专题 01 阅读理解 （期末复习专项训练）高二英语下学期北师大版

**基本信息** 聚焦高中英语期末阅读理解，按应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文+文体分类训练，精选北京各区期末及高考真题，系统覆盖不同语篇类型的核心考查维度。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |应用文|4篇|以活动通知、项目介绍为主，考查细节定位、信息匹配|从语篇结构（如who/what/requirements）到快速检索关键信息，培养语言能力| |记叙文|4篇|含个人成长、情感故事，涉及推理判断、主旨归纳|通过情节发展与人物情感变化，提升思维品质中的分析与概括能力| |说明文|6篇|涵盖科技、生态等主题，考查词义猜测、逻辑梳理|遵循“现象-原理-应用”说明逻辑，强化信息整合与科学思维| |议论文+文体|4篇|含观点论证、跨文化话题，侧重观点辨析、态度推断|从论点论据关系到作者立场分析，培养批判性思维与文化意识|

专题01 阅读理解（期末复习专项训练） 语篇类型一: 应用文（4篇） Passage 1（2024-2025高二下·北京市石景山区·期末） Do you have a passion for wildlife conservation? If so, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) offers an exciting internship (实习) program that allows you to work on real, meaningful conservation projects around the world. It’s a unique chance to gain hands-on experience while contributing to environmental protection efforts. Who can apply? ●You must be at least 21 years old. ●You must be enrolled in or have completed a university degree in environmental science, biology, or a related field. Students from other disciplines with relevant experience may also be considered. What are the requirements? ●You should have a strong interest in wildlife conservation and be committed to sustainability. ●You must be proficient in English; knowledge of an additional language is a plus. ●You should have basic research and data analysis skills. ●You need to be able to work both independently and in a team. Good communication skills are essential. What should you prepare? Visa: Ensure you have the required visa for the country where you will intern. Travel: You must arrange and pay for your travel expenses. Medical Insurance: Provide proof of health insurance valid for the internship duration. Reference Letter: A letter from a professor or employer-explaining why you are suitable for the internship. Applications are reviewed on a rolling basis. If you are selected, a WWF coordinator will contact you within three months. If you do not receive any update, your application has not been accepted. However, you are welcome to apply again in the future. 1. According to the passage, applicants must ______. A. be able to speak two languages B. have prior experience in research C. be studying or have studied a relevant field D. have worked in a conservation project before 2. What does the WWF internship program offer to applicants? A. Travel expenses. B. Internship opportunities. C. Insurance for the internship duration. D. A reference Letter from a professor or employer. 3. When will applicants get an update? A. After college. B. At 21 years old. C. Within three months. D. After an interview. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. C 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了（世界自然基金会）WWF实习项目相关要求及申请事宜。 1. 细节理解题。根据Who can apply?部分中“You must be enrolled in or have completed a university degree in environmental science, biology, or a related field.(你必须正在学习或已完成环境科学、生物学或相关领域的大学学位)”可知，申请人必须正在学习或已经学习过相关领域。故选C。 2. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“If so, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) offers an exciting internship (实习) program that allows you to work on real, meaningful conservation projects around the world.(如果是这样，世界自然基金会（WWF）提供了一个令人兴奋的实习项目，让你能够参与世界各地真实而有意义的保护项目)”可知，WWF实习项目为申请人提供实习机会。故选B。 3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“If you are selected, a WWF coordinator will contact you within three months.(如果你被选中，世界自然基金会协调员将在三个月内与你联系)”可知，申请人将在三个月内得到更新信息。故选C。 Passage 2（2024-2025高二下·北京市海淀区·期末） The English Writing League (EWL) sponsors the annual Essay Writing Competition, open to all students who are enrolled at a middle school, high school, or college during the academic year in which the article is submitted. The submissions that are judged first, second, and third best may be published in the online version of a sponsoring publication. The EWL reserves the right to award some, all, or no prizes, depending on its determination of quality of submissions. Entries that do not qualify for awards may also be considered for publication in future issues of our sponsoring publications. To enter, the student should submit an application and an original piece of writing in Word format via the form on the EWL website. The student should include a brief biography, including current school, current address, grade, and expected year of graduation. Essays submitted will be judged on the following criteria: ·Relevance to the category for which the essay is submitted ·Timeliness of the topic or theme ·Originality ·Quality and style of writing Applications and manuscripts must be submitted by 8:00 pm on September 1. The registration fee is $25 per person. Students who are unable to pay the entry fee should apply for a fee waiver at the time of submission. The EWL strives to ensure that all students may participate in the competition regardless of financial status. Plagiarism and AI-generated content will result in disqualification. Entries written in a language other than English and entries that contain inappropriate content will also be disqualified. Students may submit entries for up to three categories but may only submit one entry per category. The decisions of the judges are entirely their own, and are final and binding. Winners will be announced on or after November 1 on EWL website. 1. Who can sign up for the competition? A. Registered students. B. Language instructors. C. Professional writers. D. College graduates. 2. What are participants required to do when they submit an essay? A. To hand in an application in person. B. To provide a brief self-introduction. C. To make a promise not to cheat. D. To pay a $25 entry fee per category. 3. Which of the following may qualify for the competition? A. An original personal story. B. An adaptation of others’ works. C. An essay written in Spanish. D. An article created by Deepseek. 4. Where is the passage most likely taken from? A. In a college application handbook. B. In the guidebook for a writing course. C. On the website of an organization. D. On the homepage of a college website. 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了英语写作联盟（EWL）赞助的年度征文比赛的相关信息，包括参赛资格、参赛要求、评审标准、参赛费用、参赛作品要求以及比赛结果公布等内容。 1.细节理解题。根据第一段中“The English Writing League (EWL) sponsors the annual Essay Writing Competition, open to all students who are enrolled at a middle school, high school, or college during the academic year in which the article is submitted. (英语写作联盟（EWL）赞助年度征文比赛，比赛面向在提交文章学年期间就读于中学、高中或大学的所有学生开放。)”可知，只有注册入学的学生才能报名参加比赛。故选A项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“The student should include a brief biography, including current school, current address, grade, and expected year of graduation. (学生应包括一份简短的自我介绍，包括目前的学校、目前的地址、年级和预计毕业年份。)”可知，参赛者在提交文章时需要提供一份简短的自我介绍。故选B项。 3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Plagiarism and AI-generated content will result in disqualification. Entries written in a language other than English and entries that contain inappropriate content will also be disqualified. (抄袭和人工智能生成的内容将导致取消资格。用非英语书写的参赛作品和包含不适当内容的参赛作品也将被取消资格。)”可知，抄袭和人工智能生成的内容、非英语书写的参赛作品和包含不适当内容的参赛作品都将被取消资格，B项“An adaptation of others’ works. (改编他人的作品)”属于抄袭，C项“An essay written in Spanish. (一篇用西班牙语写的文章)”和D项“An article created by Deepseek. (Deepseek创建的文章)”属于人工智能生成的内容，均不符合要求，只有A项“An original personal story. (一个原创的个人故事)”符合要求。故选A项。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Winners will be announced on or after November 1 on EWL website. (获奖者将于11月1日或之后在EWL网站上公布。)”以及文章主要介绍了英语写作联盟（EWL）赞助的年度征文比赛的相关信息可知，文章最有可能来自一个组织的网站。故选C项。 Passage 3（2025北京高考） Join us for TransForm, the interactive summer camp that helps you teens find your passion by participating in various activities and connecting with others. Experience TransForm TransForm allows you to get to focus on your chosen track through subject matter talks, hands-on workshops, and off-site experiences. However, if you are unsure what track you want, you still get to explore any workshop you want as part of our Explore Workshops. Besides, your parents will also be able to participate in workshops selected just for them to learn about cutting-edge science. Schedule of Programming 17 JulyTime                 Activities 14:00-15:00      Lead to Change Kick-off 15:00-16:30      Programme Showcase 16:30-18:00      Track Workshops 18 JulyTime                 Activities 9:30-11:00        Career Fireside Chats 13:00-14:15       Youth Panel 14:15-16:20       Track Keynotes 19 JulyTime                 Activities 8:00-12:00       Off-site Experiences 13:00-15:00      Gallery Viewing 15:15-16:45      Adult Workshops 20 JulyTime                 Activities 9:00-11:15         Explore Workshops 13:30-16:00        Keynote Speech 16:15-17:00        Celebration Programming Tracks ·Agricultural Science: Introducing you to areas such as biology, urban farming, and environmental science so that you can explore the field of agriculture ·Community Booster: Guiding you to develop innovative solutions for real-world challenges and create transformative progress to benefit all communities ·Healthy Living: Empowering you to make healthy decisions in such areas as nutrition and emotional well-being, and lead healthy lifestyles ·Science Lab: Leading you to explore the skills you need to succeed in life in key areas like computer science, robotics, and physics 1．TransForm allows the teens to____________. A．select workshops for their parents B．prepare track topics for the camp C．design programme activities D．attend hands-on sessions 2．According to the schedule, which activity can the teens participate in? A．Keynote Speech on 17 July. B．Youth Panel on 18 July. C．Celebration on 19 July. D．Programme Showcase on 20 July. 3．What can the teens do in the Programming Tracks? A．Build urban communities. B．Serve as guides on a farm. C．Learn about healthy living. D．Volunteer in a science lab. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了青少年互动夏令营 TransForm 的相关信息，包括活动体验、日程安排以及课程方向等内容。 1．细节理解题。根据“Experience TransForm”部分“TransForm allows you to get to focus on your chosen track through subject matter talks, hands-on workshops, and off - site experiences.(TransForm 让你通过主题演讲、实践工作坊和实地体验，专注于你选择的方向)” 可知，TransForm 允许青少年参加实践课程。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“Schedule of Programming”中的安排，18 July 的活动安排里有“13:00 - 14:15 Youth Panel(13:00 - 14:15 青少年小组讨论)”，所以青少年可以在 18 日参加青少年小组讨论活动。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“Programming Tracks”部分 “Healthy Living: Empowering you to make healthy decisions in such areas as nutrition and emotional well-being, and lead healthy lifestyles(健康生活：让你在营养和心理健康等方面做出健康的决定，并引领健康的生活方式)” 可知，青少年在Programming Tracks中可以学习关于健康生活的知识。故选C。 Passage 4（2024-2025高二下·北京市丰台区·期末） Teens Make History (TMH) is a program for high school students that emphasizes teamwork and peer leadership. The program has two parts: Date Time Location STL Changemakers June 3 to June 13 (summer session) Monday through Friday (9:00—11:00 am) Missouri History Museum Teen Historian Apprenticeships (学徒工作) During the school year Wednesday and Thursday (3:30—5:30 pm) Missouri History Museum STL Changemakers STL Changemakers is a free two-week summer program. High school students from different backgrounds entering grades 10 to 12 are welcome to join. Teens receive a $150 allowance for participating. The registration will open on February 1 and will close on March 10. The participants will: ·Explore St. Louis history ·Engage with today’s most pressing issues ·Develop projects focused on creating a better future for the St. Louis region ·Accept candidates from a wide variety of backgrounds Teen Historian Apprenticeships Teen Historian Apprenticeships are paid part-time jobs that teens can keep for one school year. During the past years, apprentices have created and designed museum exhibits and written historical articles. Future projects will expand to a variety of creative projects. The apprentices will: ·Work on digital projects, including videos, and online exhibits ·Conduct historical research on topics they care about ·Participate in regular professional development workshops Interested in Teens Make History? Fill out our form. For questions, please contact Ryan De Loach at rdeloach@mohistory.org. 1. According to the schedule, STL Changemakers will run ______ . A. on weekday mornings B. on summer afternoons C. on spring mornings D. on weekend evenings 2. If you want to join STL Changemakers, you ______ . A. have to pay a fee B. must be in grade 10 or below C. need to register before March 10 D. need to have a background in social work 3. Which activity will be probably added to Teen Historian Apprenticeships? A. Designing museum exhibits. B. Creating digital content like videos. C. Organizing professional workshops. D. Writing fictional stories about history. 4. What’s the main purpose of the passage? A. To introduce the advantages of TMH. B. To attract high school students to join TMH. C. To describe the development process of TMH. D. To analyze the differences between the two parts of TMH. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B 【导语】这是一篇应用文。本文介绍了面向高中生的“Teens Make History”项目，含STL变革者和青少年历史学家学徒计划两部分，邀学生参与。 1.细节理解题。根据表格第二行“June 3 to June 13 (summer session) Monday through Friday (9:00—11:00 am) (6月3日至6月13日（暑期课程）周一至周五（上午 9:00—11:00）)”可知，该项目在工作日上午进行。故选A项。 2. 细节理解题。根据STL Changemakers部分“The registration will open on February 1 and will close on March 10.(注册将于2月1日开始，3月10日结束。)”可知，加入该项目需在3月10日前注册。故选C项。 3. 推理判断题。根据Teen Historian Apprenticeships部分“During the past years, apprentices have created and designed museum exhibits and written historical articles. Future projects will expand to a variety of creative projects.(过去几年，学徒们创作和设计了博物馆展品，撰写了历史文章。未来的项目将扩展到各种创意项目。)”并结合选项可知，D项Writing fictional stories about history(撰写关于历史的虚构故事)属于创意项目，可能被加入，而A、B、C 项均为已有活动。故选D项。 4. 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Teens Make History (TMH) is a program for high school students that emphasizes teamwork and peer leadership. (Teens Make History (TMH)是一个针对高中生的项目，强调团队合作和同伴领导。)”及最后一段“Interested in Teens Make History? Fill out our form.(对Teens Make History感兴趣吗？填写我们的表格。)”可知，本文介绍了面向高中生的“Teens Make History”项目，文章的目的是吸引高中生加入该项目。故选B项。 语篇类型二: 记叙文（4篇） Passage 1（2024-2025高二下·北京市石景山区·期末） From a young age, I had dreamed of becoming a professional musician. I spent hours practicing the violin, imagining myself performing on grand stages. So, when I auditioned (试音) for a famed music academy, I believed it was my chance to take a major step toward my goal. The day the results were released, I rushed to check my email. My heart pounded as I opened the message. “We appreciate your audition” and “The competition was intense” were followed by “Unfortunately, we are unable to offer you a spot.” I stared at the screen in disbelief. All my dedication, all the years of effort — had they been for nothing? For weeks, I struggled with self-doubt. I questioned whether I had any talent at all. Every time I picked up my violin, I felt an overwhelming sense of failure. Just as I was about to give up, my music teacher sat me down for a conversation. She told me that rejection was not the end, but rather a redirection. She encouraged me to join a community orchestra (乐队), where I could continue to develop my skills and play music for the complete joy of it. At first, I hesitated. I had always associated success with first-rate programs and distinguished titles. But after some thought, I decided to give it a try. To my surprise, playing in the orchestra reawakened my passion. Unlike the competitive atmosphere of auditions, here I played purely for the love of music. I met musicians from all walks of life and even had the chance to teach younger students. I began to see that fulfillment wasn’t just about fame — it was about sharing music in a meaningful way. Later, when I auditioned for another music program, I still felt nervous. But this time, rejection wouldn’t shake me. I had learned that my dream wasn’t about being accepted into one specific school — it was about the joy of music itself. No rejection could take that away from me. 1. How did the author feel before reading the rejection email? A. Anxious. B. Angry. C. Surprised. D. Settled. 2. What did the author’s music teacher suggest? A. To find a career outside of music. B. To redirect and just enjoy the music. C. To practice harder for the next audition. D. To pursue another famed music academy. 3. Why did the author enjoy playing in the orchestra? A. It offered a path to fame and success. B It was recommended by a famous musician. C. It was less competitive and more meaningful. D. It presented an easier opportunity for auditioning. 4. What lesson did the author learn from this experience? A. Rejection is a sign to give up. B. Fame is the motivation for action. C. Passion matters more than recognition. D. Success comes only from top institutions. 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. C 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者追求音乐梦想受挫后，在老师鼓励下通过加入社区乐队重燃热情并领悟到音乐真谛的故事。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The day the results were released, I rushed to check my email. My heart pounded as I opened the message.(公布结果的那天，我急忙查看邮件。当我打开邮件时，我的心怦怦直跳)”可知，作者在打开邮件前感到焦虑。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“She told me that rejection was not the end, but rather a redirection. She encouraged me to join a community orchestra (乐队), where I could continue to develop my skills and play music for the complete joy of it.(她告诉我，被拒绝不是终点，而是重新定位。她鼓励我加入社区管弦乐队，在那里我可以继续发展我的技能，纯粹为了音乐的乐趣而演奏)”可知，老师建议作者调整方向并享受音乐。故选B。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Unlike the competitive atmosphere of auditions, here I played purely for the love of music. I met musicians from all walks of life and even had the chance to teach younger students. I began to see that fulfillment wasn’t just about fame — it was about sharing music in a meaningful way.(与试镜的竞争氛围不同，在这里我纯粹是为了热爱音乐而演奏。我遇到了来自各行各业的音乐家，甚至有机会教年轻的学生。我开始意识到，成就感不仅仅来自名气，还来自以有意义的方式分享音乐)”可知，作者喜欢在乐队演奏是因为竞争较少且更有意义。故选C。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I had learned that my dream wasn’t about being accepted into one specific school — it was about the joy of music itself. No rejection could take that away from me.(我明白了我的梦想不是被某一所特定的学校录取，而是关于音乐本身的快乐。没有什么拒绝能夺走这一点)”可知，作者领悟到热情比认可更重要。故选C。 Passage 2（2024-2025高二下·北京市延庆区·期末） At an airport I overheard an old man and his daughter in their last moments together. They had announced her plane’s departure and standing near the door, he said to his daughter, “I love you, I wish you enough.” She said, “Daddy, our life together has been more than enough. Your love is all I ever needed. I wish you enough, too, Daddy.” They kissed good-bye and she left. He walked over toward the window where I was seated. Standing there I could see he wanted and needed to cry. I tried not to intrude on his privacy, but he welcomed me in by asking, “Did you ever say good-bye to someone knowing it would be forever?” “Yes, I have,” I replied. Saying that brought back memories I had of expressing my love and appreciation for all my Dad had done for me. Recognizing that his days were limited, I took the time to tell him face to face how much he meant to me. So I knew what this man was experiencing. “Forgive me for asking, but why is this a forever good-bye?” I asked. “I am old and she lives much too far away. I have challenges ahead and the reality is her next trip back will be for my funeral,” he said. “When you were saying good-bye I heard you say, ‘I wish you enough.’ May I ask what that means?” “When we said ‘I wish you enough’, we were wanting the other person to have a life filled with enough good things to sustain them,” he continued and then turning toward me, he shared the following as if he were reciting it from memory. “I wish you enough sun to keep your attitude bright. I wish you enough rain to appreciate the sun more. I wish you enough happiness to keep your spirit alive. I wish you enough pain so that the smallest joys in life appear much bigger.” 1. The old man want to cry because ________. A. he was guilty for not loving his daughter enough B. his daughter didn’t care about him as expected C. he had a slim chance to see his daughter again D. his daughter’s parting words made him sad 2. The author mentioned his Dad to show ________. A. his appreciation for his father’s devotion B. his sorrow for his father leaving the world C. his concern for the old man’s mental state D. his understanding of the old man’s feeling 3. What message does the old man’s wish convey? A. Every moment is a precious gift. B. Great hopes make great men. C. Happiness lies in satisfaction. D. To get time is to get everything. 4. According to the passage, which can best describe the old man? A. Wise and loving. B. Helpful and gentle. C. Kind and generous. D. Modest and thoughtful. 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位老人在机场与女儿永别时，用“I wish you enough”的祝福来告别，作者这个陌生人与他交谈，理解了他无法再见女儿的悲伤以及他美好的祝福。 1.细节理解题。根据第六段中老人所说的话“I am old and she lives much too far away. I have challenges ahead and the reality is, her next trip back will be for my funeral (我老了，她住得太远了。我面临着挑战，现实是，她下次回来就是参加我的葬礼)”可知，老人想哭是因为他几乎无法再见到女儿。故选C项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第四段“Saying that brought back memories I had of expressing my love and appreciation for all my Dad had done for me. Recognizing that his days were limited, I took the time to tell him face to face how much he meant to me. So I knew what this man was experiencing. (这句话勾起了我对父亲为我所做的一切表达爱和感激的回忆。意识到他的日子不多了，我花时间当面告诉他，他对我来说有多重要。所以我知道这个人正在经历什么。)”可知，作者通过回忆自己与父亲的经历，说明他能共情老人的离别之痛。故选D项。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“I wish you enough sun to keep your attitude bright. I wish you enough rain to appreciate the sun more. I wish you enough happiness to keep your spirit alive. I wish you enough pain so that the smallest joys in life appear much bigger. (愿你有足够的阳光保持心情明亮。愿你有足够的雨水让你更懂阳光的珍贵。愿你有足够的快乐滋养你的心灵。愿你有足够的苦痛让生命中微小的快乐更显珍贵。)”