without taking a full-on skillcation. F．Those who prefer complete rest may find it tiring. Passage 3 （2026·上海浦东新·三模）Testing chocolate ‘geometry’ to make it tastier Trick or treat! With Halloween around the corner, kids across the country are about to collect bags full of candy — including heaps of chocolate. Meanwhile, a group of researchers in the Netherlands has been experimenting with a method to make chocolate more of a “treat” than ever. 1 “An aspect that I particularly like is its brittleness (脆性), and what it does when it breaks,” says researcher Corentin Raine, who teaches physics at the University of Amsterdam. To optimize how it feels in the mouth, “we gave geometry to chocolate,” he says, “that would then change the way it breaks.” Giving it “geometry” involved using a 3D printer to layer 72 percent dark chocolate in various ways. Rather than creating a flat, solid chunk, the machine printed it into a simple S-shape, or zigzagged super thin layers back-and-forth several times, or swirled it into increasingly complicated spirals. 2 The researchers asked: “How crunchy was it?” “How easy was it to bite?” “How would you rate the overall experience?” The crunchiest — while remaining easy to bite — was the chocolate swirled into fairly complicated spirals. It was also the top tasting experience. “More crunchiness meant that people tended to like it more,” Raine says. The researchers also used a machine to crack the various shapes and see which was the most brittle. Plus, they recorded the sounds of the cracking. 3 The general winner remained that spiral. Whether chocolate will soon be made differently thanks to this research, “it’s too early to say,” Raine says. He is working with a couple of organizations to see how it might be applied. He’s also involved in putting together a team to look at the physics of how things crack in materials other than chocolate — ones that might be used in vehicles, for example, to make them less dangerous when they crash. 4 It could also make those Halloween treats even more tasty. A．Chocolate is a beloved treat worldwide for its delicious taste and geometrical designs. B．That’s because a pleasurable eating experience doesn’t only take place in the mouth, but can be affected by the noises in your skull. C．The resulting pieces were fed to 10 eager volunteers. D．Understanding fractures could make life safer — in cars or airplanes or when wearing helmets. E．When you get an impact of some form, you know something is going to break. F．While chocolate is delicious for many reasons, this study focused on how it cracks when it is bitten. Passage 4 （2026·上海嘉定·二模）The Sciencewashing of Everyday Life There stands a display model of a face mask in my local beauty store. Its package is covered with words like “patents”, “peptides”, and “double helix”. I have no idea what any of this means. But this is science. The mask costs $75. 1 Brands describe themselves as “biology-first” or “powered by biotech.” Creams promise to work “at a molecular (分子) level.” Lipsticks contain acids with “different molecular weights.” Water is sold with extra hydrogen (氢), as if two atoms were no longer enough. Even sports drinks, which once relied on images of sweating athletes, now proudly announce that they are “lab tested.” In a crowded market, science has become the new symbol of quality. Marketing has always borrowed from science, but it used to be more direct. A cereal contained fiber, and fiber was good for you. 2 They were informed but plainspoken, employing the simple logic of cause and effect. They talked, basically, like a family medicine doctor. Today’s ads, by contrast, talk like the Ph.D．kind of doctor. They use long, complex words and refer to things viewable only under a microscope. The goal is not always to explain, but to confuse. 3 “People like buying products that are research-backed,” said Neil Lewis Jr., a behavioral scientist at Cornell. “But most people, they are not professional enough to actually evaluate those claims. They don’t have the time or specific knowledge, so they just look for some signals. That gives their everyday consumption a serious, almost academic appearance.” But here is the problem. 4 Government financial support has weakened, people’s trust in scientists has fallen, and many researchers have left public institutions. It is unsettling to imagine we are approaching a world in which scientists are employed not by independent institutions but only by companies — a world where science itself serves as advertising. A．A cream had vitamin C, and vitamin C helped skin. B．Many of the claims are reasonable, while others are meaningless nonsense. C．When science is being used to sell creams and drinks, science as a public good is under threat. D．Across fashion, beauty, and food, scientific language has become a powerful sales tool. E．In fact, science in the private interest doesn’t necessarily work like that. F．No one is looking up an academic study to make sure the claims on their package are accurate. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 1 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04 六选四（期末复习专项训练） 语篇类型一: 人与自我（6篇） Passage 1 1．C 2．D 3．B 4．F Passage 2 1．E 2．B 3．A 4．D Passage 3 1．B 2．D 3．A 4．E Passage 4 1．C 2．B 3．A 4．E Passage 5 1．B 2．E 3．A 4．D Passage 6 1．F 2．E 3．B 4．D 语篇类型二: 人与社会（6篇） Passage 1 1．B 2．C 3．E 4．A Passage 2 1．B 2．A 3．C 4．F Passage 3 1．A 2．E 3．C 4．B Passage 4 1．E 2．F 3．A 4．C Passage 5 1．B 2．D 3．A 4．F Passage 6 1．A 2．E 3．B 4．F 语篇类型三: 人与自然（4篇） Passage 1 1．D 2．B 3．F 4．C Passage 2 1．B 2．D 3．A 4．E Passage 3 1．B 2．F 3．C 4．A Passage 4 1．D 2．E 3．A 4．F Passage 1 1．E 2．A 3．B 4．F Passage 2 1．A 2．C 3．D 4．F Passage 3 1．F 2．C 3．B 4．D Passage 4 1．D 2．A 3．F 4．C 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04 六选四（期末复习专项训练） 语篇类型一: 人与自我（6篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）There Are Things to Love About Winter As soon as the temperature drops, my husband experiences a change. Like a bear in reverse, he comes alive in winter. I am his opposite. 1 I spent last weekend in a state of gloom, pulling out our family’s collection of giant, shapeless coats. Many people love winter, but if you’re not one of them, “you don’t have to just accept that you’ll be bad-tempered at this time of year,” said Kari Leibowitz, a health psychologist and author of “How to Winter: Harness Your Mindset to Thrive on Cold, Dark or Difficult Days.” Having a more positive approach doesn’t mean denying the realities of dark mornings or icy roads, she said. But when you write off wintertime, she added, you’re writing off a quarter of your life. Instead of “wishing away winter and waiting for spring,” Dr. Leibowitz said, lean into the cooling weather by planning cozy activities and rituals. Make a list of books we want to read during the cozy season, she suggested. 2 She gave some examples, such as baking, knitting or painting. “ 3 ” Holli-Anne Passmore, an associate professor of psychology, said. But she has found in her research that when people actively pay attention to their natural surroundings and notice how it makes them feel, it significantly boosts their well-being. One research subject wrote, “I felt awe that such a tiny bird can withstand the cold.” Another wrote: “I love trees, especially big ones. 4 ” I’ve already begun to take the experts’ advice: I ordered some cozy winter socks and am assembling my cold-weather reading list. A．Adapt summer activities for winter. B．Too often, we ignore the natural world in winter. C．When the leaves begin to fall, so does my mood. D．And start planning some “slow hobbies” we can do indoors. E．If the holidays tire me out, I can carve out time to rest and recover in January. F．I feel humbled by their size, knowing just how much more lies beneath the surface, too. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了作者对冬天的态度转变，从不喜欢冬天到开始接受并享受冬天的一些美好事物，同时给出了专家关于如何在冬天保持积极心态的建议。 1．根据上文“As soon as the temperature drops, my husband experiences a change. Like a bear in reverse, he comes alive in winter. I am his opposite. (温度一降，我丈夫就变了。就像一只反常的熊，他在冬天活跃起来。我和他相反)”以及下文“I spent last weekend in a state of gloom, pulling out our family’s collection of giant, shapeless coats. (上周末我一直愁眉苦脸，翻找出家里那些又大又没型的外套)”可知，上文将作者与丈夫对冬天的态度对比，下文描述作者上周处于阴郁状态，C选项“When the leaves begin to fall, so does my mood. (当树叶开始飘落时，我的心情也随之低落)”，通过季节变化与情绪的关联，衔接上文“作者与丈夫相反”的对比，同时引出后文“阴郁状态”的具体表现，符合因果逻辑。故选C项。 2．根据上文“Instead of “wishing away winter and waiting for spring,” Dr. Leibowitz said, lean into the cooling weather by planning cozy activities and rituals. Make a list of books we want to read during the cozy season, she suggested. (莱博维茨博士说，与其“盼着冬天过去，等着春天到来”，不如通过计划舒适的活动和仪式来享受凉爽的天气。她建议列出我们想在这个舒适的季节读的书)”以及下文“She gave some examples, such as baking, knitting or painting. (她举了一些例子，比如烘焙、编织或绘画)”可知，此处通过举例建议读者在冬天计划一些舒适的活动，D选项“And start planning some “slow hobbies” we can do indoors. (并开始计划一些我们可以在室内进行的“慢爱好”)”，与上文内容相衔接，进一步给出了在冬天可以进行的室内活动的建议，且其中的“slow hobbies”与后文“baking, knitting or painting”形成具体呼应。故选D项。 3．根据下文“But she has found in her research that when people actively pay attention to their natural surroundings and notice how it makes them feel, it significantly boosts their well-being. (但她在研究中发现，当人们积极关注自己的自然环境，并注意到它如何影响自己的感受时，这会显著提升他们的幸福感)”可知，此处是在转折说明人们通常在冬天会忽略自然世界，B选项“Too often, we ignore the natural world in winter. (在冬天，我们常常忽略自然世界)”，与下文内容相呼应，引出了下文关于关注自然环境能提升幸福感的讨论。故选B项。 4．根据上文“Another wrote: “I love trees, especially big ones. (另一个人写道：“我喜欢树，尤其是大树。)”可知，此处是在描述另一个人对大树的喜爱，F选项“I feel humbled by their size, knowing just how much more lies beneath the surface, too. (我对它们的大小感到敬畏，也知道它们表面之下还隐藏着更多)”中的“their size”呼应上文“big ones”，与上文内容紧密衔接，进一步阐述了这个人对大树的敬畏之情。故选F项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海黄浦·期末）What Your “Age” Says About You Imagine, for a moment, that you had no birth certificate and your age was simply based on the way you feel inside. How old would you say you are? Like your height or shoe size, the number of years that have passed since you first entered the world is an unchangeable fact. 1 Scientists are increasingly interested in this quality. They are finding that our “subjective age” may be essential for understanding the reasons why some people appear to be energetic as they grow old—while others fade. 2 It is now well accepted that people tend to mature as they get older, becoming less extroverted and less open to new experiences. These personality changes are often considered more obvious in the people with older subjective ages. However, those who feel younger than they really are also become more reliable and less neurotic as they gain the wisdom that comes with greater life experience. But it doesn’t come at the cost of the energy and vigor of youth. It’s not true that having a lower subjective age leaves us frozen in a state of permanent immaturity. Feeling younger than your years also seems to come with a lower risk of depression and greater mental wellbeing as we age. 3 Most people felt about eight years younger than their actual chronological age (实际年龄). But some felt they had aged — and the consequences were serious. Feeling between 8 and 13 years older than your actual age resulted in an 18-25% greater risk of death over the study periods, and greater disease burden—even when you control for other demographic (人口学的) factors such as education, race or marital status. 4 However old you really are, it’s worth questioning whether any of those limitations are coming from the within. A．It also means better physical health. B．One of the most interesting aspects of the research has explored how subjective age interacts with our personality. C．Some studies have explored the potential physical consequences of this difference. D．These findings can give us all a view of the way our own brains and bodies endure the passing of time. E．But everyday experience suggests that people often don’t experience ageing the same way. F．Many researchers are now trying to study how this knowledge might help us live longer. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了主观年龄（即人们感觉自己的年龄）及其对个人健康和福祉的影响。文章强调，无论实际年龄如何，我们都可以通过调整主观年龄观来提升生活质量。 1．