可知，老人的祝福强调对立体验的平衡，凸显生命中每一种体验的价值，传达了“每一刻都是珍贵的礼物”的感悟。故选A项。 4. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“When we said ‘I wish you enough’, we were wanting the other person to have a life filled with enough good things to sustain them (当我们说“I wish you enough”时，我们是希望对方的生活充满足够的美好事物来维持他们的生活)”可知，他对“I wish you enough”的阐释充满人生哲理，说明他富有智慧；根据第一段中“They had announced her plane’s departure and standing near the door, he said to his daughter, “I love you, I wish you enough.” (他站在门口对女儿说：“我爱你，我希望你一切都好。”)”可知，他在和女儿几乎是永别时仍祝福女儿，说明他很慈爱。故选A项。 Passage 3（2025-2026高二下·北京市顺义区牛栏山一中·4月月考） Working at a commercial bank in New York City in the mid-2010s, Anna Sacks sensed a lack of meaning in her life. She wanted to do something more fulfilling. Some people seeking meaning might read a self-help book, or perhaps volunteer a few hours a week. Sacks packed up her life and moved to Connecticut for three months to participate in Adamah, a farming program that focuses on sustainable living and growing sustainable food. Returning to New York, Sacks carried with her a newfound purpose and a set of skills to turn her dreams into reality. “One of the things that really stuck with me from Adamah was how little waste they produced and how they handled the waste they did have, mostly through composting,” she says. “And I just thought, ‘Why aren’t we doing that here? What is actually in all those bags and recycling bins at the roadsides?’” The Adamah program opened Sacks’s eyes to the damage consumer culture is doing and the need to find solutions. So in 2016, she started working with a food rescue program, and in 2017, she found her true calling—what she calls “trash walking”. During walks around her neighborhood, Sacks, 31, picked through trash to look for reusable items. Soon her trash walks expanded to include recycling bins in big companies. Surprisingly, she discovered really great stuff—like clothing and food—all of which she documents on Instagram and TikTok. Under the name The Trash Walker, Sacks quickly gained popularity for her educational, funny, and surprising videos that highlight the problems with consumerism and share information about how to live a more sustainable lifestyle. “The root issue is overproduction, which leads to over-consumption, which leads to a large amount of waste,” she says. Sacks is one of the most influential climate change activists on social media today. The lesson from her trash walking isn’t just that we need to produce less stuff. It’s that we need to stop throwing perfectly good items in the trash too. 1. What motivated Anna Sacks to get involved in Adamah? A. A self-help book she read. B. Her job at a commercial bank. C. Her desire for a meaningful life. D. The volunteer experience she had. 2. What did Anna Sacks find impressive about Adamah? A. Fast-growing food output. B. Sustainable living practices. C. Advanced farming techniques. D. Various waste management methods. 3. Why did Anna Sacks start her “trash walking” initiative? A. To improve her living conditions. B. To gain popularity on social media. C. To advertise her food rescue program. D. To handle the damage by consumer culture. 4. What does the author advocate to reduce waste? A. Raising prices on products. B. Collecting second-hand items. C. Producing high-quality goods. D. Making full use of products. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述银行工作的女孩Anna Sacks为寻求更有意义的生活，参加了一个名为Adamah的项目，因此关注到了消费文化的不良影响，并为此寻找解决措施。 1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Working at a commercial bank in New York City in the mid-2010s, Anna Sacks sensed a lack of meaning in her life. She wanted to do something more fulfilling.(2010年代中期，Anna Sacks在纽约市的一家商业银行工作，她感觉到自己的生活缺乏意义。她想做一些更有成就感的事情)”及第二段“Sacks packed up her life and moved to Connecticut for three months to participate in Adamah, a farming program that focuses on sustainable living and growing sustainable food.(Sacks结束了她的生活，搬到康涅狄格州参加Adamah项目，为期三个月，这是一个专注于可持续生活和种植可持续食品的农业项目)”可知，她对有意义的生活的渴望促使Anna Sacks加入Adamah项目。故选C项。 2. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段““One of the things that really stuck with me from Adamah was how little waste they produced and how they handled the waste they did have, mostly through composting,” she says.(她说：“Adamah让我印象深刻的一件事是，他们产生的废物是多么的少，以及他们如何处理他们所拥有的废物，主要是通过堆肥”)”可知，Anna Sacks发现Adamah项目的可持续生活实践令人印象深刻。故选B项。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The Adamah program opened Sacks’s eyes to the damage consumer culture is doing and the need to find solutions. So in 2016, she started working with a food rescue program, and in 2017, she found her true calling—what she calls “trash walking”.(Adamah项目让Sacks看到了消费者文化正在造成的损害以及寻找解决方案的必要性。因此，2016年，她开始参与一个食品救援项目，2017年，她找到了自己真正的职业——她称之为“垃圾漫步”)”可知，Anna Sacks开始了她的“垃圾漫步”计划，以应对消费者文化的破坏。故选D项。 4. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The lesson from her trash walking isn’t just that we need to produce less stuff. It’s that we need to stop throwing perfectly good items in the trash too.(她的“垃圾漫步”经验不仅仅是我们需要减少生产。我们也需要停止把非常好的东西扔进垃圾桶)”可知，作者主张充分利用产品来减少浪费。故选D项。 Passage 4（2025北京·高考） Throughout our Junior year, my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced to a single 200-word essay. Will the golden word “success” form in their minds when they review our achievements? Or will they see the big word “fail” in red? The shadow of this mysterious (神秘的) institution steals away what success means to us. My first step of redefining success began with course registrations. It is a well-known fact, especially in my school, that Junior year is the time of packing many AP classes into the schedule. When asked why they chose so many AP classes, my friends responded: “I don’t know.” They themselves don’t know why they are following the crowd and longing for the pressures of academic difficulty. Therefore, they do not feel the satisfaction of being academically challenged. Completing many courses no longer brings out the feeling of success because more than four AP classes per year is a norm set by top universities. Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. The feeling of success was no longer attached to what grade I received but to the pure joy of learning. Even my failures are attached to a feeling of success; after I take a step back and look at the big picture, I see them as a launching pad (平台) for my next big achievement. In the ninth grade, I went in for my first group interview for a leadership position as a shy girl. Not standing a chance against competitive applicants, I came out of the interview with an upset look. Nevertheless, this interview wasn’t a wasted opportunity. I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself. This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little. 1．Throughout the Junior year, what was the author’s major concern? A．Pressure from choosing AP classes. B．Performance in group interviews. C．Competition with seniors. D．Recognition by colleges. 2．The author chose fewer AP classes because of _______. A．her own understanding of success B．her desire for academic challenges C．her strong urge to follow the crowd D．her dream of entering a top university 3．Which would best describe the author’s first group interview? A．Dignifying. B．Rewarding. C．Engaging. D．Relaxing. 4．What can we learn from this passage? A．Everyone is the maker of their own success. B．Success favours those with a golden heart. C．Success knocks at your door only once. D．A college holds the key to success. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者在高三时对大学申请和成功定义的反思，不再盲目追随他人选择大量AP课程，而是基于个人兴趣选课，并从失败的小组面试中学习，通过自我调整最终获得领导职位。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Throughout our Junior year, my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced to a single 200-word essay. Will the golden word “success” form in their minds when they review our achievements? Or will they see the big word “fail” in red? (在整个高三期间，我和我的同学们一直担心，当大学将我们的整个人生故事浓缩成一篇200字的短文时，他们会看到什么。当他们回顾我们的成就时，脑海中会浮现出‘成功’这个金灿灿的词汇吗？还是会看到用红色标注的‘失败’这个醒目的大字？)”可知，作者在高三年级主要担心的是大学对他们的认可。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. (我决心追随自己对成功的直觉理解，只选择了两门我确信自己会喜欢的课程。)”可知，作者选择较少的AP课程是因为她自己对成功的理解。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Nevertheless, this interview wasn’t a wasted opportunity. I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself. (然而，这次面试并不是一次浪费的机会。我和一位高年级的申请者交谈，她回答问题的方式反映了她对自己的信心。)”以及最后一段中“This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little. (今年，我带着开放的心态和新的知识，再次走进集体面试的现场，告诉自己我就是那位自信满满的高年级学生。最终，我成功获得了一个领导职位。成功，就这样一点点地向我走来。)”可知，作者认为第一次面试是有收获的，因为它让作者从中学到了东西，并影响了她后来的面试表现。故选B。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第三段中“Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. (我决心追随自己对成功的直觉理解，只选择了两门我确信自己会喜欢的课程。)”以及最后一段中“This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little. (今年，我带着开放的心态和新的知识，再次走进集体面试的现场，告诉自己我就是那位自信满满的高年级学生。最终，我成功获得了一个领导职位。成功，就这样一点点地向我走来。)”可知，作者通过自己的经历表明，成功并非由大学或外界标准定义，而是源于自我认知与努力。“Everyone is the maker of their own success. (每个人都是自己成功的创造者。)” 符合题意。故选A。 语篇类型三: 说明文（6篇） Passage 1（2024-2025高二下·北京市通州区·期末） How does an organism like fungi (真菌) without a brain exhibit signs of intelligence? The answer lies in their complex network of mycelium (菌丝体) — long and thin threads that fungi use to grow. Most people only see the tiny mushrooms above the ground and don’t know the extensive network that lies beneath. The researchers engaged in a curious experiment. They wanted to see how a mycelial network would respond to two different situations: woodblocks placed in a circle versus a cross arrangement. The question was simple — how would the fungi behave? In the cross arrangement, the further most four blocks were the most populated. The researchers believe this is because the fungi see these outer blocks as outposts (前哨站), helping the mycelial network branch out into further areas. Hence, thick connections were noticed here. When it came to the circle arrangement, there was equal connection at all blocks, but the center remained untouched. The fungi did not see a benefit in extending its network into an area that already had plenty of company. These actions suggest that fungi communicate information across the entire mycelial network, adjusting their growth direction depending on their surrounding shape. Fungi exhibit remarkable efficiency when it comes to resource allocation, a skill essential for their survival and growth. This ability to optimize resources is a result of complex feedback mechanisms and environmental assessments conducted by the mycelial network. Researchers claim that fungi prioritize areas with abundant resources, indicating an advanced understanding of their surroundings. In resource-rich zones, mycelium growth accelerates, capturing nutrients and storing them for future use. This practice not only ensures the fungi thrive in unstable environments but also highlights their ecological significance as decomposers (分解器) and nutrient recyclers. The unique problem-solving abilities and efficient networking strategies of fungi have inspired innovations in human technology. Scientists are exploring mycelial algorithms (算法) to develop more efficient networks, such as urban planning and telecommunications systems. The fungi’s extraordinary capacity to communicate and coordinate across their networks offers insights into creating sustainable systems. By imitating their resource allocation methods, researchers aim to create solutions that enhance human infrastructure (基础建设) leading to smarter and more adaptive frameworks. 1. What can we learn about fungi? A. They are an indicator of their ecological surroundings. B. They can make use of all available resources around them. C. They display their unique ability to respond to the environment. D. They can adjust their growth rate based on their surrounding shape. 2. What does the underlined word “optimize” probably mean in Paragraph 3? A. Make the best of. B. Figure out. C. Pay attention to. D. Look for. 3. What does the last paragraph mainly focus on? A. Unfound capabilities of fungi. B. The potential market for fungi. C. Fungi’s inspiration for human technology. D. The limitation of the experiment on fungi. 4. What would be a suitable title for this text? A. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom B. A Glimpse into the World of Fungi C. Networking challenge of Fungi in Nature D. An Intelligent Ability Discovered in Fungi 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. C 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了真菌没有大脑却展现出智能迹象，包括其应对环境、分配资源的能力及对人类科技的启发。 1.细节理解题。根据第二段中“These actions suggest that fungi communicate information across the entire mycelial network, adjusting their growth direction depending on their surrounding shape.(这些行为表明，真菌在整个菌丝网络中传递信息，并根据周围的形状调整其生长方向)”可知，真菌能根据环境做出反应，展现出其独特的能力。故选C。 2. 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Fungi exhibit remarkable efficiency when it comes to resource allocation, a skill essential for their survival and growth.(真菌在资源分配方面表现出非凡的效率，这是它们生存和生长所必需的技能。)”以及下文“Researchers claim that fungi prioritize areas with abundant resources, indicating an advanced understanding of their surroundings. In resource-rich zones, mycelium growth accelerates, capturing nutrients and storing them for future use.(研究人员称，真菌会优先考虑资源丰富的地区，这表明它们对周围环境有深入的了解。在资源丰富的区域，菌丝体的生长加速，捕获营养物质并储存起来供将来使用)”可知，此处阐述真菌最大化利用资源以实现高效分配的能力是进行复杂反馈和环境评估的结果；划线词optimize意为“充分利用”，与“Make the best of”意思一致。故选A。 3. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“The unique problem-solving abilities and efficient networking strategies of fungi have inspired innovations in human technology. Scientists are exploring mycelial algorithms (算法) to develop more efficient networks, such as urban planning and telecommunications systems. The fungi’s extraordinary capacity to communicate and coordinate across their networks offers insights into creating sustainable systems. By imitating their resource allocation methods, researchers aim to create solutions that enhance human infrastructure (基础建设) leading to smarter and more adaptive frameworks.(真菌独特的问题解决能力和高效的网络策略激发了人类技术的创新。科学家们正在探索菌丝算法，以开发更高效的网络，如城市规划和电信系统。真菌在其网络中进行交流和协调的非凡能力，为创造可持续系统提供了见解。通过模仿它们的资源分配方法，研究人员旨在创造提高人类基础设施的解决方案，从而实现更智能、更具适应性的框架)”可知，最后一段主要讲了真菌对人类科技的启发。故选C。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“How does an organism like fungi (真菌) without a brain exhibit signs of intelligence? The answer lies in their complex network of mycelium (菌丝体) — long and thin threads that fungi use to grow. Most people only see the tiny mushrooms above the ground and don’t know the extensive network that lies beneath.(像真菌这样没有大脑的生物是如何表现出智能迹象的呢？答案在于它们复杂的菌丝网络——真菌用来生长的长而细的丝。大多数人只看到地面上的小蘑菇，却不知道地下有一个庞大的网络)”结合下文详细阐述可知，文章主要介绍了真菌没有大脑却展现出智能迹象，包括其应对环境、分配资源的能力及对人类科技的启发，D选项“在真菌中发现的一种智能能力”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 2（2024-2025高二下·北京市朝阳区·期末） A National Institutes of Health (NIH) project that studied over a hundred young people as they grew up during the 1990s showed that our brains undergo a massive reorganization between our 12th and 25th years. The brain doesn’t actually grow very much during this period. It has already reached 90 percent of its full size by the time a person is six. But as we move through adolescence, the brain undergoes extensive remodeling, resembling a network and wiring upgrade. Beatriz Luna, professor of University of Pittsburgh, used neuroimaging to study the teen brain. Luna scanned the brains of children, teens, and twentysomethings while they performed a specific task. They view a screen on which the red crosshairs at the center occasionally disappear just as a light flashes elsewhere on the screen. The instructions are to not look at the light and instead to look in the opposite direction. A sensor detects any eye movement. Ten-year-olds fail about 45 percent of the time. Teens do much better. What Luna found most interesting, however, was not those scores. It was the brain scans she took while people took the test. Compared with adults, teens tended to make less use of brain regions that spot errors, plan, and stay focused — areas the adults seemed to bring online automatically. This let the adults use a variety of brain resources and better resist distractions, while the teens used those areas less often and more readily gave in to the impulse to look at the flashing light. This helps explain why teens behave with such annoying inconsistency: attracting at breakfast, disgusting at dinner; masterful on Monday, sleepwalking on Saturday. Meanwhile, take inspiration in one last distinction of the teen brain — a final key to both its awkwardness and its remarkable adaptability. This is the lasting plasticity of those late-developing frontal areas as they slowly mature. And at first glance this seems like bad news: If we need these areas for the complex task of entering the world, why aren’t they running at full speed when the challenges are most discouraging? The answer is that speed comes at the price of flexibility. According to Douglas Fields, an NIH neuroscientist, “This means the period when a brain area is getting upgraded is a sort of crucial period of learning — once that’s done it’s harder to change.” The long, slow, back-to-front developmental wave, completed only in the mid-20s, appears to be a uniquely human adaptation. It may be one of our most sequential. It can seem a bit crazy that we humans don’t wise up a bit earlier in life. But if we smartened up sooner, we’d end up more stupid. 1. What does the underlined word “resembling” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Building up. B. Looking like. C Breaking down. D. Connecting to. 2. What can we learn from the passage? A. Be patient and teams can still be smarter. B. Be focused and we will face the world better. C. Brains have the tendency to level up when needed.D. Brains’ processing speed is compromised as they mature. 3. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To analyse the composition of human brains. B. To find reason for teens’ inconsistent behaviours. C. To make a contrast between teen and adult brains. D. To explain human brains develop at a reasonable pace. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人类大脑在12岁到25岁之间经历大规模重组，解释了青少年行为特点及大脑发育的合理性。 1.词句猜测题。根据第一段“But as we move through adolescence, the brain undergoes extensive remodeling, resembling a network and wiring upgrade. (但是，当我们进入青春期时，大脑会经历广泛的重塑，就像网络和线路升级一样。)”可知，大脑经历重塑，类似于网络和线路的升级，故resembling意为“像，类似于”。选项B“Looking like. (看起来像。)”符合题意。故选B。 2. 推理判断题。根据倒最后一段的“The long, slow, back-to-front developmental wave, completed only in the mid-20s, appears to be a uniquely human adaptation. It may be one of our most sequential. It can seem a bit crazy that we humans don’t wise up a bit earlier in life. But if we smartened up sooner, we’d end up more stupid.(这一漫长而缓慢、倒序发展的成长过程，直到 25 岁左右才完成，似乎是人类独有的适应方式。这可能是我们最循序渐进的一种适应方式。或许会让人觉得有些不可思议，那就是我们人类为何在生命早期没有更早地变得明智起来。但如果我们更早地变得明智，结果可能会更糟糕，因为我们可能会变得更加愚蠢。)”可知，青少年大脑发展是一个漫长的缓慢的倒序发展的过程，到25岁才能完成，是循序渐进的方式，如果更早变得明智，结果可能会更糟糕，因此推断要有耐心，最终团队会变得更聪明，与文章讲述一致，故选A。 3. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“A National Institutes of Health (NIH) project that studied over a hundred young people as they grew up during the 1990s showed that our brains undergo a massive reorganization between our 12th and 25th years. (美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）的一项项目对上世纪90年代成长起来的100多名年轻人进行了研究，结果显示，我们的大脑在12岁到25岁之间会经历大规模的重组。)”以及最后一段中“The long, slow, back-to-front developmental wave, completed only in the mid-20s, appears to be a uniquely human adaptation. (这种漫长、缓慢、从后到前的发展浪潮，直到20多岁中期才完成，似乎是人类独有的适应方式。)”可知，文章主要解释了人类大脑在青少年时期到成年早期的发育过程，以及这一发育过程的合理性和必要性，即人类大脑以合理的速度发育。选项D“To explain human brains develop at a reasonable pace. (解释人类大脑以合理的速度发育。)”符合题意。故选D。 Passage 3（2024-2025高二下·北京市东城区·期末） Cultural heritage is the symbol of our shared human history, including artifacts, traditions, languages, and knowledge that have been passed down through generations. Preserving and safeguarding cultural heritage has always been a critical mission. In the digital era, the mission has become a vital concern. Digitization of cultural content, such as museum collections or libraries, digital broadcasting of artistic performances, or digital born art and heritage are happening at a fast pace. While experiencing remarkable growth, the digital transformation presents unique challenges, such as the concerns about the cases where digital files may become unreadable or unusable due to outdated formats or hardware. However, this is not the biggest issue we encounter. The emergence of new digital cultural content has highlighted the limitations of existing intellectual property rights (IPR) systems in effectively handling the challenges posed by the digital era. In Europe, for instance, with the booming development of the digital gaming industry, some culture-related cases have raised specific IPR questions. Experts wonder if user-generated content from. digital games creates new copyright. The game itself is most often protected by copyright, but user-generated content, such as avatars (虚拟角色) created by players, is not necessarily covered by existing copyright laws. Another example is the inking culture of tattooing. In UK laws, an original tattoo is copyrightable work; however, it seems not to be the case for AI-generated tattoos. Both cases may lead to debates over ownership. As a result, museums often avoid sharing collections online due to a “chilling effect” — the fear of facing legal problems, like being responsible for breaking copyright laws, contract laws, or data protection rules. Cultural heritage preservation lies in striking a delicate balance between conservation of the past and transition to the future. The rapid advancements in technology offer exciting opportunities for digitizing, documenting, and preserving cultural heritage, providing broader access and immersive (沉浸式) experiences for global audiences, present and future. Furthermore, in the face of climate change, protecting cultural heritage becomes urgent as the world faces increasingly severe environmental challenges. Rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and temperature fluctuations threaten to destroy cultural artifacts and heritage sites. Since digital copies can serve as disaster backups (备份) to address climate-related damage, protecting cultural sites from climate change goes hand in hand with safeguarding heritage’s digital copies. All of these call for a balance between innovation and the preservation of cultural heritage’s authenticity and integrity, which necessitates respect for the variety of copyrights, management of rights and authorizations, and clear usage and access policies. Only by tackling the complex challenges posed by digitization can we ensure technology enriches rather than endangers our shared history. 1. What is the biggest challenge digitization poses to cultural heritage protection? A. The misinterpretation of the digital transformation. B. The potential failure of digital culture’s long-term sustainability. C. The difficulty in connecting culture digitization to cultural integrity. D. The insufficiency of intellectual property policies for digital culture. 2. What situation may result from the “chilling effect” mentioned in the passage? A. Museums refuse to display the original items of cultural artifacts. B. Galleries tighten the policies for e-format culture exchanges. C. Libraries restrict access to digital books on culture relics. D. Schools offer less cultural heritage-related courses. 3. What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A. The necessity of protecting cultural heritage in digital forms. B. The significance of protecting cultural relics from natural damage. C. The possibility of using technology in cultural heritage preservation. D. The barrier of achieving both conservation and transition at the same time. 4. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To advocate addressing existing issues. B. To promote the use of modern technology. C. To analyse the origins of current challenges. D. To explore the impact of innovation on tradition. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要探讨数字时代文化遗产保护面临的挑战及平衡创新与保护的必要性。 1.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“However, this is not the biggest issue we encounter. The emergence of new digital cultural content has highlighted the limitations of existing intellectual property rights (IPR) systems in effectively handling the challenges posed by the digital era.(然而，这并不是我们遇到的最大问题。新的数字文化内容的出现凸显了现有知识产权体系在有效应对数字时代带来的挑战方面的局限性。)”可知，数字化给文化遗产保护带来的最大挑战是知识产权政策无法满足数字文化的需求。故选D项。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“As a result, museums often avoid sharing collections online due to a “chilling effect” — the fear of facing legal problems, like being responsible for breaking copyright laws, contract laws, or data protection rules.(因此，由于“寒蝉效应”——害怕面临法律问题，如对违反版权法、合同法或数据保护规则负责，博物馆往往避免在网上分享藏品。)”可知，“寒蝉效应”可能导致美术馆收紧电子形式文化交流的政策。故选B项。 3. 主旨大意题。根据第四段中的“The rapid advancements in technology offer exciting opportunities for digitizing, documenting, and preserving cultural heritage, providing broader access and immersive (沉浸式) experiences for global audiences, present and future.(技术的快速发展为数字化、记录和保护文化遗产提供了令人兴奋的机会，为全球观众、现在和未来提供了更广泛的访问和沉浸式体验)”和“Since digital copies can serve as disaster backups to address climate-related damage, protecting cultural sites from climate change goes hand in hand with safeguarding heritage’s digital copies.(由于数字副本可以作为应对气候相关损害的灾难备份，保护文化遗址免受气候变化影响与保护遗产的数字副本相辅相成。)”可知，第四段主要讲述以数字形式保护文化遗产的必要性。故选A项。 4. 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中的“All of these call for a balance between innovation and the preservation of cultural heritage’s authenticity and integrity, which necessitates respect for the variety of copyrights, management of rights and authorizations, and clear usage and access policies. Only by tackling the complex challenges posed by digitization can we ensure technology enriches rather than endangers our shared history.(所有这些都要求在创新与保护文化遗产的真实性和完整性之间取得平衡，这需要尊重各种版权，管理权利和授权，并制定明确的使用和获取政策。只有应对数字化带来的复杂挑战，我们才能确保技术丰富而不是危害我们共同的历史。)”可知，文章的主要目的是倡导解决当前数字时代文化遗产保护存在的问题。故选A项。 Passage 4（2025-2026高二下·北京市西城区三十五中·3月月考） For centuries, technological advancement has persistently transformed the framework of global labor markets, fueling dramatic changes in the nature of work and the ways people make a living. While technological innovation has created enormous economic value, lifted living standards and brought great convenience to everyday life, its benefits have long been unevenly shared among diverse social groups and industries. Nowadays, artificial intelligence and digital platforms are changing work environments at an unmatched and fast-growing rate, sparking a fresh wave of labor market changes that goes well beyond conventional low-skilled positions. Even highly qualified professionals employed by top global tech firms are no longer shielded from this big change, as seen in repeated large-scale job cuts at major tech corporations in recent years. Nevertheless, the impact of technological change on employment is far from a one-sided narrative of job losses. As some traditional positions disappear with the rise of automation, a host of new job roles are springing up meanwhile, and entirely novel occupations are being born to match the demands of the digital era. These emerging opportunities open up alternative paths to economic prosperity for individuals who are willing to embrace change and adjust their career strategies. For today’s workforce, the capacity to update current skills or learn completely new abilities has become a key requirement for keeping steady jobs. A recent thorough review of millions of online job listings shows the pressing need for this skill upgrade: roughly one in ten job ads in developed economies and one in twenty in developing economies now require at least one latest new skill. Professional, technical and management posts have the highest demand for these upgraded skills, with tech - related jobs accounting for more than half of the total demand. Besides, field - specific skills are also in great demand — the healthcare industry needs more experts in remote care and digital health, while marketing jobs increasingly require skills in social media operation and data-based advertising. Unsurprisingly, such rapid labor market changes have sparked widespread anxiety among workers worldwide. With nearly 40 percent of global jobs vulnerable to AI-driven automation, fears over job displacement and shrinking opportunities for some groups are growing more acute. To ensure the gains from AI are broadly shared, governments have a duty to launch timely and comprehensive policy measures. These should include expanding access to lifelong learning, supporting workers in career shifts, and ensuring that the tax and social protection systems are adapted to a more dynamic economy. Only in this way can societies make the most of technological progress without leaving large numbers of people behind. 1 It can be inferred from the passage that the recent mass layoffs in major tech companies mainly result from A. the companies’ poor management and low efficiency. B. the impact of rapid technological change and the rise of AI. C. a sharp decline in global demand for digital products and services. D. workers’ lack of professional ethics and low productivity. 2. The underlined word “novel” in Paragraph 2 probably means ______. A. literary B. anxious C. responsible D. emerging 3. What can we infer from the passage? A. Field - specific skills are more important than the latest new skills. B. High - skilled workers are free from facing job displacement. C. Lifelong learning is vital for workers to adapt to the labor market. D. Governments tend to require cooperation to provide lifelong learning opportunities. 4. What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage? A. To analyze tech’s impact on labor markets and call for proper policies. B. To blame tech companies for mass job losses and technological innovation C. To introduce new high - paying jobs and effective ways to get promoted D. To reveal workers’ anxiety about AI development and offer suggestions 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要阐述了科技发展尤其是人工智能对劳动力市场的双重影响，指出技能更新的必要性，并呼吁政府出台相应政策保障就业转型。 1.推理判断题。根据第一段“Nowadays, artificial intelligence and digital platforms are changing work environments at an unmatched and fast-growing rate, sparking a fresh wave of labor market changes that goes well beyond conventional low-skilled positions. Even highly qualified professionals employed by top global tech firms are no longer shielded from this big change, as seen in repeated large-scale job cuts at major tech corporations in recent years.(如今，人工智能与数字平台正以前所未有的迅猛速度改变着工作环境，引发新一轮劳动力市场变革，其影响早已超出传统低技能岗位。就连全球顶尖科技公司聘用的高素质专业人士，也无法免受这场巨大变革的冲击 —— 近年来各大科技企业频频大规模裁员，便是明证。)”可知，大型科技公司近期大规模裁员主要源于技术快速变革和人工智能的冲击。故选B项。 2. 词句猜测题。根据第二段“As some traditional positions disappear with the rise of automation, a host of new job roles are springing up meanwhile, and entirely novel occupations are being born to match the demands of the digital era.(随着自动化兴起，一些传统岗位消失，与此同时大量新职业涌现，novel职业应运而生以适应数字时代的需求。)”以及语境可知，这里novel与new含义相近，意为“新兴的、新出现的”。故选D项。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“These should include expanding access to lifelong learning, supporting workers in career shifts, and ensuring that the tax and social protection systems are adapted to a more dynamic economy. Only in this way can societies make the most of technological progress without leaving large numbers of people behind.(这些措施应包括：扩大终身学习的机会、支持劳动者职业转型，并确保税收与社会保障体系适应更具活力的经济发展。只有这样，社会才能充分利用技术进步，同时不让大量人群被时代抛弃。)”可知，终身学习对劳动者适应劳动力市场至关重要。故选C项。 4. 理判断题。通读全文特别是最后一段“To ensure the gains from AI are broadly shared, governments have a duty to launch timely and comprehensive policy measures.(为确保人工智能的收益被广泛共享，政府有责任及时出台全面的政策措施。)”可知，全文先分析科技对劳动力市场的影响，再指出就业焦虑，最后提出政府应出台政策应对。所以作者写作目的是分析科技对劳动力市场的影响并呼吁合理政策。故选A项。 Passage 5（2025-2026高二下·北京市顺义区牛栏山一中·4月月考） Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers. Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire (密谋) to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications. Recently, another expression of this predatory (掠夺性的) behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to-journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles. The appearance of electronic publishing and authors’ need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn’t far behind. These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers. In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations. The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all — it is just providing citations to other journals. Such practices can lead an article to accumulate more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published. How insidious (不易觉察的) is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual — acting as author, editor, and consultant — was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation. Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this misconduct. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year. And for authors who wish to distance themselves from citation cartel activities: when an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal. 1. According to Paragraph 1, the careers of scientists can be determined by ________. A. how many citations their works contain B. how many times their papers are cited C. the prestige of the people they work with D. the status they have in scientific circles 2. The metaphor of “milk cow” in Paragraph 3 is used to ________. A. make a comparison B. illustrate a situation C. propose a solution D. highlight a problem 3. What does the underlined word “rampant” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Urgent. B. Complex. C. Occasional. D. Severe. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了科学论文引用操控现象及其影响。 1.细节理解题。根据第一段“The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.(科学家的职业生涯以及其所在机构的声誉都取决于他们所发表论文的数量和声誉，但更重要的是这些论文所吸引的引用次数。)”可知，科学家的职业生涯由他们的论文被引用了多少次决定，故选B。 2. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“The appearance of electronic publishing and authors’ need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn’t far behind. These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers.(电子出版的出现以及作者们为自己的论文寻找发表渠道的需求，催生了成千上万的新期刊。与此同时，一些“掠夺性期刊”的诞生也不远了。这些期刊可以被视为“奶牛”，每期中的每一篇论文都可能引用特定的一篇或几篇论文。)”可知，第三段中“奶牛”这一比喻的用意是强调一个问题——每期中的每一篇论文都可能引用特定的一篇或几篇论文。故选D。 3. 词句猜测题。根据文章第四段中的“How insidious (不易觉察的) is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual— acting as author, editor, and consultant— was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities.(这种引用操纵（行为）的隐蔽性有多强？有一个例子可以说明：某个人同时扮演作者、编辑和顾问的角色，竟能利用至少15种期刊作为“引用来源”，为三所大学里五位科学家发表的论文提供引用。)”和“Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals(Scopus是一个引文数据库，其中收录了大量新兴“国际”期刊。)”可知，Scopus是一个引用数据库，引用操纵问题在Scopus数据库中很泛滥。rampant意为“泛滥的，猖獗的”，和Severe意思相近。故选D。 Passage 6（2024-2025高二下·北京市石景山区·期末） Throughout history, humans have dreamed of controlling the weather. From ancient ceremonies (仪式) to modern science, the idea of influencing rain, storms, and temperature has fascinated cultures across the globe. Today, with advancements in climate science, weather modification is no longer just a fantasy — it is becoming a reality. One of the most well-known techniques is cloud seeding, a process where small particles (粒子), such as silver iodide (碘化银), are released into clouds to encourage the formation of raindrops. Countries like China and the United States have used cloud seeding to increase rainfall in dry regions and reduce the impact of droughts. During the 2008 Beijing Olympics, China famously used this technique to prevent rain from disturbing the opening ceremony. Beyond increasing rainfall, scientists are also exploring ways to weaken storms. Some researchers believe that hurricanes could be controlled by changing ocean temperatures or releasing substances into the atmosphere to limit their intensity. However, these ideas remain largely experimental, as changing one part of the climate system could have unexpected consequences elsewhere. Another approach being studied is geoengineering (地球工程学), which involves large-scale efforts to control the Earth’s climate to counteract global warming. One debatable idea is to release reflective particles into the upper atmosphere to reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface. Supporters argue that this could help cool the planet, but critics warn that such actions might disturb weather patterns in unpredictable ways. The ability to modify (调整) weather comes with ethical (伦理的) and political challenges. If one country increases its rainfall, could it unintentionally cause droughts in another region? Could weather modification be used as a weapon, affecting food production or water supplies? These concerns have led to international debates on the regulation of weather control technologies. Some scientists argue that while weather modification holds promise, it should only be used under strict guidelines to avoid unintended environmental damage. Moreover, weather modification raises a deeper question: should humans get involved in natural systems on such a large scale? Climate change is already a major global challenge, with human activities significantly affecting temperature patterns and ecosystems. Some critics worry that using technology to change weather could give people a false sense of control over nature, leading to risky decisions. Others, however, believe that with careful research and ethical considerations, these advancements could help address the growing challenges of climate change and water shortage. Despite the controversies, one thing is clear: the desire to control the weather is not going away. As technology continues to develop, the line between natural weather patterns and human influence will become increasingly blurred. Whether this will lead to a safer, more stable climate or unintended environmental consequences remains to be seen. While scientists are making progress, only time will tell if weather modification will be a useful tool or a dangerous experiment. 1. What is one concern about weather modification? A. It has no proven scientific basis. B. It requires expensive technology. C. It makes weather forecasting more difficult. D. It could create unexpected environmental issues. 2. What does the word “blurred” in the last paragraph most likely mean? A. Confusing. B. Exciting. C. Disappointing. D. Encouraging. 3. What can we learn from the passage? A. Humans have the ability to control nature. B. Weather modification has put into practice. C. Geoengineering is widely accepted by scientists.D. Cloud seeding has replaced traditional methods of farming. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. How Humans Control the Weather B. Weather Modification: Dream or Disaster C. Geoengineering and the Future of the Planet D. Cloud Seeding: An Effective Solution to Climate 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人类探索控制天气的技术实践，如人工增雨、削弱风暴和地球工程等，以及由此引发的伦理、环境争议和未来挑战。 1.细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, these ideas remain largely experimental, as changing one part of the climate system could have unexpected consequences elsewhere.(然而，这些想法在很大程度上仍处于实验阶段，因为改变气候系统的一部分可能在其他地方产生意想不到的后果)”以及第五段中“These concerns have led to international debates on the regulation of weather control technologies. Some scientists argue that while weather modification holds promise, it should only be used under strict guidelines to avoid unintended environmental damage.(这些担忧引发了国际上对天气控制技术监管的辩论。一些科学家认为，尽管天气调整有希望取得成效，但它只能在严格的指导方针下使用，以避免意外的环境破坏)”可知，天气调整可能引发意外环境问题。故选D。 2. 词句猜测题。根据最后一段中“As technology continues to develop, the line between natural weather patterns and human influence will become increasingly blurred.(随着技术的不断发展，自然天气模式和人类影响之间的界限将变得越来越blurred)”可知，随着技术的发展，自然天气模式和人类影响之间的界限变得不再清晰，变得“难以区分、令人困惑”（Confusing）。故选A。 3. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Countries like China and the United States have used cloud seeding to increase rainfall in dry regions and reduce the impact of droughts. During the 2008 Beijing Olympics, China famously used this technique to prevent rain from disturbing the opening ceremony.(中国和美国等国家已经使用人工增雨技术来增加干旱地区的降雨量并减少干旱的影响。在2008年北京奥运会期间，中国著名地使用了这项技术来防止雨水干扰开幕式)”可知，天气调整技术（如人工增雨）已投入实际应用。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。文章围绕人工影响天气展开，既介绍了其技术应用（如人工增雨、尝试减弱风暴等），也详细阐述了其引发的争议（如可能带来意想不到的环境后果、伦理和政治问题等），探讨了这一技术究竟是有用的工具还是危险的实验。B项“Weather Modification: Dream or Disaster(人工影响天气：梦想还是灾难)”能够概括文章的核心内容，适合作为标题。故选B。 语篇类型四: 议论文+ 文体（4篇） Passage 1（2024-2025高二下·北京市丰台区·期末） Ask most people what “the good life” involves, and they will likely mention a list of goods. Even Aristotle, who believed that the key to happiness is the cultivation and exercise of virtue, still thought certain goods were either prerequisites (先决条件) for happiness or were goods that came to the virtuous. But consider this thought experiment. Let’s compare two actors’ lives. First, meet Toby. Toby struggles to get work for many years. But as the years go by, Toby works his way up to become a famous actor. His lifetime earnings are $20 million, and he wins an Oscar for his final movie. Now, meet Ybot. Ybot wins an Oscar for his very first film role. After this initial success, he begins to endure a number of difficulties. Towards the end of his career (across which he has earned $20 million, mostly at the start), he finally retires into humble obscurity (默默无闻). As you’ll have quickly realized, these two actors’ lives, like their names, are mirror-images. If we view their lives as a sort of balance sheet of experiential profit and loss, they both seem to lead lives of equal net worth. The only difference is that Ybot experiences those goods and bads inversely to Toby. If flourishing is just a matter of enjoying certain goods, then it seems both actors flourish to the same extent. Yet most of us would much prefer to live like Toby than Ybot. But why should that make a difference, if both lives contain the same net benefits? When comparing the overall welfare level of different lives, it seems natural enough to think of a person’s life as a sort of container for various good and bad experiences. The goods and the bads are what we evaluate; the “container” they sit in is basically neutral. But that “balance sheet” model seems to miss another kind of value. We might value things like overcoming adversity (逆境), or not having our successes come too easily. A life of early success followed by decline seems like a less overall successful life than one where success comes later in the day. This intuitive judgment finds expression in what’s been called the “shape of life” hypothesis. On this view living a good life is not simply about having the right kind of experiences or life-events, but of having them in the right order or sequence. What the shape of life hypothesis suggests is that our lives are not simply bags into which we cream good things and bad things. The type of life it is—the genre of that life-story, so to speak—matters too. Without the right shape, even a life full of wonderful things can end up as a tale we’d prefer not to live out. 1. What does the word “inversely” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Similarly. B. Oppositely C. Relatively. D. Exclusively. 2. The author introduces the “shape of life” hypothesis by ______ . A. clarifying a goal B. analyzing an event C. challenging an established notion D. introducing contrasting viewpoints 3. Which would the author agree with? A. Early success followed by failure feels worse than late success. B. A life with more goods is better than one with fewer possessions. C. The “balance sheet” model is a powerful tool to define the good life. D. Hardships and misfortune are essential factors in judging the quality of life. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章通过Toby与Ybot的人生对比，提出“生命形态”假说，指出美好生活不仅在于拥有的事物，更在于其发生的顺序。 1.