上文提到“Like your height or shoe size, the number of years that have passed since you first entered the world is an unchangeable fact. (像身高或鞋码一样，自你第一次进入这个世界以来经过的年数是一个不可改变的事实)”，这引出了关于年龄的一个观点，即我们的年龄感受是基于内心的感受。而下文则进一步探讨了科学家们对这个品质的兴趣，以及主观年龄与个性之间的关系。因此，E选项“But everyday experience suggests that people often don’t experience ageing the same way.(但日常经验表明，人们往往不会以同样的方式经历衰老)”作为过渡句，既承接了上文关于年龄感受的观点，又为下文的讨论奠定了基础，符合题意。故选E。 2．下文提到“ It is now well accepted that people tend to mature as they get older, becoming less extroverted and less open to new experiences. (现在人们普遍认为，随着年龄的增长，人们会逐渐成熟，变得不那么外向，对新经历的开放程度也会降低)”，这是在描述一个普遍的观点或现象。而B选项“One of the most interesting aspects of the research has explored how subjective age interacts with our personality.(研究中最有趣的一个方面探讨了主观年龄如何与我们的个性相互作用)”则直接引出了这个话题，因此B选项作为主题句，既概括了下文的内容，又引领了上文的话题，符合题意。故选B。 3．上文提到“Feeling younger than your years also seems to come with a lower risk of depression and greater mental wellbeing as we age. (感觉比实际年龄年轻似乎还伴随着较低的抑郁风险和更大的心理健康)”，这是在描述一种积极的影响或结果。而A选项“It also means better physical health.(这也意味着更好的身体健康)”则是对上文积极影响的进一步延伸或补充，it指代前文的“感觉比实际年龄年轻”这个事实。故选A。 4．前文提到“Most people felt about eight years younger than their actual chronological age (实际年龄). But some felt they had aged—and the consequences were serious. Feeling between 8 and 13 years older than your actual age resulted in an 18-25% greater risk of death over the study periods, and greater disease burden—even when you control for other demographic (人口学的) factors such as education, race or marital status.( 大多数人感觉比他们实际的年龄年轻约八岁。但有些人却感到自己变老了——后果非常严重。感觉比实际年龄大8到13岁的人，在研究期间死亡风险增加了18%至25%，患病负担也更重，即使控制了其他人口学因素（如教育程度、种族或婚姻状况）也是如此。)”，这是在列举了一些研究结果，最后指出这些发现具有重要意义。而D选项“These findings can give us all a view of the way our own brains and bodies endure the passing of time.(这些发现可以让我们更好地了解我们自己的大脑和身体是如何随着时间的推移而衰老的)” 是对整段研究结果的总结性评价，既呼应了前文的研究成果，也引出了其深层意义。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海·期末）Why you get anxiety at night According to the Sleep Foundation in America, a conservative estimate (保守估计) is that 10 to 30 percent of adults experience difficulty falling asleep, especially due to anxious thoughts. Indeed, a study from the University of Oxford found that a key difference between insomniacs (失眠者) and the control group (对照组) was the content of their thoughts during bedtime. The problem sleepers were more focused on worries and concerns. 1 Many of us may have had the experience of falling fast asleep in front of the TV. However, when we take ourselves to bed, we lie there wide-awake with anxious thoughts racing through our minds. One of the main reasons is the lack of distraction. When you’re busy during the day, your brain is occupied with all manner of tasks and activities. In the evening, you might eat dinner, chat and then watch TV. All the while, the regions involved in planning and decision making in your brain are occupied. 2 Your mind is entirely free to turn in on itself, either to worry about all of the things that have been happening to you recently or the next day to come. Psychologists are increasingly realizing that one of the least effective ways to deal with troubling thoughts is to try to fight them. Doing so only increases their existence, making them hang around for longer. 3 One practical way to solve this problem is by making it a practice to write in a daily journal before going to bed. It’s as if the writing exercise got the anxious thoughts out of their heads and onto paper, making it easier for them to drop off. For many people, it’s not worries about the past that keep them awake, but worries about all of the things that they have yet to do. 4 If this fits with your own experiences, there’s evidence that you too could benefit from getting all of those worries out onto paper. Generally speaking, worry (in moderation) is a normal human activity. Rather than trying to fight it, the trick to getting a peaceful night’s sleep is to plan a time earlier in the day to give your brain a chance to avoid the building up of any potential anxieties. That way, when your head hits the pillow, you’ll find it easier to sail off to dreamland on calm waters. A．Instead, it’s better to accept the thoughts, so as to allow them to pass in time. B．As compared, the healthy controls tended to think about nothing in particular. C．Researchers asked them to spend five minutes before bedtime writing about all that they’d done. D．Yet the moment you rest your head on your pillow, all external distractions are suddenly gone. E．Indeed, there’s some evidence that Sunday nights are the worst for insomnia for this very reason. F．The key seems to be that participants wrote their to-do list rather than mentally thought about their unfinished tasks. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了许多成年人在晚上难以入睡，尤其是因焦虑想法而失眠的原因，并提供了一些应对方法，如写日记和提前规划，以帮助人们获得更好的睡眠。 1．由上文“Indeed, a study from the University of Oxford found that a key difference between insomniacs (失眠者) and the control group (对照组) was the content of their thoughts during bedtime. The problem sleepers were more focused on worries and concerns. (事实上，牛津大学的一项研究发现，失眠者和对照组之间的一个关键区别是他们在就寝时的想法内容。睡眠有问题的人更关注担忧和顾虑。)”可知，这里需要进一步说明对照组的情况，与失眠者形成对比。B选项“As compared, the healthy controls tended to think about nothing in particular. (相比之下，健康的对照组倾向于什么都不想。)”能承接上文，符合题意，故选B。 2．由上文“When you’re busy during the day, your brain is occupied with all manner of tasks and activities. In the evening, you might eat dinner, chat and then watch TV. All the while, the regions involved in planning and decision making in your brain are occupied. (当你白天很忙的时候，你的大脑被各种各样的任务和活动占据着。晚上，你可能会吃晚饭、聊天，然后看电视。与此同时，你大脑中负责计划和决策的区域也在忙碌着。)”及下文“Your mind is entirely free to turn in on itself, either to worry about all of the things that have been happening to you recently or the next day to come. (你的思想完全自由地转向自己，要么担心最近发生在你身上的所有事情，要么担心即将到来的第二天。)”可知，本空应描述从白天忙碌到晚上休息时，外部干扰的突然消失。D选项“Yet the moment you rest your head on your pillow, all external distractions are suddenly gone. (然而，当你把头靠在枕头上时，所有的外部干扰都突然消失了。)”能承上启下，符合题意，故选D。 3．由上文“Psychologists are increasingly realizing that one of the least effective ways to deal with troubling thoughts is to try to fight them. Doing so only increases their existence, making them hang around for longer. (心理学家越来越意识到，处理困扰想法的最无效方法之一就是试图与之抗争。这样做只会增加它们的存在感，让它们徘徊得更久。)”可知，本空应提出更有效的应对方法。A选项“Instead, it’s better to accept the thoughts, so as to allow them to pass in time. (相反，最好接受这些想法，让它们及时过去。)”能承接上文，符合题意，故选A。 4．该空与上文“For many people, it’s not worries about the past that keep them awake, but worries about all of the things that they have yet to do. (对许多人来说，让他们睡不着的不是对过去的担忧，而是对所有他们还没有做的事情的担忧。)”形成因果关系，上文解释了E选项中为什么周日晚上失眠最严重的原因，该选项中“Sunday nights are the worst for insomnia”也呼应下文“If this fits with your own experiences, there’s evidence that you too could benefit from getting all of those worries out onto paper. (如果这与你的经历相符，有证据表明，你也可以从把所有这些担忧都写在纸上中受益。)”中“If this fits with your own experiences”，E选项“Indeed, there’s some evidence that Sunday nights are the worst for insomnia for this very reason.(事实上，有证据表明，正是由于这个原因，周日晚上失眠最严重。)”符合题意，故选E。 Passage 4 （24-25高二下·上海静安·期末）Innovations in Food Production: Cultivated Meat Innovators in the United States and around the world will soon bring to market new and transformative products that have the ability to reshape animal agriculture as we know it. Consumers will be able to purchase meat and other animal-derived foods without supporting cruel, unclean, and unsafe factory farms and slaughterhouses. Cultivated meat — also referred to as slaughter-free meat or cell-based meat, is just that — animal meat produced from animals’ cells, without having to raise and kill living, feeling beings. 1 We do not need to rely on this flawed industrial system. Cultivated meat production will remove the need to crowd thousands of animals into cages and crowded barns, and of course would not require billions of animals to be slaughtered each year. The cell culturing process — similar to those used in making beer and cheese — can replace factory farms and eliminate the need to slaughter animals. Not only will cultivated meat production cut out the cruelty and suffering inherent in industrial factory farming, it promises to dramatically reduce environmental impacts. 2 They place these dangerous substances in massive “lagoons” that dot the American landscape. These waste lagoons threaten the public health and often spill over to pollute miles of waterways and kill countless wild animals. These lagoons are entirely absent from cultivated meat production. Absent too would be the bad smells and other harmful air pollutants local communities have to endure thanks to factory farms. And factory farms have to use huge amounts of antibiotics and other drugs to prevent and control disease because they crowd stressed, suffering animals by the thousands into dirty warehouses. 3 Every year more and more consumers are rejecting cruel and unsustainable factory-farmed products and demanding something better. 4 And that trend is only gaining momentum. For example, data collected by the Plant Based Foods Association (PBFA) found a 24% year to year growth in demand for plant-based meats in 2018! As interest in healthier and more sustainable options to slaughtered meat increases, cultivated meat can step in to help meet this booming demand. A．In contrast, cultivated meat production facilities will provide safe, clean, and controlled environments. B．Factory farms necessitate the disposal of animal waste, drugs, and chemicals. C．Animal agriculture causes animal suffering, pollutes the environment, and threatens human welfare. D．While cultivated meat avoids slaughter, some worry about its sensory qualities. E．We have seen dramatic growth in the demand for plant-based meats and milks in recent years. F．Some worry that scaling up production may require significant energy, reducing its environmental edge. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食品生产领域的创新——培育肉，阐述了其生产方式，并说明了培育肉相比传统工厂化养殖的优势以及消费者对更健康、可持续食品需求的增长趋势。 1．根据上文“Consumers will be able to purchase meat and other animal-derived foods without supporting cruel, unclean, and unsafe factory farms and slaughterhouses. Cultivated meat — also referred to as slaughter-free meat or cell-based meat, is just that — animal meat produced from animals’ cells, without having to raise and kill living, feeling beings. (消费者将能够购买肉类和其他动物源性食品，而无需支持残忍、不清洁和不安全的工厂化农场和屠宰场。培育肉——也被称为无屠宰肉或细胞基肉，正是如此——从动物细胞中生产的动物肉，无需饲养和宰杀有生命、有感知的生物。)”以及下文“We do not need to rely on this flawed industrial system. Cultivated meat production will remove the need to crowd thousands of animals into cages and crowded barns, and of course would not require billions of animals to be slaughtered each year. (我们不需要依赖这个有缺陷的工业系统。培育肉生产将消除将数千只动物挤入笼子和拥挤的谷仓的需要，当然也不需要每年屠宰数十亿只动物。)”可知，此空应总结传统动物农业存在的问题，从而引出培育肉的优势。C选项“Animal agriculture causes animal suffering, pollutes the environment, and threatens human welfare. (动物农业导致动物痛苦，污染环境，并威胁人类福利。)”中的“causes animal suffering, pollutes the environment, and threatens human welfare”概括了传统农业的弊端，“this flawed industrial system”即动物农业的劣势，从而突出培育肉的优势所在，符合语境。故选C项。 2．根据上文“Not only will cultivated meat production cut out the cruelty and suffering inherent in industrial factory farming, it promises to dramatically reduce environmental impacts. (培育肉生产不仅会消除工业工厂化养殖中固有的残忍和痛苦，还有望显著降低环境影响。)”以及下文“They place these dangerous substances in massive “lagoons” that dot the American landscape. These waste lagoons threaten the public health and often spill over to pollute miles of waterways and kill countless wild animals. (他们将这些危险物质放置在遍布美国各地的巨大“泻湖”中。这些废物泻湖威胁公众健康，并经常溢出污染数英里的水道，杀死无数野生动物。)”可知，此空应提及工厂化农场在环境影响方面的具体做法，尤其是废弃物处理问题。B选项“Factory farms necessitate the disposal of animal waste, drugs, and chemicals. (工厂化农场必须处理动物粪便、药物和化学物质。)”中的“disposal of animal waste, drugs, and chemicals”对应下文“dangerous substances”和“waste lagoons”，解释了工厂化农场对环境造成污染的原因，符合语境。故选B项。 3．根据上文“And factory farms have to use huge amounts of antibiotics and other drugs to prevent and control disease because they crowd stressed, suffering animals by the thousands into dirty warehouses. (工厂化农场不得不使用大量抗生素和其他药物来预防和控制疾病，因为它们将数千只处于压力和痛苦中的动物挤入肮脏的仓库。)”可知，此空应将工厂化农场的弊端与培育肉的优势进行对比。A选项“In contrast, cultivated meat production facilities will provide safe, clean, and controlled environments. (相比之下，培育肉生产设施将提供安全、清洁和可控的环境。)”中的“In contrast”表明对比关系，“safe, clean, and controlled environments”与上文工厂化农场的“dirty warehouses”形成鲜明对比，突出培育肉在生产环境上的优势，符合语境。故选A项。 4．根据上文“Every year more and more consumers are rejecting cruel and unsustainable factory-farmed products and demanding something better. (每年都有越来越多的消费者拒绝残忍和不可持续的工厂化养殖产品，并要求更好的东西。)”以及下文“And that trend is only gaining momentum. For example, data collected by the Plant Based Foods Association (PBFA) found a 24% year to year growth in demand for plant-based meats in 2018! (而且这一趋势只会越来越强劲。例如，植物基食品协会（PBFA）收集的数据发现，2018年植物基肉类的需求同比增长24%！)”可知，此空应具体说明消费者对替代食品需求增长的情况。E选项“We have seen dramatic growth in the demand for plant-based meats and milks in recent years. (近年来，我们看到对植物基肉类和牛奶的需求急剧增长。)”中的“dramatic growth in the demand for plant-based meats”与下文“24% year to year growth”相呼应，用具体数据支撑了消费者需求增长的趋势，符合语境。故选E项。 Passage 5 （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期末）Study with Me On social media, people share knowledge through videos — from piano lessons to computer repair. When seeking answers, many turn to YouTube, including those struggling with studying.   That’s where Study with Me (SWM) videos come into play. In Korea, the popular videos are called “gongbang,” which means Study Broadcast. In Japan, they’re called “benkyou douga,” and in America and other countries, they’re called Study with Me. 1 Students create and share videos of themselves studying attentively, usually for an exam. The camera often focuses on a clean desk with a tidy display of books, notebooks, a computer and a timer. Throughout most of the videos, no words are spoken; the focus is on the creator as he or she studies. The point is not to teach anything but simply to provide a study companion.   2 Financial site Business Insider says this type of video “serves a real purpose, helping people focus.”   The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology performed research on Study with Me videos and discovered several benefits. First, people can set up quiet study areas in their homes to view the videos. This cuts down on their commute to libraries or established study rooms. 3 Finally, viewers gain emotional support by knowing that they are part of a group with perhaps thousands of others, all working toward the same goal. Some viewers have said that Study with Me “satisfies the need for belonging and social contact” by providing a sense of companionship. 4 Some SWM livestreams, where viewers can chat with each other in real time, feel like online study groups. This helps create a satisfactory study environment where students can find the inspiration they need to stay on task. A．Next, observing the diligence of the creator often motivates viewers, especially those who have trouble studying. B．No matter what their names are, millions of viewers have joined the SWM craze. C．Moreover, with teachers answering questions and facilitating discussions, the learning atmosphere becomes highly engaging. D．The creator becomes a study mate, which reduces the isolation many students feel. E．Are SWM cideos just “lazy content,” or are they beneficial? F．Yet others point out that such peer-driven pressure can leave viewers feeling tense and uneasy. 【答案】1．B 2．E 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了“和我一起学习（SWM）”视频的形式、作用及相关研究发现的益处。 1．上文“In Korea, the popular videos are called “gongbang,” which means Study Broadcast. In Japan, they’re called “benkyou douga,” and in America and other countries, they’re called Study with Me. (在韩国，这类流行视频被称为“学习直播”，在日本，它们被称作“学习视频”，而在美国和其他国家，人们则将其称为“和我一起学习”)”可知，本段列举了不同国家对SWM视频的不同称呼，空处需承接上文，总结不同名称下的共同现象。B选项“无论它们叫什么名字，数百万观众都加入了SWM热潮”通过“No matter what their names are”衔接前文的名称差异，“millions of viewers”引出其流行程度，符合语境。故选B。 2．下文“Financial site Business Insider says this type of video “serves a real purpose, helping people focus.” (金融网站《商业内幕》称，这类视频“确实有用，能帮助人们集中注意力”。)”指出SWM视频的实际作用，而空处需引出对其价值的探讨。E选项“SWM 视频只是‘懒惰的内容’，还是有益的？”以疑问句形式引发思考，既呼应后文对其益处的说明，又通过“or are they beneficial”自然过渡到下文，适合作段落主旨句。故选E。 3．上文“First, people can set up quiet study areas in their homes to view the videos. (首先，人们可以在家中设立安静的学习区域来观看这些视频)”介绍了研究发现的第一个益处，下文“Finally, viewers gain emotional support by knowing that they are part of a group with perhaps thousands of others, all working toward the same goal. (最后，观众会获得情感支持，因为他们知道自己属于一个可能由成千上万的人组成的群体，所有人都在朝着同一个目标努力)”为第三个益处，空处需补充第二个益处。A选项“其次，观察创作者的勤奋往往能激励观众，尤其是那些在学习上有困难的人。”对应研究中的具体好处，符合逻辑顺序。故选A。 4．上文“Finally, viewers gain emotional support by knowing that they are part of a group with perhaps thousands of others, all working toward the same goal. Some viewers have said that Study with Me “satisfies the need for belonging and social contact” by providing a sense of companionship. (最后，观众知道自己属于一个可能由成千上万的人组成的群体，所有人都在朝着同一个目标努力，这让他们获得了情感支持。一些观众表示，“和我一起学习” 视频通过提供一种陪伴感，“满足了归属感和社交接触的需求”)”可知，强调了SWM视频带来的陪伴感和情感支持。D选项“创作者成为了学习伙伴，这减少了许多学生感受到的孤独感。”进一步解释这种陪伴如何减少孤独感，其中“study mate”和“reduces the isolation”直接呼应前文的“companionship”和“need for belonging”，符合语境。故选D。 Passage 6 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）Why You Might Need an Adventure In Moby-Dick, Herman Melville’s narrator Ishmael offers a surprising way to lift spirits: When the “hypos (情绪低落)” struck, he took to the sea and forgot his troubles. Since whaling was an exhausting and dangerous job, this advice might seem counter-intuitive in today’s era of self-care. 1 If you’re troubled by your own case of the “hypos,” the cure may be a tough challenge. This idea has been confirmed by emerging research. A 2013 study found that experienced climbers tend to derive unusual spiritual inspiration, experience a greater sense of flow, and feel happier when climbing. A 2023 analysis of research on outdoor adventures showed that participants in these experiences benefit in multiple ways. These included physical and mental balance, personal growth, a sense of belonging, and deep, transformative experiences. 2 Indeed, learning new things with a spirit of curiosity and exploration has been shown to boost mood. This raises an interesting paradox (悖论) that appears in this field of happiness research. People derive a lot more happiness from high-skill activities that require learning than they do from low-skill ones that don’t, yet we typically settle for the latter. The obvious explanation is that the latter takes a lot less learning effort and mental focus. Although the happiness benefits of high-skill activities will probably be greater, they are deferred (延迟的) and seem abstract compared with the instant satisfaction of low-skill ones. Just as more demanding physical and mental adventures boost happiness, their absence can harm well-being. 3 Those who often report better moods tend to have an “adventure-based mindset” — purposely seeking out new, interesting, and challenging experiences. If you find yourself a bit down like Ishmael, you don’t necessarily need to risk your life chasing a great white whale around the world. Choose a challenge that is worthwhile and hard. If the knowledge in your head feels outdated or uninspiring, it might be time to explore a new field. For a physical challenge, sign up for a marathon or set out to walk a few hundred miles. 4 And that is the point. If it were safe, it wouldn’t be heroic; if it were predictable, it wouldn’t be an adventure. The object is not to win in a conventional way; it is to wake up and be fully alive. A．Starting an adventure can bring immediate and big happiness benefits. B．People can suffer when there aren’t enough external stimuli and new experiences. C．An adventure need not always be physical — mental challenges can offer similar rewards. D．There is no guarantee that whatever adventure you choose will turn out the way you hope, of course. E．Research has provided evidence about why materially comfortable humans would be drawn to difficult, even dangerous tasks. F．But Melville perhaps knew something we’ve forgotten: When life is getting you down, the answer is not more comfort but less. 【答案】1．F 2．E 3．B 4．D 【导语】文章以《白鲸记》引出话题，论述适度冒险挑战能改善低落情绪、提升幸福感，并用相关研究佐证观点，号召人们主动尝试冒险。 1．根据前文“Since whaling was an exhausting and dangerous job, this advice might seem counter‑intuitive in today’s era of self‑care.(因为捕鲸是一项耗费体力且危险的工作，在如今注重自我关怀的时代，这个建议似乎有违常理)”以及后文“If you’re troubled by your own case of the ‘hypos,’ the cure may be a tough challenge.(如果你也深陷情绪低落，一剂良药或许是艰难的挑战)”可知，此处需要转折衔接，解释梅尔维尔观点的深层含义。F选项“But Melville perhaps knew something we’ve forgotten: When life is getting you down, the answer is not more comfort but less.(但梅尔维尔或许知道我们遗忘的道理：当生活使你沮丧，解决办法不是更多舒适，而是更少)”，通过But形成转折，承接上文看似反常的建议，引出下文挑战可治愈低落情绪。 2．根据后文“Indeed, learning new things with a spirit of curiosity and exploration has been shown to boost mood. This raises an interesting paradox (悖论) that appears in this field of happiness research.(事实上，带着好奇与探索的心态学习新事物，已被证实可以改善情绪。这就引出了幸福感研究领域中一个有趣的悖论。)”可知，后文讲述带着好奇心学习新事物可以改善情绪，不只身体冒险，脑力挑战同样有效。C选项“An adventure need not always be physical — mental challenges can offer similar rewards.(冒险不一定总是身体上的，脑力挑战也能带来相似的回报)”，引出下文精神、学习层面的挑战。 3．根据前文“Just as more demanding physical and mental adventures boost happiness, their absence can harm well‑being.(正如高难度的身心冒险能提升幸福感，缺少它们会损害身心健康)”可知，此处承接缺少冒险带来的负面影响。B选项“People can suffer when there aren’t enough external stimuli and new experiences.(当缺乏足够的外界刺激与新鲜体验时，人们会感到痛苦)”符合语境。 4．根据后文“And that is the point. If it were safe, it wouldn’t be heroic; if it were predictable, it wouldn’t be an adventure.(这正是关键。若安全便算不上英勇，若可预测便不是冒险)”可知，后文强调冒险具有不确定性、不可预测性。D选项“There is no guarantee that whatever adventure you choose will turn out the way you hope, of course.(当然，你选择的冒险未必会如你所愿)”，指出冒险的未知性，引出后文对冒险本质的阐述。 语篇类型二: 人与社会（6篇） Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）More Relevant Than Ever: Ghost in the Shell At 30 On May 10th, Ghost in the Shell was released in the Chinese mainland for the first time, celebrating the 30th anniversary of the anime (日本动漫) classic. What felt like a philosophical fantasy in 1995 is becoming a wise prediction about the near future. If you don’t know, Ghost in the Shell is set in a world where humans live alongside cyborgs that are part human, part machine. The lead character is Major Motoko Kusanagi, a cyborg agent working for an intelligence department. When tasked with tracking a mysterious hacker known as the Puppet Master, she is forced to confront existential questions about identity and the nature of self. It seems that the distinction between human and machine is no longer clear. 1 We are living at a time when our identities are extending into the digital world. 2 Reality is being shaped by the algorithms as we are shown only what we want to see. Meanwhile, face and fingerprint recognition allows us convenient access to devices and even physical spaces. Our thoughts, choices, and emotions become data points. and we are largely defined by social media profiles and digital footprints. 3 Unlike many sci-fi films, it does not present technology as evil; rather, it examines our interdependent relationship with it. In doing so, it exposes how easily we give up autonomy for convenience. MajorKusanagi is known by her colleagues as the artificial “shell” she occupies, yet she constantly wonders whether she has any true self inside. In a lot of ways, we are all Major Kusanagi, questioning essentially “What makes me me?” But there’s no need to panic. Existential crises existed long before we even thought about machines replacing us. When director Mamoru Oshii made Ghost in the Shell, it was less about the rise of technology than the essence of human beings. 4 . Thanks to developing technologies, we are changing faster than ever now — that’s just human nature. A．According to the Puppet Master: “To be human is to continually change.” B．The very definition of identity is challenged in this mind-blowing film. C．As we scroll, tap, and click, we are creating “ghosts” of ourselves in the sea of information. D．This philosophical anxiety shouldn’t paralyze(使…瘫痪) us with fear E．Ghost in the Shell warned us about this, not in a scary way, but with curiosity. F．The Puppet Master’s motives remain unclear until the final act. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．