词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Let’s compare two actors’ lives. First, meet Toby. Toby struggles to get work for many years. But as the years go by, Toby works his way up to become a famous actor. His lifetime earnings are $20 million, and he wins an Oscar for his final movie. Now, meet Ybot. Ybot wins an Oscar for his very first film role. After this initial success, he begins to endure a number of difficulties. ( 让我们来比较一下两个演员的生活。首先，来见见Toby。Toby多年来一直找不到工作。但随着岁月的流逝，Toby努力成为一名著名的演员。他一生的收入是2000万美元，他的最后一部电影赢得了奥斯卡奖。现在，来见见Ybot。他的第一部电影就获得了奥斯卡奖。在最初的成功之后，他开始遭受许多困难)”可知，Toby是“多年挣扎后成功，晚年获奥斯卡”，而 Ybot是“首部电影就获奥斯卡，随后遭遇困境，晚年默默无闻”，两人人生轨迹完全相反，且第三段中“As you’ll have quickly realized, these two actors’ lives, like their names, are mirror-images.( 你很快就会意识到，这两位演员的生活，就像他们的名字一样，是镜像)”明确提到镜像般的人生。因此“inversely”意为“相反地”，和B选项Oppositely“相反地”意思一致。故选B项。 2. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“When comparing the overall welfare level of different lives, it seems natural enough to think of a person’s life as a sort of container for various good and bad experiences. The goods and the bads are what we evaluate; the “container” they sit in is basically neutral. But that “balance sheet” model seems to miss another kind of value. We might value things like overcoming adversity (逆境), or not having our successes come too easily. A life of early success followed by decline seems like a less overall successful life than one where success comes later in the day.( 在比较不同生活的整体福利水平时，似乎很自然地把一个人的生活看作是各种美好和糟糕经历的容器。好坏是我们评价的东西；他们所在的“容器”基本上是中性的。但这种“资产负债表”模式似乎忽略了另一种价值。我们可能会重视克服逆境，或者不让成功来得太容易。一个早年成功而后衰落的人生，似乎比一个在一天中晚些时候成功的人生更不成功)”以及第五段“This intuitive judgment finds expression in what’s been called the “shape of life” hypothesis. On this view, living a good life is not simply about having the right kind of experiences or life-events, but of having them in the right order or sequence.( 这种直觉判断体现在所谓的“生命形态”假说中。根据这种观点，美好的生活不仅仅是拥有正确的经历或生活事件，而是以正确的顺序或顺序拥有它们)”可知，作者先提出“balance sheet model”（资产负债表模型），即认为人生的好坏取决于“好体验与坏体验的总和”，并以Toby 和Ybot 的例子指出该模型的缺陷 —— 人们更倾向于Toby 的人生，而非总和相同但顺序相反的Ybot的人生。随后引出“shape of life hypothesis”（生命形态假说），强调“经历的顺序比总和更重要”。这一过程是通过挑战“收支平衡模型” 这一固有观念来引入新假说的。故选C项。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章大意以及第四段中“A life of early success followed by decline seems like a less overall successful life than one where success comes later in the day.( 一个早年成功而后衰落的人生，似乎比一个在一天中晚些时候成功的人生更不成功)”可知，作者通过Toby和Ybot的对比指出，人们更偏好“先逆境后成功”的人生（Toby），而非“先成功后衰落”的人生（Ybot），并以“shape of life hypothesis”解释这一偏好 —— 经历的顺序影响人生质量。因此 A 选项“早期成功后失败比晚期成功更糟糕”符合作者观点。故选A项。 Passage 2（2024-2025高二下·北京市通州区·期末） Art has always been the silent language of human culture. Art is more than just a form of creative expression; it is a vivid reflection of our cultural identity. Each painting, sculpture, dance, or piece of music tells a story about who we are as individuals and as a collective society. It reveals our shared values, beliefs, traditions, and history, giving us a sense of belonging and connection. In this ever-developing world, art plays a critical role in preserving our cultural identity, providing a link between our past and our present, and shaping our future. Cultural identity is a complex construction, intertwined (缠绕) with our self-concept and social relations. It is not merely a fixed trait, but rather a developing narrative that is modeled by both our heritage and our personal experiences. Cultural identity provides us with a sense of belonging, and it influences our values, beliefs, and attitudes, shaping our perspectives of the world around us. Art and culture are inseparable; they impact and shape each other. Art can preserve and pass on cultural traditions, while culture can inspire and influence art. The relationship between the two is symbiotic (共生的), enhancing-and developing over time. From the hieroglyphics (象形文字) of ancient Egypt to the theater of classical Greece, art has been an essential part of cultural expression and preservation. Through different mediums and techniques various societies have used art to capture their distinct cultural narratives. The ancient Egyptians employed hieroglyphics and sculptures as significant means of artistic expression. The Greeks, known for their profound contributions to art and culture, used pottery and theater to convey their societal values and beliefs, which preserve a snapshot (缩影) of their society at that time. Greek theater, which included both tragedy and comedy, was not just entertainment — it served as a group event that addressed social, political, and moral issues, fostering a collective cultural identity. The historical art forms of different cultures continue to affect modern art. Many societies maintain their cultural identity by keeping their traditional art forms alive. These art forms are passed down through generations, often with little change, preserving the historical culture’s essence. However, adaptation is the key aspect of cultural evolution. Artists often blend traditional styles with modern elements, creating a fusion (融合) that reflects both the culture’s historical roots and contemporary influences. As we move further into the 21st century, the relationship between art and cultural identity continues to evolve. The future promises both challenges and opportunities for art in preserving cultural identity. Let’s start a journey to fancy what the future may hold for the intersection (交汇) of art and cultural identity. 1. According to the passage, cultural identity ______. A. possesses both traditional and personal traits B. provides a link between our past and present C. produces common values and beliefs of humanity D. consists of individual values and social connections 2. What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. How a collective cultural identity is fostered. B. Different art mediums employed by the ancient Egyptians. C. The real presentation of ancient human life in different art forms. D. How culture was integrated into various art forms in ancient times. 3. What is the author’s intention of writing the text? A. To introduce the origin and development of art. B. To highlight art’s importance in preserving cultural identity. C. To show how cultural identity was expressed by art in the past. D To prove historical art forms’ contribution to cultural evolution. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了艺术在保留文化身份方面的重要性，以及艺术与文化身份之间的关系和发展。 1.细节理解题。根据第二段中“Cultural identity is a complex construction, intertwined (缠绕) with our self-concept and social relations. It is not merely a fixed trait, but rather a developing narrative that is modeled by both our heritage and our personal experiences.(文化身份是一个复杂的构造，与我们的自我概念和社会关系交织在一起。它不仅仅是一个固定的特征，而是一个由我们的遗产和个人经历共同塑造的发展中的叙事)”可知，文化身份既有传统特征也有个人特征。故选A。 2. 主旨大意题。根据第三段“From the hieroglyphics (象形文字) of ancient Egypt to the theater of classical Greece, art has been an essential part of cultural expression and preservation. Through different mediums and techniques various societies have used art to capture their distinct cultural narratives. The ancient Egyptians employed hieroglyphics and sculptures as significant means of artistic expression. The Greeks, known for their profound contributions to art and culture, used pottery and theater to convey their societal values and beliefs, which preserve a snapshot (缩影) of their society at that time. Greek theater, which included both tragedy and comedy, was not just entertainment — it served as a group event that addressed social, political, and moral issues, fostering a collective cultural identity.(从古埃及的象形文字到古希腊的戏剧，艺术一直是文化表达和保存的重要组成部分。通过各种媒介和技术，不同的社会用艺术来捕捉他们独特的文化叙事。古埃及人使用象形文字和雕塑作为重要的艺术表达手段。希腊人以其对艺术和文化的深刻贡献而闻名，他们利用陶器和戏剧来传达他们的社会价值观和信仰，这保留了当时希腊社会的一个缩影。希腊戏剧，包括悲剧和喜剧，不仅仅是娱乐——它是一种集体活动，涉及社会、政治和道德问题，培养了集体的文化身份)”可知，第三段主要讲了古代文化是如何融入各种艺术形式的。故选D。 3. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“In this ever-developing world, art plays a critical role in preserving our cultural identity, providing a link between our past and our present, and shaping our future.(在这个不断发展的世界里，艺术在保护我们的文化身份方面发挥着关键作用，它连接着我们的过去和现在，塑造着我们的未来)”以及最后一段中“As we move further into the 21st century, the relationship between art and cultural identity continues to evolve. The future promises both challenges and opportunities for art in preserving cultural identity.(随着我们进入21世纪，艺术与文化身份的关系继续演变。未来在保护文化身份方面，艺术既面临挑战也充满机遇)”结合文章主要说明了艺术在保留文化身份方面的重要性，以及艺术与文化身份之间的关系和发展。可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是强调艺术在保护文化身份方面的重要性。故选B。 Passage 3（2024-2025高二下·北京市朝阳区·期末） Ah, the world Oh, the world — Moby-Dick. The first scientific study of sperm whales was published in 1835 by a Scottish ship doctor named Thomas Beale. Beale believed sperm whales to be silent. Herman Melville relied heavily on Beale in composing Moby-Dick. “The whale has no voice,” Melville wrote. “But then again,” he went on, “what has the whale to say? Seldom have I sperm whale known any profound being that had anything to say to this world, unless forced to speak out something by way of getting a living.” The question of whether any species possesses a “communication system” comparable to that of humans is an open and much debated one. In the 1950s, the behaviorist B. F. Skinner argued that children learn language through positive reinforcement; therefore, other animals should be able to do the same. The linguist Noam Chomsky had a different view. He dismissed the notion that kids acquire language via conditioning, and also the possibility that language was available to other species. Michael Bronstein, a computer scientist from the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in Cambridge, decided to discover the meaning of sperm whales’ codas — quick bursts of clicks produced by the whales— which they exchange with one another. Thus was born the Cetacean Translation Initiative — Project CETI for short, which represents the most ambitious, the most technologically advanced, and the most well-funded effort ever made to communicate with another species. “One important thing that I think will be an outcome of this project has to do with how we see life on land and in the oceans,” Bronstein said. “If we understand — or we have evidence, and very clear evidence in the form of language-like communication — that intelligent creatures are living there and that we are destroying them, that could change the way that we approach our Earth. If we could understand what they’re saying, instead of ‘save the whales’ it will be ‘saved by the whales’.” AI shares this hope. Or at least the AI-powered language model is smart enough to express it. Not long ago suffering from writer’s block, I asked an AI chatbot if it could rewrite Moby-Dick from the whale’s perspective. The AI chatbot wrote: Deep in the sea, I longed to communicate with the captain, to show him that my kind, too, had emotions and families to protect. But the language barrier between our worlds remained a gap that cannot be bridged. And the story ends with a somewhat depressing but not unaffected emotional request: I, the White Whale, could only wonder if there would ever come a day when man and whale would understand each other, finding harmony in the vastness of the ocean’s embrace. 1. Why does the author quote Herman Melville? A. To reveal the possibility of whales’ talking. B. To present the popularity of whales in literature. C. To highlight the value of voices in making a living. D. To prove communication system is unique to humans. 2. What can we learn from this passage? A. Living in agreement with nature is well underway. B. The author may believe Skinner more than Chomsky. C. AI chatbots have a big advantage over humans in writing. D. CETI was set up to prove other intelligent creatures exist. 3. What does the author intend to tell us? A. Humans can correct their mistake when they know it. B. Humans are too stubborn to understand other species. C. To figure out whether other animals have languages is urgent. D. We need cross language barriers to get through to other species. 4. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A. Look Ahead: How Are Humans’ Behaviours Affecting the Nature? B. Talk to Them: Can We Be Equipped to Speak to Another Species? C. Think Again: What contribution Will AI Make to Animals’ Survival? D. Reflect on Ourselves: Are Other Animals Seen as inferior to Humans? 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. D 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人类是否能够与其他物种（如抹香鲸）进行交流，并探讨了跨物种交流的可能性和重要性。 1.推理判断题。根据第二段中“Beale believed sperm whales to be silent. Herman Melville relied heavily on Beale in composing Moly-Dick. “The whale has no voice,” Melville wrote. “But then again,” he went on, “what has the whale to say? Seldom have I sperm whale known any profound being that had anything to say to this world, unless forced to speak out something by way of getting a living.” (比尔认为抹香鲸是沉默的。赫尔曼·梅尔维尔在创作《白鲸记》时大量借鉴了比尔的观点。“鲸鱼没有声音，”梅尔维尔写道。“但话说回来，”他接着说，“鲸鱼有什么要说的呢？我很少知道有哪头抹香鲸对这个世界有什么要说的，除非是为了谋生而被迫说出些什么。”)”可知，作者引用梅尔维尔的话，先借其观点引出“鲸鱼无声”的传统认知，再通过转折暗示鲸鱼可能有未被理解的交流方式，从而揭示鲸鱼说话的可能性。故选A。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段“The question of whether any species possesses a “communication system” comparable to that of humans is an open and much debated one. In the 1950s, the behaviorist B. F. Skinner argued that children learn language through positive reinforcement; therefore, other animals should be able to do the same. The linguist Noam Chomsky had a different view. He dismissed the notion that kids acquire language via conditioning, and also the possibility that language was available to other species. (关于是否有任何物种拥有与人类相当的“交流系统”这一问题，目前仍是一个开放且备受争议的话题。20世纪50年代，行为主义者B. F. Skinner认为，孩子们通过正面强化来学习语言；因此，其他动物也应该能够做到这一点。然而，语言学家Noam Chomsky则持有不同观点。他否定了孩子们通过条件反射习得语言的观念，也否定了其他物种拥有语言的可能性。)”以及第六段“AI shares this hope. Or at least the AI-powered language model is smart enough to express it. Not long ago, suffering from writer’s block, I asked an AI chatbot if it could rewrite Moby-Dick from the whale’s perspective. (人工智能也怀揣着同样的愿景——至少AI语言模型足够智能去表达这一点。不久前，我受困于写作瓶颈，让AI聊天机器人从鲸鱼视角重写《白鲸记》。)”、倒数第三段“Deep in the sea, I longed to communicate with the captain, to show him that my kind, too, had emotions and families to protect. But the language barrier between our worlds remained a gap that cannot be bridged. (在深海中，我渴望与船长沟通，想让他知道我的族群也有情感，也有需要守护的家庭。但我们两个世界间的语言屏障，仍是一道无法跨越的天堑。)”、最后一段中“I, the White Whale, could only wonder if there would ever come a day when man and whale would understand each other, finding harmony in the vastness of the ocean’s embrace. (我，白鲸，只能想知道是否有一天人类和鲸鱼能够相互理解，在海洋的广阔怀抱中找到和谐。)”可知，作者可能更相信Skinner而不是Chomsky，认为鲸鱼能习得语言，与人类沟通。故选B。 3. 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Deep in the sea, I longed to communicate with the captain, to show him that my kind, too, had emotions and families to protect. But the language barrier between our worlds remained a gap that cannot be bridged. (在深海中，我渴望与船长沟通，想让他知道我的族群也有情感，也有需要守护的家庭。但我们两个世界间的语言屏障，仍是一道无法跨越的天堑。)”、最后一段 “I, the White Whale, could only wonder if there would ever come a day when man and whale would understand each other, finding harmony in the vastness of the ocean’s embrace. (我，白鲸，只能想知道是否有一天人类和鲸鱼能够相互理解，在海洋的广阔怀抱中找到和谐。)”可知，作者想要告诉我们的是，我们需要跨越语言障碍，去理解其他物种，与它们和谐共处。故选D。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“I, the White Whale, could only wonder if there would ever come a day when man and whale would understand each other, finding harmony in the vastness of the ocean’s embrace.(我，白鲸，只能想知道是否有一天人类和鲸鱼能够相互理解，在海洋的广阔怀抱中找到和谐。)”可知，文章主要讨论了人类是否能够与其他物种进行交流的问题，因此B选项“Talk to Them: Can We Be Equipped to Speak to Another Species? (与它们交谈：我们能否具备与另一种物种对话的能力？)”作为文章标题最合适。故选B。 Passage 4（2024-2025高二下·北京市延庆区·期末） If you want to convince the boss you deserve a pay rise or promotion, the solution could be simple --- eat the same food as they do. Psychologists have discovered managers are much more likely to instantly trust us if we choose the same dishes as them. During experiments, discussions over wages and work conditions were much more successful if both sides chose to snack on the same treats. And shoppers were much more likely to buy a product advertised on TV by someone eating a similar food to them at the time. The reason is thought to be the so–called similarity attraction theory --- where people tend to like others who have similar tastes or habits to themselves. But this is believed to be one of the first studies highlighting the role of food in this relationship. Researchers at Chicago University in the US conducted a series of experiments to examine food’s role in earning trust. In a test, participants were told to watch TV --- where someone pretending to be a member of the public praised a certain product. The volunteers were given Kit Kat bars to nibble, while the TV people ate either a Kit Kat or grapes as they talked. The results showed viewers were much more likely to express an interest in buying the product if the TV showed the other person eating a Kit Kat too. The researchers added, “Although similarity in food consumption is not a sign of whether two people will get along, we find consumers treat this as such. They feel more trusting of those who consume as they do. It means people can immediately begin to feel friendship and develop a bond, leading to smoother transactions from the start.” Harley Street psychologist Dr. Lucy Atcheson said it was already known that wearing similar clothes could instantly create trust. But this was the first report that food had the same effect. She said, “This is really interesting. It makes sense as people feel they have common ground and can trust the other person. That means negotiations are more likely to be successful.” 1. According to the passage, customers are likely to buy a product from a dealer who ______. A advertises his products on TV B. has the same taste as them C. reduces the price of his products D. pays attention to the quality of his products 2. The experiments conducted by researchers at Chicago University show that ______. A. food plays an important role in earning people’s trust B. bosses like employees that have the same taste as them C. people who have similar tastes to their boss’s earn more D. people have less interest in buying products advertised on TV 3. What can be inferred from the passage? A. People who eat similar food are more likely to trust each other. B. People will get along with each other if they like to eat similar things. C. The effect of wearing similar clothes hasn’t been proved by researchers. D People are more likely to make friends with those wearing the same clothes as them. 4. Which of the following sayings can be an example of the similarity attraction theory? A. Honesty is the best policy. B. All good things come to an end. C. Birds of a feather flock together. D. Where there is a will, there is a way. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. A 4. C 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲的内容是据研究表明，吃相似食物的人更容易互相信任。 1.细节理解题。根据第一段的And shoppers were much more likely to buy a product advertised on TV by someone eating a similar food to them at the time.可知顾客很可能从和他们有相同品味的经销商那里购买产品，故选择B。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段的Researchers at Chicago University in the US conducted a series of experiments to examine food’s role in earning trust.可知，芝加哥大学的研究人员进行的实验表明，食物在赢得人们的信任方面扮演着重要的角色，故A选项符合文意。 3. 推理判断题。根据第一段的Psychologists have discovered managers are much more likely to instantly trust us if we choose the same dishes as them.和第三段的Researchers at Chicago University in the US conducted a series of experiments to examine food’s role in earning trust.可知，吃相似食物的人更容易互相信任。故选择A选项。 4. 推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲的内容是研究表明，吃相似食物的人更容易互相信任，可知可以作为相似性吸引理论的例子是C选项（物以类聚，人以群分）。A.诚实乃上策；B.天下无不散之筵席；D.世上无难事，只要肯攀登。三个选项不符合题意，故C项正确。 Passage 1（2024-2025高二下·北京市朝阳区·期末） The Summer Academy for Math and Science (SAMS) Program mirrors the undergraduate (本科生) experience, giving rising seniors the opportunity to explore the fascinating world of science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). We provide you with experience that includes academic and personal development both inside and outside of the classroom in order to prepare students for the future. Live and learn in a college setting that will challenge you to discover your best self. Course Highlights In our program, students will: •Gain an understanding of the theory of research design in STEM-related fields. •Participate in weekly writing sessions on college application preparation. •Learn more about cooperative learning through group discussions. •Interact with professionals to explore STEM majors. •Complete the From Student to Scholar, a course designed to help students better understand who they are, who they want to be, and learn what it takes to get there. Application Requirements To be qualified for the SAMS Program, students must: •Be in 11th grade in high school at the time of application submission. •Demonstrate a strong interest in STEM disciplines. •Have an experience that demonstrates a commitment in community engagement. All qualified students are welcome to apply, and we strongly encourage applications from students who are underrepresented in STEM on the basis of, but not limited by: •Being raised in a home where English was a second language. •Currently attending a high school with historically low rates of admittance to premier institutions. •Identifying as first-generation college students whose parent (s) did not attend college. 1. The SAMS Program helps students ________. A. design STEM courses B. experience college life C. adapt to classroom learning D. get along with undergraduates 2. In the SAMS Program, students will ________. A. form better self-awareness B. conduct their own research C. complete their college application D. assist experts in group discussions 3. Which is a requirement for the SAMS Program applicants? A. Graduating from a top local high school. B. Coming from a non- native English family. C. Having previous involvement in community work. D. Being children of parents without college education. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了夏季数学与科学学院 (SAMS) 项目，包括项目内容、课程亮点、申请要求等信息。 1.细节理解题。根据第一段“The Summer Academy for Math and Science (SAMS) Program mirrors the undergraduate (本科生) experience, giving rising seniors the opportunity to explore the fascinating world of science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). We provide you with experience that includes academic and personal development both inside and outside of the classroom in order to prepare students for the future. Live and learn in a college setting that will challenge you to discover your best self. (夏季数学与科学学院 (SAMS) 项目反映了本科生的经历，为即将升入高三的学生提供了探索科学、技术、工程和数学 (STEM) 这一迷人世界的机会。我们为您提供包括课堂内外学术和个人发展的经验，为学生的未来做好准备。在大学环境中生活和学习，挑战您发现最好的自己)”可知，SAMS项目帮助学生体验大学生活。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据Course Highlights部分中“Complete the From Student to Scholar, a course designed to help students better understand who they are, who they want to be, and learn what it takes to get there. (完成从学生到学者的课程，这门课程旨在帮助学生更好地了解自己是谁，想成为什么样的人，并学习如何实现这一目标)”可知，在SAMS项目中，学生将形成更好的自我意识。故选A。 3. 细节理解题。根据Application Requirements部分中“To be qualified for the SAMS Program, students must:(要获得SAMS项目的资格，学生必须：)”以及“Have an experience that demonstrates a commitment in community engagement. (有参与社区活动的经历)”可知，SAMS项目申请人的要求是之前参与过社区工作。故选C。 Passage 2（2024-2025高二下·北京市东城区·期末） From an airplane, cars crawling down the highway look like ants. But actual ants-unlike cars-somehow manage to avoid the problem of stop-and-go traffic. Researchers are now studying these insects’ cooperative strategies to learn how to program self-driving cars that don’t jam up. The free flow of traffic becomes chaotic as the density (密度) of cars increases on a highway. At 15 vehicles per mile per lane, one driver tapping their brakes (刹车) can cause a continuous wave of crowding. “It’s a kind of phase transition, like water turning from a liquid to a solid form,” says Katsuhiro Nishinari, a mathematical physicist at the University of Tokyo, who studies these jamming transitions. Nishinari’s previous research had shown that ants searching for food can maintain their flow even at high densities. So what’s their secret? In a recent study, researchers recorded the routes of the ants searching for food and used traffic-engineering models to analyze their movement. They found that the ants don’t jam because they travel in groups of 3 to 20 that move at nearly constant rates while keeping good distances between one another-and they don’t speed up to pass others. Human drivers at rush hour are hardly likely to follow such rules. “We’re maximizing the interests of individuals, which is why, at a given point, you start to have a traffic jam,” says Nicola Pugno, who studies sustainable engineering at the University of Trento in Italy. But self-driving cars, if they one day become universal, could have more cooperative programming. In one vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would share information with nearby cars to optimize traffic flow-perhaps, Pugno suggests, by prioritizing constant speeds and headways or by not passing others on the road. This vehicle network would be analogous to ants searching for food, which use smell to adjust behavior while interacting with one another. “There is no leader, but this organization emerges anyway,” says Pugno. Today’s drivers can learn at least one thing from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam, as Nishinari says: don’t tailgate. By leaving room between their car and the one ahead of them, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in dense traffic conditions that would otherwise result in a traffic jam with no obvious cause. “Just keeping away,” Pugno says, “can help traffic flow smoothly.” 1. What are the best words to describe ants’ group movement? A. Free and independent. B. Disciplined and orderly. C. Complex and invariable. D. Random and uncompetitive. 2. Why does Nishinari mention water in Paragraph 2? A. To confirm the existence of a phenomenon. B. To express agreement with a viewpoint. C. To explain an abstract concept. D. To present a research finding. 3. What does the underlined word “analogous” in Paragraph 5 mean? A. Accustomed. B. Adaptable. C. Similar. D. Preferable. 4. Which would Nishinari and Pugno both agree with? A. Insects have less self-centered behavior. B. Leaderless interaction may relieve traffic pressure. C. Technology development will regulate human conduct. D. The study of biological functions helps better social behavior. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员通过研究蚂蚁的合作策略，来学习如何编程自动驾驶汽车以避免交通堵塞，同时探讨了人类驾驶与蚂蚁行为以及未来自动驾驶汽车之间的联系。 1. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“They found that the ants don’t jam because they travel in groups of 3 to 20 that move at nearly constant rates while keeping good distances between one another-and they don’t speed up to pass others. (研究人员发现，蚂蚁不会陷入拥堵，是因为它们以3到20只为一组行进，行进速度几乎保持不变，同时彼此之间保持良好距离，而且它们不会加速超越其他蚂蚁)”可知，蚂蚁以有序的群体形式移动，保持恒定速度和良好间距，这体现了它们群体移动的纪律性和有序性。故选B。 2. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“At 15 vehicles per mile per lane, one driver tapping their brakes can cause a continuous wave of crowding. ‘It’s a kind of phase transition, like water turning from a liquid to a solid form,’ says Katsuhiro Nishinari, a mathematical physicist at the University of Tokyo, who studies these jamming transitions. (在每车道每英里15辆车的情况下，一个司机踩刹车就会引发连续的拥堵波。东京大学的数学物理学家Katsuhiro Nishinari研究这些拥堵转变，他说：‘这是一种相变，就像水从液态变成固态。’)”可知，Katsuhiro Nishinari用水从液态变为固态的相变来类比交通拥堵的形成，其目的是为了解释“交通拥堵的形成”这个抽象的概念，让读者更易理解。故选C。 3. 词句猜测题。根据第四段中“But self-driving cars, if they one day become universal, could have more cooperative programming. In one vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would share information with nearby cars to optimize traffic flow-perhaps, Pugno suggests, by prioritizing constant speeds and headways or by not passing others on the road. (但自动驾驶汽车，如果有一天变得普遍，可能会有更多的合作程序。在未来的一个愿景中，自动驾驶汽车将与附近的汽车共享信息，以优化交通流量——也许，Pugno建议，通过优先考虑恒定的速度和前进，或者在路上不超过其他车辆)”以及第五段中“This vehicle network would be analogous to ants searching for food, which use smell to adjust behavior while interacting with one another. (这个车辆网络将analogous于蚂蚁觅食，蚂蚁在相互交流时利用气味来调整行为)”可知，这里是将车辆网络和蚂蚁寻找食物进行类比，说明车辆网络与蚂蚁觅食在行为调整和信息交互方面有相似之处，所以“analogous”意思是“相似的”。故选C。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“This vehicle network would be analogous to ants searching for food, which use smell to adjust behavior while interacting with one another. “There is no leader, but this organization emerges anyway,” says Pugno. Today’s drivers can learn at least one thing from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam, as Nishinari says: don’t tailgate. By leaving room between their car and the one ahead of them, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in dense traffic conditions that would otherwise result in a traffic jam with no obvious cause. “Just keeping away,” Pugno says, “can help traffic flow smoothly.” (这种交通网络类似于蚂蚁寻找食物，它们在相互作用时利用气味来调整行为。Pugno说：“没有领导者，但这个组织无论如何都会出现。”今天的司机至少可以从蚂蚁身上学到一件事，以避免造成交通堵塞，正如Nishinari说的那样：不要追尾。通过在自己的车和前面的车之间留出空间，司机可以在交通拥挤的情况下吸收一波刹车，否则会导致没有明显原因的交通堵塞。“只要保持距离，”Pugno说，“就可以帮助交通顺畅。”)”可知，Nishinari和Pugno都认为研究蚂蚁等生物的行为模式和功能，有助于改善人类社会中的交通行为等社会行为，比如通过模仿蚂蚁的无领导合作模式来优化自动驾驶汽车的交通流。故选D。 Passage 3（2024-2025高二下·北京市延庆区·期末） If you could change your children’s DNA in the future to protect them against diseases, would you? It could be possible because of technology known as CRISPR/Cas, or just CRISPR. CRISPR involves a piece of RNA, a chemical messenger, designed to work on one part of DNA; it also uses an enzyme that can take unwanted genes out and put new ones in, according to The Economist. There are other ways of editing DNA, but CRISPR will do it very simply, quickly, and exactly. The use of CRISPR could mean that cures are developed for everything from Alzheimer’s disease to cancer to AIDS. By allowing doctors to put just the right cancer- killing genes into a patient’s immune system, the technology could help greatly. In April scientists in China said they had tried using CRISPR to edit the genome (基因组) of human embryos. Though the embryos would never turn into humans, this was the first time anyone had ever tried to edit DNA from human beings. With this in mind, the US National Academy of Sciences plans to discuss questions about CRISPR’s ethics (伦理标准). For example, CRISPR doesn’t work properly yet. As well as cutting the DNA it is looking for, it often cuts other DNA, too. In addition, we currently seem to have too little understanding of what DNA gives people what qualities. There are also moral questions. Of course, medicine already stops natural things from happening—for example, it saves people from infections. The opportunities to treat diseases make it hard to say we shouldn’t keep going. A harder question is whether it is ever right to edit human cells and make changes that are passed on to children. This is banned in 40 countries and restricted in many others. However, CRISPR means that if genes can be edited out, they can also be edited back in. It may be up to us as a society to decide when and where editing the genome is wrong. Also, according to The Economist, gene editing may mean that parents make choices that are not obviously in the best interests of their children:“Deaf parents may prefer their children to be deaf too; parents might want to make their children more intelligent at all costs.” In the end, more research is still needed to see what we can and can’t do with CRISPR. “It’s still a huge mystery how we work,” Craig Mello, a UMass Chan Medical School biologist and Nobel Prize winner, told The Boston Globe. “We’re just trying to figure out this amazingly complicated thing we call life.” 1. According to the passage, what can we know about the technology of CRISPR? A. It is very safe because it only cuts the DNA it is looking for. B. It could make parents make unwise choices for their children. C. It is forbidden in most countries and restricted in many others. D. It could help us discover the link between DNA and the qualities it gives people. 2. What is the author’s attitude towards CRISPR? A. Supportive. B. Objective. C. Negative. D. Worried. 3. What is the passage mainly about? A. What we can and can’t do with CRISPR. B. How CRISPR was developed by scientists. C. The advantages of CRISPR and arguments about its ethics. D. Scientists’ experiments of using CRISPR to edit human embryos. 【答案】1. B 2. B 3. C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了CRISPR技术的优势及其引发的伦理争议。 1.细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中“Also, according to The Economist, gene editing may mean that parents make choices that are not obviously in the best interests of their children: “Deaf parents may prefer their children to be deaf too; parents might want to make their children more intelligent at all costs.”(此外，据《经济学人》报道，基因编辑可能意味着父母做出的选择并不明显符合孩子的最大利益：“失聪的父母可能也希望自己的孩子失聪；父母可能不惜一切代价想让自己的孩子更聪明。”)”可知，CRISPR技术可能会使父母为孩子做出不明智的选择。故选B。 2.推理判断题。文章既介绍了CRISPR技术在治疗疾病方面的优势，如第三段“cures are developed for everything from Alzheimer’s disease to cancer to AIDS (能研发出从阿尔茨海默病到癌症再到艾滋病的治疗方法)”，也讨论了其存在的伦理和道德问题，如第四段“CRISPR doesn’t work properly yet (CRISPR目前还不能正常工作)”，第五段“There are also moral questions. (也有道德问题)”等，作者客观地呈现了该技术的正反两面，态度是客观的。故选B。 3.主旨大意题。文章首先介绍了CRISPR技术的原理和潜在优势，然后重点讨论了该技术引发的伦理争议，包括技术安全性、人类基因编辑的道德问题以及父母可能为孩子做出不明智选择等。因此，文章的主要内容是关于CRISPR技术的优势和围绕其产生的伦理争议。故选C。 Passage 4（2024-2025高二下·北京市西城区·期末） Monday was the first day of Dartmouth’s spring term. So, as I often do at this time, I started teaching my course for non-science majors called “Understanding the Universe: From Atoms to the Big Bang”. This is what students like to call a “physics for poets” class — a class that explores the history of how humanity$ 专题01 阅读理解（期末复习专项训练） 语篇类型一: 应用文（4篇） Passage 1（2024-2025高二下·北京市石景山区·期末） Do you have a passion for wildlife conservation? If so, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) offers an exciting internship (实习) program that allows you to work on real, meaningful conservation projects around the world. It’s a unique chance to gain hands-on experience while contributing to environmental protection efforts. Who can apply? ●You must be at least 21 years old. ●You must be enrolled in or have completed a university degree in environmental science, biology, or a related field. Students from other disciplines with relevant experience may also be considered. What are the requirements? ●You should have a strong interest in wildlife conservation and be committed to sustainability. ●You must be proficient in English; knowledge of an additional language is a plus. ●You should have basic research and data analysis skills. ●You need to be able to work both independently and in a team. Good communication skills are essential. What should you prepare? Visa: Ensure you have the required visa for the country where you will intern. Travel: You must arrange and pay for your travel expenses. Medical Insurance: Provide proof of health insurance valid for the internship duration. Reference Letter: A letter from a professor or employer-explaining why you are suitable for the internship. Applications are reviewed on a rolling basis. If you are selected, a WWF coordinator will contact you within three months. If you do not receive any update, your application has not been accepted. However, you are welcome to apply again in the future. 1. According to the passage, applicants must ______. A. be able to speak two languages B. have prior experience in research C. be studying or have studied a relevant field D. have worked in a conservation project before 2. What does the WWF internship program offer to applicants? A. Travel expenses. B. Internship opportunities. C. Insurance for the internship duration. D. A reference Letter from a professor or employer. 3. When will applicants get an update? A. After college. B. At 21 years old. C. Within three months. D. After an interview. Passage 2（2024-2025高二下·北京市海淀区·期末） The English Writing League (EWL) sponsors the annual Essay Writing Competition, open to all students who are enrolled at a middle school, high school, or college during the academic year in which the article is submitted. The submissions that are judged first, second, and third best may be published in the online version of a sponsoring publication. The EWL reserves the right to award some, all, or no prizes, depending on its determination of quality of submissions. Entries that do not qualify for awards may also be considered for publication in future issues of our sponsoring publications. To enter, the student should submit an application and an original piece of writing in Word format via the form on the EWL website. The student should include a brief biography, including current school, current address, grade, and expected year of graduation. Essays submitted will be judged on the following criteria: ·Relevance to the category for which the essay is submitted ·Timeliness of the topic or theme ·Originality ·Quality and style of writing Applications and manuscripts must be submitted by 8:00 pm on September 1. The registration fee is $25 per person. Students who are unable to pay the entry fee should apply for a fee waiver at the time of submission. The EWL strives to ensure that all students may participate in the competition regardless of financial status. Plagiarism and AI-generated content will result in disqualification. Entries written in a language other than English and entries that contain inappropriate content will also be disqualified. Students may submit entries for up to three categories but may only submit one entry per category. The decisions of the judges are entirely their own, and are final and binding. Winners will be announced on or after November 1 on EWL website. 1. Who can sign up for the competition? A. Registered students. B. Language instructors. C. Professional writers. D. College graduates. 2. What are participants required to do when they submit an essay? A. To hand in an application in person. B. To provide a brief self-introduction. C. To make a promise not to cheat. D. To pay a $25 entry fee per category. 3. Which of the following may qualify for the competition? A. An original personal story. B. An adaptation of others’ works. C. An essay written in Spanish. D. An article created by Deepseek. 4. Where is the passage most likely taken from? A. In a college application handbook. B. In the guidebook for a writing course. C. On the website of an organization. D. On the homepage of a college website. Passage 3（2025北京高考） Join us for TransForm, the interactive summer camp that helps you teens find your passion by participating in various activities and connecting with others. Experience TransForm TransForm allows you to get to focus on your chosen track through subject matter talks, hands-on workshops, and off-site experiences. However, if you are unsure what track you want, you still get to explore any workshop you want as part of our Explore Workshops. Besides, your parents will also be able to participate in workshops selected just for them to learn about cutting-edge science. Schedule of Programming 17 JulyTime                 Activities 14:00-15:00      Lead to Change Kick-off 15:00-16:30      Programme Showcase 16:30-18:00      Track Workshops 18 JulyTime                 Activities 9:30-11:00        Career Fireside Chats 13:00-14:15       Youth Panel 14:15-16:20       Track Keynotes 19 JulyTime                 Activities 8:00-12:00       Off-site Experiences 13:00-15:00      Gallery Viewing 15:15-16:45      Adult Workshops 20 JulyTime                 Activities 9:00-11:15         Explore Workshops 13:30-16:00        Keynote Speech 16:15-17:00        Celebration Programming Tracks ·Agricultural Science: Introducing you to areas such as biology, urban farming, and environmental science so that you can explore the field of agriculture ·Community Booster: Guiding you to develop innovative solutions for real-world challenges and create transformative progress to benefit all communities ·Healthy Living: Empowering you to make healthy decisions in such areas as nutrition and emotional well-being, and lead healthy lifestyles ·Science Lab: Leading you to explore the skills you need to succeed in life in key areas like computer science, robotics, and physics 1．TransForm allows the teens to____________. A．select workshops for their parents B．prepare track topics for the camp C．design programme activities D．attend hands-on sessions 2．According to the schedule, which activity can the teens participate in? A．Keynote Speech on 17 July. B．Youth Panel on 18 July. C．Celebration on 19 July. D．Programme Showcase on 20 July. 3．What can the teens do in the Programming Tracks? A．Build urban communities. B．Serve as guides on a farm. C．Learn about healthy living. D．Volunteer in a science lab. Passage 4（2024-2025高二下·北京市丰台区·期末） Teens Make History (TMH) is a program for high school students that emphasizes teamwork and peer leadership. The program has two parts: Date Time Location STL Changemakers June 3 to June 13 (summer session) Monday through Friday (9:00—11:00 am) Missouri History Museum Teen Historian Apprenticeships (学徒工作) During the school year Wednesday and Thursday (3:30—5:30 pm) Missouri History Museum STL Changemakers STL Changemakers is a free two-week summer program. High school students from different backgrounds entering grades 10 to 12 are welcome to join. Teens receive a $150 allowance for participating. The registration will open on February 1 and will close on March 10. The participants will: ·Explore St. Louis history ·Engage with today’s most pressing issues ·Develop projects focused on creating a better future for the St. Louis region ·Accept candidates from a wide variety of backgrounds Teen Historian Apprenticeships Teen Historian Apprenticeships are paid part-time jobs that teens can keep for one school year. During the past years, apprentices have created and designed museum exhibits and written historical articles. Future projects will expand to a variety of creative projects. The apprentices will: ·Work on digital projects, including videos, and online exhibits ·Conduct historical research on topics they care about ·Participate in regular professional development workshops Interested in Teens Make History? Fill out our form. For questions, please contact Ryan De Loach at rdeloach@mohistory.org. 1. According to the schedule, STL Changemakers will run ______ . A. on weekday mornings B. on summer afternoons C. on spring mornings D. on weekend evenings 2. If you want to join STL Changemakers, you ______ . A. have to pay a fee B. must be in grade 10 or below C. need to register before March 10 D. need to have a background in social work 3. Which activity will be probably added to Teen Historian Apprenticeships? A. Designing museum exhibits. B. Creating digital content like videos. C. Organizing professional workshops. D. Writing fictional stories about history. 4. What’s the main purpose of the passage? A. To introduce the advantages of TMH. B. To attract high school students to join TMH. C. To describe the development process of TMH. D. To analyze the differences between the two parts of TMH. 