E 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍《攻壳机动队》上映30周年，探讨其对人机界限等未来的预测及现实意义。 1．根据上文“When tasked with tracking a mysterious hacker known as the Puppet Master, she is forced to confront existential questions about identity and the nature of self. It seems that the distinction between human and machine is no longer clear. (当主角草薙素子被派去追踪神秘的“傀儡师”黑客时，她不得不面对关于身份和自我本质的存在主义问题。人类与机器之间的界限似乎不再清晰。)”可知，此空应总结该电影对身份定义的挑战。B选项“The very definition of identity is challenged in this mind-blowing film. (在这部令人震撼的电影中，身份的定义受到了挑战。)”中的“identity is challenged”与上文“questions about identity”和“distinction between human and machine is no longer clear”相呼应，符合语境。故选B项。 2．根据上文“We are living at a time when our identities are extending into the digital world. (我们生活在一个身份向数字世界延伸的时代。)”以及下文“Reality is being shaped by the algorithms as we are shown only what we want to see. Meanwhile, face and fingerprint recognition allows us convenient access to devices and even physical spaces. Our thoughts, choices, and emotions become data points. (现实正被算法塑造，因为我们看到的只是自己想看到的东西。与此同时，面部和指纹识别让我们能便捷地使用设备，甚至进入实体空间。我们的思想、选择和情感都变成了数据点。)”可知，此空应阐述人们在数字世界中创造自我“影子”的行为。C选项“As we scroll, tap, and click, we are creating “ghosts” of ourselves in the sea of information. (当我们滚动、点击屏幕时，我们正在信息海洋中创造自我的“幽灵”。)”中的“creating “ghosts” of ourselves”对应上文“identities are extending into the digital world”，且“scroll, tap, and click”与下文算法塑造现实的细节形成呼应，符合语境。故选C项。 3．根据下文“Unlike many sci-fi films, it does not present technology as evil; rather, it examines our interdependent relationship with it. (与许多科幻电影不同，它没有将技术描绘成邪恶的；相反，它审视了我们与技术的相互依赖关系。)”可知，此空应引出电影《攻壳机动队》对技术的探讨方式。E选项“Ghost in the Shell warned us about this, not in a scary way, but with curiosity. (《攻壳机动队》以此警示我们，并非以可怕的方式，而是带着好奇。)”中的“warned us about this”衔接上文数字身份延伸的现象，“not in a scary way, but with curiosity”对应下文“does not present technology as evil”，符合语境。故选E项。 4．根据上文“When director Mamoru Oshii made Ghost in the Shell, it was less about the rise of technology than the essence of human beings. (当导演押井守制作《攻壳机动队》时，其核心并非技术的崛起，而是人类的本质。)”以及下文“Thanks to developing technologies, we are changing faster than ever now — that’s just human nature. (借助技术的发展，我们如今的变化比以往任何时候都快——这正是人性所在。)”可知，此空应引用电影内容来强调人类本质与变化的关系。A选项“According to the Puppet Master: “To be human is to continually change.””(正如“傀儡师”所言：“人之为人，在于不断改变。”)中的“continually change”与下文“changing faster than ever”相呼应，通过电影角色台词诠释了人类本质，符合语境。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海·期末）A writer for all time 1 At that point, seven years after the playwright’s death, Shakespeare was just one of many respected writers of his era, but in the years that followed the words of that preface proved to be true. His reputation grew and grew and today Shakespeare is widely recognized as the greatest writer in the history of English literature. His plays live on, translated into at least 80 languages and performed all over the globe. Why is it that, 400 years after his death, his work is still rated so highly? Many writers before Shakespeare could write great comedy, or tragedy, or history, but Shakespeare could tell great stories in all these genres and more: from fantastic fairy tale (A Midsummer Night’s Dream) to political play (Richard Ⅲ). 2 In fact, he usually took them from traditional stories, history or other writers. In his hands, however, they became powerful tales that went beyond time and culture. Romeo and Juliet is a story of love, hate and teenage rebellion against strict parents. Macbeth shows the dangers of ruthless ambition. Othello deals with insecurity, trust and jealousy. 3 As well as productions using the original language and settings, there have been imaginative reinterpretations as musicals (Romeo and Juliet / West Side Story), sci-fi films(The Tempest/ Forbidden Planet), high school romantic comedies(welfth Night/ She’s the Man), Bollywood films (Macbeth/ Maqbool), and even children’s cartoons (Hamlet/ The Lion King). While some parts of Shakespeare’s plays are in prose, his greatest speeches are in verse and their language, though old-fashioned, still arouses modern audiences’ feelings. His jokes ensure that the theatre is often filled with laughter, but moments later there might be a most beautiful passage about love or chilling words about death, revenge or jealousy. 4 It is thought that he started writing these in 1592 when the disease stopped Londoners from being able to go to the theatre. They include some of the most famous lines about love and beauty in the English. A．He rarely came up with original plots for his plays. B．“He was not of an age, but for all time!” stated the preface of William Shakespeare’s collected plays when they were first published in 1623. C．It’s no surprise that theatre and film directors return again and again to his plays for their material. D．Even individual words were a chance for Shakespeare to show off his creativity. E．They include everyday words, such as generous, apostrophe, hurry, road and amazement. F．As well as at least 37 plays, he is known 30 for 154 short poems called sonnets. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了莎士比亚为何在去世 400 年后其作品仍被高度评价。 1．根据下文“At that point, seven years after the playwright's death, Shakespeare was just one of many respected writers of his era, but in the years that followed the words of that preface proved to be true. His reputation grew and grew and today Shakespeare is widely recognized as the greatest writer in the history of English literature.(在那时，这位剧作家去世七年后，莎士比亚只是他那个时代众多受尊敬的作家之一，但在随后的岁月里，那篇序言中的话被证明是正确的。他的声誉与日俱增，如今莎士比亚被广泛认为是英国文学史上最伟大的作家)” 可知，此处应提到“序言”，引出后文关于莎士比亚声誉发展的内容。故B选项“1623 年，威廉・莎士比亚的戏剧集首次出版时，其序言中写道：“他不属于一个时代，而属于所有时代！” 符合语境，故选B。 2．根据上文“Many writers before Shakespeare could write great comedy, or tragedy, or history, but Shakespeare could tell great stories in all these genres and more: from fantastic fairy tale (A Midsummer Night's Dream) to political play（Richard Ⅲ）(在莎士比亚之前，许多作家能写出伟大的喜剧、悲剧或历史剧，但莎士比亚能在所有这些体裁及更多体裁中讲述精彩故事：从奇幻童话《仲夏夜之梦》到政治剧《理查三世》)” 及下文 “In fact, he usually took them from traditional stories, history or other writers.(事实上，他通常从传统故事、历史或其他作家那里获取这些故事)” 可知，承上启下，说明莎士比亚戏剧情节的来源，引出后文他如何将非原创情节变为精彩故事。故A选项“他很少为他的戏剧想出原创情节” 符合语境，故选A。 3．根据下文 “As well as productions using the original language and settings, there have been imaginative reinterpretations as musicals (Romeo and Juliet / West Side Story), sci-fi films(The Tempest/ Forbidden Planet), high school romantic comedies ( welfth Night/ She’s the Man), Bollywood films (Macbeth/ Maqbool), and even children’s cartoons (Hamlet/ The Lion King).(除了使用原始语言和背景的作品外，还有富有想象力的重新演绎，如音乐剧《西区故事》改编自《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、科幻电影《禁忌星球》改编自《暴风雨》、高中浪漫喜剧《足球尤物》改编自《第十二夜》、宝莱坞电影《麦克白》改编自《马克布尔》，甚至还有儿童卡通片《狮子王》改编自《哈姆雷特》)” 可知，莎士比亚的戏剧常被导演选用并改编。故C选项“难怪戏剧和电影导演一次又一次地从他的戏剧中获取素材” 符合语境，故选C。 4．根据下文“It is thought that he started writing these in 1592 when the disease stopped Londoners from being able to go to the theatre. They include some of the most famous lines about love and beauty in the English.(人们认为他在 1592 年开始创作这些作品，当时疾病使伦敦人无法去剧院。这些作品包含一些英语中关于爱和美的最著名诗句)”可知，此处应引出他创作的这些诗句作品。F选项“除了至少 37 部戏剧外，他还以 154 首名为十四行诗的短诗而闻名”符合语境，故选F。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·上海宝山·期末）Fifty-year-old Chen Hong and 40-year-old Lei Na from Chongqing have made history by becoming the first blind couple in China to complete a full marathon. During the 2024 Shanghai Marathon on Dec.1, assisted by five escort runners (护跑队员) ，Chen and Lei accomplished a 42.19-kilometer full marathon in 5 hours and 47 minutes. Their marathon journey began on Oct.15, 2022, with the founding of the Chongqing branch of Running in the Dark. Running in the Dark is a national charity that supports partially sighted runners. 1 The organization has also broadened its range to include sports such as hiking, cycling and swimming. Among the earliest participants, Chen and Lei seldom miss any of the branch’s monthly running events. Despite both losing their eyesight, the couple has steadily improved their running skills, with their escort runners alongside. 2 One person is visually damaged and the other acts as an escort runner, who alerts the former to turns, obstacles on the track and running techniques. “We serve as their eyes, but they help us see from our souls. 3 ” said Lu Wei, founder of the Chongqing branch. “By removing the obstacles they face during exercise, we hope to create a closer bond with each other.” To prepare for the full marathon in Shanghai, Chen and Lei spent eight months diligently engaged in running and various exercises to enhance their physical and core strength. “I think more people with disabilities should connect with society, which gives them love and respect, rather than isolating themselves at home. We only live once. 4 ” Chen said. A．It originated in Shanghai in 2016 and has grown to 27 branches nationwide. B．So why not reveal our true colors? C．Each makes the other better. D．They not only show their efforts, but also present an optimistic outlook on life. E．The participants run in pairs, holding a short rope between them. F．It’s just the beginning of their brand-new lives. 【答案】1．A 2．E 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述重庆盲夫妻在护跑队员协助下完成上海马拉松，展现努力与乐观，呼吁残障人士融入社会。 1．由上文“Running in the Dark is a national charity that supports partially sighted runners.(Running in the Dark是一个支持部分视力障碍跑步者的全国性慈善机构。)”可知，此处需补充该组织的发展历程。A项It originated in Shanghai in 2016 and has grown to 27 branches nationwide.(它于2016年在上海起源，目前已在全国发展至27个分支机构。)中“originated in Shanghai in 2016”解释其成立背景，“27 branches nationwide”对应“national charity”，通过时间与规模的介绍，衔接后文“重庆分部”的成立，形成“组织概况→具体分支”的逻辑过渡。故选A项。 2．由下文“One person is visually damaged and the other acts as an escort runner, who alerts the former to turns, obstacles on the track and running techniques.(一人有视力障碍，另一人担任护跑员，提醒前者转弯、赛道障碍物及跑步技巧。)”可知，此处需总述参与者的跑步形式。E项The participants run in pairs, holding a short rope between them.(参与者成对跑步，彼此之间握着一根短绳。)中“run in pairs”概括后文“视力障碍者 + 护跑员”的组合模式，“holding a short rope”具体说明协作方式，与后文“护跑员提醒障碍”形成“形式→细节”的阐释关系。故选E项。 3．由上文“We serve as their eyes, but they help us see from our souls.(我们充当他们的眼睛，但他们帮助我们从灵魂中看见。)”可知，此处需总结双方的相互作用。C项Each makes the other better.(彼此成就更好的对方。)中“Each makes the other better”既呼应“我们帮助他们，他们启发我们”的双向关系，又通过简洁的总结，衔接后文“通过移除运动障碍建立更紧密联系”的深层意义，体现“具体行为→抽象价值”的升华。故选C项。 4．由上文“I think more people with disabilities should connect with society, which gives them love and respect, rather than isolating themselves at home. We only live once. (我认为更多的残疾人应该与社会联系，社会给他们爱和尊重，而不是把自己孤立在家里。我们只活一次。)”可知，此处需呼应“珍惜生命、积极融入”的观点。B项So why not reveal our true colors?(那么为何不展现真实的自我呢？) 通过反问句强化语气，“reveal our true colors”对应“connect with society”，与“we only live once”形成“生命意义→行动呼吁”的逻辑闭环，鼓励残障人士突破自我。故选B项。 Passage 4 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）Sima Qian: Chinese Historian and Scientist Sima Qian (145 BCE—86 BCE), astronomer, calendar expert, and the first great Chinese historian. He is most noted for his authorship of the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), which is considered to be the most important history of China down to the end of the 2nd century. Life Sima Qian was the son of Sima Tan, the grand historian at the Han court during the period 140—110 BCE. The office of grand historian combined responsibility for astronomical observations and for the regulation of the calendar with the duties of keeping a daily record of state events and court ceremonies. 1 In 105 he was among those responsible for a complete reform of the Chinese calendar, a reform pushed by Wudi the emperor's inauguration of what was to be a “new beginning” to the Han dynasty. At about the same time, Sima Qian began to undertake the unfulfilled ambition of his father to write a definitive history of the Chinese past, an ambition strengthened by his belief that under Wudi the Han had reached a peak of achievement that deserved to be recorded for the offspring. Before his history was completed, however, Sima Qian deeply offended the emperor by coming to the defense of a disgraced general. 2 Wudi later relented, and Sima Qian again rose in the imperial favor, becoming palace secretary (zhongshuling). But he remained bitterly conscious of the shame he had suffered and lived a retiring life, devoting himself to the completion of his great masterpiece. Structure and content of Shiji The Shiji is Sima Qian's great claim to fame. His main achievement was that he reduced to an orderly narrative the complex events of the past, recorded in often contradictory sources deriving from the many independent states, each of which employed its own chronology. He organized these facts not, as in previous histories, simply as a chronologically ordered record but according to a new five-part plan. The Basic Annals (Benji) gave a dated chronological outline centered on events at the court considered to have been the most influential power at the time. The Shiji provided a model for the later dynastic histories but differs from them in many ways. Its time span is far longer: Such attempts to encompass the whole of human history were rare among later Chinese historians. 3 It covered not only the court annals of the Qin and the Han dynasties but also various earlier histories, parts of court chronicles of various feudal states, and material from the canonical books and the philosophical writings of all the schools, even historical romances. Neither is his subject matter exclusively court-centered and “political,” as were the later histories; it includes a far wider range of society, including businessmen and merchants, condottieri and bandits, actors and court favorites, good officials and bad. Influence 4 He exerted a strong influence on later writers, particularly upon the early writers of narrative prose and fiction. Since Sima Qian’s time, his history has been acknowledged as the great historical masterpiece in Chinese, a standard against which all later histories would be measured and a model for large-scale historical composition, not only in China but in all East Asian countries influenced by the Chinese literary tradition. A．Its source material, too, was far more varied. B．His actions were deemed to be defaming the emperor, and celebrations ensued. C．Sima Qian is important not only as a historian but also as a master of racy, flexible Chinese prose. D．In conclusion, Sima Qian was a hero in China, and his actions are celebrated extensively every year. E．After travelling extensively in his youth, Sima Qian entered court service. F．Sima Qian was punished for “defaming the emperor,” a capital crime. 【答案】1．E 2．F 3．A 4．C 【导语】文章主要介绍了中国伟大的历史学家和科学家司马迁的生平、成就及其著作《史记》的结构、内容和深远影响。 1．由上文“Sima Qian was the son of Sima Tan, the grand historian at the Han court during the period 140 — 110 BCE. The office of grand historian combined responsibility for astronomical observations and for the regulation of the calendar with the duties of keeping a daily record of state events and court ceremonies. (司马迁是司马谈之子，司马谈于公元前140年至公元前110年期间担任汉朝的太史令。太史令一职兼具天文观测、历法修订以及记录国家大事和宫廷典礼的职责。)”以及下文“In 105 he was among those responsible for a complete reform of the Chinese calendar, a reform pushed by Wudi the emperor’s inauguration of what was to be a “new beginning” to the Han dynasty. (公元前105年，他参与了全面修订中国历法的任务，这一修订是由汉武帝推动的，标志着汉朝”新纪元”的开始。)”可知，本空要说司马迁早年游历后进入朝廷任职的经历，E选项“After travelling extensively in his youth, Sima Qian entered court service. (司马迁在青年时期广泛游历之后，进入了朝廷任职。)”能承上启下，符合题意。该选项中的“entered court service”与上文的“the Han court”相呼应，表示他继承了父亲的职位进入朝廷；且该选项中的“In 105 he was among those”与下文的历法改革工作形成时间上的顺承关系，表示他进入朝廷后参与历法修订。 2．由上文“Before his history was completed, however, Sima Qian deeply offended the emperor by coming to the defense of a disgraced general. (然而，在他的史书完成之前，司马迁因替一位获罪的将军辩护而深深触怒了皇帝。)”以及下文“Wudi later relented, and Sima Qian again rose in the imperial favor, becoming palace secretary (zhongshuling). (后来汉武帝态度缓和，司马迁重新获得皇帝的宠信，升任中书令。)”可知，本空要说司马迁因触怒皇帝而遭受的惩罚，F选项“Sima Qian was punished for 'defaming the emperor,’ a capital crime. (司马迁因”诽谤皇帝”这一死罪而受到惩罚。)”能承上启下，符合题意。该选项中的“punished”与上文的“deeply offended the emperor”形成因果关系，表示触怒皇帝的后果；且该选项中的“punished”与下文的“Wudi later relented”形成转折呼应，表示先惩罚后宽恕的过程。 3．由上文“The Shiji provided a model for the later dynastic histories but differs from them in many ways. Its time span is far longer: Such attempts to encompass the whole of human history were rare among later Chinese historians. (《史记》为后来的朝代史书提供了范本，但在许多方面与它们不同。它的时间跨度要长得多：后来中国历史学家中如此试图涵盖整个人类历史的尝试是罕见的。)”以及下文“It covered not only the court annals of the Qin and the Han dynasties but also various earlier histories, parts of court chronicles of various feudal states, and material from the canonical books and the philosophical writings of all the schools, even historical romances.”（它不仅涵盖了秦汉两朝的宫廷编年史，还包括各种更早的历史、各诸侯国宫廷编年史的部分内容，以及经典书籍和各学派哲学著作中的材料，甚至历史传奇故事。)”可知，本空要说《史记》在史料来源方面的广泛性，A选项“Its source material, too, was far more varied. (它的史料来源也更加多样化。)”能承上启下，符合题意。该选项中的“Its source material”与上文的“Its time span”形成并列对比结构（时间跨度更长，史料来源也更广)”，表示《史记》与后世史书的第二个不同之处；且该选项中的“varied”与下文的“not only...but also...”列举的各种史料来源相呼应，表示史料来源的多样性。 4．由下文“He exerted a strong influence on later writers, particularly upon the early writers of narrative prose and fiction. (他对后世作家产生了强烈的影响，尤其是对早期叙事散文和小说作家。)”可知，本空要说司马迁作为散文大师的影响力，C选项“Sima Qian is important not only as a historian but also as a master of racy, flexible Chinese prose. (司马迁的重要性不仅在于他是一位历史学家，还在于他是一位文笔生动、灵活的中文散文大师。)”能承上启下，符合题意。该选项中的“not only as a historian”总结上文对他史学成就的介绍，表示承上；该选项中的“master of racy, flexible Chinese prose”与下文的“exerted a strong influence on later writers, particularly upon the early writers of narrative prose and fiction”相呼应，表示他在散文方面的影响力，引出下文。 Passage 5 （25-26高二下·上海松江·期中）Directions: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Vaccine to Protect Against Gluten (面筋) Being Developed A vaccine against celiac disease (乳糜泻病), which causes the body to attack itself when a person eats gluten, is one step closer to being rolled out. Researchers hope a new experimental treatment for celiac disease called Nexvax2 could allow patients with the serious immune disorder to eat a normal diet — including pasta (面食)  and bread. 1 Celiac disease is not an intolerance or allergy to gluten but an autoimmune disorder that causes the small intestine to turn on itself when it encounters gluten (a protein present in foods like wheat, rye and barley). This harms the tiny villi in the digestive tract and stops a celiac from absorbing nutrients from their food. “Even patients who strictly adhere to a gluten-free diet can suffer short and long-term adverse effects from gluten exposure,” Australian researchers at The Royal Melbourne Hospital warned in a statement. The hereditary condition affects an estimated one in 100 people worldwide, with more than 2 million Americans believed to be undiagnosed according to the Celiac Disease Foundation. In Phase I trials, the vaccine, Nexvax2, was found to be safe and tolerable in the doses that the average patient would take. It has now entered Phase II trials, during which researchers investigate whether Nexvax2 can protect patients against the negative effects of gluten entering a celiac’s digestive system. 2 To be eligible, The Royal Melbourne Hospital said, persons must be between 18 and 70 years old, be proven to have celiac disease and have followed a gluten-free diet for at least 12 months. Participants will be asked to eat a moderate amount of gluten, inject themselves with the experimental drug twice a week, as well as complete online questionnaires. 3 Some participants will also undergo gastroscopy and biopsy procedures. Dr. Jason Tye-Din said: “The vaccine is designed to target the 90 percent of celiac disease patients with the HLA-DQ2 genetic form of disease. 4 ” A．Researchers will collect blood samples and blood pressure and pulse results from patients. B．Currently, quitting gluten is the only way to treat the condition and to prevent serious health complications. C．Celiac disease can develop at any age after people start eating foods or medicines that can contain gluten. D．An international team of researchers hope to recruit around 150 participants in the U.S., Australia and New Zealand for the trial. E．People with a first-degree relative with celiac disease (parent, child, sibling) have a 1 in 10 risk of developing celiac disease. F．A successful therapy that can restore normal gluten tolerance would revolutionize celiac disease management. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．F 【导语】文章介绍了一款针对乳糜泻病的新型疫苗研发进展，介绍该病病症危害、现有治疗方式，并说明其二期临床试验要求与研发价值。 1．第一段“A vaccine against celiac disease, which causes the body to attack itself when a person eats gluten, is one step closer to being rolled out. Researchers hope a new experimental treatment for celiac disease called Nexvax2 could allow patients with the serious immune disorder to eat a normal diet — including pasta and bread. (有一种针对乳糜泻病的疫苗已临近推广使用。患上乳糜泻病后，人一旦摄入面筋，身体就会发生自我攻击。研究人员希望这款名为Nexvax2的新型试验疗法，能够让患有这种严重免疫性疾病的患者正常饮食，放心食用面食、面包等食物。)”引出了新型针对乳糜泻病的疫苗，空后的“Celiac disease is not an intolerance or allergy to gluten but an autoimmune disorder that causes the small intestine to turn on itself when it encounters gluten (a protein present in foods like wheat, rye and barley). This harms the tiny villi in the digestive tract and stops a celiac from absorbing nutrients from their food. (乳糜泻病并非简单的面筋不耐受或过敏，而是一种自身免疫性疾病。当人体摄入小麦、黑麦、大麦等食物中含有的面筋蛋白时，小肠就会发生自我排斥反应。这会损伤消化道内微小的绒毛，导致患者无法吸收食物中的营养。)”介绍了乳糜泻病的疾病属性，B选项“Currently, quitting gluten is the only way to treat the condition and to prevent serious health complications. (目前，杜绝面筋摄入是治疗该病、预防严重并发症的唯一办法。)”指出目前杜绝面筋摄入是治疗该疾病的唯一方法，承上启下，符合语境。 2．前文“It has now entered Phase II trials, during which researchers investigate whether Nexvax2 can protect patients against the negative effects of gluten entering a celiac’s digestive system. (目前疫苗已进入二期试验，研究人员将检测它能否保护患者，减轻面筋进入消化系统后带来的伤害。)”提到疫苗进入二期临床试验，后文“To be eligible, The Royal Melbourne Hospital said, persons must be between 18 and 70 years old, be proven to have celiac disease and have followed a gluten-free diet for at least 12 months. (墨尔本皇家医院规定了报名条件：年龄在18至70岁之间、确诊患有乳糜泻病，且至少坚持了十二个月的无麸质饮食。)”介绍参与者的入选标准，D选项“An international team of researchers hope to recruit around 150 participants in the U.S., Australia and New Zealand for the trial. (一支国际研究团队计划在美国、澳大利亚和新西兰招募约150名试验参与者。)”说明研究团队将招募多国参与者开展试验，引出下文对参与者要求的介绍，衔接合理。 3．前文“Participants will be asked to eat a moderate amount of gluten, inject themselves with the experimental drug twice a week, as well as complete online questionnaires. (参与者需要定量摄入面筋、每周自行注射两次试验药剂，并完成线上问卷。)”及后文“Some participants will also undergo gastroscopy and biopsy procedures. (部分受试者还需接受胃镜和活检检查。)”都在列举试验中参与者和研究人员需要完成的项目，A选项“Researchers will collect blood samples and blood pressure and pulse results from patients. (研究人员还会采集患者的血样，检测血压与脉搏。)”介绍了研究将收集患者的血样、血压等生理数据，属于试验内容的一部分，符合逻辑。 4．前文“Dr. Jason Tye-Din said: “The vaccine is designed to target the 90 percent of celiac disease patients with the HLA-DQ2 genetic form of disease. (杰森・泰伊-丁博士表示：这款疫苗主要针对携带HLA-DQ2基因的患者，这类人群占乳糜泻病患者总数的90%。)”介绍了疫苗的适用人群，F选项“A successful therapy that can restore normal gluten tolerance would revolutionize celiac disease management. (如果该疗法取得成功，能帮助人体重新耐受面筋，将会彻底革新乳糜泻病的治疗方式。)”总结说明成功的疗法会彻底改变乳糜泻病的治疗模式，作为专家发言的收尾，符合语境。 Passage 6 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）How Generation Z is Redefining the Value of Higher Education As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application forms and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree have changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey. Millennials were told that if you did well in school and got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found deficient. 1 . Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 percent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries. This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree. 2 . Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors (前辈), even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. 3 . For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 percent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two. 4 . It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfillment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory (轨迹). Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: “I am a geographer.” or “I am a classicist.” Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way. A．As degrees became universal, they became devalued. B．Many too are seeing the advantages of eliminating a degree requirement for certain roles. C．In fact, meaningful learning remains central to students’ academic success and lives beyond high school. D．Given students’ demand for hands-on learning, institutions and employers need to expand relevant offerings. E．Instead, it stresses a degree is not for all, that the leap to university isn’t inevitable and that other options are available. F．For Generation Z, education is likely to extend beyond ages 18 or 21, with lifelong upskilling essential to sustain employability. 【答案】1．A 2．E 3．B 4．F 【导语】本文主要讲的是Z世代（Generation Z）如何重新定义高等教育的价值。 1．空前“Millennials were told that if you did well in school and got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found deficient.(千禧一代曾被告知，如果他们在学校表现出色并获得一个不错的学位，就能开启一生的安稳生活。但这个承诺被证明是不靠谱的。)”说明不错的学位不能保证他们有安稳生活，空格处应该揭示关于学位的现实是什么，A选项“As degrees became universal, they became devalued.(随着学历变得普遍化，其价值却逐渐降低。)”说明学历的价值贬值了，解释了为什么学位可以带来安稳生活这一点是不靠谱的，承接上文，符合语境。 2．空前“Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 percent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries. This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree.(教育已不再是一条确保社会流动的可靠途径。如今，在英国，28%的毕业生从事的并非其所学专业相关的工作，这一比例是经合组织成员国平均水平的两倍。这并不是说获得学位毫无意义。)”说明不能说获得学位毫无意义，空格处要说关于获得学位的正确理解是什么，E选项“Instead, it stresses a degree is not for all, that the leap to university isn’t inevitable and that other options are available.(相反，它强调学历并非适用于所有人，升入大学并非是必然的，还有其他选择是可行的。)”说明了关于学历的真相，即学历并非适用于所有人，升入大学并非是必然的，还有其他选择是可行的，承接前面说的“这并不是说获得学位毫无意义”。 3．空前“Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates.(雇主们早就看到了聘用中学毕业离校生的好处，这些离校生往往比大学毕业生更能展现出自己作为员工更敬业、更忠诚的一面。)”说明了雇主们看到了聘用中学毕业离校生的好处，B选项“Many too are seeing the advantages of eliminating a degree requirement for certain roles.(许多人也意识到取消某些职位的学历要求所带来的好处。)”补充说明雇主们也意识到取消某些职位的学历要求所带来的好处，符合语境。 4．空后“It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfillment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory (轨迹).(据估计，这一代人由于受到科技的冲击、对个人成就感的追求以及对多样性的渴望，其职业生涯中将会为 17 家不同的雇主工作，并且会有五种不同的职业经历。教育，不仅仅是校园所学的知识，将成为 Z 世代职业发展轨迹的核心部分。)”说明了教育将是Z 世代职业发展轨迹的核心部分，空格处应该说到Z 世代的教育的特点，F选项“For Generation Z, education is likely to extend beyond ages 18 or 21, with lifelong upskilling essential to sustain employability.(对于 Z 世代来说，教育可能会持续到 18 岁或 21 岁以后，终身再培训对于保持就业能力至关重要。)”说的是 Z 世代的教育的特点，符合语境。 语篇类型三: 人与自然（4篇） Passage 1 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）The Sacred Cat of Ancient Egypt The symbolic rise of the cat in ancient Egypt did not begin in temples or theology — it began in storage rooms. Egyptian survival depended on grain, and grain attracted rats, which in turn attracted snakes. The cat entered this fragile ecosystem as a silent regulator, eliminating threats before they became disasters. In this context, the cat was not admired for beauty or companionship, but for its ability to preserve stability. 1 Unlike animals associated with primitive physical force, the cat represented controlled power. 2 This behavior aligned perfectly with the Egyptian concept of order, which was not about constant action, but about maintaining balance through restraint. The cat’s presence inside the home symbolized a hidden safeguard, an unseen force ensuring that disorder never crossed the threshold. In Egyptian symbolic thinking, the most dangerous spaces were not the open desert or the deep underworld, but the thresholds — the moments and places where order could fail. 3 The cat’s symbolic power grew precisely because it occupied these transitional zones. It was most active at night, most alert when humans slept, and most present at the edges of domestic life rather than its center. At the highest level of Egyptian symbolism, the cat was no longer a household guardian — it became a cosmic agent of order. Religious texts and imagery describe a great cat associated with the sun god, confronting and destroying the snake of chaos that threatened the daily rebirth of the sun. 4 Just as the household cat protects grain from destruction, the cosmic cat protects existence itself from collapse. A．This is why cat’s symbolism could stretch from household guardianship to the most destructive aspects of divine anger without losing coherence. B．It did not chase chaos openly; it waited, observed, and struck only when necessary. C．The image of the solar cat fighting the snake expresses the same principle seen in domestic life, but on a universal scale. D．Over time, this practical role reshaped perception: the animal that defended life became inseparable from the idea of protection itself. E．Snakes, traitors, and forces that endangered royal or cosmic stability required instant removal. F．Doorways, nightfall, sleeping hours, and storage rooms were all vulnerable points where chaos might enter unnoticed. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．F 4．C 【导语】文章主要介绍古埃及猫的象征意义从实用守护者逐步上升为宇宙秩序维护者的演变过程。 1．根据上文“The symbolic rise of the cat in ancient Egypt did not begin in temples or theology — it began in storage rooms. Egyptian survival depended on grain, and grain attracted rats, which in turn attracted snakes. The cat entered this fragile ecosystem as a silent regulator, eliminating threats before they became disasters. In this context, the cat was not admired for beauty or companionship, but for its ability to preserve stability.(猫在古埃及的象征性崛起并非始于神庙或神学，而是始于储藏室。埃及人的生存依赖谷物，谷物会引来老鼠，老鼠又会引来蛇。猫作为无声的调节者进入了这个脆弱的生态系统，在威胁酿成大祸之前将其消除。在这种背景下，人们欣赏猫并非因其美丽或能陪伴左右，而是因其维持稳定的能力)”可知，上文讲述了猫的实用作用，本空应指出这种实际作用逐渐让猫和“保护”这一概念绑定，D项“Over time, this practical role reshaped perception: the animal that defended life became inseparable from the idea of protection itself.(随着时间的推移，这一实际作用重塑了人们的认知：这种守护生命的动物与保护这一概念本身密不可分)”能承接上文。 2．由上文“Unlike animals associated with primitive physical force, the cat represented controlled power.(与那些代表原始蛮力的动物不同，猫代表着可控的力量)”以及下文 “This behavior aligned perfectly with the Egyptian concept of order, which was not about constant action, but about maintaining balance through restraint.(这种行为与埃及人的秩序观念完美契合，这种秩序并非指持续行动，而是通过克制来维持平衡)”可知，本空要说明猫克制、伺机而动的行为，B项“It did not chase chaos openly; it waited, observed, and struck only when necessary.(它并不公然追逐混乱，而是等待、观察，只在必要时出手)”能承上启下，符合题意。 3．由上文“In Egyptian symbolic thinking, the most dangerous spaces were not the open desert or the deep underworld, but the thresholds — the moments and places where order could fail.(在埃及的象征思维中，最危险的地方不是开阔的沙漠或深邃的地下世界，而是临界区域 —— 那些秩序可能崩塌的时刻和地点)”以及下文“The cat’s symbolic power grew precisely because it occupied these transitional zones.(猫的象征力量之所以精准增强，正是因为它占据了这些过渡地带)”可知，本空要列举这些危险的临界区域，F项“Doorways, nightfall, sleeping hours, and storage rooms were all vulnerable points where chaos might enter unnoticed.(门口、黄昏、睡眠时间以及储藏室，都是可能让混乱在不知不觉中潜入的薄弱环节)”能承上启下，符合题意。 4．由上文“Religious texts and imagery describe a great cat associated with the sun god, confronting and destroying the snake of chaos that threatened the daily rebirth of the sun.(宗教文献和图像描绘了一只与太阳神相关的巨猫，它与威胁太阳每日重生的混沌之蛇对抗并将其消灭)”以及下文“Just as the household cat protects grain from destruction, the cosmic cat protects existence itself from collapse.(正如家猫保护谷物免遭破坏一样，宇宙之猫保护着存在本身不致崩溃)”可知，本空要连接家猫守护与宇宙猫守护的同一原则，C项“The image of the solar cat fighting the snake expresses the same principle seen in domestic life, but on a universal scale.(太阳猫与蛇搏斗的画面表达了在家庭生活中也能看到的相同原则，但这是在宇宙层面)”能承上启下，符合题意。 Passage 2 （25-26高二下·上海·期中）“Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star” could eventually become less of a baby song and more of an elegy (挽歌). Seeing stars keeps getting more difficult because “artificial lighting is making the night sky about 10% brighter each year,” according to a study that analyzed reports from more than 50,000 amateur stargazers. 1 To illustrate the magnitude of the change, researchers gave this example: A child is born where 250 stars are visible on a clear night. 2 . “We are losing, year by year, the possibility to see the stars, which has been a universal human experience,” said Fabio Falchi, a physicist at Chile’s University of Santiago de Compostela. “If you can still see the dimmest stars, you are in a very dark place. But if you see only the brightest ones, you are in a very light-polluted place.” “ 3 ,” said Christopher Kyba, a physicist at the German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. But the satellites used aren’t able to detect light with wavelengths toward the blue end of the spectrum (光谱) — including the light from energy-efficient LED bulbs. More than half of the new outdoor lights installed in the United States in the past decade have been LED lights, according to the researchers. The satellites are also better at detecting light that scatters upward, like a spotlight, than light that scatters horizontally, like the glow of an illuminated billboard at night. Georgetown University biologist Emily Williams, who was not part of the study, said skyglow disrupts circadian rhythms (昼夜节律) in humans and other forms of life: “ 4 . And when sea turtle babies hatch, they use light to orient toward the ocean — light pollution is a huge deal for them.” A．Prior studies of artificial lighting, which used satellite images, had estimated an annual increase of 2% in sky brightness. B．That’s a much faster rate of change than scientists had previously estimated looking at satellite data. C．That could effectively bring an end to the all-time popular children’s rhyme. D．By the time that child turns an adult, only less than half of the stars are still visible. E．Migratory songbirds normally use starlight to orient where they are in the sky at night. F．Human beings are not the only victim affected by the disruption of artificial light overflow. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．E 【导语】文章主要介绍了人造光对夜空的影响以及光污染对人类及动植物昼夜节律、生存迁徙的负面影响。 1．上文“Seeing stars keeps getting more difficult because “artificial lighting is making the night sky about 10% brighter each year,” according to a study that analyzed reports from more than 50,000 amateur stargazers.(一项分析了五万多名天文爱好者反馈报告的研究显示，观赏星空正变得愈发困难，因为“人工照明正让夜空的亮度每年增加约 10%”。)”给出10%的年度增幅数据。 B选项“That’s a much faster rate of change than scientists had previously estimated looking at satellite data.(这一变化速度远比科学家此前通过卫星数据预估的要快得多。)”用That指代该数据，承接说明这个增速远超以往预估。 2．上文“A child is born where 250 stars are visible on a clear night.(一个孩子出生时，晴朗的夜晚能看到250颗星星。)” 以孩子出生为时间起点举例，D选项“By the time that child turns an adult, only less than half of the stars are still visible.(等到这个孩子成年时，能看到的星星不足一半。)”以孩子成年为时间终点，形成时间跨度对比，直观体现星星逐年减少、光污染加剧，贴合举例目的。 3．下文“But the satellites used aren’t able to detect light with wavelengths toward the blue end of the spectrum (光谱) — including the light from energy-efficient LED bulbs.(然而，目前所用的卫星无法探测到光谱蓝光波段的光线，节能LED灯发出的光线就包含在此范围内。)”指出卫星监测的不足，A选项“Prior studies of artificial lighting, which used satellite images, had estimated an annual increase of 2% in sky brightness.(以往针对人造灯光的研究依靠卫星图像，预估夜空亮度年增幅仅为2%。)”先铺垫过往卫星研究的内容与数据，为下文介绍卫星局限做铺垫，前后呼应。 4．根据上文“skyglow disrupts circadian rhythms in humans and other forms of life.(光污染扰乱人类和其他生物的昼夜节律)”和下文“And when sea turtle babies hatch, they use light to orient toward the ocean — light pollution is a huge deal for them.(海龟幼崽破壳而出后，也会借助光线辨别方向、爬向大海，而光污染对它们来说是个很大的问题。)”可知，上文指出光污染危害各类生物，下文举海龟例子，E选项“Migratory songbirds normally use starlight to orient where they are in the sky at night.(迁徙鸣禽通常依靠星光在夜间辨别方位。)”先举鸟类例子，并列举例，衔接And后的并列句式，结构一致。 Passage 3 （25-26高二下·上海浦东新·月考）Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program. In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. 1 They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children. But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University. That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. 2 Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was easing deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. 3 That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests. Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. 4 And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment. A．Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. B．Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. C．