语篇类型二: 记叙文（4篇） Passage 1（2024-2025高二下·北京市石景山区·期末） From a young age, I had dreamed of becoming a professional musician. I spent hours practicing the violin, imagining myself performing on grand stages. So, when I auditioned (试音) for a famed music academy, I believed it was my chance to take a major step toward my goal. The day the results were released, I rushed to check my email. My heart pounded as I opened the message. “We appreciate your audition” and “The competition was intense” were followed by “Unfortunately, we are unable to offer you a spot.” I stared at the screen in disbelief. All my dedication, all the years of effort — had they been for nothing? For weeks, I struggled with self-doubt. I questioned whether I had any talent at all. Every time I picked up my violin, I felt an overwhelming sense of failure. Just as I was about to give up, my music teacher sat me down for a conversation. She told me that rejection was not the end, but rather a redirection. She encouraged me to join a community orchestra (乐队), where I could continue to develop my skills and play music for the complete joy of it. At first, I hesitated. I had always associated success with first-rate programs and distinguished titles. But after some thought, I decided to give it a try. To my surprise, playing in the orchestra reawakened my passion. Unlike the competitive atmosphere of auditions, here I played purely for the love of music. I met musicians from all walks of life and even had the chance to teach younger students. I began to see that fulfillment wasn’t just about fame — it was about sharing music in a meaningful way. Later, when I auditioned for another music program, I still felt nervous. But this time, rejection wouldn’t shake me. I had learned that my dream wasn’t about being accepted into one specific school — it was about the joy of music itself. No rejection could take that away from me. 1. How did the author feel before reading the rejection email? A. Anxious. B. Angry. C. Surprised. D. Settled. 2. What did the author’s music teacher suggest? A. To find a career outside of music. B. To redirect and just enjoy the music. C. To practice harder for the next audition. D. To pursue another famed music academy. 3. Why did the author enjoy playing in the orchestra? A. It offered a path to fame and success. B It was recommended by a famous musician. C. It was less competitive and more meaningful. D. It presented an easier opportunity for auditioning. 4. What lesson did the author learn from this experience? A. Rejection is a sign to give up. B. Fame is the motivation for action. C. Passion matters more than recognition. D. Success comes only from top institutions. Passage 2（2024-2025高二下·北京市延庆区·期末） At an airport I overheard an old man and his daughter in their last moments together. They had announced her plane’s departure and standing near the door, he said to his daughter, “I love you, I wish you enough.” She said, “Daddy, our life together has been more than enough. Your love is all I ever needed. I wish you enough, too, Daddy.” They kissed good-bye and she left. He walked over toward the window where I was seated. Standing there I could see he wanted and needed to cry. I tried not to intrude on his privacy, but he welcomed me in by asking, “Did you ever say good-bye to someone knowing it would be forever?” “Yes, I have,” I replied. Saying that brought back memories I had of expressing my love and appreciation for all my Dad had done for me. Recognizing that his days were limited, I took the time to tell him face to face how much he meant to me. So I knew what this man was experiencing. “Forgive me for asking, but why is this a forever good-bye?” I asked. “I am old and she lives much too far away. I have challenges ahead and the reality is her next trip back will be for my funeral,” he said. “When you were saying good-bye I heard you say, ‘I wish you enough.’ May I ask what that means?” “When we said ‘I wish you enough’, we were wanting the other person to have a life filled with enough good things to sustain them,” he continued and then turning toward me, he shared the following as if he were reciting it from memory. “I wish you enough sun to keep your attitude bright. I wish you enough rain to appreciate the sun more. I wish you enough happiness to keep your spirit alive. I wish you enough pain so that the smallest joys in life appear much bigger.” 1. The old man want to cry because ________. A. he was guilty for not loving his daughter enough B. his daughter didn’t care about him as expected C. he had a slim chance to see his daughter again D. his daughter’s parting words made him sad 2. The author mentioned his Dad to show ________. A. his appreciation for his father’s devotion B. his sorrow for his father leaving the world C. his concern for the old man’s mental state D. his understanding of the old man’s feeling 3. What message does the old man’s wish convey? A. Every moment is a precious gift. B. Great hopes make great men. C. Happiness lies in satisfaction. D. To get time is to get everything. 4. According to the passage, which can best describe the old man? A. Wise and loving. B. Helpful and gentle. C. Kind and generous. D. Modest and thoughtful. Passage 3（2025-2026高二下·北京市顺义区牛栏山一中·4月月考） Working at a commercial bank in New York City in the mid-2010s, Anna Sacks sensed a lack of meaning in her life. She wanted to do something more fulfilling. Some people seeking meaning might read a self-help book, or perhaps volunteer a few hours a week. Sacks packed up her life and moved to Connecticut for three months to participate in Adamah, a farming program that focuses on sustainable living and growing sustainable food. Returning to New York, Sacks carried with her a newfound purpose and a set of skills to turn her dreams into reality. “One of the things that really stuck with me from Adamah was how little waste they produced and how they handled the waste they did have, mostly through composting,” she says. “And I just thought, ‘Why aren’t we doing that here? What is actually in all those bags and recycling bins at the roadsides?’” The Adamah program opened Sacks’s eyes to the damage consumer culture is doing and the need to find solutions. So in 2016, she started working with a food rescue program, and in 2017, she found her true calling—what she calls “trash walking”. During walks around her neighborhood, Sacks, 31, picked through trash to look for reusable items. Soon her trash walks expanded to include recycling bins in big companies. Surprisingly, she discovered really great stuff—like clothing and food—all of which she documents on Instagram and TikTok. Under the name The Trash Walker, Sacks quickly gained popularity for her educational, funny, and surprising videos that highlight the problems with consumerism and share information about how to live a more sustainable lifestyle. “The root issue is overproduction, which leads to over-consumption, which leads to a large amount of waste,” she says. Sacks is one of the most influential climate change activists on social media today. The lesson from her trash walking isn’t just that we need to produce less stuff. It’s that we need to stop throwing perfectly good items in the trash too. 1. What motivated Anna Sacks to get involved in Adamah? A. A self-help book she read. B. Her job at a commercial bank. C. Her desire for a meaningful life. D. The volunteer experience she had. 2. What did Anna Sacks find impressive about Adamah? A. Fast-growing food output. B. Sustainable living practices. C. Advanced farming techniques. D. Various waste management methods. 3. Why did Anna Sacks start her “trash walking” initiative? A. To improve her living conditions. B. To gain popularity on social media. C. To advertise her food rescue program. D. To handle the damage by consumer culture. 4. What does the author advocate to reduce waste? A. Raising prices on products. B. Collecting second-hand items. C. Producing high-quality goods. D. Making full use of products. Passage 4（2025北京·高考） Throughout our Junior year, my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced to a single 200-word essay. Will the golden word “success” form in their minds when they review our achievements? Or will they see the big word “fail” in red? The shadow of this mysterious (神秘的) institution steals away what success means to us. My first step of redefining success began with course registrations. It is a well-known fact, especially in my school, that Junior year is the time of packing many AP classes into the schedule. When asked why they chose so many AP classes, my friends responded: “I don’t know.” They themselves don’t know why they are following the crowd and longing for the pressures of academic difficulty. Therefore, they do not feel the satisfaction of being academically challenged. Completing many courses no longer brings out the feeling of success because more than four AP classes per year is a norm set by top universities. Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. The feeling of success was no longer attached to what grade I received but to the pure joy of learning. Even my failures are attached to a feeling of success; after I take a step back and look at the big picture, I see them as a launching pad (平台) for my next big achievement. In the ninth grade, I went in for my first group interview for a leadership position as a shy girl. Not standing a chance against competitive applicants, I came out of the interview with an upset look. Nevertheless, this interview wasn’t a wasted opportunity. I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself. This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little. 1．Throughout the Junior year, what was the author’s major concern? A．Pressure from choosing AP classes. B．Performance in group interviews. C．Competition with seniors. D．Recognition by colleges. 2．The author chose fewer AP classes because of _______. A．her own understanding of success B．her desire for academic challenges C．her strong urge to follow the crowd D．her dream of entering a top university 3．Which would best describe the author’s first group interview? A．Dignifying. B．Rewarding. C．Engaging. D．Relaxing. 4．What can we learn from this passage? A．Everyone is the maker of their own success. B．Success favours those with a golden heart. C．Success knocks at your door only once. D．A college holds the key to success. 语篇类型三: 说明文（6篇） Passage 1（2024-2025高二下·北京市通州区·期末） How does an organism like fungi (真菌) without a brain exhibit signs of intelligence? The answer lies in their complex network of mycelium (菌丝体) — long and thin threads that fungi use to grow. Most people only see the tiny mushrooms above the ground and don’t know the extensive network that lies beneath. The researchers engaged in a curious experiment. They wanted to see how a mycelial network would respond to two different situations: woodblocks placed in a circle versus a cross arrangement. The question was simple — how would the fungi behave? In the cross arrangement, the further most four blocks were the most populated. The researchers believe this is because the fungi see these outer blocks as outposts (前哨站), helping the mycelial network branch out into further areas. Hence, thick connections were noticed here. When it came to the circle arrangement, there was equal connection at all blocks, but the center remained untouched. The fungi did not see a benefit in extending its network into an area that already had plenty of company. These actions suggest that fungi communicate information across the entire mycelial network, adjusting their growth direction depending on their surrounding shape. Fungi exhibit remarkable efficiency when it comes to resource allocation, a skill essential for their survival and growth. This ability to optimize resources is a result of complex feedback mechanisms and environmental assessments conducted by the mycelial network. Researchers claim that fungi prioritize areas with abundant resources, indicating an advanced understanding of their surroundings. In resource-rich zones, mycelium growth accelerates, capturing nutrients and storing them for future use. This practice not only ensures the fungi thrive in unstable environments but also highlights their ecological significance as decomposers (分解器) and nutrient recyclers. The unique problem-solving abilities and efficient networking strategies of fungi have inspired innovations in human technology. Scientists are exploring mycelial algorithms (算法) to develop more efficient networks, such as urban planning and telecommunications systems. The fungi’s extraordinary capacity to communicate and coordinate across their networks offers insights into creating sustainable systems. By imitating their resource allocation methods, researchers aim to create solutions that enhance human infrastructure (基础建设) leading to smarter and more adaptive frameworks. 1. What can we learn about fungi? A. They are an indicator of their ecological surroundings. B. They can make use of all available resources around them. C. They display their unique ability to respond to the environment. D. They can adjust their growth rate based on their surrounding shape. 2. What does the underlined word “optimize” probably mean in Paragraph 3? A. Make the best of. B. Figure out. C. Pay attention to. D. Look for. 3. What does the last paragraph mainly focus on? A. Unfound capabilities of fungi. B. The potential market for fungi. C. Fungi’s inspiration for human technology. D. The limitation of the experiment on fungi. 4. What would be a suitable title for this text? A. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom B. A Glimpse into the World of Fungi C. Networking challenge of Fungi in Nature D. An Intelligent Ability Discovered in Fungi Passage 2（2024-2025高二下·北京市朝阳区·期末） A National Institutes of Health (NIH) project that studied over a hundred young people as they grew up during the 1990s showed that our brains undergo a massive reorganization between our 12th and 25th years. The brain doesn’t actually grow very much during this period. It has already reached 90 percent of its full size by the time a person is six. But as we move through adolescence, the brain undergoes extensive remodeling, resembling a network and wiring upgrade. Beatriz Luna, professor of University of Pittsburgh, used neuroimaging to study the teen brain. Luna scanned the brains of children, teens, and twentysomethings while they performed a specific task. They view a screen on which the red crosshairs at the center occasionally disappear just as a light flashes elsewhere on the screen. The instructions are to not look at the light and instead to look in the opposite direction. A sensor detects any eye movement. Ten-year-olds fail about 45 percent of the time. Teens do much better. What Luna found most interesting, however, was not those scores. It was the brain scans she took while people took the test. Compared with adults, teens tended to make less use of brain regions that spot errors, plan, and stay focused — areas the adults seemed to bring online automatically. This let the adults use a variety of brain resources and better resist distractions, while the teens used those areas less often and more readily gave in to the impulse to look at the flashing light. This helps explain why teens behave with such annoying inconsistency: attracting at breakfast, disgusting at dinner; masterful on Monday, sleepwalking on Saturday. Meanwhile, take inspiration in one last distinction of the teen brain — a final key to both its awkwardness and its remarkable adaptability. This is the lasting plasticity of those late-developing frontal areas as they slowly mature. And at first glance this seems like bad news: If we need these areas for the complex task of entering the world, why aren’t they running at full speed when the challenges are most discouraging? The answer is that speed comes at the price of flexibility. According to Douglas Fields, an NIH neuroscientist, “This means the period when a brain area is getting upgraded is a sort of crucial period of learning — once that’s done it’s harder to change.” The long, slow, back-to-front developmental wave, completed only in the mid-20s, appears to be a uniquely human adaptation. It may be one of our most sequential. It can seem a bit crazy that we humans don’t wise up a bit earlier in life. But if we smartened up sooner, we’d end up more stupid. 1. What does the underlined word “resembling” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Building up. B. Looking like. C Breaking down. D. Connecting to. 2. What can we learn from the passage? A. Be patient and teams can still be smarter. B. Be focused and we will face the world better. C. Brains have the tendency to level up when needed.D. Brains’ processing speed is compromised as they mature. 3. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To analyse the composition of human brains. B. To find reason for teens’ inconsistent behaviours. C. To make a contrast between teen and adult brains. D. To explain human brains develop at a reasonable pace. Passage 3（2024-2025高二下·北京市东城区·期末） Cultural heritage is the symbol of our shared human history, including artifacts, traditions, languages, and knowledge that have been passed down through generations. Preserving and safeguarding cultural heritage has always been a critical mission. In the digital era, the mission has become a vital concern. Digitization of cultural content, such as museum collections or libraries, digital broadcasting of artistic performances, or digital born art and heritage are happening at a fast pace. While experiencing remarkable growth, the digital transformation presents unique challenges, such as the concerns about the cases where digital files may become unreadable or unusable due to outdated formats or hardware. However, this is not the biggest issue we encounter. The emergence of new digital cultural content has highlighted the limitations of existing intellectual property rights (IPR) systems in effectively handling the challenges posed by the digital era. In Europe, for instance, with the booming development of the digital gaming industry, some culture-related cases have raised specific IPR questions. Experts wonder if user-generated content from. digital games creates new copyright. The game itself is most often protected by copyright, but user-generated content, such as avatars (虚拟角色) created by players, is not necessarily covered by existing copyright laws. Another example is the inking culture of tattooing. In UK laws, an original tattoo is copyrightable work; however, it seems not to be the case for AI-generated tattoos. Both cases may lead to debates over ownership. As a result, museums often avoid sharing collections online due to a “chilling effect” — the fear of facing legal problems, like being responsible for breaking copyright laws, contract laws, or data protection rules. Cultural heritage preservation lies in striking a delicate balance between conservation of the past and transition to the future. The rapid advancements in technology offer exciting opportunities for digitizing, documenting, and preserving cultural heritage, providing broader access and immersive (沉浸式) experiences for global audiences, present and future. Furthermore, in the face of climate change, protecting cultural heritage becomes urgent as the world faces increasingly severe environmental challenges. Rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and temperature fluctuations threaten to destroy cultural artifacts and heritage sites. Since digital copies can serve as disaster backups (备份) to address climate-related damage, protecting cultural sites from climate change goes hand in hand with safeguarding heritage’s digital copies. All of these call for a balance between innovation and the preservation of cultural heritage’s authenticity and integrity, which necessitates respect for the variety of copyrights, management of rights and authorizations, and clear usage and access policies. Only by tackling the complex challenges posed by digitization can we ensure technology enriches rather than endangers our shared history. 1. What is the biggest challenge digitization poses to cultural heritage protection? A. The misinterpretation of the digital transformation. B. The potential failure of digital culture’s long-term sustainability. C. The difficulty in connecting culture digitization to cultural integrity. D. The insufficiency of intellectual property policies for digital culture. 2. What situation may result from the “chilling effect” mentioned in the passage? A. Museums refuse to display the original items of cultural artifacts. B. Galleries tighten the policies for e-format culture exchanges. C. Libraries restrict access to digital books on culture relics. D. Schools offer less cultural heritage-related courses. 3. What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A. The necessity of protecting cultural heritage in digital forms. B. The significance of protecting cultural relics from natural damage. C. The possibility of using technology in cultural heritage preservation. D. The barrier of achieving both conservation and transition at the same time. 4. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To advocate addressing existing issues. B. To promote the use of modern technology. C. To analyse the origins of current challenges. D. To explore the impact of innovation on tradition. Passage 4（2025-2026高二下·北京市西城区三十五中·3月月考） For centuries, technological advancement has persistently transformed the framework of global labor markets, fueling dramatic changes in the nature of work and the ways people make a living. While technological innovation has created enormous economic value, lifted living standards and brought great convenience to everyday life, its benefits have long been unevenly shared among diverse social groups and industries. Nowadays, artificial intelligence and digital platforms are changing work environments at an unmatched and fast-growing rate, sparking a fresh wave of labor market changes that goes well beyond conventional low-skilled positions. Even highly qualified professionals employed by top global tech firms are no longer shielded from this big change, as seen in repeated large-scale job cuts at major tech corporations in recent years. Nevertheless, the impact of technological change on employment is far from a one-sided narrative of job losses. As some traditional positions disappear with the rise of automation, a host of new job roles are springing up meanwhile, and entirely novel occupations are being born to match the demands of the digital era. These emerging opportunities open up alternative paths to economic prosperity for individuals who are willing to embrace change and adjust their career strategies. For today’s workforce, the capacity to update current skills or learn completely new abilities has become a key requirement for keeping steady jobs. A recent thorough review of millions of online job listings shows the pressing need for this skill upgrade: roughly one in ten job ads in developed economies and one in twenty in developing economies now require at least one latest new skill. Professional, technical and management posts have the highest demand for these upgraded skills, with tech - related jobs accounting for more than half of the total demand. Besides, field - specific skills are also in great demand — the healthcare industry needs more experts in remote care and digital health, while marketing jobs increasingly require skills in social media operation and data-based advertising. Unsurprisingly, such rapid labor market changes have sparked widespread anxiety among workers worldwide. With nearly 40 percent of global jobs vulnerable to AI-driven automation, fears over job displacement and shrinking opportunities for some groups are growing more acute. To ensure the gains from AI are broadly shared, governments have a duty to launch timely and comprehensive policy measures. These should include expanding access to lifelong learning, supporting workers in career shifts, and ensuring that the tax and social protection systems are adapted to a more dynamic economy. Only in this way can societies make the most of technological progress without leaving large numbers of people behind. 