“We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says. D．Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.” E．A previous study, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported this traditional view. F．Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment though. 【答案】1．B 2．F 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍印度尼西亚的扶贫项目减缓了森林砍伐速度，揭示扶贫与环保可以兼顾。 1．根据前文“In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.(2007年，印度尼西亚开始逐步推行一项项目，在特定条件下向最贫困居民发放资金，比如要求让孩子上学或定期接受医疗。)”以及后文“They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide.(它们已在全球数十个国家推行。)”可知，前文介绍了印尼的扶贫项目，此空应对该项目进行命名和解释，B选项“Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.(这些社会援助项目被称为有条件现金转移支付，即CCT，旨在减少不平等、打破贫困循环。)”对前文项目进行定义说明，且与后文“They”对应，符合语境。故选B项。 2．根据前文“That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.(这是因为经济增长可能与环境恶化相关，而保护环境有时与更严重的贫困相关。)”以及后文“Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was easing deforestation.(费拉罗想了解印尼的扶贫项目是否缓解了森林砍伐。)”可知，前文提出扶贫与环保冲突的传统观点，后文转向研究二者是否可以兼顾，F选项“Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment though.(不过，这类项目不一定会对环境产生负面影响。)”构成转折，引出后文的研究内容，符合语境。故选F项。 3．根据前文“Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces.(费拉罗分析了2008至2012年年度森林损失的卫星数据，其中包括印尼逐步推行扶贫项目期间，覆盖15个省的7468个森林村庄。)”可知，前文说明费拉罗做了数据分析，此空应给出研究结果，C选项“We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.(费拉罗说：“我们发现该项目使森林砍伐率降低了30%。”)”呈现了具体研究结论，符合语境。故选C项。 4．根据前文“Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.(这项研究成果能否推广到其他地区还不得而知。)”以及后文“And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment.(且不管能否推广，研究表明对人类有益的事也可能对环境有益。)”并结合语境可知，前文提出成果是否可推广的问题，此空应给出费拉罗对此的看法，A选项“Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.(费拉罗认为，由于种植水稻的重要性和市场准入等共性，该结果可能推广到亚洲其他地区。)”回应了前文的推广问题，符合语境。故选A项。 Passage 4 （2026·上海奉贤·二模）A Cow Shocks Scientists by Using a Tool The smart animal club continues to add new members, and the newest might surprise you. In a study newly published, scientists from the University of Veterinary Medicine analyzed the behavior of a pet cow in Austria named Veronika and concluded that it qualifies as tool use. The definition of tool use is actually rather strict. 1 Despite roughly 10,000 years of human-cattle coexistence, this is the first time scientists have documented a cow using a tool. 2 They then recorded which end she grabbed and which part of her body she scratched (挠). According to the researchers, Veronika rolled out her tongue like a carpet, using its flexible tip to grab the stick and roll it into her mouth. She then held the brush steadily, turned her neck, and scratched herself. This observation made scientists reconsider cows’ intelligence. 3 Veronika, as researchers noted, had different preferences for scratching different areas of her body. For example, when targeting the softer and more sensitive regions of her lower body, she switches over to the smooth stick end. Moreover, when scratching her upper body, Veronika uses wider and more forceful movements, while her lower-body scratching is slower, more careful, and highly controlled. “The test confirmed Veronika’s behavior was intentional and controlled,” says Robert Shumaker, an evolutionary biologist. 4 There is already evidence that other mammals like water buffalo and goats are known tool users. A．More surprisingly, the animal can even adjust how she handles the tool. B．The multi-purpose nature of tool use is beyond everyone’s expectations. C．Her life circumstances may to some extent explain this unique behavior. D．An animal must intentionally grasp and control an object to achieve a goal. E．To test Veronika’s skills, researchers placed a brush on the ground near her. F．He is excited to add cows to the list of tool-using animals, but not surprised. 【答案】1．D 2．E 3．A 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了奥地利一头名叫Veronika的奶牛使用工具挠痒，科学家通过研究证实了这一行为，并重新审视了牛的智力。 1．上文“In a study newly published, scientists from the University of Veterinary Medicine analyzed the behavior of a pet cow in Austria named Veronika and concluded that it qualifies as tool use. The definition of tool use is actually rather strict.(在一项新发表的研究中，奥地利兽医大学的科学家们分析了奥地利一只名为维罗妮卡的宠物牛的行为，并得出结论：它具备工具使用的资格。工具使用的定义实际上相当严格)”说明工具使用的定义很严格，空处和前文为解释关系，说明需要满足什么条件才算使用工具。所以D项“动物必须有意地抓住并控制一个物体以实现一个目标”符合语境。故选D。 2．上文“Despite roughly 10,000 years of human-cattle coexistence, this is the first time scientists have documented a cow using a tool.(尽管人类和牛共同生活了大约1万年，但这是科学家第一次记录到牛使用工具)”说明这是科学家第一次记录到牛使用工具。下文“They then recorded which end she grabbed and which part of her body she scratched (挠).(然后，他们记录下她抓的是哪一端，以及她挠的是身体的哪个部位)”说明科学家先做了某个测试行为。空处应承接上文，同时和后文为顺承关系，说明研究人员先放置工具再进行观察。所以E项“为了测试Veronika的技能，研究人员在她附近的地面上放了一把刷子”符合语境，下文中的They指代该项中的researchers。故选E。 3．下文“Veronika, as researchers noted, had different preferences for scratching different areas of her body.(研究人员指出，Veronika对挠身体不同部位有不同的偏好)”说明Veronika会根据身体不同部位调整使用工具的方式，空处和后文为递进关系，说明它不仅会用工具还会调整用法。所以A项“更令人惊讶的是，这种动物甚至可以调整她使用工具的方式”符合语境。故选A。 4．上文““The test confirmed Veronika’s behavior was intentional and controlled,” says Robert Shumaker, an evolutionary biologist.(进化生物学家罗伯特·舒梅克说:“测试证实了Veronika的行为是有意和受控的。”)”说明这位生物学家对此的评价，下文“There is already evidence that other mammals like water buffalo and goats are known tool users.(已有证据表明，水牛和山羊等其他哺乳动物也是已知的工具使用者)”说明有证据证明前面研究的准确性。空处应承接上文，说明他对牛会使用工具这一发现的态度，下文同时对这种看法提供了科学依据。所以F项“他很兴奋能将牛列入使用工具的动物名单，但并不感到惊讶”符合语境，该项中的“but not surprised”和下文中的“There is already evidence”相呼应。故选F。 Passage 1 （2026·上海松江·二模）Efforts to Enhance Wild Elephant Conservation Deep in the rainforests of southwest China’s Yunnan Province, every time winter comes, the amount of wild food goes down, leading to elephants’ frequent visits to villages in search of food. In Jiangcheng County, Pu’er City, more than 50 wild Asian elephants live all year round. The damage they cause is shocking. 1 A dedicated team is now working to ensure peaceful coexistence between humans and wild elephants, and Diao Faxing is the leader. He and his coworkers are tasked with monitoring Asian elephants and giving alerts. They must track the movements of dozens of elephants in real time over nearly 1,000 square kilometers. Once spotting elephants in the area, they give warnings to nearby villagers to keep their distance without delay. 2 He explained that in 2010, Yunnan Province started a public insurance system for wild animal incidents, fully funded by the government. The elephants usually come to eat villagers’ crops and then leave, which is almost like the locals are raising them. When such incidents occur, insurance companies pay money to households to make up for their losses. Thanks to proper assessment of the damage and government’s financial support, the system works smoothly. In 2022, Yunnan successfully applied to the State Council to establish the Asian Elephant National Park, with the proposed area covering over 386 square kilometers. 3 . First, China’s National Park Law, which came into force on January 1, 2026, has provided a strong legal foundation for the park’s establishment. And according to the Department of Nature Reserve Management Office, other preparation is also advancing — baseline research, specialized resource surveys, habitat restoration, ecological repair, public education, and conflict resolution. The goal is to enhance protection and spread awareness to support the park’s establishment. Diao sees a win-win situation for both nature and human being. “Building an Asian Elephant National Park gives elephants a home. At the same time, we could develop tourism, with local people helping to attract visitors,” he said. 4 And that is the cornerstone of coexistence between people and elephants. A．Furthermore, Diao helps the insurance companies to assess elephant-related damages. B．Now various preparations of the park are progressing steadily in line with good planning. C．Therefore, local people decided to combine-their own efforts to drive the elephants away. D．In response to the application, local laws and policies are made and enacted at a fast pace. E．That is a severe problem facing the local people and different sides are attempting to solve it. F．To him, the park is a combination of locals’ peace and contentment and elephants’ suitable habitats. 【答案】1．E 2．A 3．B 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍中国云南为保护野生亚洲象采取的措施，包括监测预警、保险赔付和建设国家公园等。 1．根据前文“The damage they cause is shocking.(它们造成的破坏令人震惊)”可知，前文描述了野象破坏带来的严重问题，E选项“That is a severe problem facing the local people and different sides are attempting to solve it.(这是当地人民面临的严峻问题，各方正努力解决)”承接前文，点明问题严重性并引出后续解决措施，符合语境。故选E项。 2．根据后文“He explained that in 2010, Yunnan Province started a public insurance system for wild animal incidents, fully funded by the government.(他解释说，2010年云南省启动了由政府全额出资的野生动物事件公共保险制度)”和“When such incidents occur, insurance companies pay money to households to make up for their losses.(当此类事件发生时，保险公司会向农户赔付以弥补损失)”可知，本段围绕野象损害保险赔付展开，A选项“Furthermore, Diao helps the insurance companies to assess elephant-related damages.(此外，刁帮助保险公司评估与大象相关的损失)”衔接后文保险赔付相关内容，符合语境。故选A项。 3．根据前文“In 2022, Yunnan successfully applied to the State Council to establish the Asian Elephant National Park, with the proposed area covering over 386 square kilometers.(2022年，云南成功向国务院申请建立亚洲象国家公园，规划面积超386平方公里)”以及后文“First, China’s National Park Law, which came into force on January 1, 2026, has provided a strong legal foundation for the park’s establishment. And according to the Department of Nature Reserve Management Office, other preparation is also advancing — baseline research, specialized resource surveys, habitat restoration, ecological repair, public education, and conflict resolution.(首先，2026年1月1日生效的《国家公园法》为公园建设奠定了坚实法律基础。据自然保护区管理办公室介绍，其他准备工作也在推进——基线调查、专项资源勘察、栖息地修复、生态修复、公众教育和冲突化解)”可知，前文提及申请建设亚洲象国家公园，后文介绍各项筹备工作，B选项“Now various preparations of the park are progressing steadily in line with good planning.(目前公园各项筹备工作正按规划稳步推进)”承上启下，引出后文具体筹备内容，符合语境。故选B项。 4．根据前文“Building an Asian Elephant National Park gives elephants a home. At the same time, we could develop tourism, with local people helping to attract visitors(建设亚洲象国家公园为大象提供家园。同时，我们可以发展旅游业，让当地人帮忙吸引游客)”可知，前文讲述对国家公园双赢价值的看法，F选项“To him, the park is a combination of locals’ peace and contentment and elephants’ suitable habitats.(在他看来，这个公园兼顾了当地人的安居乐业和大象的适宜栖息地)”承接前文观点，进一步阐释国家公园的双赢意义，符合语境。故选F项。 Passage 2 （25-26高三下·上海·阶段检测）Skillcation Travel today is no longer just about sightseeing or relaxing. Many people now choose trips with special purposes — “sleepcations” for rest, “sports tourism” for big events, or “gig tripping” to follow favorite singers. 1 It gives travelers the chance to develop new skills while enjoying a change of scene. According to Ben Martin, an economics director at the architecture and hospitality firm HKS, skillcations reflect people’s growing wish to learn through experience. 2 Such activities not only make travel more meaningful — but also bring a sense of growth and creativity that lasts long after the trip ends. 3 In India, the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation offers “skillcation packages” where visitors can take part in painting, swimming, acting, or cooking lessons. Similar programs appear in many countries: cheese-making in Switzerland, flamenco dancing in Spain, glacier research in Iceland, or ice sculpting in China. These experiences often lead to cultural connection, self-confidence, and new friendships as travelers share the joy of learning together. Still, a skillcation is not for everyone. It sometimes requires effort, patience, and the courage to step outside one’s comfort zone. 4 Yet for curious minds, this kind of travel can be deeply rewarding. Returning home with a new ability or memory gives people a strong sense of achievement and may inspire them to explore further. Even a short trip can include elements of skill-building — a cooking class, a flower-arranging workshop, or an archery lesson. The key is to choose what truly interests you and fits your experience. With an open mind and a bit of adventure, a skillcation can turn ordinary travel into a journey of personal discovery. A．A newer idea, the skillcation, combines leisure with learning. B．Skillcation, as its name suggests, is a short holiday taken to disconnect from work, C．