1 It can be inferred from the passage that the recent mass layoffs in major tech companies mainly result from A. the companies’ poor management and low efficiency. B. the impact of rapid technological change and the rise of AI. C. a sharp decline in global demand for digital products and services. D. workers’ lack of professional ethics and low productivity. 2. The underlined word “novel” in Paragraph 2 probably means ______. A. literary B. anxious C. responsible D. emerging 3. What can we infer from the passage? A. Field - specific skills are more important than the latest new skills. B. High - skilled workers are free from facing job displacement. C. Lifelong learning is vital for workers to adapt to the labor market. D. Governments tend to require cooperation to provide lifelong learning opportunities. 4. What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage? A. To analyze tech’s impact on labor markets and call for proper policies. B. To blame tech companies for mass job losses and technological innovation C. To introduce new high - paying jobs and effective ways to get promoted D. To reveal workers’ anxiety about AI development and offer suggestions Passage 5（2025-2026高二下·北京市顺义区牛栏山一中·4月月考） Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers. Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire (密谋) to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications. Recently, another expression of this predatory (掠夺性的) behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to-journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles. The appearance of electronic publishing and authors’ need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn’t far behind. These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers. In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations. The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all — it is just providing citations to other journals. Such practices can lead an article to accumulate more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published. How insidious (不易觉察的) is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual — acting as author, editor, and consultant — was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation. Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this misconduct. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year. And for authors who wish to distance themselves from citation cartel activities: when an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal. 1. According to Paragraph 1, the careers of scientists can be determined by ________. A. how many citations their works contain B. how many times their papers are cited C. the prestige of the people they work with D. the status they have in scientific circles 2. The metaphor of “milk cow” in Paragraph 3 is used to ________. A. make a comparison B. illustrate a situation C. propose a solution D. highlight a problem 3. What does the underlined word “rampant” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Urgent. B. Complex. C. Occasional. D. Severe. Passage 6（2024-2025高二下·北京市石景山区·期末） Throughout history, humans have dreamed of controlling the weather. From ancient ceremonies (仪式) to modern science, the idea of influencing rain, storms, and temperature has fascinated cultures across the globe. Today, with advancements in climate science, weather modification is no longer just a fantasy — it is becoming a reality. One of the most well-known techniques is cloud seeding, a process where small particles (粒子), such as silver iodide (碘化银), are released into clouds to encourage the formation of raindrops. Countries like China and the United States have used cloud seeding to increase rainfall in dry regions and reduce the impact of droughts. During the 2008 Beijing Olympics, China famously used this technique to prevent rain from disturbing the opening ceremony. Beyond increasing rainfall, scientists are also exploring ways to weaken storms. Some researchers believe that hurricanes could be controlled by changing ocean temperatures or releasing substances into the atmosphere to limit their intensity. However, these ideas remain largely experimental, as changing one part of the climate system could have unexpected consequences elsewhere. Another approach being studied is geoengineering (地球工程学), which involves large-scale efforts to control the Earth’s climate to counteract global warming. One debatable idea is to release reflective particles into the upper atmosphere to reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface. Supporters argue that this could help cool the planet, but critics warn that such actions might disturb weather patterns in unpredictable ways. The ability to modify (调整) weather comes with ethical (伦理的) and political challenges. If one country increases its rainfall, could it unintentionally cause droughts in another region? Could weather modification be used as a weapon, affecting food production or water supplies? These concerns have led to international debates on the regulation of weather control technologies. Some scientists argue that while weather modification holds promise, it should only be used under strict guidelines to avoid unintended environmental damage. Moreover, weather modification raises a deeper question: should humans get involved in natural systems on such a large scale? Climate change is already a major global challenge, with human activities significantly affecting temperature patterns and ecosystems. Some critics worry that using technology to change weather could give people a false sense of control over nature, leading to risky decisions. Others, however, believe that with careful research and ethical considerations, these advancements could help address the growing challenges of climate change and water shortage. Despite the controversies, one thing is clear: the desire to control the weather is not going away. As technology continues to develop, the line between natural weather patterns and human influence will become increasingly blurred. Whether this will lead to a safer, more stable climate or unintended environmental consequences remains to be seen. While scientists are making progress, only time will tell if weather modification will be a useful tool or a dangerous experiment. 1. What is one concern about weather modification? A. It has no proven scientific basis. B. It requires expensive technology. C. It makes weather forecasting more difficult. D. It could create unexpected environmental issues. 2. What does the word “blurred” in the last paragraph most likely mean? A. Confusing. B. Exciting. C. Disappointing. D. Encouraging. 3. What can we learn from the passage? A. Humans have the ability to control nature. B. Weather modification has put into practice. C. Geoengineering is widely accepted by scientists.D. Cloud seeding has replaced traditional methods of farming. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. How Humans Control the Weather B. Weather Modification: Dream or Disaster C. Geoengineering and the Future of the Planet D. Cloud Seeding: An Effective Solution to Climate 语篇类型四: 议论文+ 文体（4篇） Passage 1（2024-2025高二下·北京市丰台区·期末） Ask most people what “the good life” involves, and they will likely mention a list of goods. Even Aristotle, who believed that the key to happiness is the cultivation and exercise of virtue, still thought certain goods were either prerequisites (先决条件) for happiness or were goods that came to the virtuous. But consider this thought experiment. Let’s compare two actors’ lives. First, meet Toby. Toby struggles to get work for many years. But as the years go by, Toby works his way up to become a famous actor. His lifetime earnings are $20 million, and he wins an Oscar for his final movie. Now, meet Ybot. Ybot wins an Oscar for his very first film role. After this initial success, he begins to endure a number of difficulties. Towards the end of his career (across which he has earned $20 million, mostly at the start), he finally retires into humble obscurity (默默无闻). As you’ll have quickly realized, these two actors’ lives, like their names, are mirror-images. If we view their lives as a sort of balance sheet of experiential profit and loss, they both seem to lead lives of equal net worth. The only difference is that Ybot experiences those goods and bads inversely to Toby. If flourishing is just a matter of enjoying certain goods, then it seems both actors flourish to the same extent. Yet most of us would much prefer to live like Toby than Ybot. But why should that make a difference, if both lives contain the same net benefits? When comparing the overall welfare level of different lives, it seems natural enough to think of a person’s life as a sort of container for various good and bad experiences. The goods and the bads are what we evaluate; the “container” they sit in is basically neutral. But that “balance sheet” model seems to miss another kind of value. We might value things like overcoming adversity (逆境), or not having our successes come too easily. A life of early success followed by decline seems like a less overall successful life than one where success comes later in the day. This intuitive judgment finds expression in what’s been called the “shape of life” hypothesis. On this view living a good life is not simply about having the right kind of experiences or life-events, but of having them in the right order or sequence. What the shape of life hypothesis suggests is that our lives are not simply bags into which we cream good things and bad things. The type of life it is—the genre of that life-story, so to speak—matters too. Without the right shape, even a life full of wonderful things can end up as a tale we’d prefer not to live out. 1. What does the word “inversely” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Similarly. B. Oppositely C. Relatively. D. Exclusively. 2. The author introduces the “shape of life” hypothesis by ______ . A. clarifying a goal B. analyzing an event C. challenging an established notion D. introducing contrasting viewpoints 3. Which would the author agree with? A. Early success followed by failure feels worse than late success. B. A life with more goods is better than one with fewer possessions. C. The “balance sheet” model is a powerful tool to define the good life. D. Hardships and misfortune are essential factors in judging the quality of life. Passage 2（2024-2025高二下·北京市通州区·期末） Art has always been the silent language of human culture. Art is more than just a form of creative expression; it is a vivid reflection of our cultural identity. Each painting, sculpture, dance, or piece of music tells a story about who we are as individuals and as a collective society. It reveals our shared values, beliefs, traditions, and history, giving us a sense of belonging and connection. In this ever-developing world, art plays a critical role in preserving our cultural identity, providing a link between our past and our present, and shaping our future. Cultural identity is a complex construction, intertwined (缠绕) with our self-concept and social relations. It is not merely a fixed trait, but rather a developing narrative that is modeled by both our heritage and our personal experiences. Cultural identity provides us with a sense of belonging, and it influences our values, beliefs, and attitudes, shaping our perspectives of the world around us. Art and culture are inseparable; they impact and shape each other. Art can preserve and pass on cultural traditions, while culture can inspire and influence art. The relationship between the two is symbiotic (共生的), enhancing-and developing over time. From the hieroglyphics (象形文字) of ancient Egypt to the theater of classical Greece, art has been an essential part of cultural expression and preservation. Through different mediums and techniques various societies have used art to capture their distinct cultural narratives. The ancient Egyptians employed hieroglyphics and sculptures as significant means of artistic expression. The Greeks, known for their profound contributions to art and culture, used pottery and theater to convey their societal values and beliefs, which preserve a snapshot (缩影) of their society at that time. Greek theater, which included both tragedy and comedy, was not just entertainment — it served as a group event that addressed social, political, and moral issues, fostering a collective cultural identity. The historical art forms of different cultures continue to affect modern art. Many societies maintain their cultural identity by keeping their traditional art forms alive. These art forms are passed down through generations, often with little change, preserving the historical culture’s essence. However, adaptation is the key aspect of cultural evolution. Artists often blend traditional styles with modern elements, creating a fusion (融合) that reflects both the culture’s historical roots and contemporary influences. As we move further into the 21st century, the relationship between art and cultural identity continues to evolve. The future promises both challenges and opportunities for art in preserving cultural identity. Let’s start a journey to fancy what the future may hold for the intersection (交汇) of art and cultural identity. 1. According to the passage, cultural identity ______. A. possesses both traditional and personal traits B. provides a link between our past and present C. produces common values and beliefs of humanity D. consists of individual values and social connections 2. What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. How a collective cultural identity is fostered. B. Different art mediums employed by the ancient Egyptians. C. The real presentation of ancient human life in different art forms. D. How culture was integrated into various art forms in ancient times. 3. What is the author’s intention of writing the text? A. To introduce the origin and development of art. B. To highlight art’s importance in preserving cultural identity. C. To show how cultural identity was expressed by art in the past. D To prove historical art forms’ contribution to cultural evolution. Passage 3（2024-2025高二下·北京市朝阳区·期末） Ah, the world Oh, the world — Moby-Dick. The first scientific study of sperm whales was published in 1835 by a Scottish ship doctor named Thomas Beale. Beale believed sperm whales to be silent. Herman Melville relied heavily on Beale in composing Moby-Dick. “The whale has no voice,” Melville wrote. “But then again,” he went on, “what has the whale to say? Seldom have I sperm whale known any profound being that had anything to say to this world, unless forced to speak out something by way of getting a living.” The question of whether any species possesses a “communication system” comparable to that of humans is an open and much debated one. In the 1950s, the behaviorist B. F. Skinner argued that children learn language through positive reinforcement; therefore, other animals should be able to do the same. The linguist Noam Chomsky had a different view. He dismissed the notion that kids acquire language via conditioning, and also the possibility that language was available to other species. Michael Bronstein, a computer scientist from the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in Cambridge, decided to discover the meaning of sperm whales’ codas — quick bursts of clicks produced by the whales— which they exchange with one another. Thus was born the Cetacean Translation Initiative — Project CETI for short, which represents the most ambitious, the most technologically advanced, and the most well-funded effort ever made to communicate with another species. “One important thing that I think will be an outcome of this project has to do with how we see life on land and in the oceans,” Bronstein said. “If we understand — or we have evidence, and very clear evidence in the form of language-like communication — that intelligent creatures are living there and that we are destroying them, that could change the way that we approach our Earth. If we could understand what they’re saying, instead of ‘save the whales’ it will be ‘saved by the whales’.” AI shares this hope. Or at least the AI-powered language model is smart enough to express it. Not long ago suffering from writer’s block, I asked an AI chatbot if it could rewrite Moby-Dick from the whale’s perspective. The AI chatbot wrote: Deep in the sea, I longed to communicate with the captain, to show him that my kind, too, had emotions and families to protect. But the language barrier between our worlds remained a gap that cannot be bridged. And the story ends with a somewhat depressing but not unaffected emotional request: I, the White Whale, could only wonder if there would ever come a day when man and whale would understand each other, finding harmony in the vastness of the ocean’s embrace. 1. Why does the author quote Herman Melville? A. To reveal the possibility of whales’ talking. B. To present the popularity of whales in literature. C. To highlight the value of voices in making a living. D. To prove communication system is unique to humans. 2. What can we learn from this passage? A. Living in agreement with nature is well underway. B. The author may believe Skinner more than Chomsky. C. AI chatbots have a big advantage over humans in writing. D. CETI was set up to prove other intelligent creatures exist. 3. What does the author intend to tell us? A. Humans can correct their mistake when they know it. B. Humans are too stubborn to understand other species. C. To figure out whether other animals have languages is urgent. D. We need cross language barriers to get through to other species. 4. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A. Look Ahead: How Are Humans’ Behaviours Affecting the Nature? B. Talk to Them: Can We Be Equipped to Speak to Another Species? C. Think Again: What contribution Will AI Make to Animals’ Survival? D. Reflect on Ourselves: Are Other Animals Seen as inferior to Humans? Passage 4（2024-2025高二下·北京市延庆区·期末） If you want to convince the boss you deserve a pay rise or promotion, the solution could be simple --- eat the same food as they do. Psychologists have discovered managers are much more likely to instantly trust us if we choose the same dishes as them. During experiments, discussions over wages and work conditions were much more successful if both sides chose to snack on the same treats. And shoppers were much more likely to buy a product advertised on TV by someone eating a similar food to them at the time. The reason is thought to be the so–called similarity attraction theory --- where people tend to like others who have similar tastes or habits to themselves. But this is believed to be one of the first studies highlighting the role of food in this relationship. Researchers at Chicago University in the US conducted a series of experiments to examine food’s role in earning trust. In a test, participants were told to watch TV --- where someone pretending to be a member of the public praised a certain product. The volunteers were given Kit Kat bars to nibble, while the TV people ate either a Kit Kat or grapes as they talked. The results showed viewers were much more likely to express an interest in buying the product if the TV showed the other person eating a Kit Kat too. The researchers added, “Although similarity in food consumption is not a sign of whether two people will get along, we find consumers treat this as such. They feel more trusting of those who consume as they do. It means people can immediately begin to feel friendship and develop a bond, leading to smoother transactions from the start.” Harley Street psychologist Dr. Lucy Atcheson said it was already known that wearing similar clothes could instantly create trust. But this was the first report that food had the same effect. She said, “This is really interesting. It makes sense as people feel they have common ground and can trust the other person. That means negotiations are more likely to be successful.” 1. According to the passage, customers are likely to buy a product from a dealer who ______. A advertises his products on TV B. has the same taste as them C. reduces the price of his products D. pays attention to the quality of his products 2. The experiments conducted by researchers at Chicago University show that ______. A. food plays an important role in earning people’s trust B. bosses like employees that have the same taste as them C. people who have similar tastes to their boss’s earn more D. people have less interest in buying products advertised on TV 3. What can be inferred from the passage? A. People who eat similar food are more likely to trust each other. B. People will get along with each other if they like to eat similar things. C. The effect of wearing similar clothes hasn’t been proved by researchers. D People are more likely to make friends with those wearing the same clothes as them. 4. Which of the following sayings can be an example of the similarity attraction theory? A. Honesty is the best policy. B. All good things come to an end. C. Birds of a feather flock together. D. Where there is a will, there is a way. Passage 1（2024-2025高二下·北京市朝阳区·期末） The Summer Academy for Math and Science (SAMS) Program mirrors the undergraduate (本科生) experience, giving rising seniors the opportunity to explore the fascinating world of science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). We provide you with experience that includes academic and personal development both inside and outside of the classroom in order to prepare students for the future. Live and learn in a college setting that will challenge you to discover your best self. Course Highlights In our program, students will: •Gain an understanding of the theory of research design in STEM-related fields. •Participate in weekly writing sessions on college application preparation. •Learn more about cooperative learning through group discussions. •Interact with professionals to explore STEM majors. •Complete the From Student to Scholar, a course designed to help students better understand who they are, who they want to be, and learn what it takes to get there. Application Requirements To be qualified for the SAMS Program, students must: •Be in 11th grade in high school at the time of application submission. •Demonstrate a strong interest in STEM disciplines. •Have an experience that demonstrates a commitment in community engagement. All qualified students are welcome to apply, and we strongly encourage applications from students who are underrepresented in STEM on the basis of, but not limited by: •Being raised in a home where English was a second language. •Currently attending a high school with historically low rates of admittance to premier institutions. •Identifying as first-generation college students whose parent (s) did not attend college. 1. The SAMS Program helps students ________. A. design STEM courses B. experience college life C. adapt to classroom learning D. get along with undergraduates 2. In the SAMS Program, students will ________. A. form better self-awareness B. conduct their own research C. complete their college application D. assist experts in group discussions 3. Which is a requirement for the SAMS Program applicants? A. Graduating from a top local high school. B. Coming from a non- native English family. C. Having previous involvement in community work. D. Being children of parents without college education. Passage 2（2024-2025高二下·北京市东城区·期末） From an airplane, cars crawling down the highway look like ants. But actual ants-unlike cars-somehow manage to avoid the problem of stop-and-go traffic. Researchers are now studying these insects’ cooperative strategies to learn how to program self-driving cars that don’t jam up. The free flow of traffic becomes chaotic as the density (密度) of cars increases on a highway. At 15 vehicles per mile per lane, one driver tapping their brakes (刹车) can cause a continuous wave of crowding. “It’s a kind of phase transition, like water turning from a liquid to a solid form,” says Katsuhiro Nishinari, a mathematical physicist at the University of Tokyo, who studies these jamming transitions. Nishinari’s previous research had shown that ants searching for food can maintain their flow even at high densities. So what’s their secret? In a recent study, researchers recorded the routes of the ants searching for food and used traffic-engineering models to analyze their movement. They found that the ants don’t jam because they travel in groups of 3 to 20 that move at nearly constant rates while keeping good distances between one another-and they don’t speed up to pass others. Human drivers at rush hour are hardly likely to follow such rules. “We’re maximizing the interests of individuals, which is why, at a given point, you start to have a traffic jam,” says Nicola Pugno, who studies sustainable engineering at the University of Trento in Italy. But self-driving cars, if they one day become universal, could have more cooperative programming. In one vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would share information with nearby cars to optimize traffic flow-perhaps, Pugno suggests, by prioritizing constant speeds and headways or by not passing others on the road. This vehicle network would be analogous to ants searching for food, which use smell to adjust behavior while interacting with one another. “There is no leader, but this organization emerges anyway,” says Pugno. Today’s drivers can learn at least one thing from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam, as Nishinari says: don’t tailgate. By leaving room between their car and the one ahead of them, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in dense traffic conditions that would otherwise result in a traffic jam with no obvious cause. “Just keeping away,” Pugno says, “can help traffic flow smoothly.” 1. What are the best words to describe ants’ group movement? A. Free and independent. B. Disciplined and orderly. C. Complex and invariable. D. Random and uncompetitive. 2. Why does Nishinari mention water in Paragraph 2? A. To confirm the existence of a phenomenon. B. To express agreement with a viewpoint. C. To explain an abstract concept. D. To present a research finding. 3. What does the underlined word “analogous” in Paragraph 5 mean? A. Accustomed. B. Adaptable. C. Similar. D. Preferable. 4. Which would Nishinari and Pugno both agree with? A. Insects have less self-centered behavior. B. Leaderless interaction may relieve traffic pressure. C. Technology development will regulate human conduct. D. The study of biological functions helps better social behavior. Passage 3（2024-2025高二下·北京市延庆区·期末） If you could change your children’s DNA in the future to protect them against diseases, would you? It could be possible because of technology known as CRISPR/Cas, or just CRISPR. CRISPR involves a piece of RNA, a chemical messenger, designed to work on one part of DNA; it also uses an enzyme that can take unwanted genes out and put new ones in, according to The Economist. There are other ways of editing DNA, but CRISPR will do it very simply, quickly, and exactly. The use of CRISPR could mean that cures are developed for everything from Alzheimer’s disease to cancer to AIDS. By allowing doctors to put just the right cancer- killing genes into a patient’s immune system, the technology could help greatly. In April scientists in China said they had tried using CRISPR to edit the genome (基因组) of human embryos. Though the embryos would never turn into humans, this was the first time anyone had ever tried to edit DNA from human beings. With this in mind, the US National Academy of Sciences plans to discuss questions about CRISPR’s ethics (伦理标准). For example, CRISPR doesn’t work properly yet. As well as cutting the DNA it is looking for, it often cuts other DNA, too. In addition, we currently seem to have too little understanding of what DNA gives people what qualities. There are also moral questions. Of course, medicine already stops natural things from happening—for example, it saves people from infections. The opportunities to treat diseases make it hard to say we shouldn’t keep going. A harder question is whether it is ever right to edit human cells and make changes that are passed on to children. This is banned in 40 countries and restricted in many others. However, CRISPR means that if genes can be edited out, they can also be edited back in. It may be up to us as a society to decide when and where editing the genome is wrong. Also, according to The Economist, gene editing may mean that parents make choices that are not obviously in the best interests of their children:“Deaf parents may prefer their children to be deaf too; parents might want to make their children more intelligent at all costs.” In the end, more research is still needed to see what we can and can’t do with CRISPR. “It’s still a huge mystery how we work,” Craig Mello, a UMass Chan Medical School biologist and Nobel Prize winner, told The Boston Globe. “We’re just trying to figure out this amazingly complicated thing we call life.” 1. According to the passage, what can we know about the technology of CRISPR? A. It is very safe because it only cuts the DNA it is looking for. B. It could make parents make unwise choices for their children. C. It is forbidden in most countries and restricted in many others. D. It could help us discover the link between DNA and the qualities it gives people. 2. What is the author’s attitude towards CRISPR? A. Supportive. B. Objective. C. Negative. D. Worried. 3. What is the passage mainly about? A. What we can and can’t do with CRISPR. B. How CRISPR was developed by scientists. C. The advantages of CRISPR and arguments about its ethics. D. Scientists’ experiments of using CRISPR to edit human embryos. Passage 4（2024-2025高二下·北京市西城区·期末） Monday was the first day of Dartmouth’s spring term. So, as I often do at this time, I started teaching my course for non-science majors called “Understanding the Universe: From Atoms to the Big Bang”. This is what students like to call a “physics for poets” class — a class that explores the history of how humanity has faced some of the deepest questions we can ask about the material world and our place in it, without the math. It is a class that tries to capture the true spirit of the liberal-arts education, mixing the sciences and the humanities as different and complementary ways of knowing the world and why we matter. In fancier words, as an intellectual history of physics and astronomy (天文学), the class requires that scientific thinking be contextualized culturally, so that students can situate the ways in which some of the most revolutionary ideas in the past 2,000 years emerged when they did. Scientists, by training, have little exposure to the humanities. Given that a major in the sciences requires a lot of technical work, we spend precious little time dealing with what happened culturally and historically around the science we are trying to understand. This, I believe, is the reason why so many scientists in the public media condemn (谴责) the humanities as useless. As a consequence, many scientific ideas are presented as having addressed some of the deepest questions we have been asking, when they haven’t. Humanities students, on the other hand, are typically those who avoid the sciences or, at least, math. Their training is also technical, involving lots of reading and critical writing. You can often tell, when you teach this kind of class, who the scientists and the humanists are. All you have to do is write an equation (方程) on the blackboard and look at the class. Humanists will quickly look bored. The scientists will become lively. As you read from Aristotle’s Metaphysics, the opposite will happen. To bridge this gap is the challenge. The classroom is the ideal place for this conversation between the sciences and the humanities to unfold. By exposing students to the two sides of the cultural divide, we stand a chance of creating something that will actually close the gap. Scientists should recognize that some research topics — AI, biotechnology, climate change, life extension, nature, and many others — need to be investigated together with humanists as a joint effort. I finished the first class by reminding the students that not even the best teacher in the world can teach someone who doesn’t want to learn. After all, as Tom Stoppard reminded us in his brilliant play Arcadia, it is wanting to know that makes us matter — scientists and humanists alike. 1. What’s special about the author’s class? A. It guides students to explain revolutionary ideas. B. It appeals to arts students to switch to scientific thinking. C. It breaks the boundary between the sciences and the humanities. D. It digs into the secrets of human’s position in the material world. 2. Which of the following would the author applaud? A. Mary, a history major, quit computer engineering for lack of interest. B. Mia, an art student, drew pictures of famous scientists for a science fair. C. Ben, teaching chemistry, guided his students to focus on technology work. D. David, studying physics, worked with a philosophy student for his project. 3. What message does the author intend to deliver to his students? A. University courses present challenges. B. The cultural divide deserves approval. C. The eagerness to learn is of significance. D. Prejudice towards the humanities is history. Passage 5（2024-2025高二下·北京市西城区·期末） Elephants and gorillas in the Republic of the Congo’s rainforests spend a lot of time hiding in the shadows — or so we thought. Using drone (无人机) surveys and AI processing, scientists have discovered an extensive network of mysterious open clearings among the trees. Animals like elephants, gorillas visit these muddy areas, called bais, in the languages of the Indigenous Ba’Aka, to search for vital nutrition and maintain their complex social networks. The numerous playgrounds are visible in satellite images, and AI analysis is helping researchers find them more effectively. The discovery began in 2021 when Sylvain Ngouma and Evan Hockridge came upon a massive clearing during fieldwork in Odzala-Kokoua National Park and found a trail (踪迹) of wet, pot-sized footprints leading through the woods to the open roundabout. Hockridge, who had thought bais were abnormal, says, “I had it backward. It kind of hit me when I was there. You can’t understand animal interactions without first understanding bais.” For the next three summers, the team investigated the clearings. They analyzed camera-trap images, confirming what local people had told them — that these natural clearings are crucial gathering grounds for some of the world’s most endangered mammals. The bais, they realized, are big melting pots, big playgrounds, for a collection of forest animals. During the initial surveys, the team followed elephant trails to move through the rainforest from bai to bai. This process led Hockridge to wonder about a network. Although previous studies documented animal behavior in selected bais, no one had counted them or had the means to map their distribution. The team partnered with African Parks, using drones to scan known sites. They trained an AI algorithm (算法) to identify bais in satellite imagery, revealing 2,176 clearings in one park — 10 times more than previously recorded. Bais are always near rivers or streams. Most are smaller than a city block, but few, at more than 100 acres, are bigger than some college campuses. “Bais are ultimately islands of resources, and animals produce these networks of trails to essentially navigate to and from a network of bais,” Hockridge says. The researchers’ map of bais, the first of its kind, is also a map of conservation priorities. “We find that a huge portion of the animal community depends on this unique ecosystem. These species don’t have alternative habitats other than bais,” Hockridge says. The study is also a step toward solving the ultimate mystery: How did bais form? Many ecologists have argued that a combination of hydrology (水文学) and animal landscaping is at play. But definitive proof remains elusive. Now, with a map in hand and camera traps still in place, the research team is tracking long-term changes, which have implications for the maintenance of these crucial animal habitats. “We have hypotheses (假说),” Andrew Davies, an ecologist in Harvard, says, “but the short answer is: we don’t know.” 1. For rainforest animals, bais are places for ________. A. fun and safety B. water and shelter C. food and connection D. shade and entertainment 2. What can we learn about Ngouma and Hockridge’s research? A. It discovered how bais formed. B It was the first to map the network of bais. C. It analyzed images of bais provided by local people. D. It concluded bais were spots intended for endangered species. 3. What does the underlined word “elusive” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A. Difficult to find. B. Simple to clarify. C. Possible to overestimate. D. Unlikely to question. 4. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Conservation Priorities in Rainforests B. Hidden Playgrounds Revealed in Rainforests C. Secrets of Rainforest Animals’ Social Networks D. Modern Tools Adopted for Rainforest Exploration Passage 6（2025-2026高二下·北京市西城区第十五中学·期中） Humans’ overconsumption of resources is a leading contributor to global climate change, says University of Arizona researcher Sabrina Helm. Therefore, it’s increasingly important to understand the choices consumers make and how those decisions affect the health of a planet with limited resources. In a new study, published in the journal Young Consumers, Helm and her colleagues explore how materialistic values influence pro-environmental behaviors in millennials, who are now the nation’s most influential group of consumers. The researchers focused on two main categories of pro-environmental behaviors: reduced consumption, which includes actions like repairing instead of replacing older items; and “green buying,” or purchasing products designed to limit environmental impacts. The researchers also looked at how engaging in pro-environmental behaviors affects consumer well-being. More materialistic participants, the researchers found, were unlikely to engage in reduced consumption. However, materialism did not seem to have an effect on their likelihood of practicing “green buying.” That’s probably because “green buying,” unlike reduced consumption, still offers a way for materialists to fulfill their desire to get new items, Helm said. Study participants who reported having fewer materialistic values were much more likely to engage in reduced consumption. Consuming less was, in turn, linked to higher personal well-being and lower psychological suffering. Green buying—which may have some positive environmental effects, although to a smaller degree than reduced consumption—was not found to improve consumer well-being, Helm said. The take-home message for consumers: “The key is to reduce consumption and not just buy green stuff. Having less and buying less can actually make us more satisfied and happier,” Helm said. “If you have a lot of stuff, you have a lot on your mind,” she said. “For example, it requires maintenance and there’s a lot of burdens of ownership, and if you relieve yourself of that burden of ownership, most people report feeling a lot better and freer.” Helm and her colleagues additionally looked at how materialism affects millennial consumers’ proactive financial behaviors, such as budgeting and saving. Examining financial behaviors alongside pro-environmental behaviors provides a picture of how young adults proactively deal with resource limitations in two contexts: environmental and financial, Helm said. As expected, Helm and her colleagues found that those who reported having more materialistic values engaged in fewer proactive financial behaviors than their less materialistic counterparts (对应的人). The researchers also found that, consistent with previous studies, proactive financial behaviors were associated with better personal well-being, life satisfaction and financial satisfaction, as well as lower psychological suffering. Understanding how materialistic values impact consumer behaviors, and how those behaviors in turn affect personal and environmental well-being, is important, Helm said. However, she acknowledges that for many consumers, shifting behaviors to be more financially proactive and consume less will be challenging. 1. What do we know about pro-environmental behaviors? A. They are a cause of climate change. B. They lead to a more satisfying life. C. They vary in different age groups. D. They are affected by materialism. 2. It can be learned from Helm’s study that ________. A. ownership of green products brings a sense of happiness B. materialists prefer practicing green buying to buying less C. green buying helps control people’s desire to buy new items D. buying less and green buying have similar effects on people 3. According to the study, which of the following can improve one’s well-being? A. Replacing older items. B. Developing new resources. C. Buying greener products. D. Being careful with expenses. 4. What is Helm probably going to explain in the next paragraph? A. When people develop proactive financial behaviors. B. Which financial behaviors lead to mental well-being. C. Why it is hard to change people’s financial behaviors. D. How materialistic values influence financial behaviors. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 1 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $学科网·上好课 www.zxxk.com 专题01阅读理解（期末复习专 真题实战·百练通关 语篇类型一：应用文（4篇) Passage 1 1.c 2.B 3.C Passage 2 1.A2.B 3.A4.C Passage 3 1.D2.B 3.C Passage 4 1.A2.C 3.D 4.B 语篇类型二：记叙文(4篇) Passage 1 1.A2.B 3.C 4.C Passage 2 1.C2.D 3.A4.A Passage 3 1.C2.B 3.D4.D Passage 4 1.D2.A3.B4.A 语篇类型三：说明文(6篇) Passage 1 1.c 2.A 3.C4.D Passage 2 1.B 2.A3.D 1/3 上好每一堂课 项训练) 6学科网·上好课 Passage 3 1.D 2.B 3.A 4.A Passage 4 1.B 2.D 3.C 4.A Passage 5 1.B 2.D 3.D Passage 6 1.D 2.A 3.B 4.B 语篇类型四：议论文( Passage 1 1.B 2.C 3.A Passage 2 1.A 2.D 3.B Passage 3 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.B Passage 4 1.B 2.A 3.A 4.C Passage 1 1.B 2.A 3.C Passage 2 1.B 2.C 3.C 4.D Passage 3 1.B 2.B 3.C Passage 4 1.c 2.D 3.C Passage 5 www.zxxk.com 上好每一堂课 篇) 2 考题猜想·高分必刷 2/3 命学科网·上好课 1.C2.B 3.A4.B Passage 6 1.D2.B3.D 4.C www zxxk .com 3/3 系一每丝丁