Instead of simply visiting landmarks, travelers join cooking, pottery, or dance classes, or learn local crafts. D．Some destinations are already promoting this trend. E．There are also ways to include elements of skill-building in your travels without taking a full-on skillcation. F．Those who prefer complete rest may find it tiring. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．F 【导语】文章主要介绍了“技能度假”这一新型旅行方式，结合休闲与技能学习，列举全球实例并探讨其价值与挑战。 1．上文“Travel today is no longer just about sightseeing or relaxing. Many people now choose trips with special purposes — “sleepcations” for rest, “sports tourism” for big events, or “gig tripping” to follow favorite singers.(如今的旅行不再仅仅是观光或放松。许多人现在选择有特殊目的的旅行——为了休息的“睡眠度假”、为了大型赛事的“体育旅游”，或是为了追随喜爱歌手的“追星旅行”)”列举了当今多样化的旅行目的，说明旅行已超越传统的观光休闲。空后“It gives travelers the chance to develop new skills while enjoying a change of scene.(它让旅行者在享受环境变化的同时，有机会发展新技能)”阐述了某种旅行方式能让游客在享受风景的同时掌握新技能。空处需承上启下，引出“技能度假”这一核心概念。选项A“A newer idea, the skillcation, combines leisure with learning(一个较新的概念“技能度假”，将休闲与学习结合起来)”中的“skillcation”呼应后文“develop new skills”，“combines leisure with learning”总结了前文多种旅行目的的特点，起到了承上启下的过渡作用，符合语境。 2．上文“According to Ben Martin, an economics director at the architecture and hospitality firm HKS, skillcations reflect people’s growing wish to learn through experience.(据建筑和酒店公司HKS的经济学总监本·马丁称，“技能度假”反映了人们通过体验来学习的日益增长的愿望)”指出技能度假反映了人们渴望通过体验来学习的心理需求。空后“Such activities not only make travel more meaningful but also bring a sense of growth and creativity that lasts long after the trip ends.(此类活动不仅让旅行更有意义，还能带来成长感和创造力，这种感觉在旅行结束后仍能长久持续)”强调了此类活动带来的深层价值和持久影响。空处需具体说明“通过体验学习”的实际表现形式。选项C“Instead of simply visiting landmarks, travelers join cooking, pottery, or dance classes, or learn local crafts(旅行者不再只是参观地标，而是参加烹饪、陶艺或舞蹈课程，或学习当地手工艺)”中的“join... classes, learn... crafts”是对前文“learn through experience”的具体举例，与后文“Such activities”相呼应，符合语境。 3．空后“In India, the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation offers “skillcation packages” where visitors can take part in painting, swimming, acting, or cooking lessons. Similar programs appear in many countries: cheese-making in Switzerland, flamenco dancing in Spain, glacier research in Iceland, or ice sculpting in China.(在印度，喀拉拉邦旅游发展公司推出了“技能体验套餐”，游客可以参加绘画、游泳、表演或烹饪课程。类似的项目在许多国家都有出现：瑞士有奶酪制作课程，西班牙有弗拉门戈舞蹈课程，冰岛有冰川研究课程，中国有冰雕制作课程)列举了印度、瑞士、西班牙等地官方推出的具体项目。空处需总领下文，说明各地对这一趋势的响应。选项D“Some destinations are already promoting this trend(一些目的地已经在推广这一趋势)”中的“this trend”指代“skillcation”，“destinations”与后文列举的国家地名相对应，起到了引出具体实例的作用，符合语境。 4．上文“Still, a skillcation is not for everyone. It sometimes requires effort, patience, and the courage to step outside one’s comfort zone.(尽管如此，“技能度假”并不适合所有人。它有时需要努力、耐心，以及走出舒适区的勇气)”指出技能度假存在的门槛和挑战，需要付出努力。空后“Yet for curious minds, this kind of travel can be deeply rewarding.(然而，对于充满好奇心的人来说，这种旅行能带来极大的回报)”通过“Yet”进行转折，强调其对特定人群的丰厚回报。空处需承接前文的“挑战”，并与后文的“rewarding”形成对比。选项F“Those who prefer complete rest may find it tiring(那些喜欢彻底休息的人可能会觉得这很累人)”中的“prefer complete rest”与前文“effort, patience”构成对立，“find it tiring”与后文“deeply rewarding”形成鲜明对比，逻辑连贯，符合语境。 Passage 3 （2026·上海浦东新·三模）Testing chocolate ‘geometry’ to make it tastier Trick or treat! With Halloween around the corner, kids across the country are about to collect bags full of candy — including heaps of chocolate. Meanwhile, a group of researchers in the Netherlands has been experimenting with a method to make chocolate more of a “treat” than ever. 1 “An aspect that I particularly like is its brittleness (脆性), and what it does when it breaks,” says researcher Corentin Raine, who teaches physics at the University of Amsterdam. To optimize how it feels in the mouth, “we gave geometry to chocolate,” he says, “that would then change the way it breaks.” Giving it “geometry” involved using a 3D printer to layer 72 percent dark chocolate in various ways. Rather than creating a flat, solid chunk, the machine printed it into a simple S-shape, or zigzagged super thin layers back-and-forth several times, or swirled it into increasingly complicated spirals. 2 The researchers asked: “How crunchy was it?” “How easy was it to bite?” “How would you rate the overall experience?” The crunchiest — while remaining easy to bite — was the chocolate swirled into fairly complicated spirals. It was also the top tasting experience. “More crunchiness meant that people tended to like it more,” Raine says. The researchers also used a machine to crack the various shapes and see which was the most brittle. Plus, they recorded the sounds of the cracking. 3 The general winner remained that spiral. Whether chocolate will soon be made differently thanks to this research, “it’s too early to say,” Raine says. He is working with a couple of organizations to see how it might be applied. He’s also involved in putting together a team to look at the physics of how things crack in materials other than chocolate — ones that might be used in vehicles, for example, to make them less dangerous when they crash. 4 It could also make those Halloween treats even more tasty. A．Chocolate is a beloved treat worldwide for its delicious taste and geometrical designs. B．That’s because a pleasurable eating experience doesn’t only take place in the mouth, but can be affected by the noises in your skull. C．The resulting pieces were fed to 10 eager volunteers. D．Understanding fractures could make life safer — in cars or airplanes or when wearing helmets. E．When you get an impact of some form, you know something is going to break. F．While chocolate is delicious for many reasons, this study focused on how it cracks when it is bitten. 【答案】1．F 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文主要介绍荷兰研究人员通过改变巧克力的几何形状，研究其碎裂口感与味道的关系，并探讨该研究在其他领域的应用前景。 1．由下文“An aspect that I particularly like is its brittleness (脆性), and what it does when it breaks(我特别喜欢的一点是它的脆性以及碎裂时的状态)”可知，后文围绕巧克力被咬碎、碎裂的特性展开研究。F选项“While chocolate is delicious for many reasons, this study focused on how it cracks when it is bitten(巧克力美味的原因有很多，但这项研究聚焦于它被咬时的碎裂方式)”引出下文研究主题，衔接自然。 2．上文“Rather than creating a flat, solid chunk, the machine printed it into a simple S-shape, or zigzagged super thin layers back-and-forth several times, or swirled it into increasingly complicated spirals.(这台机器并未打印出扁平实心的块状结构，而是将其打印成简易 S 形、锯齿形、螺旋形。)”指出机器打印出S形、锯齿形、螺旋形等不同造型的巧克力，并且根据后文“The researchers asked: ‘How crunchy was it?’ ‘How easy was it to bite?’(研究人员询问：‘它有多脆？’‘咬起来多容易？’‘您如何评价整体体验？’)”可知，设空处应说明将成品交由人员品尝测评。C选项“The resulting pieces were fed to 10 eager volunteers(成品巧克力被分给10名热心志愿者品尝)”承接造型制作，引出后续口感评价，符合语境。 3．由上文“The researchers also used a machine to crack the various shapes and see which was the most brittle. Plus, they recorded the sounds of the cracking.(研究人员还用机器压裂各种形状，看哪种最脆。此外，他们还记录了压裂的声音。)”和下文“The general winner remained that spiral(螺旋造型依旧综合效果最佳)”可知，设空处需解释记录碎裂声音的原因。B选项“That’s because a pleasurable eating experience doesn’t only take place in the mouth, but can be affected by the noises in your skull(这是因为愉悦的食用体验不仅来自口中触感，还会受颅内声响影响)”解释了录制碎裂声音的缘由，逻辑通顺。 4．由上文“He is working with a couple of organizations to see how it might be applied. He’s also involved in putting together a team to look at the physics of how things crack in materials other than chocolate — ones that might be used in vehicles, for example, to make them less dangerous when they crash.(他正与几家机构合作，研究这项技术的应用可行性。同时，他还牵头组建团队，研究巧克力以外各类材料的断裂物理原理，比如可用于交通工具的材料，借此降低车辆发生碰撞时的危险程度。)”以及后文“It could also make those Halloween treats even more tasty(也能让万圣节糖果更美味)”可知，设空处应承接材料碎裂研究在交通领域的安全应用。D选项“Understanding fractures could make life safer — in cars or airplanes or when wearing helmets(了解碎裂原理能提升汽车、飞机、头盔等方面的安全系数)”衔接前文交通领域应用，与后文并列递进。 Passage 4 （2026·上海嘉定·二模）The Sciencewashing of Everyday Life There stands a display model of a face mask in my local beauty store. Its package is covered with words like “patents”, “peptides”, and “double helix”. I have no idea what any of this means. But this is science. The mask costs $75. 1 Brands describe themselves as “biology-first” or “powered by biotech.” Creams promise to work “at a molecular (分子) level.” Lipsticks contain acids with “different molecular weights.” Water is sold with extra hydrogen (氢), as if two atoms were no longer enough. Even sports drinks, which once relied on images of sweating athletes, now proudly announce that they are “lab tested.” In a crowded market, science has become the new symbol of quality. Marketing has always borrowed from science, but it used to be more direct. A cereal contained fiber, and fiber was good for you. 2 They were informed but plainspoken, employing the simple logic of cause and effect. They talked, basically, like a family medicine doctor. Today’s ads, by contrast, talk like the Ph.D．kind of doctor. They use long, complex words and refer to things viewable only under a microscope. The goal is not always to explain, but to confuse. 3 “People like buying products that are research-backed,” said Neil Lewis Jr., a behavioral scientist at Cornell. “But most people, they are not professional enough to actually evaluate those claims. They don’t have the time or specific knowledge, so they just look for some signals. That gives their everyday consumption a serious, almost academic appearance.” But here is the problem. 4 Government financial support has weakened, people’s trust in scientists has fallen, and many researchers have left public institutions. It is unsettling to imagine we are approaching a world in which scientists are employed not by independent institutions but only by companies — a world where science itself serves as advertising. A．A cream had vitamin C, and vitamin C helped skin. B．Many of the claims are reasonable, while others are meaningless nonsense. C．When science is being used to sell creams and drinks, science as a public good is under threat. D．Across fashion, beauty, and food, scientific language has become a powerful sales tool. E．In fact, science in the private interest doesn’t necessarily work like that. F．No one is looking up an academic study to make sure the claims on their package are accurate. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．F 4．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要介绍了当下商业领域普遍出现的“科学包装”营销现象，商家利用专业科学术语包装日常商品以提升销量，同时指出这种行为正在削弱科学的公共属性，并引发人们对商业滥用科学的担忧。 1．根据前文“I have no idea what any of this means. But this is science. The mask costs $75.(我完全不懂这些词是什么意思。但这就是科学。这款面膜售价 75 美元。)”可知空前以一款面膜为例，说明商品用科学词汇包装；空后“Brands describe themselves as “biology-first” or “powered by biotech.” Creams promise to work “at a     molecular level.” Lipsticks contain acids with “different molecular weights.” Water is sold with extra hydrogen, as if two atoms were no longer enough.(各类品牌都标榜自己“以生物科学为本”或“依托生物技术”。面霜宣称能“在分子层面起效”，口红添加“不同分子量”的酸类成分，就连饮用水也打着“添加额外氢”的旗号售卖，仿佛两个氢原子还不够用似的。)”列举了多个行业使用科学术语进行营销的现象。故推知：空处应总起全段，说明科学语言已成为一种销售工具；选项D“Across fashion, beauty, and food, scientific language has become a powerful sales tool.(在时尚、美妆和食品行业，科学语言已经成为一种强有力的销售工具。)”符合原文内容。故选D。 2．根据前文“A cereal contained fiber, and fiber was good for you.(一种谷物麦片含有纤维，而纤维对你有益。)”可知空前举例说明过去的营销方式简单直接；空后一句“They were informed but plainspoken, employing simple logic of cause and effect.(这些表述内容详实但语言朴实，运用简单的因果逻辑。)”进一步解释过去广告的特点。故推知：空处应继续用同类例子支撑过去简单的营销方式；选项A“A cream had vitamin C, and vitamin C helped skin.(一款面霜含有维生素 C，而维生素 C 对皮肤有益。)”符合原文内容。故选A。 3．根据前文“They use long, complex words and refer to things viewable only under a microscope. The goal is not always to explain, but to confuse.(它们使用冗长复杂的词汇，提及只有在显微镜下才能看到的东西。其目的往往不是解释，而是让人困惑。)”可知空前指出现在的广告用专业术语迷惑消费者。故推知：空处应说明消费者对这些说法作何反应；选项F“No one is looking up an academic study to make sure the claims on their package are accurate.(没有人会去查阅学术研究来确认包装上的说法是否准确。)”符合原文内容。故选F。 4．根据前文“But here is the problem.(但问题就在这里。)”可知，空前说明存在问题；空后“Government financial support has weakened, people’s trust in scientists has fallen, and many researchers have left public institutions.(政府的财政支持减弱，人们对科学家的信任度下降，许多研究者离开了公共机构。)”指出科学作为公共事业面临的危机。故推知：空处应提出核心观点，即商业利用科学正在威胁科学的公共属性；选项C“When science is being used to sell creams and drinks, science as a public good is under threat.(当科学被用来销售面霜和饮料时，作为公共产品的科学正受到威胁。)”符合原文内容。故选C。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 1 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $