专题03 阅读理解 （说明文）（期末真题汇编，浙江专用）高二英语下学期

**基本信息** 精选浙江各地高二下期末说明文阅读真题，聚焦科技、社会、生态、自我四大主题，通过真实情境考查语言理解与思维能力。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解|64题（每篇4题）|细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意、词义猜测|科技主题选用AI水印技术（Passage 6）、可降解机器人（Passage 2）等前沿素材；生态主题涉及微陨石研究（Passage 8）、鲸鱼搁浅（Passage 2）等真实案例，问题设计从基础信息到深层推理，梯度清晰。|

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·浙江绍兴·期末) An international research team led by the Chinese Academy of Sciences has uncovered striking evidence of seasonal temperature swings and glacial cyclic activity during the greenhouse period in Earth’s past, offering new insights into today’s climate challenges. The study, published in Science Advances, is the first to reconstruct the history of seasonal variations in sea surface temperatures during a greenhouse Earth period, discovering that during the Early Cretaceous period (139.8-132.9 million years ago), the Earth exhibited significant seasonal temperature variations and periodic melting of polar ice sheets and glaciers. The findings challenge long-held assumptions about stable, ice-free conditions during prehistoric warm eras. In cooperation with institutions in Germany, the United Kingdom and Madagascar, Ding’s team analyzed fossilized oyster shells from the Early Cretaceous period. By examining growth layers in the shells, similar to tree rings, the team reconstructed seasonal sea surface temperatures and identified periodic melting of polar glaciers, even in a world with high-atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration levels. The researchers focused on oysters of the genus Rastellum, whose shells form distinct light and dark bands corresponding to summer and winter growth. By scanning electron microscopy (显微镜) and geochemical analyses, the team extracted seasonal temperature data. It’s revealed that winter temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere’s mid-latitudes were 10 to 15 C lower than summers during a cooling phase known as the Weissert Event — comparable to modern seasonal swings, according to the research team. The team linked brief glacial pulses to volcanic activity from the Parana-Etendeka eruptions and shifts in Earth’s orbit. “This research cracks open a new window into Earth’s climate past, revealing hidden rhythms beneath the greenhouse facade (表象),” said Andreas Mulch, a co-author. The study, supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and CAS programs, underscores the urgency of understanding climate complexity to forecast future extremes, Ding said. 1．What is the main discovery of the study published in Science Advances? A．The accelerated polar ice melting. B．A steady ice-free state of the Earth. C．The growth layers of fossilized shells. D．The seasonal sea surface temperature swings. 2．What contributed to glacial pulses during the Weissert Event? A．The change of seasons. B．The volcanic eruptions. C．The moon’s orbital motion. D．The global emissions of CO2. 3．What can be inferred about the significance of this study? A．It aids in predicting future extremes. B．It recreates the history of climate change. C．It provides new insights into ocean research. D．It offers a comprehensive study of climate. 4．What is the best title for this article? A．Climate Complexity Needs More Investigation B．New Study Denies the Past Greenhouse Climate C．Fossil Shells Unveil Ancient Seasonal Climate Secrets D．Seasonal Temperature Swings Causes Life Extinctions Passage 2 (24-25高二下·浙江金华·期末) Picture a robot. What do you see? A metal machine built to last forever? Unfortunately, this very quality now threatens to drown the planet in extremely durable (持久的) e-waste. What if, instead, those machines were designed to break down and disappear — like life does? In a new study, researchers crafted a robotic arm, and a controller to operate it, from pork gelatin (明胶) and plant cellulose (纤维素) — materials strong enough to function yet delicate enough to degrade (降解) in the soil. After testing, both structures broke down in soil within weeks. Biodegradable robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics. The field originated from materials science and chemistry rather than conventional robots that come from mechanical engineering. But a lot of early soft robots still relied on chemical materials that continue to exist as pollution. Pingdong Wei, a materials scientist at Westlake University in Hangzhou, teamed up with his friend Zhuang Zhang, a robotics engineer now at Fudan University in Shanghai, to assemble (组装) robots for the study. They started with cellulose layers from cotton, then added glycerol for flexibility and dried the layers for strength. “Cellulose is also cheap and easy to assemble,” Wei says. To build sensors, the researchers used a conductive gelatin from pork. They then folded the layers and sensors into 3D structures. Wei and Zhang found the controller and robotic arm stood up to both heavy use and a week of inactivity. Finally, they buried them both in a 20-centimeter-deep hole near their campus. Within eight weeks the machines were almost entirely gone. Wei and Zhang envision robots like these handling dangerous waste and then disappearing they also propose robots that aid surgeries and then safely break down inside the body. But it’s important to note that the technology is in very early stages. “If we truly want to have a sustainable robot that goes outside in nature,” a materials scientist Florian Hartmann says, “we also need to think of electronics or power supplies, or even batteries, that are biodegradable.” 5．What do we know about early soft robots? A．They are made of natural materials. B．They are too delicate for heavy use. C．They will produce e-waste pollution. D．They come from mechanical engineering. 6．Why did Wei and Zhang bury the controller and robotic arm? A．To check their durability. B．To monitor their effect on soil. C．To see if they can work in soil. D．To test if they can break down. 7．Which of the following best describes the robots in the new study? A．Costly. B．Eco-friendly. C．Safe to use. D．Easy to operate. 8．What does Hartmann mainly talk about in the last paragraph? A．The necessity for sustainable robots. B．The potential applications of soft robots. C．The possibility to improve power supplies. D．The future research suggestions for soft robots. Passage 3 (24-25高二下·浙江宁波九校·期末) A new study suggests that 20 minutes of sunlight before waking can help fight morning fatigue (疲惫), offering a potential solution for those struggling with long-term sleep insufficiency. While inadequate sleep poses health risks, simply sleeping more isn’t always practical or effective, as many still wake up tired. Researchers at Osaka Metropolitan University found that pre-waking sunlight exposure may reduce fatigue, building on previous studies showing artificial dawn simulation can help. However, artificial light sources, often placed at bedside level, can lead to inconsistent exposure due to movement during sleep. A more stable alternative? Natural sunlight, which is freely available in most areas. For those without light pollution, leaving curtains open at night allows natural dawn light to enter. Others may use motorized curtains that reopen at a set morning time. To test this approach, the researchers conducted a crossover randomized controlled trial with 19 university students (ages 20–30) who maintained regular sleep schedules. Participants slept in a university lab furnished like a bedroom. All windows were shaded except for one facing east, making it the only source of natural light. The researchers installed light-shielding curtains on the east-facing window, plus a motorized device they could set to open the curtains at a specific time each morning. They used this setup to create three situations for participants: natural light exposure for 20 minutes before waking, natural light exposure from dawn until waking, and no natural light exposure. Results showed that both sunlight-exposed situations improved alertness and reduced self-reported sleepiness compared to no light. However, 20 minutes of pre-waking sunlight was most effective, significantly lowering objective sleepiness (measured via brain activity) compared to the other conditions. The team suggests prolonged exposure from dawn may disrupt sleep by providing too much light too soon. Daisuke Matsushita, a living environment design scientist involved in the study, hopes future research will optimize natural light exposure for better wakefulness, accounting for seasonal and daily variations. This could lead to more comfortable and energizing mornings. 9．Why is artificial dawn simulation sometimes ineffective in reducing morning fatigue? A．Because it requires expensive equipment. B．Because it cannot mimic natural sunlight accurately. C．Because it only works in areas without light pollution. D．Because it may be interrupted by the users’ movement. 10．The word “light-shielding” in paragraph 4 can probably be replaced by ______. A．light-emitting B．light-blocking C．light-reflecting D．light-absorbing 11．What can we learn about the study? A．Only the window facing south let light in. B．No light exposure improved sleeping quality. C．Participants were required to sleep in three situations. D．Two sunlight-exposed methods were equally effective. 12．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Motorized curtains can improve sleep quality. B．People should sleep longer to fight morning fatigue. C．Exposure to light sources is likely to solve sleep problems. D．20 minutes of pre-waking sunlight may reduce morning tiredness. Passage 4 (24-25高二下·浙江舟山·期末) Some snakes are well-known for injecting prey with poisonous liquid from their teeth. What’s less well known is that they produce poisonous stuff at the other end of their bodies, too. Located at the base of the tail are organs that generate smelly secretions（分泌物）. The point of these organs has long been a mystery, but new research suggests they could stem from a time when snakes needed to protect themselves from a vicious enemy: the humble ant. Scientists have known since at least the 1960s that some tail secretions are bug-repellent. Yet until now it has been unclear why all snake species, even those that seemingly never interact with ants, produce the secretion. To get to the bottom of the issue, Paul Weldon of the Biology Institute in Virginia and Robert Vander Meer of the Centre for Agricultural Entomology in Florida collected secretions from snakes on all family branches. The team then set up a small room with red fire ants that make aggressive attacks on invaders. The team allowed the smell of the snake secretions to stay in the room, to see if it would put the ants off. But they entered the room with no fear. Drs Weldon and Vander Meer next questioned whether directly interacting with the secretions would have an effect. They presented the ants with both a droplet of ordinary water and a droplet of mixture of water and snake secretion. Though the ants readily drank from the ordinary water droplets, they rarely even approached the mixture. The researchers interpret these findings to mean that tail secretions from snakes probably evolved for insect defence long ago. They propose that the secretion appeared in the earliest snakes. It would allow them to respond to angry ants defending themselves from attack or ants looking for their next meal. No snakes wanted to make themselves smelly, but the enemies encouraged the rise of the adaptation. When you have no limbs, you might as well make both ends count. 13．Why did the snake give off unpleasant smell from their tail? A．To avoid being stuck. B．To kill and to feed themselves. C．To smell and locate themselves. D．To prevent themselves from being hurt. 14．What does the word underlined in paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．unfriendly to insects. B．appealing to insects. C．nutritious for insects. D．deadly for insects. 15．How did the researchers do their experiment? A．By analysing the data. B．By making comparisons. C．By controlling the reaction. D．By measuring chemical changes 16．How can we understand the last sentence in the last paragraph? A．The adaptation was useless because snakes faced threats. B．Smelly secretions were mainly used to attract prey not for defence. C．Snakes developed defensive features to survive despite imperfection. D．Only poisonous snakes needed adaptations to escape from predators. Passage 5 (24-25高二下·浙江台州·期末) We all pursue an ideal weight number for health and confidence, often using childhood memories, online calculators or BMI charts. However, Dr, Yoni Freedhoff warns these methods fail to consider individual differences. Our bodies change dramatically with age due to metabolism (新陈代谢) and lifestyle. For decades, Body Mass Index (BMI) dominated weight assessments. This simple height-weight calculation sorts people from underweight to overweight. Yet Dr. Melanie Jay from NYU points out its problems: BMI gives the same ranges for 20-year-old athletes and 70-year-old grandparents. It ignores muscle mass, bone density, and health conditions, sometimes regarding fit individuals as overweight. Recent studies show that nearly 30% of people classified as overweight by BMI actually have healthy body fat percentages and normal metabolic profiles. Newer metrics like the Body Roundness Index (BRI) focus on waist size instead of weight. “Belly fat is more dangerous than overall weight,” says D．Jay. Research indicates fat around organs produces harmful chemicals linked to diabetes and heart disease. However, even BRI has limitations — it can’t distinguish between fat types or account for medical conditions affecting belly size, such as digestive disorders. Doctors increasingly emphasize overall health markers over specific weights, “Instead of focusing on a ‘magic number,’ we examine blood pressure, cholesterol (胆固醇), sleep quality and energy levels,” notes Dr. Jay. For those with weight-related conditions, even 5-10% weight loss can significantly improve health. A 2023 study found patients who achieved modest weight reduction showed better health markers than those pursuing extreme weight loss. The healthiest weight, experts agree, isn’t found on charts but through sustainable habits, “When you eat nutritiously and stay active, your body finds its natural healthy weight,” advises Dr. Freedhoff. For some, medications or surgery may help, but the real goal is lifestyle change — not to achieve an ideal number on your scale. True health, after all, is measured not by a momentary reading on a scale, but by the daily choices that nourish both body and life. 17．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about? A．The limitations of BMI. B．The standards of weight measurement. C．The classification of health conditions. D．The health assessment of overweight people. 18．What is the main advantage of BRI? A．It clarifies different kinds of fat. B．It evaluates all types of body fat. C．It measures highly risky body fat. D．It identifies harmful chemicals in fat. 19．What is Dr. Jay’s suggestion for weight assessment? A．Stopping using BMI. B．Focusing on specific weights. C．Considering multiple health signs. D．Adopting rapid weight loss approaches. 20．What does the author think of people’s pursuing an ideal weight number? A．Reasonable. B．Practical. C．Dangerous. D．Unnecessary. Passage 6 (24-25高二下·浙江温州环大罗山联盟·期末) Google has been using SynthID to automatically identify text generaled by the company’s Gemini chatbot. This system embeds (嵌入) digital watermarks (水印) directly into AI-generated images, audio, text or video, making it easier to distinguish AI-generated content from human-written posts. Scott Aaronson, at The University of Texas at Austin, says that while no known watermarking method is absolutely reliable, he really hopes this can help in catching a small part of AI-generated misinformation, academic cheating and more. He also hopes other large language model companies will follow. Google DeepMind’s AI watermarking use a “competition sampling” approach to select certain word tokens (标志), creating a statistical signature that is detectable by associated software. This process randomly pairs up possible word tokens in a competition style, with the winner of each pair being determined by which one scores highest according to a watermarking function. The winning tokens of the competition move through continuous rounds of selection until just one remains—a multi-layered approach that increases the complexity of any potential attempts to crack the watermark, says Furong Huang at the University of Maryland. The researchers acknowledged that the watermarking works best with longer chatbot responses, such as generating an essay or email, but it has not yet been tested on responses to maths or coding problems. In addition, both Google DeepMind’s team and others described the need for additional safeguards against misuse of AI chatbots—with Huang recommending stronger regulation as well. “Authorizing watermarking by law would address both the practicality and user adoption challenges, ensuring a more secure use of large language models,” she says. 21．What do we know about SynthID? A．It causes cheating in school settings. B．It removes all AI-related misinformation. C．It assists AI developers in making chatbots. D．It helps recognize a chatbot-generated text. 22．Which is one of the steps in creating a signature? A．Random scoring of tokens. B．Deliberate pairing of tokens. C．Competitive selection of tokens. D．Continuous generation of tokens. 23．What might be talked about in the following paragraph? A．A new algorithm to improve the efficiency of SynthID． B．A potential legal framework to support SynthID’s spread. C．A comparison of SynthID with other watermarking technology. D．A discussion on SynthID’s benefits in securing AI-generated content. 24．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．AI-Generated Content: A Potential Cheater B．AI Watermarking: A Promising Technology C．Google’s SynthID: An Outstanding Detective D．Gemini Chatbot: A Brilliant Artificial Intelligence Passage 7 (24-25高二下·浙江衢州·期末) Reverse psychology is part of a phenomenon of psychology called “reactance” (逆反). “The idea of reactance is that people are deeply motivated to protect their freedoms,” says Jeff Greenberg, a professor of social psychology at the University of Arizona. When people feel that their freedom is threatened for example, they think someone is taking away their ability to make their own choices—they react against that threat. Thus, they may feel angry or defensive and try to reverse the threat. Essentially, reverse psychology takes advantage of a person’s reactance. Take, for example, a kid who won’t eat his carrot. When a parent says, “You can’t eat the carrot”, suddenly, eating it becomes more appealing to the kid. However, this strategy doesn’t always work. Greenberg notes that it works best on people who are more prone (易于) to reactance, such as those who are short-tempered, stubborn, or emotional. On the contrary, more agreeable and obedient people tend to be less prone. “There’s also some limited evidence that men are a little more prone to reactance than women,” he adds. The effectiveness of reverse psychology also varies with age. Between the ages of two and four, children can be more emotional and more rebellious, so they are more susceptible (易受影响的) to this approach. But by the age of four, kids generally become better behaved and less likely to lose their temper, which means they become less susceptible to this technique. Similarly, during adolescence, when teens often challenge parental authority, reverse psychology can be effective, as teens may tend to do the opposite of what is suggested. Younger kids, who are less cognitively developed, might not notice when parents use reverse psychology, while adults are more likely to see through it. “Attempts to use reverse psychology on adults can fail,” Greenberg says. “They may resist being controlled, leading to the opposite effect. But there’s no reason to say it won’t work on adults. It just has to be very subtle.” 25．According to Jeff Greenberg, what is the primary reason for reactance? A．Defending freedom. B．Gaining attention. C．Avoiding making choices. D．Handling possible threats. 26．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning “carrot” in paragraph 2? A．To prove that children universally dislike carrots. B．To argue parents should never tell their children what to do. C．To demonstrate reverse psychology can influence behaviors. D．To explain why reverse psychology is a popular parenting strategy. 27．Who is more likely to be influenced by reverse psychology? A．A good tempered 4-year-old girl. B．A rule-following 6-year-old child. C．A calm and agreeable 30-year-old woman. D．An authority-challenging 15-year-old boy. 28．Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A．Reverse Psychology: Strategies and Outcomes B．The Psychology of Reactance: Why We Resist C．Reverse Psychology: What It Is and Who It Works On D．The Psychology of Reactance: Ways to Control People’s Behaviour Passage 8 (23-24高二下·浙江舟山·期末) It’s in the dirt on the ground, the debris (碎片) on your roof, and the dust that tickles your nose — tiny pieces of “cosmic dust”, everywhere. These microscopic particles from outer space are micrometeorites (微陨石) — mostly the debris from comets and asteroids (小行星) — and they have settled all over our planet. Once the particles settle to the ground, they can be found anywhere; they could be sitting on your clothes right now. But despite their widespread presence, finding cosmic dust isn’t easy. One place that the particles show up more easily is Antarctica. Around a decade ago, Mattew Genge at Imperial College London spent seven weeks searching for and collecting dust there. The downside to collecting dust from Antarctica is the cost and complications of travelling there. That’s why Penny Wozniakiewicz of the University of Kent in the UK has focused her research closer to home. The key is to collect materials from a fairly undisturbed spot. For instance, she samples on the rooftops of old cathedrals in the UK. She focuses on these roofs because they are old and more untouched than modern buildings. What’s more, historic buildings like cathedrals usually have well-kept records that indicate when maintenance and cleaning have been done. That makes it easier to determine how long cosmic dust has been collecting and gives researchers insight into what other particles might be present in the dust they collect. This allows them to more efficiently remove the Earth stuff, and focus on the space stuff. Each year, approximately 100 billion particles of space dust land on Earth, carrying secrets from asteroids and offering glimpses into the formation of galaxies. These micrometeorites not only contain water but also organic molecules (分子); they potentially serve as the building blocks for life on Earth. Cosmic dust could, therefore, tell scientists about the intricate (错综复杂的) relationship between these celestial bodies and Earth. It acts as a bridge, connecting us to the wider universe. 29．Which of the following statements is true about cosmic dust? A．The dust is very easy to collect because it is widespread. B．Mattew Genge failed to collect the dust around ten years ago. C．All tiny pieces of cosmic dust are not from comets and asteroids. D．Antarctica is the only place where the dust shows up more easily. 30．Penny chose to research on the roofs of old cathedrals for the reasons EXCEPT __________. A．they often have well-preserved records of maintenance and cleaning B．they are more efficient for researchers to make the Earth stuff removed C．they are more ancient and undisturbed than buildings built in modern times D．they are less expensive and complicated to approach than travelling to Antarctica 31．What does paragraph 5 imply? A．Micrometeorites are the building blocks for life on earth. B．About 100 billion particles of cosmic dust are collected every year. C．Cosmic dust is a bridge which connects us to the wider universe. D．Scientists can know more about the outer space through cosmic dust. 32．What is the best title for the passage? A．The Cosmic Dust: Sitting on Your Roof B．Antarctica: The Home to Cosmic Dust C．Old Cathedrals: Undisturbed Spot for Cosmic Dust D．Micrometeorites: Particles from Outer Space Passage 9 (23-24高二下·浙江宁波慈溪·期末) When it comes to heart attacks, the first image that often comes to mind is that of a middle-aged or older overweight man, clutching his chest and struggling with a pained expression. You’re far less likely to think of a female heart attack victim. According to Forbes, medical research has traditionally been led by men, which unavoidably leads to a lack of female-related data and information in medical research. From diagnosis to treatment, gender differences are often overlooked. A previous study found that women are 25 percent more likely to die of heart attacks than men in the same circumstances. The reason lies in the difference in heart attack symptoms between men and women. According to the Mayo Clinic, one of the top-ranking hospitals in the US, women are less likely to have chest pains, which are deemed as a typical symptom of heart attacks. Instead, they have more atypical symptoms, including shoulder pain and arm pain. As a result, many women were initially given a mistaken diagnosis, delaying access to the right treatment and increasing the fatality rate. Even if a female is correctly and promptly diagnosed with a heart attack, there’s another problem: medicine. Research has found that certain medicines used to dissolve blood clots (凝块) right after a heart attack can be helpful for a lot of men, but might lead to serious bleeding issues in women. Still, the fields of healthcare and medicine see a male’s body as the “standard” human body. For example, Valium (安定) has been promoted as the “mother’s little helper” for treating anxiety among women. However, a study noted that the medicine developer had never conducted a single trial involving women until 2003. Take a look at the medicine you have taken recently: There’s always one recommended dosage for adults. But who is this dosage meant for? An adult in general, or specifically an adult man? 33．Which is the reason for a lack of female-related data and information in medical research? A．Gender differences are always ignored. B．Men play a main part in the medical research. C．The medical field is totally dominated by men. D．There is a shortage of women’s diagnosis and treatment. 34．Why are women at a higher risk of dying of a heart attack than men? A．Women are less willing to seek medical help. B．Women often display less obvious symptoms. C．Women are more easily given a wrong diagnosis. D．Women’s symptoms are often more severe than men’s. 35．Why does the author mention Valium in Paragraph 4? A．To demonstrate gender-based healthcare inequalities. B．To call for correct use of medicine on different people. C．To describe the historical use of Valium by both genders. D．To show Valium’s effectiveness in treating women’s anxiety. 36．What is the passage mainly about? A．Differences in heart attack treatments. B．The importance of female data in medicine. C．The gender gap in healthcare and medicine. D．Misconceptions about female data in research. Passage 10 (23-24高二下·浙江台州·期末) Climate models can give us a preview of how humanity’s actions — or inaction — will change our planet over the coming decades and centuries. But because the planet is such a complex system, they aren’t perfect climate models have uncertainties that grow larger as they go farther into the future. Scientists and engineers from across the country are teaming up to build a new type of climate model that is designed to provide more precise and actionable predictions. Current climate modeling relies on dividing up the globe into a grid (格子) and then computing what is going on in each sector of the grid, as well a show the sectors interact with each other. Limitations in available computer processing power mean that those sectors generally cannot be any smaller than tens of kilometers per side. But for climate modeling, the devil is in the details — details that get missed in a too-large grid. “For cities planning their stormwater management facilities to resist the next 100 years’ worth of floods, this is a serious issue. Concrete answers about the likely range of climate outcomes are key for planning.” says Tapio Schneider, senior research scientist at CliMA． Weighing recent advances in the computational and data sciences, the team plans to step incandesce of the partners brings a different strength and research expertise to the project. “Our goal is a new model that projects future changes in critical variables such as cloud cover, sea ice extent, and rainfall more accurately—with uncertainties at least half the size of those in existing models.” said Dr. Andrew, the team leader. One doubter about the application of climate models is Raffaele Ferrari, a Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Oceanography at MIT. “Using a model, we become puppeteers, masters of a giant system that is, in truth, beyond human control. We can cool or heat the planet at will, add salt or ice or rain or dust in any amount we want,” Dr. Ferrari says. “We have no backup planet. How climate models are used remains to be seen.” 37．Why are climate models built? A．To collect scientific data. B．To monitor human actions. C．To deliver useful forecasts. D．To maintain social systems. 38．What is the problem of current climate modeling? A．Shortage of facilities. B．Reliance on computers. C．Inability to get smaller grids. D．Limitation in simplifying details. 39．What does the team aim to do? A．Investigate serious issues. B．Guarantee the safety of the city. C．Change the future climate. D．Improve the accuracy of the models. 40．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Climate models enjoys great popularity. B．Scientists have created a new climate model. C．Doubts about climate models are disappearing. D．Caution is advised in the use of climate models. Passage 11 (23-24高二下·浙江丽水·期末) Researchers from the GIGA — Center of Research Cyclotron at the University of Liège have discovered that the sleeping body reacts to the external world while sleeping, which explains how some sensory input might influence sleep quality. Researchers from ULi ège worked with the University of Fribourg in Switzerland to study if the body genuinely disconnects from the outside world while sleeping. They focused on how the heartbeat changes when we hear different words while sleeping. They discovered that calming words reduced cardiac (心脏的) activity as a reflection of deeper sleep, in contrast to neutral phrases, which did not have the same effect. This result, reported in the Journal of Sleep Research, throws fresh light on brain-heart interactions during sleep. A previous study analyzing brain data showed that relaxing words increased deep sleep duration and sleep quality, showing that we can positively influence sleep using meaningful words. By that time, the authors reasoned that the brain might still process sensory input in a way that made our bodies feel more relaxed after hearing soothing phrases while sleeping. In this new study, the authors were able to measure cardiac activity to test this idea and discovered that the heart slows down only after the display of calming phrases. Markers of cardiac and brain activity were then compared to understand how much they contributed to the modulation (演变) of sleep by auditory information. Cardiac activity has been indeed proposed to contribute to the way we perceive the world directly, but such evidence has so far been obtained in wakefulness. With these results, the ULi ège researchers showed that it was also true in sleep, offering a new perspective on the essential role of bodily reactions beyond brain data for our understanding of sleep. “Most of sleep research focuses on the brain and rarely investigates bodily activity,” says Dr. Schmidt. This study takes a more complete approach to the modulation of sleep functions by sensory information. By investigating cardiac reactions to noises, we may be able to research in the future the involvement of the body in the way sounds influence emotional processing of memories while sleeping. 41．What can we learn about the sleeping body from the first two paragraphs? A．It disconnects from the outside world. B．It reacts positively to calming words. C．It makes no response to neutral words. D．It suffers the changes of the heartbeat. 42．What did the new study focus on? A．Unpleasant noise. B．The modulation of sleep. C．Cardiac activity. D．The function of the brain. 43．Why were the markers compared? A．To understand the world directly. B．To obtain information in wakefulness. C．To study the impact of sensory input on sleep. D．To test the accuracy of auditory information. 44．What is the author’s attitude toward the new study? A．Unclear. B．Indifferent. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. Passage 12 (23-24高二下·浙江温州十校·期末) There’s an old African proverb that states, “When you leave your shoes at the doorstep, you leave your troubles behind.” A group of environmental chemists who study what kinds of contaminants people are exposed to in their own homes claim: wearing your outside shoes inside won’t just mess up your carpet; it is, in fact, scientifically wrong. Shoes worn outside can be media for all kinds of dirt and microbes. According to the experts, about one-third of the matter building up inside your home comes from outside, much of it being tracked in on the soles of our shoes. But not all dirt is bad dirt. Some household germs can actually be useful in helping build up a child’s immune system, for example. But the real issue is that some of the disease-causing organisms found on our shoes and floors are drug-resistant, causing illnesses that are difficult to treat. “Cancer-causing toxins can be found on these shoes,” scientists say, “so it is best to leave your filth outside the door.” Every day we carry much dirt with us on the soles of our shoes-mud. For many households, the pandemic has greatly reduced the number of places we go to. But even at that, all it takes is one walk down the street or a few minutes at the park to make you bring something nasty back home. It’s important to note that not wearing shoes inside is more than just a hygiene thing. In many cultures around the world, leaving your shoes at the door is a sign of respect, a nod to superstition and it may even be in service of good health. Reflexologists (反射治疗师) say that walking around barefoot can help boost your circulation, improve your sleep quality and stimulate the reflexes on the soles of your feet, reducing inflammation, pain and tension. 45．What can we learn about dirt? A．All the dirt in the house comes from dirty shoes. B．The dirt can help build up a child’s immune system. C．The dirt brought back by shoes is very harmful to adults. D．About a third of the dirt produced in the home comes from the outside. 46．What’s the author’s attitude towards leaving shoes at the doorstep? A．Supportive B．Critical C．Indifferent D．Neutral 47．There are many benefits of not wearing shoes indoors except ________. A．showing respect B．stimulating reflection C．avoiding messing up carpet D．reducing the amount of dirt 48．What’s the best title of the text? A．Walking barefoot or not B．Getting rid of your home dirt C．Learning from African proverbs D．Leaving shoes at the doorstep for health reasons Passage 13 (23-24高二下·浙江宁波九校·期末) From the very first cellphone developed by US company Motorola in 1973 which could only make phone calls for 30 minutes at most to today’s 5G smartphones, the shape of the mobile phone has been constantly changing and its features have become more and more diverse. While current foldable phones are limited to folding the screen up and down or left and right, AI tools predict that in the future, phones will become completely flexible, according to the website mobiles.co.uk. Motorola revealed a flexible phone with an adaptive display that can be worn like a bracelet and bent into multiple shapes in October 2023. Apple is also working on a way to make foldable screens with fewer creases. The phones of the future may also be “self-healing” — who hasn’t experienced that awful moment when you drop your phone and the screen cracks? So an “unbreakable” phone would really come in handy. In 2023, Zhenan Bao at Stanford University, US, developed a synthetic (合成的) skin that can heal itself using heat and magnets. This artificial skin can stretch like human skin without tearing. This new type of thin film can rearrange itself automatically as it heals. The way phones are powered will also see a shift, such as by using solar energy. Many innovative technologies and devices have come out of this field. In 2016, Kyocera Corporation from Japan and French company SunPartner launched a solar-powered phone, using solar panels built into the screen to collect solar energy. It took about three minutes of sunlight to charge the phone for one minute of talk time. Due to the longer relative charging time when using solar power, the phone still needed traditional batteries to be practical. However, as the tech develops and solar panels can charge things more efficiently, we may see a rise in using solar energy to charge smartphones. 49．Which feature of future mobile phones is NOT mentioned in the text? A．Safety. B．Flexibility. C．Endurance. D．Sustainability. 50．What makes it possible for the future phone to heal itself? A．A special animal skin. B．An artificial light. C．A synthesized magnet. D．An innovative material. 51．Why are Japan and French companies mentioned in Paragraph 6? A．To prove that built-in solar panels in future cellphones is no longer a fantasy. B．To argue that the way cellphones are charged in the future is constantly changing. C．To illustrate that numerous technologies and products of innovation have emerged. D．To indicate that Japan and France lead the way in developing solar-powered phones. 52．What’s the author’s attitude towards solar-powered cellphones in the future? A．Reserved. B．Optimistic. C．Concerned. D．Indifferent. Passage 14 (23-24高二下·浙江宁波九校·期末) Some girls tend to feel frustrated if they have a pear-shaped body, with hips that are wider than the bust (胸部) and shoulders. While pear-shaped people’s waists are typically smaller, they may have more fat on their hips and legs. As a result, many pear-shaped girls try to hide their hips and legs under large dresses and pants. However, a recent study suggested that pear-shaped people are the ones who won the genetic lottery! A study published in September by the US National Library of Medicine found that the waist-to-hip ratio(WHR) shows the strongest and most consistent association with mortality. Traditionally, the body mass index (BMI) has been considered the best indicator of health. However, this study challenges this belief. It surveyed nearly 40,000 people and found that, regardless of BMI, WHR is positively correlated with all-cause mortality(all of the deaths that occur in a population no matter the cause). The larger the WHR, the higher the all-cause mortality rate will be. Instead of focusing on how much fat a person has, scientists involved in this study suggest people should focus more on how fat is distributed in a person’s body. WHR, as its name suggests, compares your waist measurement to your hip measurement. A larger waistline means more central fat, which could indicate more visceral fat (内脏脂肪), also known as toxic fat. Harvard Medical School states that more visceral fat increases the risk of illnesses including diabetes, heart diseases and asthma. That’s why people with a pear-shaped body tend to be healthier than others. According to the World Health Organization(WHO), a healthy WHR is less than 0.85 for women and less than 0.9 for men. It is impossible to specifically target waist fat when people try to lose weight. But losing overall fat will make the waist smaller. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University suggested we eat less carbohydrates and more food higher in fiber and protein. Moreover, doing strength training helps build more muscle, which makes you burn more calories even when you’re resting. 53．Why do pear-shaped girls prefer baggy trousers? A．To show off their long legs. B．To hide their broad shoulders. C．To showcase their slim waists. D．To cover their wide hips and thick legs. 54．What does the recent study find that goes against the conventional belief? A．Pear-shaped people are much healthier. B．WHR consistently correlates with death rate. C．Pear-shaped people are lucky to win lotteries. D．A smaller BMI indicates healthier physical condition. 55．What does the author primarily intend to do in Paragraph 4? A．To announce the standard WHR set by World Health Organization. B．To explain why pear-shaped body are likely to be healthier than others. C．To introduce what WHR refers to and how to measure our waistlines. D．To reveal the huge risks of various illnesses visceral fat can bring about. 56．What’s the text mainly about? A．A practical tip for losing waist fat. B．A healthy WHR recommended by WHO. C．A surprise bonus won by pear-shaped bodies. D．A typical bodyshape bringing good to health. Passage 15 (23-24高二下·浙江杭州·期末) Most people walk. But that seemingly simple act is actually a series of movements, each requiring their own timing and path. Not only that, everybody has a special style of walking, and if you know someone well enough, you can probably identify him by his movements, even from far away. A new paper published in the Journal of Nonverbal Behavior presents a technique for making assumptions about a person’s entire personality based on their walk. The 29 participants first took the Big Five Inventory, a commonly used personality test helping predict patterns in a person’s thought and behaviour, social skills, tendency to worry, creativity and intellect and extraversion (外向性). The researchers then recorded and analyzed the gaits (步态) of each participant. “We found that larger relative-upper-to-lower body movement was a strong predictor of aggression,” says co-author Liam Satchell, a PhD student at the University of Portsmouth. This research mathematically explains previous research where “distinctive” gait was helpful in predicting upcoming crimes through security cameras. If police officers were trained in recognizing aggressive gaits, they might be able to prevent crimes before they happened. Satchell adds, “Possibly a further scientific exploration could reveal more evidence that the behaviors of another person can be predicted from how they move through space.” One such study has come out recently. PLOS Computational Biology published a model to predict the probability of the path and timing of the parts of the movement shared by all people, and even the movements shared by people who have similar personality traits (特点) or are in the same moods — like people who are aggressive or bad-tempered. Dr. Lars Lau Rakêt, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Copenhagen, says, “In our model, we can combine information from thousands of movement patterns to get precise information about the structure of the movement, which ultimately allows us to judge whether the movement of an individual differs significantly from what we would expect to see in a given situation.” 57．What did the study participants experience in the research? A．They had their personality assessed. B．They completed a series of physical tasks. C．They were monitored through security cameras. D．They were observed in various social situations. 58．According to Satchell, in what field may their research results be applied? A．Scientific exploration. B．Behavioral correction. C．Security service. D．Personality development. 59．What can Dr. Lars Lau Rakêt’s model assist researchers to do? A．Recover missing information. B．Copy human behaviors. C．Adjust undesirable personalities. D．Identify unique movements. 60．What is the main purpose of the article? A．To discuss how experiments change our perspective. B．To present a new model for predicting human behavior. C．To highlight the importance of applying computer science. D．To introduce the findings about a person’s pace and personality. Passage 16 (23-24高二下·浙江杭州·期末) During the last 12 months, have you looked at photographs with family or friends? During the last 12 months, have you taken any photographs or videos to preserve memories? In the nationwide survey in 1995 of nearly 1, 500 people, 91% of respondents (受访者) said they’d looked at photographs with family or friends and 83% had taken a photograph in the past year. If the survey were repeated today, those numbers would certainly be higher. The popularity of smartphone cameras and social media has led to an increase in photo-taking and sharing, from capturing everyday moments to special occasions. So are all of these captured moments, these personal memories, a part of history? For historians Roy Rosenzweig and David Thelen, the answer is YES, and they believe the very concept of history is developing. They led the 1995 survey to understand how people thought about the past. This groundbreaking study was welcomed by historians and those working in museums, because it helped them to think about the public’s understanding of their field. Little did Rosenzweig and Thelen know the subject of history was about to be affected by a host of technologies. For example, over a third of the survey’s respondents said they had researched their family history. The activity got much easier the following year, when Paul Brent Allen and Dan Taggart launched Ancestry.com, which is now one of the largest online genealogical (宗谱的) databases. Researching your family tree no longer means studying documents in the local library. The survey also asked whether respondents had watched a movie or television show about history in the last year; four-fifths responded they had. The survey was conducted shortly before the 1 January 1995 launch of the History Channel, which opened the floodgates on history-themed TV. Nowadays, streaming services let people watch historical documentaries non stop on demand. Today, people aren’t just watching history. They’re recording it and sharing it in real time. As these technologies become commonplace, they are rewriting the official account of history. Maybe the best way to think about Rosenzweig and Thelen’s survey is that it offered a snapshot (快照) of public habits, as those habits were about to change unavoidably. 61．What is the 1995 survey mainly about? A．Different family traditions. B．Public understanding of history. C．Effects of personal memories on family history. D．The behavior of camera and social media users. 62．What might be a part of history according to Rosenzweig and Thelen? A．Live-streaming services. B．Personal opinions on history. C．Photos taken by smartphones. D．The idea of genealogical database. 63．According to the last paragraph, the 1995 survey______. A．fails to keep up with technology B．just reflects public habits back then C．suggests the importance of history D．provides contexts for historical research 64．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Technology Speeds the Development of History B．Smartphones May Rewrite the Official History C．Historians Find a New Way to Explore the Past D．Technology Can Change Our Concept of History Passage 17 (23-24高二下·浙江温州·期末) In the 1930s, the first cake mixes (蛋糕粉) which only required water were invented and some people argued that this approach, the easiest, was the best. But others thought cooks would want to do more. The cake-mix argument may be out-dated, but its central question remains: Just how demanding do we want our technologies to be? Then what is a demanding technology? Two elements are included: One is that it is technology that takes time to master, and the other is that its operation includes some real risk of failure. Therefore, a piano is a demanding technology, as is a programming language or a machine system. However, so-called easy technologies usually require little concentrated effort and produce predictable results. Clearly, easy technologies have remade human society over the past century, but the problem is that, as every individual task becomes easier, we demand much more of both ourselves and others. As a result, we are faced with a larger number of small tasks(writing hundreds of e-mails)instead of fewer difficult tasks (writing several long letters). And, when every task is easy, nearly all people are multitasking (多任务处理). Easy technologies supposedly free us to focus on what matters, but sometimes what matters gets eliminated. Everyone knows that it is easier to drive to the top of a mountain than to hike; the views may be the same, but the feeling never is. Following the same idea, we develop into beings that can do more. However, we can’t get the same satisfaction as we expect. I don’t mean that everything needs to be done the hard way. But we must take challenges seriously, or we’ll face the danger of becoming creatures whose lives are less satisfying. 65．What makes demanding technologies different from easy technologies? A．It requires much effort. B．It takes little attention. C．It achieves intended effect. D．It deals with machines. 66．What is a possible result of easy technologies? A．More time for concentration. B．Writing much longer letters. C．Lower expectations on others. D．Doing various tasks at a time. 67．What does the underlined word “eliminated” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Noticed. B．Stressed. C．Improved. D．Removed. 68．Which of the following can be the best title of this passage? A．The Argument Over Cake Mixes B．What Is A Demanding Technology? C．The Problem With Easy Technologies D．What Challenges Do Humans Face? 主题02 人与社会——历史，社会与文化 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·浙江金华十校·期末) According to the Global Maritime Wrecks Database, the ocean's bottom hosts over 250,000shipwrecks (沉船) , from 2,200BCE to today, but UNESCO believes there could be as many as three million, largely undiscovered. Wrecks offer historical insights, relics, metals for reuse, and potential treasures. The Colombian government is working out the best way to raise the San Jose, an 18th-centurySpanish sailboat that sank within the country's waters, having invested $3.5 million in conservation. But some scientists believe that shipwrecks are just as valuable when left at the bottom of the sea. A shipwreck contains history and becomes part of the ocean, influenced by nature. It's like a museum piece interacting with its surroundings. Shipwrecks help us see how oceans and coasts change. In the Mississippi delta, they track dangerous mudslides affecting oil facilities and pipelines. A sunken tanker near Louisiana moved 11km over 80 years due to mud. Shipwrecks also show how sea life might live around new underwater structures. They create homes for sea animals, with some having more diversity than natural reefs. Meyer-Kaiser says any man-made object in water becomes a habitat, though some might not be as good for sea creatures. Ocean currents, warming waters, and invasive species can be risks to shipwrecks. To prevent unauthorized exploration, the locations of more than 200 shipwrecks have largely been kept secret. Meyer-Kaiser says she had to sign a non-disclosure agreement (保密协议) to study them. However, Meyer-Kaiser's research suggests that another activity could be causing much more damage: commercial fishing. In response, a pilot project called the Shipwreck Avoidance Program was launched, showing promising results. 1．What do some scientists probably agree with according to Paragraph 2? A．Underwater shipwrecks should also be valued. B．The San Jose sailboat is worth the investment. C．Shipwrecks are more valuable than potential treasures. D．The Colombian government thinks little of shipwrecks. 2．What does Paragraph 3 focus on? A．The history of shipwrecks. B．The interaction with nature. C．The habitat for sea creatures. D．The significance of shipwrecks. 3．What has been done to protect shipwrecks? A．Removing invasive creatures. B．Stopping exploring shipwrecks. C．Agreeing to prevent further damage. D．Conducting the Shipwreck Avoidance Program. 4．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Diversity of Shipwrecks B．Ocean's Hidden Museums C．Undiscovered Shipwrecks D．Insight into Wrecks Research Passage 2 (24-25高二下·浙江台州·期末) Ignacio Vasquez, a 20-year-old college student, spent a year saving money for tickets to Beyoncé’s upcoming Cowboy Carter tour, only to find presale tickets priced at a minimum of $600 each and many at more than $l,000 — far beyond his budget. “The prices were just shockingly high.” Mr. Vasquez said and abandoned his plan. In recent years, concertgoers have paid eye-popping prices for tickets to see popular artists like Beyoncé, Taylor Swift and Oasis on tour. But Gen Z fans — those born between 1997 and 2012 — are paying much more for concert tickets than previous generations did when they were young adults. In 1996, the average ticket price for the top 100 tours was $25.8l, or about $52 adjusted for inflation(通货膨胀), according to data released by Pollstar, a trade publication that covers the live music industry, By 2024, average ticket prices had risen to $135.92. The live music industry has put today’s young adults in an impossibly expensive position. For Gen Z, spending on concerts can be budget breakers. In a survey published last year by Merge, a marketing agency, 86 percent Gen Z surveyed admitted overspending on live events. Fear of missing out, or FOMO, was cited as a top reason. Another survey by AAA, the automobile owners group, and Bread Financial, a financial services company, found that Gen Z are willing to spend more and travel farther to attend live events than older generations are. Last year, Chricket Cho, 25, attended seven concerts in the United States and Canada. She spent $8,400 on tickets and travel for the shows. “I just feel like live music is something that makes me feel alive.” said Ms. Cho, an information technology auditor who ears about $100,000 annually. Ms. Cho said she didn’t have a price cap for buying concert tickets. But she said soaring ticket prices had made her reconsider going to concerts if the artists weren’t her “all-time favorites” like Ms. Swift or Bleachers. 5．Why does the author mention Ignacio Vasquez’s experience in the first paragraph? A．To show the high prices of concert tickets. B．To advise students against concert spending. C．To stress Beyoncé’s popularity among Gen Z fans. D．To illustrate the difficulty with concert ticket purchase. 6．What is the main reason for Gen Z’s overspending on concerts? A．They are affected by inflation. B．They are afraid of being left out. C．They long to support their favourite stars. D．They view concerts as an essential part of life 7．What can be inferred about Chricket Cho? A．She can’t afford the high concert costs. B．She regrets spending so much on concerts C．She has a spending limit on concert tickets D．She has become more selective about concerts. 8．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．Gen Z Save Money for Concert Costs B．Gen Z Beat Older Generations in Concert Love C．Sky-High Concert Prices Break Gen Z’s Budgets D．Rocketing Ticket Prices Cool Gen Z’s passion for Concerts Passage 3 (23-24高二下·浙江浙南名校·期末) For many in America, food waste is a way of life: a discarded (丢弃) apple here, a half-eaten dinner plate there. But just how much food do Americans waste, and why? A new research casts light on the dirty little habit that squanders over 30 percent of the country’s food supply and costs $161.6 billion a year, a habit driven in part by fear of food poisoning and a desire to eat only the freshest foods. When public health researchers from Johns Hopkins University surveyed Americans about their feelings on food waste, they found that “Americans are pretty picky about what gets to stay in their fridges.” The survey, which was conducted online and covered a nationally representative sample of 1,010 adults, asked questions about the things that motivate people to keep and throw out food from their fridges. 65 percent of respondents said they threw food out due to worries about food poisoning, while 60 percent said they only wanted to eat the freshest foods. A smaller amount (41 percent) reported that they composted (制堆肥) food, “so it doesn’t bother me.” Only 15 percent of respondents said they didn’t have time to prevent food waste. On the other hand, respondents seemed relatively motivated to waste less food — but not for the reasons you might think. People were most motivated to reduce food waste due to desires to save money and manage their households efficiently. But regardless of the fact that food waste causes a significant environmental impact and only a small part of food waste is composted, less than half of respondents thought it was important to reduce food waste for environmental reasons. Roni Neff, who leads the research, hopes the results will help educators, policymakers and businesses make changes — like highlighting the economic costs of food waste — that are actually likely to reduce waste. But perhaps the most effective strategy, writes Neff, could be clarifying messages about food safety and freshness so that Americans get less alarmed by the potential of food poisoning to begin with. 9．What does the underlined word “squanders” mean in the first paragraph? A．Wastes. B．Distributes. C．Maintains. D．Produces. 10．What does the survey mainly focus on? A．Functions of fridges. B．Different eating habits. C．Reasons for food waste. D．Public health conditions. 11．What motivated respondents most to cut down food waste? A．Enormous food waste. B．The desire to save money. C．Environmental awareness. D．The need to compost food. 12．What does Neff suggest in the last paragraph? A．Pay more attention to food waste. B．Ignore the potential of food poisoning. C．Reduce the economic costs of food waste. D．Correct misconceptions about food safety and freshness. Passage 4 (23-24高二下·浙江嘉兴·期末) Jeremy Clarkson, the 64-year-old TV star, alongside his partner Lisa Hogan, has grown quite fond of the farm animals they’ve been raising for years in Oxford shire. Fans of the Prime Video hit series Clarkson’s Farm have been attracted to Jeremy’s agricultural adventures since it first aired in 2021. The upcoming third season, set to drop on May 3, sees the farm struggling with a host of troubles from pi g chaos to the bite of increased cost and some serious weather difficulty. In the heartfelt first episode of the new season, Jeremy opens up about the tough decision to shut down his farm restaurant, and to painfully downsize the herd: “With the restaurant shutting, we could no longer afford to keep all the cows. We could hang onto the baby cows to fatten them up, but their mums would have to go.” The sight of his precious cows being packed onto trucks and driven away from the farm left Jeremy visibly moved as he said to his colleague Charlie Ireland: “I’m finding today really quite sad because for the last year or so I have opened the windows and there were cows—and I loved that.” He added, “It just cheers up my heart every morning to see them,” while facing the reality that the night would be restless with the baby cows upset over the loss of their mothers. When Jeremy asked about the future of his beloved cow Pepper, Charlie gently advised, “I wouldn’t ask too many questions about Pepper. Don’t ask questions you don’t want to know the answer to.” The show then cuts to the adorable home video shot by Lisa of the baby and mummy cows causing chaos in their garden, followed by a sad scene of Jeremy with his arm around Lisa, silently watching the cows being led away. Jeremy looked depressed, seemingly on the edge of tears during the emotional goodbye, as he and Lisa stood wordlessly. 13．What does the third season of Clarkson’s Farm concern? A．Who makes Jeremy downsize the cattle herd. B．What it takes Jeremy to operate the farm restaurant. C．How Jeremy deals with the challenges his farm faces. D．Why Jeremy has his agricultural adventures broadcast. 14．What did Jeremy think of having cows on his farm? A．Enjoyable. B．Silly. C．Honorable. D．Tiring. 15．What advice did Charlie Ireland offer Jeremy about Pepper? A．Stopping asking Pepper questions. B．Finding out where Pepper will end up. C．Avoiding thinking about Pepper’s future. D．Making arrangements for Pepper’s well-being. 16．How did Jeremy and Lisa react to the departure of their cows? A．They kept silent. B．They burst into tears. C．They shot a video. D．They remained hopeful. Passage 5 (23-24高二下·浙江宁波·期末) “It can be very annoying being a composer,” laughs Errollyn Wallen. Music constantly consumes her thoughts even during walks or chores. “Music is always on my mind, even when I’m doing something else. But with dishwashing, I tidy up and escape occasionally,” says the composer. Wallen’s passion for music shines through her impressive works and awards. Her music, both instinctive and emotionally expressive, shows great technical skill. With an Ivor Novello Award, 22 operas, and numerous other compositions, she graced events like the 2012Paralympics and the Queen’s anniversaries with her music. Her re-imagining of Jerusalem took the BBC Last Night of the Concerts by storm in 2020. Composing for her is as natural as breathing. She’s warm, talkative, and open-minded. Last year, she completed a memoir Becoming a Composer, reflecting on her musical journey, creative process, and the challenges of composing for a living. The book is a generous, amusing and beautiful read, effectively telling the composer’s life through Wallen’s accessible approach. In her book, Wallen reflects on her complex childhood, moving from Belize to London and growing up in Tottenham with an uncle and aunt while her parents lived in New York. Despite feeling deserted and rejected, music became her comfort, “The moment I began learning the piano was magical. The piano served as my window into the world of music and my composing table, transporting me to new places.” Wallen’s music often addresses political themes, such as Mighty River and her opera YES. She believes in telling stories that haven’t been explored enough, especially from personal perspectives. However, she acknowledges that being a Black artist requires more personal, cultural, and historical consideration than White artists. There is still much progress to be made. Wallen challenges the classical music norm, advocating for composers to embrace their unique backgrounds. She encourages her non-Western students to use their heritage into their work, opposing the need to follow traditional styles. 17．What would help Wallen to get rid of music for a while? A．Preparing dishes. B．Going for a walk. C．Thinking about chores. D．Doing some wash up. 18．According to the underlined part, Wallen’s re-imagining of Jerusalem . A．received mixed review s from critics. B．caused a minor stir among concertgoers. C．became a hit and attracted a lot of attention. D．was an unexpected addition to the concert program. 19．What is the focus of Becoming a Composer? A．The shaping of Wallen’s personality. B．The complex childhood and growth. C．The journey to musical composition. D．The magical piano and composing table. 20．What does Wallen think of composing as a Black artist? A．Challenging. B．Annoying. C．Comforting. D．Amusing. 主题03 人与自然——生态与环境 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·浙江宁波九校·期末) A Cooper’s hawk (鹰) in New Jersey has been observed using a smart urban hunting strategy — using traffic signals and parked cars as cover to hunt prey. Zoologist Vladimir Dinets first noticed the young raptor at a West Orange crossing when sending his daughter to school. Over several days, he documented its unique technique: the hawk would wait for the pedestrian crossing sound before launching attacks. “It emerged from that small tree, flew very low above the sidewalk along the line of cars, made a sharp turn, crossed the street between the cars, and dove onto something near one of the houses,” Dinets described in Frontiers in Ethology. The targeted house had residents who frequently dined outdoors, leaving food scraps that attracted sparrows and doves — the hawk’s prey. Cooper’s hawks are naturally stealthy forest hunters, but this individual adapted its strategies to the urban environment. Dinets conducted 18 observations that winter, noting the hawk only hunted when specific conditions were met: the pedestrian signal sounded, creating a long line of waiting cars for cover. “The probability of that happening by chance was very close to zero,” Dinets told Science Alert. On weekends without traffic or rainy days when no birds gathered, the hawk didn’t hunt. The predator’s strategy demonstrated remarkable foresight. “The sound signal meant that the red light would last longer, so the queue of cars would provide cover for the entire approach,” Dinets explained. The hawk would fly low behind vehicles, make a 90-degree turn, and strike feeding flocks. Though Dinets rarely saw the kills, he once witnessed the hawk carrying a sparrow and another time eating a dove. “This shows the ability to understand connections between events and to plan ahead,” Dinets said. “They have a mental map of their hunting area and know it intimately.” Few scientific observations capture such complex raptor behavior, as wild hawks are difficult to study. Dinets emphasized the cognitive demands of urban survival: “A city is a dangerous habitat for a large raptor... they manage to thrive there, at least in part, by being very smart.” 1．Why did the hawk target the area near the house mentioned in the text? A．Because cars parked there never moved. B．Because the residents deliberately fed wild birds. C．Because the trees there provided perfect hiding spots. D．Because food remains left outside attracted smaller birds. 2．On what conditions would the hawk most probably launch attacks? A．When cars were waiting in a line on rainy days. B．When pedestrians crossed the road with light traffic. C．When many birds gathered in a tree across the street. D．When the pedestrian signals sounded on sunny weekdays. 3．What does the hawk’s specific hunting strategy suggest? A．It cannot hunt without human assistance. B．It uses the noise to scare prey into the open air. C．It connects the sound signal with ideal hunting conditions. D．It regards the pedestrian crossing sound as a signal for hunting. 4．Which of the following would be the best title of the article? A．Hawks are forced to hunt in urban areas B．Raptors adapt hunting skills to urban settings C．Traffic signals change hawks’ hunting strategy D．Human behavior disrupts wildlife’s living habits Passage 2 (24-25高二下·浙江温州环大罗山联盟·期末) In July 2024, a school of 77 pilot whales washed up on a beach in Orkney, Scotland. It was the largest mass stranding (滞留) of whales in Scotland for decades. Scientists don’t know exactly why whales beach themselves. One theory is that climate change is driving whales’ food closer to the shoreline, where they then get stuck as the tide goes out. If a single animal is found, it is usually because it is sick or has been injured. In the Orkney stranding, 12 of the whales were still alive when they became beached. When this happens, marine organizations assess whether a whale can be safely refloated. Professionals and members of the community frequently come together, cover the animal in wet sheets and pour buckets of water over it, though not the blowhole, until the animal drifts back out to the ocean. Though it’s not always a happy ending. For those that don’t survive, a post-mortem (验尸) examination is often carried out. Dr Brownlow of the Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme told the BBC that these can reveal a lot about the whale’s life and the reasons why it was beached. In 2024, a very rare species of whale turned up on a beach in New Zealand — a spade-toothed whale. While this is sad, the dead body was dissected in order to help researchers acquire new information about the species. “From a scientific and conservation point of view, this is huge”, Gabe Davies, a Department of Conservation official, said. Some beached whales who don’t survive have their skeletons sent to museums, while many others are returned to the water. This ensures the marine environment benefits because whale carcasses (兽尸) give off many nutrients. “When they fall and die and sink to the bottom of the ocean, they form these little nutrient-rich islands that can support a huge diversity of life,” says Dr Brownlow. The more research that can be done, the better. For now, we can only do what we can to keep our oceans clean and safe. 5．What can be learnt about the stranding of whales? A．Whales’ stranding causes their death unavoidably. B．Experts’ efforts to save stranded whales always pay off. C．Food distribution is a partial cause of whales’ stranding. D．Pouring water over the blowhole can save beached whales. 6．Why does the author mention the post-mortem examination? A．To show the procedure of an examination. B．To illustrate the value of studying dead bodies. C．To explain the carcasses’ value to marine ecosystems D．To advocate for immediate rescue efforts for stranded whales. 7．What’s Dr. Brownlow’s attitude towards the role of whale carcasses? A．Optimistic. B．Skeptical. C．Neutral. D．Indifferent. 8．What can we infer from the passage? A．Further efforts should be made to rescue beached whales. B．Ocean cleanup is more important than scientific research. C．Immediate actions are needed to address climate change. D．Ocean cleanup efforts are crucial to the marine ecosystem. Passage 3 (24-25高二下·浙江衢州·期末) Turtles are known for their extraordinary navigation (导航) abilities-they’re capable of travelling across oceans to return to the same nesting and feeding grounds throughout their lives. In fact, their skills are so good that it puts them in the mood to dance. A new study, published in Nature, has revealed that baby loggerhead turtles perform a lively jig when their preferred places to feed are nearby. The discovery suggests that they use magnetic fields (磁场) as signposts, detecting the unique features of a particular feeding ground and celebrating when they find them. The turtles’ dance moves include leaning their bodies vertically, holding their heads above the water, opening their mouths, waving their front flippers and spinning in place. Researchers prepared two water tanks to match the magnetic features of two locations-a site in the Gulf of Mexico and another near New Hampshire, in the US-and conditioned the turtles to associate one with food. They found that there were significantly higher levels of turtle dance behaviour when in the feeding tank, even if there was no food, suggesting that the loggerheads could distinguish between the magnetic fields. Even months later, the turtles continued to recognize the feeding tank. “Sea turtles can detect both intensity of the magnetic field and inclination angle-the angle that magnetic field lines meet Earth’s surface,” study author Dr Kayla Goforth told BBC Science Focus. “These two components vary predictably across the globe and turtles use this to determine map information.” The researchers plan to explore this“magnetic map” ability further. “We would like to dig into what the mechanism of the map might be, as well as how sensitive their ability to detect magnetic fields really is. For example, what is the smallest difference in magnetic fields that turtles can sense?” said Dr. Kayla Goforth. “Understanding these aspects could provide valuable insights into the complex navigation systems of sea turtles and help to protect their habitats and migratory routes.” 9．What does the word “jig” in the second paragraph most probably mean? A．A kind of dance. B．A type of test. C．A form of mission. D．A way of feeding. 10．What can we learn about the experiment mentioned in paragraph 3? A．Turtles can only identify the tank with food in it. B．Turtles can tell different magnetic fields apart. C．Turtles perform more dance behavior when there is no food. D．Turtles lose the ability to identify the feeding tank after months. 11．What will researchers do in the follow-up study, according to Dr. Kayla Goforth? A．Examine the turtles’ migration routes. B．Investigate the impact of human activities on turtles. C．Explore the sensitivity of the turtles’ magnetic perception. D．Study the turtles’ feeding patterns in different seasons. 12．What is the main idea of the text? A．Turtles use magnetic fields to navigate and find food. B．Turtles are known for their excellent dancing skills. C．Turtles recognize nesting sites using magnetic maps. D．Turtles have a strong preference for specific feeding grounds. Passage 4 (23-24高二下·浙江温州·期末) Everyone knows this: Slowly turn up the heat on a frog in a pot of water, and the frog won’t hop out. Unaware of the slight increase in heat, it will stay put until — well, until it dies. When it comes to the effect of rising global temperatures on amphibians (两栖动物), the frog-boiling fable is more than just a metaphor (隐喻). Climate change is becoming one of the biggest threats to frogs and other amphibians, according to a major study published Wednesday in the journal Nature. Between 2004 and 2022, rising temperatures became the primary reason why more than 100 amphibian species were slipping toward extinction. The spread of disease among frogs and the destruction of their habitats have long been recognized as reasons why many amphibians are decreasing. But this new study establishes climate change as a major risk for amphibians around the world, too. The soft-skinned animals lack the fur and feathers to help adjust their temperature in this hotter and more drought-stricken world. Less attention is paid to frogs and other amphibians compared to more well-known groups like birds. But losing amphibians would be disastrous because they often act as a key link in the food web of ecosystems, wolfing insects down and, in turn, being eaten by larger predators (捕食者).“Without those amphibians to fill that role, we will see the breakdown of this food web,” said Neam, who works for an Austin-based environmental group. Luckily, habitat protection and other conservation measures have been taken to help recover more than five dozen amphibians from Costa Rica to Malaysia. “It’s not all bad news,” said Jennifer Luedtke, an amphibian group leader of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. “But we really must build on this improvement and significantly increase investment in amphibian conservation.” 13．How is the topic introduced? A．By listing facts. B．By explaining ideas. C．By sharing a story. D．By raising a question. 14．What is the main reason for the decrease of amphibians according to the new study? A．The spread of disease. B．The loss of habitats. C．The rise of temperature. D．The lack of feathers. 15．What will happen if the number of amphibians decreases? A．The food chain will be destroyed. B．Wolves will depend more on insects. C．Predators will be the key role of the web. D．The ecosystem will become more diverse. 16．How does Luedtke feel about the future of amphibians? A．Worried. B．Hopeful. C．Uncertain. D．Curious. Passage 5 (23-24高二下·浙江宁波九校·期末) As a nature educator, Han, 30, enjoys taking teenagers to discover the magic of trees. He always plays a game called Encounter My Tree. He blindfolds children and let them explore a tree using their hands. “When my students find their tree, it feels like a reunion with an old friend, filling them with joy,” Han said. Han is always surprised at his students’ amazing imaginations. They might call a walnut tree a “bomb tree” because its falling walnuts are just like “bombs”. Chinese privet, in their eyes, may look like a “drone”, so they call it “drone tree”. “Although observing trees is a simple and equipment-free activity, there are quite a few things you can do,” noted Han. You can study a tree by looking at the bark’s appearance and color and looking for tiny pores on the trunk which the tree uses to “breathe”.... Meanwhile, you can engage with a tree’s life journey, from a seed to a full-grown tree. “You can feel the passage of time by touching the tree trunk with your eyes closed, or sense the energy flowing inside by pressing your ear against the trunk,” Han said. The key challenge in the tree observation is patience and letting go of preconceived ideas. Patience is extremely important as it allows you to immerse yourself in the tree’s world. Practicing meditation or playing the Encounter My Tree game can help you connect with trees faster. People with extensive plant knowledge may overlook the beauty of a tree’s unique details. Each living being is distinctive, and every tree has its own story and growth marks. “For me, the joy of observing trees sometimes goes beyond the trees themselves,” noted Han. Up in the tree, you’ll find a tiny world with busy ants, hidden spiders, and even parasitic plants completing their life journeys, he added. 17．What does the underlined word “blindfold” mean in Paragraph 1? A．Lose one’s sight. B．Bend something blindly. C．Set somebody free. D．Cover one’s eyes thoroughly. 18．During tree observation, the following senses are activated except _________ . A．smell B．sight C．touch D．hearing 19．Which statement may Han probably agree with? A．Tree observation is never a hard nut to crack. B．Nothing but simply observing is involved in tree observation. C．Pleasure of observing trees mainly comes from the trees themselves. D．Abandoning presupposed thoughts plays a crucial part in tree observation. 20．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．A Nature Educator. B．A Tree Observer. C．Exploring Trees. D．Approaching Trees. 主题04 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·浙江舟山·期末) Thiekouta Diouf, an 84-year-old Senegalese cataract (白内障) patient, was overjoyed to regain his sight after receiving a custom-made foldable intraocular lens implant from Chinese doctors. The free surgery was performed last week inside a mobile surgical unit in western Senegal by Zhang Zhaode, an ophthalmologist from Fujian province. “The operation was comfortable. I felt no pain,” Diouf says. His operation was the 3,603rd procedure completed under a cataract blindness prevention project launched by the GX Foundation, a Chinese nonprofit organization. In Senegal, where the healthcare system is underdeveloped and high ultraviolet exposure in the tropical areas contributes to cataract development, the situation is particularly pressing. It is officially reported that nearly 165,000 Senegalese are blind, and more than 550,000 suffer from visual impairments. “The situation is more serious than we had imagined,” says Zheng Hong, chief physician from Fujian. “We initially planned to perform about 10 operations a day,” Zheng adds. “But now perform over 20 surgeries a day with so much demand.” “A friend from my village told me the Chinese doctors here are very skillful and are capable of fixing our vision problems,” says 52-year-old Saliou Diouf, who has lived with blurry vision for years, unable to access surgical treatment. “We conduct thorough screenings for every patient,” says Zhang Caihua, another chief physician. “Once cataracts are diagnosed, we customize intraocular lenses to suit each individual’s eye condition.” At a closing ceremony held recently in Senegal’s capital Dakar, Leung Chun-ying, president of the GX Foundation, spoke about the project’s progress. “For more than a year, we have shared Chinese medical expertise with the people of Senegal. In return, they have left us with touching stories. Whether it’s patients who have been blind for 30 years or more, the joy of regaining sight deeply symbolizes Sino-Senegalese friendship,” Leung says. 1．What do we know about Thiekouta Diouf’s surgery? A．The surgery brought slight pain to him. B．The surgery was the 3,603rd one in the project. C．The surgery was carried out by a profitable organization. D．The surgery was performed in a fixed hospital in Senegal. 2．How does the project provide treatment for patients? A．By using standard lenses for all. B．By avoiding surgery for the elderly. C．By focusing mainly on young patients. D．By designing lenses based on individual needs. 3．What can we infer about the Chinese medical team? A．They tailor intraocular lenses casually. B．They are delicated to helping Senegalese patients. C．They strictly follow the initial plan of 10 operations a day. D．They pay more attention to the patients with severe diseases. 4．What is the main purpose of the GX Foundation’s project in Senegal? A．To promote Chinese culture. B．To sell medical equipment. C．To provide free cataract surgeries. D．To train local doctors specifically. Passage 2 (23-24高二下·浙江嘉兴·期末) Humans have been living together since... forever. But it’s only recently that the term co-living has started to appear everywhere. Co-living is a real estate (房地产) term that has been recently popularized by the rise of housing startups offering affordable housing in homes occupied by five or more adult roommates. These co-living spaces take many forms, including everything from single family homes repurposed to house non-related families, to floors in a high-rise building that have been transformed into dormitory-style accommodations. According to the U. S. Census, the number of young people aged 18-34 living alone decreased by 10.3% from 2005 to 2015. Factors such as the 2008 housing crisis and student loan debt have made it more difficult for young people to afford their own apartments. This trend is not unique to America. In Hong Kong, where the average living space per person is 160 square feet and 76% of adults aged 18-35 live at home with their parents, co-living is a popular alternative to living at home—and one that allows them to save money to buy their own home in one of the most expensive rental markets in the world. In London, competitive real estate markets make living alone financially unattainable for many. Co-living spaces offer a safe, flexible shared housing option for single people living in. urban areas. They bring together like-minded people. Whether you’re moving to a new city, or busy with work, making friends as an adult can be hard. According to a 2019 survey, about 30% of Millennials “often” or “always” feel lonely. Co-living attempts to solve that problem by offering a built-in community of people who are open to sharing meals, hosting movie nights, and talking about each other’s days. With private bedrooms and shared living spaces, co-living homes allow you to socialize when you want to, and be alone when you don’t. 5．What does the term “co-living” generally refer to? A．Owning a single-family home. B．Living in a family-style building. C．Occupying a room in an apartment. D．Sharing a living space with several others. 6．Why are Hong Kong and London mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To introduce a new trend in living. B．To explain why co-living is so popular. C．To stress how important co-living is. D．To compare two different living styles. 7．We can learn from the last paragraph that co-living can help people ________. A．build a sense of belonging B．enjoy financial freedom C．keep a good work-life balance D．develop problem-solving skills 8．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Shared Spaces: Benefit of Co-living B．Co-living: a Housing Type on the Rise C．Co-living: a Must for Young Adults D．Housing Reform: Co-living as a Solution 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·浙江湖州·期末) Cortisol, widely recognized as the “stress hormone (激素)”, plays a key role in managing stress. The recent discussions in TikTok suggest a misinterpretation that cortisol imbalances are directly responsible for various health issues, from loose skin to sleep and digestive problems. “The relationship between cortisol and body symptoms is not straightforward.” Experts like Martin Picard from Columbia University emphasizes. Our bodies release cortisol when we encounter a challenge, whether psychological or physical, real or imagined. Things like coming across a bear on a hike, receiving an annoying work email or delivering a public speech are the typical cases. Cortisol aids in energy supply and metabolism (新陈代谢) control. Its levels vary, peaking in the morning and reducing by night. However, long-term stress can disturb this balance, leading to sustained high cortisol levels. Potential disadvantages are weakened immune (免疫的) system and high blood sugar, as well as mental illnesses like depression and PTSD．In extreme cases, too much cortisol production may lead to Cushing’s syndrome, characterized by serious physical changes and requiring medical treatment. Identifying cortisol-related issues requires professional evaluation, as self-assessment or at-home testing may not provide accurate results due to cortisol’s dynamic nature. Experts suggest consulting healthcare professionals for a thorough check. While there’s no one-size-fits-all solution for managing cortisol levels, research indicates that practices such as yoga, mindfulness, and moderate exercise can aid in regulating the body’s stress response. These activities not only help in reducing stress but also in training the body to manage its stress In conclusion, cortisol plays a key role in how our body handles stress and functions overall. However, saying that many health problems are just due to cortisol imbalances misses the complex interaction between hormones, stress and health. It’s important to take a holistic approach to health, with professional guidance and personalized stress management strategies. 1．What can we learn about cortisol? A．It can directly cause sleep disorder. B．It won’t influence physical health at all. C．It has nothing to do with stomach upset. D．It is misunderstood on social media. 2．What can be inferred from paragraph 4? A．Exercise guarantees cortisol decrease. B．Home testing of cortisol is not available. C．Multiple tests may be required to measure cortisol. D．Experts reject home activities in stress management. 3．What does the underlined word “holistic” mean in the last paragraph? A．Medical. B．Physical. C．Immediate. D．Comprehensive. 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．Cortisol: The Simple Truth About Stress Hormone. B．Medical Treatments for Cortisol-Related Disorders. C．How to Reduce Cortisol Levels Through Daily Exercises. D．Cortisol’s Complex Role in Stress and Health Issues. Passage 2 (24-25高二下·浙江温州新力量·期末) Roughly 42% of Americans are nearsighted today, compared to 25% in 1971. The World Health Organization predicts that about half of the world’s population will have nearsightedness by 2050. It’s apparent that our eyesight is becoming increasingly poor, but researchers are only now beginning to understand why. Generally a childhood phenomenon, nearsightedness happens when the eyeball grows too long from front to back, taking on more of an oval (椭圆形) shape rather than a sphere (球形). Eyes have a “stop signal” so that they grow corresponding with the head, explains Gregory Schwartz, an associate professor at Northwestern University. However, that signal can be interrupted by genetic and environmental factors, which leads to our eyeballs growing a bit too much, leading to far-off objects looking out of focus. Signs you might have nearsightedness also include headaches, as well as eye stress and tiredness when doing certain activities such as driving or playing sports. The increased use of screens, most of which are high contrast, like black text on a white page, or light text on a dark background, overstimulating our eyes, causing more eye growth in children and less time spent outdoors are to blame. A 2017 study published in JAMA Ophthalmology found a connection between increased natural light exposure and a decrease in nearsightedness, particularly in children and young adults. Exposure to natural light stimulates dopamine, a chemical which helps regulate normal growth and development of the eyeball. Indoor lighting doesn’t do the trick. Most people’s vision will stabilize in their teens, but some people develop nearsightedness later in life, typically between ages 20 and 40. Poor eyesight isn’t the only downside; people with nearsightedness are at a higher risk of developing eye issues as they age. That’s why regular eye exercise is crucial. 5．What is the function of the figures in paragraph 1? A．To draw the attention of WHO. B．To introduce the research methods. C．To explain the causes of nearsightedness. D．To illustrate the seriousness of nearsightedness. 6．What happens to the eyeballs of nearsighted children? A．They are out of shape. B．They grow into a sphere. C．They match the growth of heads. D．They distinguish far-off objects easily. 7．What is the main idea of paragraph 3? A．The overuse of screens. B．The causes of nearsightedness. C．The benefits of protecting eyes. D．The influence of exposure to light. 8．What might the author continue talking about? A．Eye issues of ageing. B．The ways to exercise eyes. C．Key factors to affect eyesight. D．The downside of nearsightedness. Passage 3 (24-25高二下·浙江杭州联谊学校·期末) Alan Turing and Gordon Moore could never have predicted the rise of social media, memes, or cyberattacks. Decades after their invention, the architects of the atomic bomb could no more stop a nuclear war than Henry Ford could stop a car accident. Technology’s unavoidable challenge is that its makers quickly lose control over the path their inventions take once introduced to the world. Technology exists in a complex, dynamic system, where second-, third-, and nth-order consequences spread unpredictably. Understanding technology is, in part, about trying to understand its unintended consequences, to predict not just positive impacts but “revenge effects.” Quite simply, any technology is capable of going wrong. Think of how the overuse of antibiotics (抗生素) makes them less effective, or how the “space junk” endangers spaceflight. As the power of our tools grows exponentially and as access to them rapidly increases, so do the potential harms that no one can fully predict. One day someone is writing equations (方程式) on a blackboard or working on a prototype (机器雏形) in the garage; within decades, it has produced existential questions for humanity. This aspect of technology has felt more and more pressing to me. How do we guarantee that this new wave of technologies does more good than harm? Technology’s problem here is a containment problem. Containment is the critical ability to control, limit, and, if need be, close down technologies at any stage of their development. It means, in some circumstances, the ability to stop a technology from mushrooming in the first place, checking the ripple of unintended consequences, both good and bad. Then, if containment is important, who should bear the duty to do it? It is we technologists. More than anyone else, it is up to us to face it. We might not be able to control the final end points of our work or its long-term effects, but that is no reason to give up responsibility. Decisions technologists make at the source can still shape outcomes. Just because consequences are difficult to predict doesn’t mean we shouldn’t try. 9．Why does the author mention inventors and inventions in paragraph 1? A．To show that creations often lack control once released. B．To highlight the fast development of technology. C．To compare inventors’ different career paths. D．To emphasize inventors’ irreplaceable role. 10．Which might be an example of the “revenge effect” in paragraph 2? A．Solar panels cut costs. B．AI blocks harmful questions. C．App loses popularity after update. D．Self-driving cars crash due to errors. 11．What is the main idea of paragraph 4? A．Technology is a problem. B．Technology is a mixed blessing. C．Technology leads to bad consequences. D．Technology needs controlled management. 12．Which best describes the nature of the last paragraph? A．A call to act. B．A conclusion of a scientific study. C．An official warning. D．A challenge of a traditional view. Passage 4 (23-24高二下·浙江温州平阳县万全综合高级中学·期末) Are you an early bird or a night owl? Our activity patterns and sleep cycles could influence our risk of heart disease. New research published in Experimental Physiology found wake/sleep cycles cause metabolic (新陈代谢) differences and change our body’s preference for energy sources. Researchers from Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA classified participants into two groups(early and late) based on their natural tendency to seek activity and sleep at different times. The participants were monitored for a week to assess their activity patterns across the day. They ate a calorie and nutrition-controlled diet and had to fast overnight to minimize dietary impact on the results. To study fuel preference, they were tested while at rest before completing two 15-minute period of exercise: one moderate and one high intensity session on a running machine. Aerobic fitness levels were tested through an incline challenge where the incline was raised 2.5% every two minutes until the participant reached a point of exhaustion. The researchers found that those who stay up later have a reduced ability to use fat for energy, meaning fats may build up in the body and increase the risk of heart disease. People who are ‘early birds’ rely more on fat as an energy source and are more active during the day with, higher levels of aerobic fitness than ‘night owls’. On the other hand, ‘night owls’ use less fat for energy at rest and during exercise. Researchers also found that early birds use more fat for energy at both rest and during exercise than night owls. Professor Steven Malin from Rutgers University said, “We found that early birds are more physically active and have higher fitness levels than night owls. Farther research is needed to examine the link between exercise and metabolic adaptation to identify whether exercising earlier in the day has greater health benefits.” 13．What does the underlined word “fast” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Move quickly. B．Go without food. C．Exercise regularly. D．Fall sound asleep. 14．How was the research conducted? A．By making a survey. B．By making contrasts. C．By providing examples. D．By introducing a concept. 15．What is the characteristic of the “early birds”? A．Having lower fitness level. B．Using less fat during exercise. C．Consuming more fat at rest. D．Being more active during the night. 16．What is Malin’s attitude to the result of the research? A．Tolerant. B．Pessimistic. C．Indifferent. D．Uncertain. Passage 5 (23-24高二下·浙江湖州·期末) The art of writing by hand has a great history. From Emily Dickinson’s elegant cursive, to Stephen King’s neat block lettering, many of the most famous and important works of literature have been written by hand, reports Forbes, even when, as in King’s case, electronic word processing was an option. Now, studies have shown that writing by hand can have enormous benefits in terms of memory, brain development, and even the quality of the writing itself. Some might say that handwriting has become a dying art since the appearance of the typewriter in the mid 1880’s, even more so due to computers. In fact, many schools in the United States no longer require teaching cursive as a part of the core curriculums. However, despite the sense that writing on paper is passe, it actually has a number of important benefits. Writing by hands’ cognitive benefits are numerous and there are many studies that can attest to that. A 2014 study from the Association for Psychological Science shows that taking notes on a laptop as opposed to writing them longhand, leads to shallower processing of the material learned. This is because when using a laptop, students will often type out lectures verbatim (逐字), as opposed to processing information and rewording it in their own language. These benefits actually translate to how you recall the information. In this case writing it by hand instead of typing also helps students do better on exams. A study led by Dr. Virginia Berninger, a professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington, suggests that children wrote longer and more complex essays when they were writing by hand, as opposed to using a keyboard. So the next time you sit down to write an email to a loved one, consider the possibility that it might be better for your brain if you wrote a handwritten letter instead. 17．What does the author intended to do in paragraph 1? A．Introduce the new finding of the study. B．Describe the history of the writing art. C．Show the benefits of writing by hand. D．Tell the story of some famous writers. 18．What does the underlined word “passe” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Necessary. B．Out-of-date. C．Essential. D．Fundamental. 19．What can we infer from the findings from the Association for Psychological Science? A．Taking notes on a laptop contributes to deeper processing of the material learned. B．When using a laptop, students will often type out lectures in a whole new light. C．Writing by hand makes people process information in their own language. D．Typing out lectures can help people reword information. 20．How should you express your love to your loved one? A．By typing the e-mail. B．By writing by yourself. C．By writing longer essays. D．By reading a poem. Passage 6 (23-24高二下·浙江环大罗山联盟·期末) If you want to keep your kids from drinking, start by looking at your own consumption. That’s because adolescents whose parents drank regularly or binge drank were four times more likely to drink themselves, according to a newly-published study. Binge drinking is defined as at least four drinks for women and five drinks for men on one occasion. Dr. Marissa Esser, senior study author, stresses that binge drinking not only harms the drinker but increases the likelihood of their teens engaging in alcohol consumption. It isn’t surprising to see a connection between parent and teen drinking. The reason could be tied to multiple things like modeling, alcohol accessibility in the home or a parent’s permissiveness around drinking, said Dr. Scott Hadland, chief of adolescent and young adult medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital. However, Dr. Dick, director of the Rutgers Addiction Research Center, suggests a strong genetic component may also play a role. “About 50% of the differences between how much kids drink — especially as they move through adolescence into young adulthood — is due to differences in their genes,” Dick said. Teenagers’ alcohol consumption is a cause for concern due to potential health and brain development consequences. Dr. Dick highlights that the age at which a person begins drinking is closely linked to their risk of developing addiction. Data cited by Dr. Dick indicates that over 45% of individuals who start drinking at age 13 or younger experience alcohol-related issues, while less than 10% of those who delay drinking until age 21 develop an alcohol use disorder. Reducing parental alcohol consumption can be challenging, even for those without alcohol problems. “Maybe it’s difficult because you have a habit of settling down after a long day with a glass of wine or because it feels strange to be at a party with friends and not have a cocktail in hand,” said journalist Rosamund Dean. However, if you’ re looking to reduce your drinking, there’re effective ways to do it, she said. 21．Which of the following is Dr. Dick’s point of view? A．Alcohol intake variation are genetically influenced B．Early alcohol initiation reduces future alcohol risks. C．Alcohol addiction is a severe problem among teens. D．Delaying drinking helps teens avoid alcohol addiction. 22．How does Dr. Dick illustrate his point of view? A．By offering examples. B．By giving a definition. C．By presenting statistics. D．By quoting experts’ words. 23．What might be talked about in the following-up paragraph? A．Why teens should reduce drinking. B．How parents can cut down on alcohol. C．What kinds of teens may have alcohol issues. D．What influences teens’ alcohol consumption. 24．What can be the best title for$ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 参考答案 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1：1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C Passage 2：5．C 6．D 7．B 8．D Passage 3：9．D 10．B 11．C 12．D Passage 4：13．D 14．A 15．B 16．C Passage 5：17．A 18．C 19．C 20．D Passage 6：21．D 22．C 23．B 24．C Passage 7：25．A 26．C 27．D 28．C Passage 8：29．C 30．B 31．D 32．A Passage 9：33．B 34．B 35．A 36．C Passage 10：37．C 38．C 39．D 40．D Passage 11：41．B 42．C 42．C 44．D Passage 12：45．D 46．A 47．B 48．D Passage 13：49．A 50．D 51．C 52．B Passage 14：53．D 54．B 55．B 56．C Passage 15：57．A 58．C 59．D 60．D Passage 16：61．B 62．C 63．B 64．D Passage 17：65．A 66．D 67．D 68．C 主题02 人与社会——历史，社会与文化 Passage 1：1．A 2．D 3．D 4．B Passage 2：5．A 6．B 7．D 8．C Passage 3：9．A 10．C 11．B 12．D Passage 4：13．C 14．A 15．C 16．A Passage 5：17．D 18．C 19．C 20．A 主题03 人与自然——生态与环境 Passage 1：1．D 2．D 3. C 4．B Passage 2：5．C 6．B 7．A 8．D Passage 3：9．A 10．B 11．C 12．A Passage 4：13．C 14．C 15．A 16．B Passage 5：17．D 18．A 19．D 20．C 主题04 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1：1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C Passage 2：5．D 6．B 7．A 8．B 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1：1．D 2．C 3．D 4．D Passage 2：5．D 6．A 7．B 8．B Passage 3：9．A 10．D 11．D 12．A Passage 4：13．B 14．B 15．C 16．D Passage 5：17．A 18．B 19．C 20．B Passage 6：21．A 22．C 23．B 24．D Passage 6：25．D 26．A 27．C 28．B Passage 7：29．A 30．C 31．C 32．B 主题02 人与社会——历史，社会与文化 Passage 1：1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C Passage 2：5．C 6．C 7．B 8．C Passage 3：9．B 10．D 11．D 12．A Passage 4：13．B 14．B 15．D 16．A Passage 5：17．D 18．A 19．B 20．D Passage 6：21．C 22．C 23．B 24．D 主题03 人与自然——生态与环境 Passage 1：1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D Passage 2：5．A 6．B 7．C 8．A Passage 3：9．C 10．A 11．B 12．D Passage 4：13．D 14．D 15．A 16．B Passage 5：17．C 18．C 19．A 20．B Passage 6：21．A 22．B 23．B 24．D Passage 7：25．B 26．D 27．A 28．C Passage 8：29．A 30．D 31．C 32．D 主题04 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1：1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B Passage 2：5．D 6．A 7．B 8．B Passage 3：9．B 10．A 11．D 12．B Passage 4：13．C 14．B 15．A 16．B / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·浙江绍兴·期末) An international research team led by the Chinese Academy of Sciences has uncovered striking evidence of seasonal temperature swings and glacial cyclic activity during the greenhouse period in Earth’s past, offering new insights into today’s climate challenges. The study, published in Science Advances, is the first to reconstruct the history of seasonal variations in sea surface temperatures during a greenhouse Earth period, discovering that during the Early Cretaceous period (139.8-132.9 million years ago), the Earth exhibited significant seasonal temperature variations and periodic melting of polar ice sheets and glaciers. The findings challenge long-held assumptions about stable, ice-free conditions during prehistoric warm eras. In cooperation with institutions in Germany, the United Kingdom and Madagascar, Ding’s team analyzed fossilized oyster shells from the Early Cretaceous period. By examining growth layers in the shells, similar to tree rings, the team reconstructed seasonal sea surface temperatures and identified periodic melting of polar glaciers, even in a world with high-atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration levels. The researchers focused on oysters of the genus Rastellum, whose shells form distinct light and dark bands corresponding to summer and winter growth. By scanning electron microscopy (显微镜) and geochemical analyses, the team extracted seasonal temperature data. It’s revealed that winter temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere’s mid-latitudes were 10 to 15 C lower than summers during a cooling phase known as the Weissert Event — comparable to modern seasonal swings, according to the research team. The team linked brief glacial pulses to volcanic activity from the Parana-Etendeka eruptions and shifts in Earth’s orbit. “This research cracks open a new window into Earth’s climate past, revealing hidden rhythms beneath the greenhouse facade (表象),” said Andreas Mulch, a co-author. The study, supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and CAS programs, underscores the urgency of understanding climate complexity to forecast future extremes, Ding said. 1．What is the main discovery of the study published in Science Advances? A．The accelerated polar ice melting. B．A steady ice-free state of the Earth. C．The growth layers of fossilized shells. D．The seasonal sea surface temperature swings. 2．What contributed to glacial pulses during the Weissert Event? A．The change of seasons. B．The volcanic eruptions. C．The moon’s orbital motion. D．The global emissions of CO2. 3．What can be inferred about the significance of this study? A．It aids in predicting future extremes. B．It recreates the history of climate change. C．It provides new insights into ocean research. D．It offers a comprehensive study of climate. 4．What is the best title for this article? A．Climate Complexity Needs More Investigation B．New Study Denies the Past Greenhouse Climate C．Fossil Shells Unveil Ancient Seasonal Climate Secrets D．Seasonal Temperature Swings Causes Life Extinctions 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【来源】浙江省绍兴市2024-2025学年高二下学期期末调测英语试卷 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了中国科学院领导的团队发现白垩纪早期温室期有季节性温度波动和冰川周期性活动，为应对当前气候挑战提供新视角。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The study, published in Science Advances, is the first to reconstruct the history of seasonal variations in sea surface temperatures during a greenhouse Earth period, discovering that during the Early Cretaceous period (139.8-132.9 million years ago), the Earth exhibited significant seasonal temperature variations and periodic melting of polar ice sheets and glaciers.(这项发表在《科学进展》上的研究首次重建了温室地球时期海面温度季节性变化的历史，发现早白垩世时期（1.398 亿至 1.329 亿年前），地球出现了显著的季节性温度变化以及极地冰盖和冰川的周期性融化)”可知，发表在《科学进展》杂志上的这项研究的主要发现是季节性海面温度的变化。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“It’s revealed that winter temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere’s mid-latitudes were 10 to 15 C lower than summers during a cooling phase known as the Weissert Event — comparable to modern seasonal swings, according to the research team. The team linked brief glacial pulses to volcanic activity from the Parana-Etendeka eruptions and shifts in Earth’s orbit.(研究团队指出，在被称为“韦塞特事件”的降温阶段，南半球中纬度地区的冬季气温比夏季低10至15摄氏度——这与现代的季节变化情况相当。该团队将短暂的冰川脉冲与帕拉纳-埃滕德卡火山喷发以及地球轨道的变化联系了起来)”可知，在韦塞特事件期间出现冰川脉动的原因是火山喷发。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The study, supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and CAS programs, underscores the urgency of understanding climate complexity to forecast future extremes, Ding said.(丁教授表示，这项由中国国家自然科学基金和中国科学院项目资助的研究强调了理解气候复杂性对于预测未来极端情况的紧迫性)”可知，这项研究有助于预测未来的极端情况。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“An international research team led by the Chinese Academy of Sciences has uncovered striking evidence of seasonal temperature swings and glacial cyclic activity during the greenhouse period in Earth’s past, offering new insights into today’s climate challenges.(由中国科学院领导的一个国际研究团队发现了地球过去在温室时期存在季节性温度变化和冰川周期性活动的惊人证据，为当今的气候挑战提供了新的见解)”并结合全文可知，文章主要说明了中国科学院领导的团队发现白垩纪早期温室期有季节性温度波动和冰川周期性活动，为应对当前气候挑战提供新视角。可知，C选项“动物化石壳揭示了古代季节性气候的秘密”最符合文章标题。故选C。 Passage 2 (24-25高二下·浙江金华·期末) Picture a robot. What do you see? A metal machine built to last forever? Unfortunately, this very quality now threatens to drown the planet in extremely durable (持久的) e-waste. What if, instead, those machines were designed to break down and disappear — like life does? In a new study, researchers crafted a robotic arm, and a controller to operate it, from pork gelatin (明胶) and plant cellulose (纤维素) — materials strong enough to function yet delicate enough to degrade (降解) in the soil. After testing, both structures broke down in soil within weeks. Biodegradable robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics. The field originated from materials science and chemistry rather than conventional robots that come from mechanical engineering. But a lot of early soft robots still relied on chemical materials that continue to exist as pollution. Pingdong Wei, a materials scientist at Westlake University in Hangzhou, teamed up with his friend Zhuang Zhang, a robotics engineer now at Fudan University in Shanghai, to assemble (组装) robots for the study. They started with cellulose layers from cotton, then added glycerol for flexibility and dried the layers for strength. “Cellulose is also cheap and easy to assemble,” Wei says. To build sensors, the researchers used a conductive gelatin from pork. They then folded the layers and sensors into 3D structures. Wei and Zhang found the controller and robotic arm stood up to both heavy use and a week of inactivity. Finally, they buried them both in a 20-centimeter-deep hole near their campus. Within eight weeks the machines were almost entirely gone. Wei and Zhang envision robots like these handling dangerous waste and then disappearing they also propose robots that aid surgeries and then safely break down inside the body. But it’s important to note that the technology is in very early stages. “If we truly want to have a sustainable robot that goes outside in nature,” a materials scientist Florian Hartmann says, “we also need to think of electronics or power supplies, or even batteries, that are biodegradable.” 5．What do we know about early soft robots? A．They are made of natural materials. B．They are too delicate for heavy use. C．They will produce e-waste pollution. D．They come from mechanical engineering. 6．Why did Wei and Zhang bury the controller and robotic arm? A．To check their durability. B．To monitor their effect on soil. C．To see if they can work in soil. D．To test if they can break down. 7．Which of the following best describes the robots in the new study? A．Costly. B．Eco-friendly. C．Safe to use. D．Easy to operate. 8．What does Hartmann mainly talk about in the last paragraph? A．The necessity for sustainable robots. B．The potential applications of soft robots. C．The possibility to improve power supplies. D．The future research suggestions for soft robots. 【答案】5．C 6．D 7．B 8．D 【来源】浙江省金华市2024-2025学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种由明胶和纤维素制成的可生物降解机器人，及其在环保和医疗领域的潜在应用，并指出该技术尚处于早期阶段，未来还需进一步研究可持续的电子元件和能源方案。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“But a lot of early soft robots still relied on chemical materials that continue to exist as pollution. (但许多早期的软体机器人仍然依赖化学材料，这些材料会持续存在并造成污染。)”可知，早期的软体机器人会产生电子废物污染。故选C。 6．细节理解题。根据第一段中“In a new study, researchers crafted a robotic arm, and a controller to operate it, from pork gelatin (明胶) and plant cellulose (纤维素) — materials strong enough to function yet delicate enough to degrade (降解) in the soil. (在一项新的研究中，研究人员用猪肉明胶和植物纤维素制作了一个机械臂和一个控制它的控制器——这些材料足够坚固，可以发挥作用，但又足够精细，可以在土壤中降解。)”及第四段中“Finally, they buried them both in a 20-centimeter-deep hole near their campus. Within eight weeks the machines were almost entirely gone. (最后，他们把这两样东西埋在了校园附近一个20厘米深的坑里。八周内，这些机器几乎完全消失了。)”可知，魏和张埋下控制器和机械臂是为了测试它们是否能降解。故选D。 7．推理判断题。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段“What if, instead, those machines were designed to break down and disappear — like life does? In a new study, researchers crafted a robotic arm, and a controller to operate it, from pork gelatin (明胶) and plant cellulose (纤维素) — materials strong enough to function yet delicate enough to degrade (降解) in the soil. After testing, both structures broke down in soil within weeks. (如果这些机器被设计成可以分解并消失——就像生命一样呢？在一项新的研究中，研究人员用猪肉明胶和植物纤维素制作了一个机械臂和一个控制它的控制器——这些材料足够坚固，可以发挥作用，但又足够精细，可以在土壤中降解。经过测试，这两种结构在几周内都在土壤中分解了。)”可知，新的研究中，机器人可以降解，因此是环保的。故选B。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“If we truly want to have a sustainable robot that goes outside in nature,” a materials scientist Florian Hartmann says, “we also need to think of electronics or power supplies, or even batteries, that are biodegradable. (材料科学家Florian Hartmann说：‘如果我们真的想要一种能在自然界中可持续存在的机器人，我们还需要考虑可生物降解的电子设备、电源甚至电池。’)”可推知，Hartmann主要讨论了对未来软体机器人研究的建议。故选D。 Passage 3 (24-25高二下·浙江宁波九校·期末) A new study suggests that 20 minutes of sunlight before waking can help fight morning fatigue (疲惫), offering a potential solution for those struggling with long-term sleep insufficiency. While inadequate sleep poses health risks, simply sleeping more isn’t always practical or effective, as many still wake up tired. Researchers at Osaka Metropolitan University found that pre-waking sunlight exposure may reduce fatigue, building on previous studies showing artificial dawn simulation can help. However, artificial light sources, often placed at bedside level, can lead to inconsistent exposure due to movement during sleep. A more stable alternative? Natural sunlight, which is freely available in most areas. For those without light pollution, leaving curtains open at night allows natural dawn light to enter. Others may use motorized curtains that reopen at a set morning time. To test this approach, the researchers conducted a crossover randomized controlled trial with 19 university students (ages 20–30) who maintained regular sleep schedules. Participants slept in a university lab furnished like a bedroom. All windows were shaded except for one facing east, making it the only source of natural light. The researchers installed light-shielding curtains on the east-facing window, plus a motorized device they could set to open the curtains at a specific time each morning. They used this setup to create three situations for participants: natural light exposure for 20 minutes before waking, natural light exposure from dawn until waking, and no natural light exposure. Results showed that both sunlight-exposed situations improved alertness and reduced self-reported sleepiness compared to no light. However, 20 minutes of pre-waking sunlight was most effective, significantly lowering objective sleepiness (measured via brain activity) compared to the other conditions. The team suggests prolonged exposure from dawn may disrupt sleep by providing too much light too soon. Daisuke Matsushita, a living environment design scientist involved in the study, hopes future research will optimize natural light exposure for better wakefulness, accounting for seasonal and daily variations. This could lead to more comfortable and energizing mornings. 9．Why is artificial dawn simulation sometimes ineffective in reducing morning fatigue? A．Because it requires expensive equipment. B．Because it cannot mimic natural sunlight accurately. C．Because it only works in areas without light pollution. D．Because it may be interrupted by the users’ movement. 10．The word “light-shielding” in paragraph 4 can probably be replaced by ______. A．light-emitting B．light-blocking C．light-reflecting D．light-absorbing 11．What can we learn about the study? A．Only the window facing south let light in. B．No light exposure improved sleeping quality. C．Participants were required to sleep in three situations. D．Two sunlight-exposed methods were equally effective. 12．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Motorized curtains can improve sleep quality. B．People should sleep longer to fight morning fatigue. C．Exposure to light sources is likely to solve sleep problems. D．20 minutes of pre-waking sunlight may reduce morning tiredness. 【答案】9．D 10．B 11．C 12．D 【来源】浙江省宁波市宁波九校2024-2025学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了大阪Metropolitan大学的研究，表明醒来前20分钟的阳光照射有助于对抗早晨疲劳，还说明了研究过程和结果。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Researchers at Osaka Metropolitan University found that pre-waking sunlight exposure may reduce fatigue, building on previous studies showing artificial dawn simulation can help. However, artificial light sources, often placed at bedside level, can lead to inconsistent exposure due to movement during sleep.(大阪城市大学的研究人员发现，睡醒前接触阳光可能减轻疲劳感，该结论基于先前关于人工黎明模拟光照助益的研究。然而，通常放置在床头的模拟光源可能因睡眠时的翻身动作导致光照接触不规律)”可知，人工黎明模拟光源会被用户的移动打断，所以有时在减轻早晨疲劳方面会无效。故选D项。 10．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“The researchers installed light-shielding curtains on the east-facing window, plus a motorized device they could set to open the curtains at a specific time each morning.(研究人员在朝东的窗户上安装了……窗帘，再加上一个机动装置，他们可以在每天早上的特定时间打开窗帘)”中“they could set to open the curtains at a specific time each morning”可推知，为了控制光照，研究人员安装的是阻挡光线的窗帘，然后让它在每天早上的特定时间打开。故划线词“light-shielding”的意思是“阻挡光线的”，与“light-blocking”同义。故选B项。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段中“They used this setup to create three situations for participants: natural light exposure for 20 minutes before waking, natural light exposure from dawn until waking, and no natural light exposure.(他们用这个设置为参与者创造了三种情况：醒来前20分钟接受自然光照射、从黎明到醒来接受自然光照射以及不接受自然光照射)”可知，参与者需要在三种情况下睡觉。故选C项。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“A new study suggests that 20 minutes of sunlight before waking can help fight morning fatigue (疲惫), offering a potential solution for those struggling with long term sleep insufficiency.(一项新的研究表明，醒来前20分钟的阳光照射有助于对抗早晨疲劳，为那些长期睡眠不足的人提供了一个潜在的解决方案)”可知，本文主要介绍了一项新的研究，即醒来前20分钟的阳光照射可能会减少早晨的疲劳。故选D项。 Passage 4 (24-25高二下·浙江舟山·期末) Some snakes are well-known for injecting prey with poisonous liquid from their teeth. What’s less well known is that they produce poisonous stuff at the other end of their bodies, too. Located at the base of the tail are organs that generate smelly secretions（分泌物）. The point of these organs has long been a mystery, but new research suggests they could stem from a time when snakes needed to protect themselves from a vicious enemy: the humble ant. Scientists have known since at least the 1960s that some tail secretions are bug-repellent. Yet until now it has been unclear why all snake species, even those that seemingly never interact with ants, produce the secretion. To get to the bottom of the issue, Paul Weldon of the Biology Institute in Virginia and Robert Vander Meer of the Centre for Agricultural Entomology in Florida collected secretions from snakes on all family branches. The team then set up a small room with red fire ants that make aggressive attacks on invaders. The team allowed the smell of the snake secretions to stay in the room, to see if it would put the ants off. But they entered the room with no fear. Drs Weldon and Vander Meer next questioned whether directly interacting with the secretions would have an effect. They presented the ants with both a droplet of ordinary water and a droplet of mixture of water and snake secretion. Though the ants readily drank from the ordinary water droplets, they rarely even approached the mixture. The researchers interpret these findings to mean that tail secretions from snakes probably evolved for insect defence long ago. They propose that the secretion appeared in the earliest snakes. It would allow them to respond to angry ants defending themselves from attack or ants looking for their next meal. No snakes wanted to make themselves smelly, but the enemies encouraged the rise of the adaptation. When you have no limbs, you might as well make both ends count. 13．Why did the snake give off unpleasant smell from their tail? A．To avoid being stuck. B．To kill and to feed themselves. C．To smell and locate themselves. D．To prevent themselves from being hurt. 14．What does the word underlined in paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．unfriendly to insects. B．appealing to insects. C．nutritious for insects. D．deadly for insects. 15．How did the researchers do their experiment? A．By analysing the data. B．By making comparisons. C．By controlling the reaction. D．By measuring chemical changes 16．How can we understand the last sentence in the last paragraph? A．The adaptation was useless because snakes faced threats. B．Smelly secretions were mainly used to attract prey not for defence. C．Snakes developed defensive features to survive despite imperfection. D．Only poisonous snakes needed adaptations to escape from predators. 【答案】13．D 14．A 15．B 16．C 【来源】浙江省舟山市2024-2025学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蛇不仅会用牙齿向猎物注射有毒液体，还会在身体尾部产生难闻的分泌物，科学家通过研究发现这些分泌物可能是蛇为了抵御蚂蚁等昆虫的攻击而进化出来的防御机制。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“What’s less well known is that they produce poisonous stuff at the other end of their bodies, too. Located at the base of the tail are organs that generate smelly secretions（分泌物）. The point of these organs has long been a mystery, but new research suggests they could stem from a time when snakes needed to protect themselves from a vicious enemy: the humble ant.(鲜为人知的是，它们在身体的另一端也会产生有毒物质。在蛇尾的基部有产生难闻分泌物的器官。这些器官的作用一直是个谜，但新的研究表明，它们可能源于蛇需要保护自己免受一个凶猛的敌人——不起眼的蚂蚁的攻击的时候。)”以及文章最后一段“No snakes wanted to make themselves smelly, but the enemies encouraged the rise of the adaptation. When you have no limbs, you might as well make both ends count.(没有蛇愿意让自己发臭，但敌人促使了这种适应性的出现。当你没有四肢时，你最好让两端都发挥作用。)”可知，蛇从尾部释放难闻的气味是为了保护自己免受伤害。故选D项。 14．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段划线词后面的“Yet until now it has been unclear why all snake species, even those that seemingly never interact with ants, produce the secretion.(然而，直到现在还不清楚为什么所有的蛇类，甚至那些看似从不与蚂蚁互动的蛇类，都会产生这种分泌物。)”以及第四段“Drs Weldon and Vander Meer next questioned whether directly interacting with the secretions would have an effect. They presented the ants with both a droplet of ordinary water and a droplet of mixture of water and snake secretion. Though the ants readily drank from the ordinary water droplets, they rarely even approached the mixture.(Weldon博士和Vander Meer博士接下来质疑直接与分泌物接触是否会产生影响。他们给蚂蚁一滴普通水和一滴水和蛇分泌物的混合物。虽然蚂蚁很乐意从普通水滴中喝水，但它们很少接近混合物。)”可知，科学家们发现蛇的尾部分泌物对蚂蚁有驱避作用，由此可知，划线词所在句意为“科学家们至少从20世纪60年代就知道，一些蛇的尾部分泌物能驱虫”，bug-repellent意为“对昆虫不友好的”。故选A项。 15．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“The team then set up a small room with red fire ants that make aggressive attacks on invaders. The team allowed the smell of the snake secretions to stay in the room, to see if it would put the ants off. But they entered the room with no fear.(然后，研究小组在一个小房间里放置了红火蚁，这些红火蚁会对入侵者发起猛烈的攻击。研究小组让蛇分泌物的气味留在房间里，看看是否会让蚂蚁退缩。但它们毫无畏惧地进入了房间。)”以及第四段“Drs Weldon and Vander Meer next questioned whether directly interacting with the secretions would have an effect. They presented the ants with both a droplet of ordinary water and a droplet of mixture of water and snake secretion. Though the ants readily drank from the ordinary water droplets, they rarely even approached the mixture.(Weldon博士和Vander Meer博士接下来质疑直接与分泌物接触是否会产生影响。他们给蚂蚁一滴普通水和一滴水和蛇分泌物的混合物。虽然蚂蚁很乐意从普通水滴中喝水，但它们很少接近混合物。)”可知，研究人员通过比较蚂蚁对蛇分泌物和普通水的反应来进行实验，即通过对比来进行实验。故选B项。 16．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“No snakes wanted to make themselves smelly, but the enemies encouraged the rise of the adaptation. When you have no limbs, you might as well make both ends count.(没有蛇愿意让自己发臭，但敌人促使了这种适应性的出现。当你没有四肢时，你最好让两端都发挥作用。)”可知，最后一句的意思是尽管蛇的这种适应性并不完美，但为了生存，它们还是发展出了防御特征。故选C项。 Passage 5 (24-25高二下·浙江台州·期末) We all pursue an ideal weight number for health and confidence, often using childhood memories, online calculators or BMI charts. However, Dr, Yoni Freedhoff warns these methods fail to consider individual differences. Our bodies change dramatically with age due to metabolism (新陈代谢) and lifestyle. For decades, Body Mass Index (BMI) dominated weight assessments. This simple height-weight calculation sorts people from underweight to overweight. Yet Dr. Melanie Jay from NYU points out its problems: BMI gives the same ranges for 20-year-old athletes and 70-year-old grandparents. It ignores muscle mass, bone density, and health conditions, sometimes regarding fit individuals as overweight. Recent studies show that nearly 30% of people classified as overweight by BMI actually have healthy body fat percentages and normal metabolic profiles. Newer metrics like the Body Roundness Index (BRI) focus on waist size instead of weight. “Belly fat is more dangerous than overall weight,” says D．Jay. Research indicates fat around organs produces harmful chemicals linked to diabetes and heart disease. However, even BRI has limitations — it can’t distinguish between fat types or account for medical conditions affecting belly size, such as digestive disorders. Doctors increasingly emphasize overall health markers over specific weights, “Instead of focusing on a ‘magic number,’ we examine blood pressure, cholesterol (胆固醇), sleep quality and energy levels,” notes Dr. Jay. For those with weight-related conditions, even 5-10% weight loss can significantly improve health. A 2023 study found patients who achieved modest weight reduction showed better health markers than those pursuing extreme weight loss. The healthiest weight, experts agree, isn’t found on charts but through sustainable habits, “When you eat nutritiously and stay active, your body finds its natural healthy weight,” advises Dr. Freedhoff. For some, medications or surgery may help, but the real goal is lifestyle change — not to achieve an ideal number on your scale. True health, after all, is measured not by a momentary reading on a scale, but by the daily choices that nourish both body and life. 17．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about? A．The limitations of BMI. B．The standards of weight measurement. C．The classification of health conditions. D．The health assessment of overweight people. 18．What is the main advantage of BRI? A．It clarifies different kinds of fat. B．It evaluates all types of body fat. C．It measures highly risky body fat. D．It identifies harmful chemicals in fat. 19．What is Dr. Jay’s suggestion for weight assessment? A．Stopping using BMI. B．Focusing on specific weights. C．Considering multiple health signs. D．Adopting rapid weight loss approaches. 20．What does the author think of people’s pursuing an ideal weight number? A．Reasonable. B．Practical. C．Dangerous. D．Unnecessary. 【答案】17．A 18．C 19．C 20．D 【来源】浙江省台州市2024-2025学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了体重评估方法的局限性及专家对健康体重的新观点。 17．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Yet Dr. Melanie Jay from NYU points out its problems: BMI gives the same ranges for 20-year-old athletes and 70-year-old grandparents. It ignores muscle mass, bone density, and health conditions, sometimes regarding fit individuals as overweight. (然而，纽约大学的梅兰妮·杰伊博士指出了它的问题：BMI对20岁的运动员和70岁的祖父母给出的范围是一样的。它忽略了肌肉质量、骨密度和健康状况，有时会把健康的人视为超重)”可知，第二段主要讲了BMI的局限性。故选A。 18．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Newer metrics like the Body Roundness Index (BRI) focus on waist size instead of weight. “Belly fat is more dangerous than overall weight,” says Dr. Jay. Research indicates fat around organs produces harmful chemicals linked to diabetes and heart disease. (Body Roundness Index（BRI）等较新的指标关注的是腰围，而不是体重。“腹部脂肪比总体重更危险，”Jay博士说。研究表明，器官周围的脂肪会产生与糖尿病和心脏病相关的有害化学物质)”可知，BRI的主要优势是它测量的是高风险的脂肪。故选C。 19．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Doctors increasingly emphasize overall health markers over specific weights, “Instead of focusing on a ‘magic number,’ we examine blood pressure, cholesterol (胆固醇), sleep quality and energy levels,” notes Dr. Jay. (医生们越来越强调关注整体健康指标，而非特定体重。“我们不再关注‘神奇数字’，而是检查血压、胆固醇、睡眠质量和能量水平，”Jay博士指出)”可知，杰伊博士对体重评估的建议是考虑多种健康指标。故选C。 20．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The healthiest weight, experts agree, isn’t found on charts but through sustainable habits, “When you eat nutritiously and stay active, your body finds its natural healthy weight,” advises Dr. Freedhoff. (专家们一致认为，最健康的体重不是通过图表找到的，而是通过可持续的习惯找到的。Freedhoff博士建议：“当你吃得有营养，保持活跃时，你的身体会找到自然的健康体重。”)”以及“True health, after all, is measured not by a momentary reading on a scale, but by the daily choices that nourish both body and life. (毕竟，真正的健康不是用秤上的瞬间读数来衡量的，而是用滋养身体和生活的日常选择来衡量的)”可推知，作者认为人们追求理想体重数字是不必要的。故选D。 Passage 6 (24-25高二下·浙江温州环大罗山联盟·期末) Google has been using SynthID to automatically identify text generaled by the company’s Gemini chatbot. This system embeds (嵌入) digital watermarks (水印) directly into AI-generated images, audio, text or video, making it easier to distinguish AI-generated content from human-written posts. Scott Aaronson, at The University of Texas at Austin, says that while no known watermarking method is absolutely reliable, he really hopes this can help in catching a small part of AI-generated misinformation, academic cheating and more. He also hopes other large language model companies will follow. Google DeepMind’s AI watermarking use a “competition sampling” approach to select certain word tokens (标志), creating a statistical signature that is detectable by associated software. This process randomly pairs up possible word tokens in a competition style, with the winner of each pair being determined by which one scores highest according to a watermarking function. The winning tokens of the competition move through continuous rounds of selection until just one remains—a multi-layered approach that increases the complexity of any potential attempts to crack the watermark, says Furong Huang at the University of Maryland. The researchers acknowledged that the watermarking works best with longer chatbot responses, such as generating an essay or email, but it has not yet been tested on responses to maths or coding problems. In addition, both Google DeepMind’s team and others described the need for additional safeguards against misuse of AI chatbots—with Huang recommending stronger regulation as well. “Authorizing watermarking by law would address both the practicality and user adoption challenges, ensuring a more secure use of large language models,” she says. 21．What do we know about SynthID? A．It causes cheating in school settings. B．It removes all AI-related misinformation. C．It assists AI developers in making chatbots. D．It helps recognize a chatbot-generated text. 22．Which is one of the steps in creating a signature? A．Random scoring of tokens. B．Deliberate pairing of tokens. C．Competitive selection of tokens. D．Continuous generation of tokens. 23．What might be talked about in the following paragraph? A．A new algorithm to improve the efficiency of SynthID． B．A potential legal framework to support SynthID’s spread. C．A comparison of SynthID with other watermarking technology. D．A discussion on SynthID’s benefits in securing AI-generated content. 24．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．AI-Generated Content: A Potential Cheater B．AI Watermarking: A Promising Technology C．Google’s SynthID: An Outstanding Detective D．Gemini Chatbot: A Brilliant Artificial Intelligence 【答案】21．D 22．C 23．B 24．C 【来源】浙江省温州市环大罗山联盟2024-2025学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Google DeepMind开发的SynthID技术，它通过嵌入数字水印来识别AI生成的内容。 21．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的句子“Google has been using SynthID to automatically identify text generated by the company’s Gemini chatbot. This system embeds digital watermarks directly into AI-generated images, audio, text or video, making it easier to distinguish AI-generated content from human-written posts.(谷歌一直在使用SynthID来自动识别该公司的Gemini聊天机器人生成的文本。该系统将数字水印直接嵌入到人工智能生成的图像、音频、文本或视频中，从而更容易区分人工智能生成的内容和人工撰写的帖子。)”可知，SynthID是一种用于识别AI生成内容的工具，它通过嵌入数字水印来区分AI生成的内容和人类书写的帖子。故选D项。 22．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的句子“Google DeepMind’s AI watermarking uses a ‘competition sampling’ approach to select certain word tokens, creating a statistical signature that is detectable by associated software. This process randomly pairs up possible word tokens in a competition style, with the winner of each pair being determined by which one scores highest according to a watermarking function.(谷歌DeepMind的人工智能水印使用“竞争抽样”方法来选择某些单词标记，创建一个可被相关软件检测到的统计签名。这个过程以竞争的方式随机配对可能的单词标记，根据水印功能，每对的获胜者由得分最高的一个决定。)”可知，创建签名的一个步骤是通过竞争方式选择单词标记。故选C项。 23．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段提到的“In addition, both Google DeepMind’s team and others described the need for additional safeguards against misuse of AI chatbots—with Huang recommending stronger regulation as well. ‘Authorizing watermarking by law would address both the practicality and user adoption challenges, ensuring a more secure use of large language models,’ she says.(此外，谷歌DeepMind的团队和其他人都描述了防止滥用人工智能聊天机器人的额外保护措施的必要性，黄也建议加强监管。她说：“通过法律授权水印将解决实用性和用户采用方面的挑战，确保更安全地使用大型语言模型。”)”可以推断，接下来可能会讨论支持SynthID推广的潜在法律框架。故选B项。 24．主旨大意题。根据文章内容，特别是第一段“Google has been using SynthID to automatically identify text generaled by the company’s Gemini chatbot. This system embeds digital watermarks directly into AI-generated images, audio, text or video, making it easier to distinguish AI-generated content from human-written posts.(谷歌一直在使用SynthID自动识别该公司的Gemini聊天机器人生成的文本。该系统将数字水印直接嵌入到人工智能生成的图像、音频、文本或视频中，从而更容易区分人工智能生成的内容和人工撰写的帖子。)”可知，文章主要介绍了Google的SynthID技术，它通过嵌入数字水印来识别AI生成的内容，并讨论了其工作原理、优势和局限性。因此，最佳标题是C“Google’s SynthID: An Outstanding Detective(谷歌的SynthID：一位杰出的侦探)”。故选C项。 Passage 7 (24-25高二下·浙江衢州·期末) Reverse psychology is part of a phenomenon of psychology called “reactance” (逆反). “The idea of reactance is that people are deeply motivated to protect their freedoms,” says Jeff Greenberg, a professor of social psychology at the University of Arizona. When people feel that their freedom is threatened for example, they think someone is taking away their ability to make their own choices—they react against that threat. Thus, they may feel angry or defensive and try to reverse the threat. Essentially, reverse psychology takes advantage of a person’s reactance. Take, for example, a kid who won’t eat his carrot. When a parent says, “You can’t eat the carrot”, suddenly, eating it becomes more appealing to the kid. However, this strategy doesn’t always work. Greenberg notes that it works best on people who are more prone (易于) to reactance, such as those who are short-tempered, stubborn, or emotional. On the contrary, more agreeable and obedient people tend to be less prone. “There’s also some limited evidence that men are a little more prone to reactance than women,” he adds. The effectiveness of reverse psychology also varies with age. Between the ages of two and four, children can be more emotional and more rebellious, so they are more susceptible (易受影响的) to this approach. But by the age of four, kids generally become better behaved and less likely to lose their temper, which means they become less susceptible to this technique. Similarly, during adolescence, when teens often challenge parental authority, reverse psychology can be effective, as teens may tend to do the opposite of what is suggested. Younger kids, who are less cognitively developed, might not notice when parents use reverse psychology, while adults are more likely to see through it. “Attempts to use reverse psychology on adults can fail,” Greenberg says. “They may resist being controlled, leading to the opposite effect. But there’s no reason to say it won’t work on adults. It just has to be very subtle.” 25．According to Jeff Greenberg, what is the primary reason for reactance? A．Defending freedom. B．Gaining attention. C．Avoiding making choices. D．Handling possible threats. 26．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning “carrot” in paragraph 2? A．To prove that children universally dislike carrots. B．To argue parents should never tell their children what to do. C．To demonstrate reverse psychology can influence behaviors. D．To explain why reverse psychology is a popular parenting strategy. 27．Who is more likely to be influenced by reverse psychology? A．A good tempered 4-year-old girl. B．A rule-following 6-year-old child. C．A calm and agreeable 30-year-old woman. D．An authority-challenging 15-year-old boy. 28．Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A．Reverse Psychology: Strategies and Outcomes B．The Psychology of Reactance: Why We Resist C．Reverse Psychology: What It Is and Who It Works On D．The Psychology of Reactance: Ways to Control People’s Behaviour 【答案】25．A 26．C 27．D 28．C 【来源】浙江省衢州市2024-2025学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了逆反心理现象中的反向心理学，包括其原理，还说明了该策略对哪些人更有效及不同年龄段的效果差异。 25．细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘The idea of reactance is that people are deeply motivated to protect their freedoms,’ says Jeff Greenberg, a professor of social psychology at the University of Arizona.(亚利桑那大学社会心理学教授杰夫·格林伯格说：“逆反心理的概念是，人们有强烈的动机去保护自己的自由。”)可知，逆反心理的主要原因是捍卫自由。故选A项。 26．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Essentially, reverse psychology takes advantage of a person’s reactance. Take, for example, a kid who won’t eat his carrot. When a parent says, ‘You can’t eat the carrot’, suddenly, eating it becomes more appealing to the kid.(本质上，逆反心理利用了一个人的抗拒心理。例如，一个不肯吃胡萝卜的孩子。当父母说‘你不能吃胡萝卜’时，突然之间，吃胡萝卜对孩子来说变得更有吸引力了)”可知，作者提到“胡萝卜”是为了证明反向心理可以影响行为。故选C项。 27．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Similarly, during adolescence, when teens often challenge parental authority, reverse psychology can be effective, as teens may tend to do the opposite of what is suggested.(同样，在青春期，青少年经常挑战父母的权威，反向心理学可能会有效，因为青少年可能倾向于做与建议相反的事情)”可知，一个挑战权威的15岁男孩更容易受到反向心理学的影响。故选D项。 28．主旨大意题。第一段“Reverse psychology is part of a phenomenon of psychology called ‘reactance’ (逆反).(反向心理学是一种叫做‘逆反’的心理现象的一部分)”介绍了反向心理学是什么；第三段“However, this strategy doesn’t always work. Greenberg notes that it works best on people who are more prone (易于) to reactance, such as those who are short tempered, stubborn, or emotional.(然而，这种策略并不总是有效。格林伯格指出，它对那些更容易产生逆反心理的人最有效，比如那些脾气暴躁、固执或情绪化的人)”以及第四段“The effectiveness of reverse psychology also varies with age.(反向心理学的效果也会因年龄而异)”说明了反向心理学对哪些人有效。所以C项“反向心理学：它是什么以及对哪些人有效”能概括文章内容，最适合做文章标题。故选C项。 Passage 8 (23-24高二下·浙江舟山·期末) It’s in the dirt on the ground, the debris (碎片) on your roof, and the dust that tickles your nose — tiny pieces of “cosmic dust”, everywhere. These microscopic particles from outer space are micrometeorites (微陨石) — mostly the debris from comets and asteroids (小行星) — and they have settled all over our planet. Once the particles settle to the ground, they can be found anywhere; they could be sitting on your clothes right now. But despite their widespread presence, finding cosmic dust isn’t easy. One place that the particles show up more easily is Antarctica. Around a decade ago, Mattew Genge at Imperial College London spent seven weeks searching for and collecting dust there. The downside to collecting dust from Antarctica is the cost and complications of travelling there. That’s why Penny Wozniakiewicz of the University of Kent in the UK has focused her research closer to home. The key is to collect materials from a fairly undisturbed spot. For instance, she samples on the rooftops of old cathedrals in the UK. She focuses on these roofs because they are old and more untouched than modern buildings. What’s more, historic buildings like cathedrals usually have well-kept records that indicate when maintenance and cleaning have been done. That makes it easier to determine how long cosmic dust has been collecting and gives researchers insight into what other particles might be present in the dust they collect. This allows them to more efficiently remove the Earth stuff, and focus on the space stuff. Each year, approximately 100 billion particles of space dust land on Earth, carrying secrets from asteroids and offering glimpses into the formation of galaxies. These micrometeorites not only contain water but also organic molecules (分子); they potentially serve as the building blocks for life on Earth. Cosmic dust could, therefore, tell scientists about the intricate (错综复杂的) relationship between these celestial bodies and Earth. It acts as a bridge, connecting us to the wider universe. 29．Which of the following statements is true about cosmic dust? A．The dust is very easy to collect because it is widespread. B．Mattew Genge failed to collect the dust around ten years ago. C．All tiny pieces of cosmic dust are not from comets and asteroids. D．Antarctica is the only place where the dust shows up more easily. 30．Penny chose to research on the roofs of old cathedrals for the reasons EXCEPT __________. A．they often have well-preserved records of maintenance and cleaning B．they are more efficient for researchers to make the Earth stuff removed C．they are more ancient and undisturbed than buildings built in modern times D．they are less expensive and complicated to approach than travelling to Antarctica 31．What does paragraph 5 imply? A．Micrometeorites are the building blocks for life on earth. B．About 100 billion particles of cosmic dust are collected every year. C．Cosmic dust is a bridge which connects us to the wider universe. D．Scientists can know more about the outer space through cosmic dust. 32．What is the best title for the passage? A．The Cosmic Dust: Sitting on Your Roof B．Antarctica: The Home to Cosmic Dust C．Old Cathedrals: Undisturbed Spot for Cosmic Dust D．Micrometeorites: Particles from Outer Space 【答案】29．C 30．B 31．D 32．A 【来源】浙江省舟山市2023-2024学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了宇宙尘埃的来源以及科学家通过屋顶上的尘埃来研究太空尘埃颗粒的原因。 29．细节理解题。根据第一段“These microscopic particles from outer space are micrometeorites (微陨石) — mostly the debris from comets and asteroids (小行星) — and they have settled all over our planet.(这些来自外太空的微小颗粒是微陨石——主要是彗星和小行星的碎片——它们遍布我们的星球)”可知，C选项“并非所有微小的宇宙尘埃都来自彗星和小行星”正确。故选C。 30．细节理解题。根据第三段“The downside to collecting dust from Antarctica is the cost and complications of travelling there.(从南极洲收集灰尘的缺点是旅行的成本和复杂性)”以及第四段“She focuses on these roofs because they are old and more untouched than modern buildings. What’s more, historic buildings like cathedrals usually have well-kept records that indicate when maintenance and cleaning have been done.(她专注于这些屋顶，因为它们比现代建筑更古老，更原始。更重要的是，像大教堂这样的历史建筑通常有保存完好的记录，表明何时进行了维护和清洁)”可知，B选项不是研究屋顶的原因。故选B。 31．推理判断题。根据第五段“Cosmic dust could, therefore, tell scientists about the intricate (错综复杂的) relationship between these celestial bodies and Earth. It acts as a bridge, connecting us to the wider universe.(因此，宇宙尘埃可以告诉科学家这些天体和地球之间复杂的关系。它就像一座桥梁，将我们与更广阔的宇宙连接起来)”可知，第5段暗示了科学家可以通过宇宙尘埃更多地了解外太空。故选D。 32．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The downside to collecting dust from Antarctica is the cost and complications of travelling there. That’s why Penny Wozniakiewicz of the University of Kent in the UK has focused her research closer to home. The key is to collect materials from a fairly undisturbed spot. For instance, she samples on the rooftops of old cathedrals in the UK.(从南极洲收集灰尘的缺点是旅行的成本和复杂性。这就是为什么英国肯特大学的Penny Wozniakiewicz把她的研究重点放在离家更近的地方。关键是要从一个相当不受干扰的地方收集材料。例如，她在英国旧教堂的屋顶上取样)”结合文章主要介绍了宇宙尘埃的来源以及科学家通过屋顶上的尘埃来研究太空尘埃颗粒的原因。可知，A选项“宇宙尘埃：落在你的屋顶上”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 9 (23-24高二下·浙江宁波慈溪·期末) When it comes to heart attacks, the first image that often comes to mind is that of a middle-aged or older overweight man, clutching his chest and struggling with a pained expression. You’re far less likely to think of a female heart attack victim. According to Forbes, medical research has traditionally been led by men, which unavoidably leads to a lack of female-related data and information in medical research. From diagnosis to treatment, gender differences are often overlooked. A previous study found that women are 25 percent more likely to die of heart attacks than men in the same circumstances. The reason lies in the difference in heart attack symptoms between men and women. According to the Mayo Clinic, one of the top-ranking hospitals in the US, women are less likely to have chest pains, which are deemed as a typical symptom of heart attacks. Instead, they have more atypical symptoms, including shoulder pain and arm pain. As a result, many women were initially given a mistaken diagnosis, delaying access to the right treatment and increasing the fatality rate. Even if a female is correctly and promptly diagnosed with a heart attack, there’s another problem: medicine. Research has found that certain medicines used to dissolve blood clots (凝块) right after a heart attack can be helpful for a lot of men, but might lead to serious bleeding issues in women. Still, the fields of healthcare and medicine see a male’s body as the “standard” human body. For example, Valium (安定) has been promoted as the “mother’s little helper” for treating anxiety among women. However, a study noted that the medicine developer had never conducted a single trial involving women until 2003. Take a look at the medicine you have taken recently: There’s always one recommended dosage for adults. But who is this dosage meant for? An adult in general, or specifically an adult man? 33．Which is the reason for a lack of female-related data and information in medical research? A．Gender differences are always ignored. B．Men play a main part in the medical research. C．The medical field is totally dominated by men. D．There is a shortage of women’s diagnosis and treatment. 34．Why are women at a higher risk of dying of a heart attack than men? A．Women are less willing to seek medical help. B．Women often display less obvious symptoms. C．Women are more easily given a wrong diagnosis. D．Women’s symptoms are often more severe than men’s. 35．Why does the author mention Valium in Paragraph 4? A．To demonstrate gender-based healthcare inequalities. B．To call for correct use of medicine on different people. C．To describe the historical use of Valium by both genders. D．To show Valium’s effectiveness in treating women’s anxiety. 36．What is the passage mainly about? A．Differences in heart attack treatments. B．The importance of female data in medicine. C．The gender gap in healthcare and medicine. D．Misconceptions about female data in research. 【答案】33．B 34．B 35．A 36．C 【来源】浙江省宁波市慈溪市2023-2024学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是在保健和医药领域的性别差距。 33．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“According to Forbes, medical research has traditionally been led by men, which unavoidably leads to a lack of female-related data and information in medical research.(据《福布斯》报道，医学研究传统上是由男性领导的，这不可避免地导致医学研究中缺乏与女性相关的数据和信息。)”可知，医学研究传统上是由男性领导的，这导致了医学研究中缺乏和女性相关的数据，由此可知，导致了医学研究中缺乏和女性相关的数据的原因是男性在医学研究中起主要作用。故选B项。 34．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“According to the Mayo Clinic, one of the top-ranking hospitals in the US, women are less likely to have chest pains, which are deemed as a typical symptom of heart attacks. Instead, they have more atypical symptoms, including shoulder pain and arm pain.(据美国顶级医院之一的梅奥诊所称，女性不太可能出现胸痛，而胸痛被认为是心脏病发作的典型症状。相反，他们有更多的非典型症状，包括肩痛和手臂痛。)”可知，女性心脏病发作不太可能出现胸痛这样被认为是心脏病发作的典型症状，而是一些其他非典型症状，由此可知，女性死于心脏病的风险比男性高的原因是女性通常表现出不太明显的症状。故选B项。 35．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Still, the fields of healthcare and medicine see a male’s body as the “standard” human body. For example, Valium (安定) has been promoted as the “mother’s little helper” for treating anxiety among women. However, a study noted that the medicine developer had never conducted a single trial involving women until 2003.(尽管如此，医疗保健和医学领域仍将男性的身体视为“标准”人体。例如，安定被宣传为治疗女性焦虑的“母亲的小帮手”。然而，一项研究指出，该药物开发商在2003年之前从未进行过一项涉及女性的试验。)”可知，医疗保健和医学领域将男性作为研究的“标准”人体，进而在下文提到“安定”，而一项研究表明，“安定”在2003年之前从未进行过一项涉及女性的试验，由此可知，在医疗保健和医学领域，性别上的不平等是存在的，所以，提到“安定”的目的是为了证明基于性别的保健不平等。故选A项。 36．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“According to Forbes, medical research has traditionally been led by men, which unavoidably leads to a lack of female-related data and information in medical research. From diagnosis to treatment, gender differences are often overlooked.(据《福布斯》报道，医学研究传统上是由男性领导的，这不可避免地导致医学研究中缺乏与女性相关的数据和信息。从诊断到治疗，性别差异往往被忽视。)”可知，根据《福布斯》报道，在医学研究中由于是男性占主导地位，所以导致医学研究中缺乏与女性相关的数据和信息，在诊断到治疗，性别差异往往被忽视，结合下文中介绍的女性患有心脏病表现症状与男性症状不同而导致的误诊以及即使诊断正确，在治疗方面也同样缺乏针对患有心脏病的女性的治疗药物，结合尾段中的“Take a look at the medicine you have taken recently: There’s always one recommended dosage for adults. But who is this dosage meant for? An adult in general, or specifically an adult man?(看一看你最近吃过的药:总是有一个成人推荐剂量。但这药是给谁用的?一般来说是指成年人，还是指成年男子?)”可知，作者建议人们留意一下吃过的药物中所谓的成人剂量是给成年人还是成年男子的，由此可知，本文主要介绍的是在保健和医药领域的性别差距。故选C项。 Passage 10 (23-24高二下·浙江台州·期末) Climate models can give us a preview of how humanity’s actions — or inaction — will change our planet over the coming decades and centuries. But because the planet is such a complex system, they aren’t perfect climate models have uncertainties that grow larger as they go farther into the future. Scientists and engineers from across the country are teaming up to build a new type of climate model that is designed to provide more precise and actionable predictions. Current climate modeling relies on dividing up the globe into a grid (格子) and then computing what is going on in each sector of the grid, as well a show the sectors interact with each other. Limitations in available computer processing power mean that those sectors generally cannot be any smaller than tens of kilometers per side. But for climate modeling, the devil is in the details — details that get missed in a too-large grid. “For cities planning their stormwater management facilities to resist the next 100 years’ worth of floods, this is a serious issue. Concrete answers about the likely range of climate outcomes are key for planning.” says Tapio Schneider, senior research scientist at CliMA． Weighing recent advances in the computational and data sciences, the team plans to step incandesce of the partners brings a different strength and research expertise to the project. “Our goal is a new model that projects future changes in critical variables such as cloud cover, sea ice extent, and rainfall more accurately—with uncertainties at least half the size of those in existing models.” said Dr. Andrew, the team leader. One doubter about the application of climate models is Raffaele Ferrari, a Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Oceanography at MIT. “Using a model, we become puppeteers, masters of a giant system that is, in truth, beyond human control. We can cool or heat the planet at will, add salt or ice or rain or dust in any amount we want,” Dr. Ferrari says. “We have no backup planet. How climate models are used remains to be seen.” 37．Why are climate models built? A．To collect scientific data. B．To monitor human actions. C．To deliver useful forecasts. D．To maintain social systems. 38．What is the problem of current climate modeling? A．Shortage of facilities. B．Reliance on computers. C．Inability to get smaller grids. D．Limitation in simplifying details. 39．What does the team aim to do? A．Investigate serious issues. B．Guarantee the safety of the city. C．Change the future climate. D．Improve the accuracy of the models. 40．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Climate models enjoys great popularity. B．Scientists have created a new climate model. C．Doubts about climate models are disappearing. D．Caution is advised in the use of climate models. 【答案】37．C 38．C 39．D 40．D 【来源】浙江省台州市2023-2024学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是说明文。本文围绕气候模型的主题，解释了其工作原理、存在的局限性，以及科学家们如何努力改进气候模型以提高预测的准确性和实用性。 37．细节理解题。根据第一段“Climate models can give us a preview of how humanity’s actions—or inaction—will change our planet over the coming decades and centuries.(气候模型可以让我们预览人类的行为——或不作为——将如何在未来几十年和几个世纪改变我们的星球)”以及“Scientists and engineers from across the country are teaming up to build a new type of climate model that is designed to provide more precise and actionable predictions.(来自全国各地的科学家和工程师正在合作建立一种新型的气候模型，旨在提供更精确和可操作的预测)”可知，建立气候模型是为了提供有用的预测。故选C项。 38．细节理解题。根据第二段“Current climate modeling relies on dividing up the globe into a grid (格子) and then computing what is going on in each sector of the grid, as well a show the sectors interact with each other. Limitations in available computer processing power mean that those sectors generally cannot be any smaller than tens of kilometers per side. But for climate modeling, the devil is in the details—details that get missed in a too-large grid.(目前的气候模型依赖于将全球划分成一个网格，然后计算网格中每个区域的情况，以及显示区域之间的相互作用。可用计算机处理能力的限制意味着这些扇区通常不能小于每边几十公里。但对于气候模型来说，关键在于细节——那些在太大的网格中被遗漏的细节)”可知，当前气候模型的问题是无法得到更小的网格。故选C项。 39．细节理解题。根据第三段“Weighing recent advances in the computational and data sciences, the team plans to step incandesce of the partners brings a different strength and research expertise to the project. “Our goal is a new model that projects future changes in critical variables such as cloud cover, sea ice extent, and rainfall more accurately—with uncertainties at least half the size of those in existing models.” said Dr. Andrew, the team leader.(考虑到计算和数据科学的最新进展，该团队计划进行深入研究。每个合作伙伴都为该项目带来了不同的优势和研究专长。“我们的目标是创建一个新模型，能够更准确地预测云量、海冰范围和降雨量等关键变量的未来变化，而且不确定性至少比现有模型中的小一半。”团队负责人安德鲁博士说)”可知，团队的目标是提高模型的准确性。故选D项。 40．推理判断题。根据最后一段“One doubter about the application of climate models is Raffaele Ferrari, a Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Oceanography at MIT. “Using a model, we become puppeteers, masters of a giant system that is, in truth, beyond human control. We can cool or heat the planet at will, add salt or ice or rain or dust in any amount we want,” Dr. Ferrari says. “We have no backup planet. How climate models are used remains to be seen.”(麻省理工学院海洋学Cecil和Ida Green教授 Raffaele Ferrari对气候模型的应用持怀疑态度。“通过模型，我们成为了操纵木偶的大师，成为了一个巨大系统的主人，而这个系统实际上超出了人类的控制。我们可以随意冷却或加热地球，可以随意添加我们想要的盐、冰、雨或灰尘，”Ferrari博士说。“我们没有备用星球。如何使用气候模型还有待观察。”)”可知，Ferrari警告人们如何使用气候模型还有待观察，所以在使用气候模型时应谨慎。故选D项。 Passage 11 (23-24高二下·浙江丽水·期末) Researchers from the GIGA — Center of Research Cyclotron at the University of Liège have discovered that the sleeping body reacts to the external world while sleeping, which explains how some sensory input might influence sleep quality. Researchers from ULi ège worked with the University of Fribourg in Switzerland to study if the body genuinely disconnects from the outside world while sleeping. They focused on how the heartbeat changes when we hear different words while sleeping. They discovered that calming words reduced cardiac (心脏的) activity as a reflection of deeper sleep, in contrast to neutral phrases, which did not have the same effect. This result, reported in the Journal of Sleep Research, throws fresh light on brain-heart interactions during sleep. A previous study analyzing brain data showed that relaxing words increased deep sleep duration and sleep quality, showing that we can positively influence sleep using meaningful words. By that time, the authors reasoned that the brain might still process sensory input in a way that made our bodies feel more relaxed after hearing soothing phrases while sleeping. In this new study, the authors were able to measure cardiac activity to test this idea and discovered that the heart slows down only after the display of calming phrases. Markers of cardiac and brain activity were then compared to understand how much they contributed to the modulation (演变) of sleep by auditory information. Cardiac activity has been indeed proposed to contribute to the way we perceive the world directly, but such evidence has so far been obtained in wakefulness. With these results, the ULi ège researchers showed that it was also true in sleep, offering a new perspective on the essential role of bodily reactions beyond brain data for our understanding of sleep. “Most of sleep research focuses on the brain and rarely investigates bodily activity,” says Dr. Schmidt. This study takes a more complete approach to the modulation of sleep functions by sensory information. By investigating cardiac reactions to noises, we may be able to research in the future the involvement of the body in the way sounds influence emotional processing of memories while sleeping. 41．What can we learn about the sleeping body from the first two paragraphs? A．It disconnects from the outside world. B．It reacts positively to calming words. C．It makes no response to neutral words. D．It suffers the changes of the heartbeat. 42．What did the new study focus on? A．Unpleasant noise. B．The modulation of sleep. C．Cardiac activity. D．The function of the brain. 43．Why were the markers compared? A．To understand the world directly. B．To obtain information in wakefulness. C．To study the impact of sensory input on sleep. D．To test the accuracy of auditory information. 44．What is the author’s attitude toward the new study? A．Unclear. B．Indifferent. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. 【答案】41．B 42．C 42．C 44．D 【来源】浙江省丽水市2023-2024学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题（含听力） 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述研究人员发现，睡眠中的身体在睡觉时会对外部世界做出反应。 【详解】 41．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“They discovered that calming words reduced cardiac (心脏的) activity as a reflection of deeper sleep, in contrast to neutral phrases, which did not have the same effect. (他们发现，与中性话语相比，平静的话语会减少心脏活动，这反映了更深的睡眠，而中性短语则没有同样的效果。)”可知，平静的话语会减少心脏活动，这反映了更深的睡眠；由此可知，睡眠中的身体对平静的话语有积极的反应。故选B项。 42．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“They focused on how the heartbeat changes when we hear different words while sleeping.(他们关注的是当我们在睡觉时听到不同的话语时，心跳是如何变化的。)”可知，新的研究重点是心脏活动。故选C项。 43．细节理解题。由文章第四段中“Markers of cardiac and brain activity were then compared to understand how much they contributed to the modulation (演变) of sleep by auditory information. (然后比较心脏和大脑活动的标志物，以了解它们对听觉信息调节睡眠的贡献有多大。)”可知，将这些标志物进行比较，以研究声音输入对睡眠的影响。故选C项。 44．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“By investigating cardiac reactions to noises, we may be able to research in the future the involvement of the body in the way sounds influence emotional processing of memories while sleeping.(通过研究心脏对噪音的反应，我们可能能够在未来研究声音影响睡眠时记忆情绪处理的方式与身体的关系。)”可知，作者对新研究的态度是支持赞成的，作者认为通过研究心脏对噪音的反应，可能能够在未来研究声音影响睡眠时记忆情绪处理的方式与身体的关系。故选D项。 Passage 12 (23-24高二下·浙江温州十校·期末) There’s an old African proverb that states, “When you leave your shoes at the doorstep, you leave your troubles behind.” A group of environmental chemists who study what kinds of contaminants people are exposed to in their own homes claim: wearing your outside shoes inside won’t just mess up your carpet; it is, in fact, scientifically wrong. Shoes worn outside can be media for all kinds of dirt and microbes. According to the experts, about one-third of the matter building up inside your home comes from outside, much of it being tracked in on the soles of our shoes. But not all dirt is bad dirt. Some household germs can actually be useful in helping build up a child’s immune system, for example. But the real issue is that some of the disease-causing organisms found on our shoes and floors are drug-resistant, causing illnesses that are difficult to treat. “Cancer-causing toxins can be found on these shoes,” scientists say, “so it is best to leave your filth outside the door.” Every day we carry much dirt with us on the soles of our shoes-mud. For many households, the pandemic has greatly reduced the number of places we go to. But even at that, all it takes is one walk down the street or a few minutes at the park to make you bring something nasty back home. It’s important to note that not wearing shoes inside is more than just a hygiene thing. In many cultures around the world, leaving your shoes at the door is a sign of respect, a nod to superstition and it may even be in service of good health. Reflexologists (反射治疗师) say that walking around barefoot can help boost your circulation, improve your sleep quality and stimulate the reflexes on the soles of your feet, reducing inflammation, pain and tension. 45．What can we learn about dirt? A．All the dirt in the house comes from dirty shoes. B．The dirt can help build up a child’s immune system. C．The dirt brought back by shoes is very harmful to adults. D．About a third of the dirt produced in the home comes from the outside. 46．What’s the author’s attitude towards leaving shoes at the doorstep? A．Supportive B．Critical C．Indifferent D．Neutral 47．There are many benefits of not wearing shoes indoors except ________. A．showing respect B．stimulating reflection C．avoiding messing up carpet D．reducing the amount of dirt 48．What’s the best title of the text? A．Walking barefoot or not B．Getting rid of your home dirt C．Learning from African proverbs D．Leaving shoes at the doorstep for health reasons 【答案】45．D 46．A 47．B 48．D 【来源】浙江省温州十校2023-2024学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了在室内不穿室外鞋的重要性以及带来的一些健康好处。 45．细节理解题。根据第二段中“According to the experts, about one-third of the matter building up inside your home comes from outside, much of it being tracked in on the soles of our shoes.(根据专家的说法，大约三分之一在你家里堆积的物质来自外部，其中大部分是通过我们的鞋底追踪到的。)”可知，大约三分之一的家里产生的污垢来自外部。故选D。 46．推理判断题。根据第二段中“According to the experts, about one-third of the matter building up inside your home comes from outside, much of it being tracked in on the soles of our shoes.(根据专家的说法，大约三分之一在你家里堆积的物质来自外部，其中大部分是通过我们的鞋底追踪到的。)”以及本段中“But the real issue is that some of the disease-causing organisms found on our shoes and floors are drug-resistant, causing illnesses that are difficult to treat.(但真正的问题是，在我们的鞋子和地板上发现的一些致病微生物是耐药的，会导致难以治疗的疾病。)”可知，作者认为家里堆积的物质来自外部，其中大部分是通过我们的鞋底追踪到的；并且这些鞋底发现的一些微生物是致病的。因此是反对在室内穿鞋的，因此作者对于在门廊留下鞋子持支持态度。故选A。 47．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“It’s important to note that not wearing shoes inside is more than just a hygiene thing. In many cultures around the world, leaving your shoes at the door is a sign of respect, a nod to superstition and it may even be in service of good health.(重要的是要注意，在室内不穿鞋不仅仅是卫生问题。在世界各地的许多文化中，把鞋子放在门口是一种尊重的表现，是对迷信的认可，甚至可能有助于身体健康。)”可知，室内不穿鞋不仅仅是卫生问题即避免弄脏地毯，以及减少灰尘之外，在许多文化中，把鞋子放在门口也是一种尊重的表现。故选B。 48．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要讨论了在室内不穿室外鞋的重要性。专家表示，室外鞋底携带大量的污染物和微生物，大约有三分之一的家内灰尘来自于鞋子。虽然不是所有的灰尘都是有害的，但一些鞋子及地板上的病原体对药物具有抗性，可能导致难以治疗的疾病。此外，科学家警告说，这些鞋子上可能存在致癌的微生物，因此最好将污物留在门外。不穿鞋进入室内不仅仅是为了卫生，在很多文化中，脱鞋进屋是一种尊重、迷信的表现，也可能有益于健康。足部反射治疗师认为，光脚行走可以促进血液循环，提高睡眠质量，减少炎症、疼痛和紧张。因此D选项“Leaving shoes at the doorstep for health reasons(出于健康考虑把鞋子放在门口)”概括文章主要内容，符合标题。故选D。 Passage 13 (23-24高二下·浙江宁波九校·期末) From the very first cellphone developed by US company Motorola in 1973 which could only make phone calls for 30 minutes at most to today’s 5G smartphones, the shape of the mobile phone has been constantly changing and its features have become more and more diverse. While current foldable phones are limited to folding the screen up and down or left and right, AI tools predict that in the future, phones will become completely flexible, according to the website mobiles.co.uk. Motorola revealed a flexible phone with an adaptive display that can be worn like a bracelet and bent into multiple shapes in October 2023. Apple is also working on a way to make foldable screens with fewer creases. The phones of the future may also be “self-healing” — who hasn’t experienced that awful moment when you drop your phone and the screen cracks? So an “unbreakable” phone would really come in handy. In 2023, Zhenan Bao at Stanford University, US, developed a synthetic (合成的) skin that can heal itself using heat and magnets. This artificial skin can stretch like human skin without tearing. This new type of thin film can rearrange itself automatically as it heals. The way phones are powered will also see a shift, such as by using solar energy. Many innovative technologies and devices have come out of this field. In 2016, Kyocera Corporation from Japan and French company SunPartner launched a solar-powered phone, using solar panels built into the screen to collect solar energy. It took about three minutes of sunlight to charge the phone for one minute of talk time. Due to the longer relative charging time when using solar power, the phone still needed traditional batteries to be practical. However, as the tech develops and solar panels can charge things more efficiently, we may see a rise in using solar energy to charge smartphones. 49．Which feature of future mobile phones is NOT mentioned in the text? A．Safety. B．Flexibility. C．Endurance. D．Sustainability. 50．What makes it possible for the future phone to heal itself? A．A special animal skin. B．An artificial light. C．A synthesized magnet. D．An innovative material. 51．Why are Japan and French companies mentioned in Paragraph 6? A．To prove that built-in solar panels in future cellphones is no longer a fantasy. B．To argue that the way cellphones are charged in the future is constantly changing. C．To illustrate that numerous technologies and products of innovation have emerged. D．To indicate that Japan and France lead the way in developing solar-powered phones. 52．What’s the author’s attitude towards solar-powered cellphones in the future? A．Reserved. B．Optimistic. C．Concerned. D．Indifferent. 【答案】49．A 50．D 51．C 52．B 【来源】浙江省宁波九校2023-2024学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了未来的手机所拥有的一些新特性。 49．细节理解题。根据第二段“While current foldable phones are limited to folding the screen up and down or left and right, AI tools predict that in the future, phones will become completely flexible, according to the website mobiles.co.uk.(据mobile .co.uk网站称，虽然目前的可折叠手机仅限于上下或左右折叠屏幕，但人工智能工具预测，在未来，手机将变得完全灵活)”；第三段“Motorola revealed a flexible phone with an adaptive display that can be worn like a bracelet and bent into multiple shapes in October 2023. Apple is also working on a way to make foldable screens with fewer creases.(摩托罗拉于2023年10月发布了一款可弯曲手机，该手机具有自适应显示屏，可以像手镯一样佩戴，并弯曲成多种形状。苹果还在研究一种制造折痕更少的可折叠屏幕的方法)”以及第四段“So an “unbreakable” phone would really come in handy.(所以“牢不可破”的手机真的会派上用场)”可知，没有提到未来手机的安全特性。故选A。 50．细节理解题。根据第五段“In 2023, Zhenan Bao at Stanford University, US, developed a synthetic (合成的) skin that can heal itself using heat and magnets. This artificial skin can stretch like human skin without tearing. This new type of thin film can rearrange itself automatically as it heals.(2023年，美国斯坦福大学的Zhenan Bao发明了一种可以利用热量和磁铁自愈的合成皮肤。这种人造皮肤可以像人的皮肤一样伸展而不撕裂。这种新型薄膜在愈合过程中可以自动重新排列)”可知，一种创新的材料让未来的手机能够自愈。故选D。 51．推理判断题。根据第六段“Many innovative technologies and devices have come out of this field. In 2016, Kyocera Corporation from Japan and French company SunPartner launched a solar-powered phone, using solar panels built into the screen to collect solar energy.(许多创新的技术和设备都是从这个领域出来的。2016年，日本京瓷公司和法国SunPartner公司推出了一款太阳能手机，使用内置在屏幕上的太阳能电池板来收集太阳能)”可知，第6段提到了日本和法国的公司是为了说明许多创新的技术和产品已经出现。故选C。 52．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, as the tech develops and solar panels can charge things more efficiently, we may see a rise in using solar energy to charge smartphones.(然而，随着技术的发展，太阳能电池板可以更有效地充电，我们可能会看到使用太阳能为智能手机充电的数量增加)”可知，作者对未来太阳能手机的态度是乐观的。故选B。 Passage 14 (23-24高二下·浙江宁波九校·期末) Some girls tend to feel frustrated if they have a pear-shaped body, with hips that are wider than the bust (胸部) and shoulders. While pear-shaped people’s waists are typically smaller, they may have more fat on their hips and legs. As a result, many pear-shaped girls try to hide their hips and legs under large dresses and pants. However, a recent study suggested that pear-shaped people are the ones who won the genetic lottery! A study published in September by the US National Library of Medicine found that the waist-to-hip ratio(WHR) shows the strongest and most consistent association with mortality. Traditionally, the body mass index (BMI) has been considered the best indicator of health. However, this study challenges this belief. It surveyed nearly 40,000 people and found that, regardless of BMI, WHR is positively correlated with all-cause mortality(all of the deaths that occur in a population no matter the cause). The larger the WHR, the higher the all-cause mortality rate will be. Instead of focusing on how much fat a person has, scientists involved in this study suggest people should focus more on how fat is distributed in a person’s body. WHR, as its name suggests, compares your waist measurement to your hip measurement. A larger waistline means more central fat, which could indicate more visceral fat (内脏脂肪), also known as toxic fat. Harvard Medical School states that more visceral fat increases the risk of illnesses including diabetes, heart diseases and asthma. That’s why people with a pear-shaped body tend to be healthier than others. According to the World Health Organization(WHO), a healthy WHR is less than 0.85 for women and less than 0.9 for men. It is impossible to specifically target waist fat when people try to lose weight. But losing overall fat will make the waist smaller. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University suggested we eat less carbohydrates and more food higher in fiber and protein. Moreover, doing strength training helps build more muscle, which makes you burn more calories even when you’re resting. 53．Why do pear-shaped girls prefer baggy trousers? A．To show off their long legs. B．To hide their broad shoulders. C．To showcase their slim waists. D．To cover their wide hips and thick legs. 54．What does the recent study find that goes against the conventional belief? A．Pear-shaped people are much healthier. B．WHR consistently correlates with death rate. C．Pear-shaped people are lucky to win lotteries. D．A smaller BMI indicates healthier physical condition. 55．What does the author primarily intend to do in Paragraph 4? A．To announce the standard WHR set by World Health Organization. B．To explain why pear-shaped body are likely to be healthier than others. C．To introduce what WHR refers to and how to measure our waistlines. D．To reveal the huge risks of various illnesses visceral fat can bring about. 56．What’s the text mainly about? A．A practical tip for losing waist fat. B．A healthy WHR recommended by WHO. C．A surprise bonus won by pear-shaped bodies. D．A typical bodyshape bringing good to health. 【答案】53．D 54．B 55．B 56．C 【来源】浙江省宁波九校2023-2024学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现，梨形身材的人往往比其他人更健康，对此进行了解释说明。 53．细节理解题。根据第一段“As a result, many pear-shaped girls try to hide their hips and legs under large dresses and pants.(因此，许多梨形身材的女孩试图把臀部和腿藏在大裙子和裤子下面)”可知，梨形身材的女孩更喜欢宽松的裤子是为了遮住他们宽大的臀部和粗腿。故选D。 54．细节理解题。根据第三段“A study published in September by the US National Library of Medicine found that the waist-to-hip ratio(WHR) shows the strongest and most consistent association with mortality. Traditionally, the body mass index (BMI) has been considered the best indicator of health. However, this study challenges this belief. (美国国家医学图书馆9月份发表的一项研究发现，腰臀比（WHR）与死亡率的关系最密切、最一致。传统上，身体质量指数（BMI）被认为是健康的最佳指标。然而，这项研究挑战了这种观点)”可知，最近的研究发现WHR始终与死亡率相关与传统观念相反。故选B。 55．推理判断题。根据第四段“WHR, as its name suggests, compares your waist measurement to your hip measurement. A larger waistline means more central fat, which could indicate more visceral fat (内脏脂肪), also known as toxic fat. Harvard Medical School states that more visceral fat increases the risk of illnesses including diabetes, heart diseases and asthma. That’s why people with a pear-shaped body tend to be healthier than others. According to the World Health Organization(WHO), a healthy WHR is less than 0.85 for women and less than 0.9 for men.(WHR，顾名思义，比较你的腰围和臀围。腰围越大，意味着更多的中心脂肪，这可能意味着更多的内脏脂肪，也被称为有毒脂肪。哈佛医学院指出，内脏脂肪过多会增加患糖尿病、心脏病和哮喘等疾病的风险。这就是为什么梨形身材的人往往比其他人更健康。根据世界卫生组织的数据，女性健康的腰宽比小于0.85，男性健康的腰宽比小于0.9)”可知，作者在第4段解释为什么梨形身材的人可能比其他人更健康。故选B。 56．主旨大意题。根据第二段“However, a recent study suggested that pear-shaped people are the ones who won the genetic lottery!(然而，最近的一项研究表明，梨形的人是那些赢得了基因彩票的人！)”结合文章主要说明了研究发现，梨形身材的人往往比其他人更健康，对此进行了解释说明。可知，这篇文章主要讲了梨形身材赢得意外奖金。故选C。 Passage 15 (23-24高二下·浙江杭州·期末) Most people walk. But that seemingly simple act is actually a series of movements, each requiring their own timing and path. Not only that, everybody has a special style of walking, and if you know someone well enough, you can probably identify him by his movements, even from far away. A new paper published in the Journal of Nonverbal Behavior presents a technique for making assumptions about a person’s entire personality based on their walk. The 29 participants first took the Big Five Inventory, a commonly used personality test helping predict patterns in a person’s thought and behaviour, social skills, tendency to worry, creativity and intellect and extraversion (外向性). The researchers then recorded and analyzed the gaits (步态) of each participant. “We found that larger relative-upper-to-lower body movement was a strong predictor of aggression,” says co-author Liam Satchell, a PhD student at the University of Portsmouth. This research mathematically explains previous research where “distinctive” gait was helpful in predicting upcoming crimes through security cameras. If police officers were trained in recognizing aggressive gaits, they might be able to prevent crimes before they happened. Satchell adds, “Possibly a further scientific exploration could reveal more evidence that the behaviors of another person can be predicted from how they move through space.” One such study has come out recently. PLOS Computational Biology published a model to predict the probability of the path and timing of the parts of the movement shared by all people, and even the movements shared by people who have similar personality traits (特点) or are in the same moods — like people who are aggressive or bad-tempered. Dr. Lars Lau Rakêt, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Copenhagen, says, “In our model, we can combine information from thousands of movement patterns to get precise information about the structure of the movement, which ultimately allows us to judge whether the movement of an individual differs significantly from what we would expect to see in a given situation.” 57．What did the study participants experience in the research? A．They had their personality assessed. B．They completed a series of physical tasks. C．They were monitored through security cameras. D．They were observed in various social situations. 58．According to Satchell, in what field may their research results be applied? A．Scientific exploration. B．Behavioral correction. C．Security service. D．Personality development. 59．What can Dr. Lars Lau Rakêt’s model assist researchers to do? A．Recover missing information. B．Copy human behaviors. C．Adjust undesirable personalities. D．Identify unique movements. 60．What is the main purpose of the article? A．To discuss how experiments change our perspective. B．To present a new model for predicting human behavior. C．To highlight the importance of applying computer science. D．To introduce the findings about a person’s pace and personality. 【答案】57．A 58．C 59．D 60．D 【来源】浙江省杭州市2023-2024学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一项研究发现可以通过人们的走路姿势来推测其个性，介绍了研究开展的经过以及未来的应用。 57．细节理解题。根据第二段“The 29 participants first took the Big Five Inventory, a commonly used personality test helping predict patterns in a person’s thought and behaviour, social skills, tendency to worry, creativity and intellect and extraversion (外向性).(29名参与者首先进行了五大人格测试，这是一种常用的人格测试，有助于预测一个人的思维和行为模式、社交技能、担忧倾向、创造力、智力和外向性)”可知，研究参与者在研究中接受了性格评估。故选A。 58．细节理解题。根据第三段“This research mathematically explains previous research where “distinctive” gait was helpful in predicting upcoming crimes through security cameras. If police officers were trained in recognizing aggressive gaits, they might be able to prevent crimes before they happened.(这项研究从数学上解释了之前的研究，即“独特的”步态有助于通过安全摄像头预测即将发生的犯罪。如果警察接受过识别攻击性步态的训练，他们可能能够在犯罪发生之前就预防犯罪)”可知，根据萨切尔的说法，他们的研究成果可能应用于安全服务。故选C。 59．细节理解题。根据最后一段“In our model, we can combine information from thousands of movement patterns to get precise information about the structure of the movement, which ultimately allows us to judge whether the movement of an individual differs significantly from what we would expect to see in a given situation.(在我们的模型中，我们可以将来自数千种运动模式的信息结合起来，以获得有关运动结构的精确信息，最终使我们能够判断个体的运动是否与我们在给定情况下期望看到的明显不同)”可知，Lars Lau Rakêt的模型能帮助研究人员识别独特的动作。故选D。 60．推理判断题。根据第二段“A new paper published in the Journal of Nonverbal Behavior presents a technique for making assumptions about a person’s entire personality based on their walk.(发表在《非语言行为杂志》上的一篇新论文提出了一种根据一个人的走路姿势来推测其整个性格的方法)”结合文章主要说明了一项研究发现可以通过人们的走路姿势来推测其个性，介绍了研究开展的经过以及未来的应用。可知，文章的主要目的是介绍关于一个人的步伐和个性的发现。故选D。 Passage 16 (23-24高二下·浙江杭州·期末) During the last 12 months, have you looked at photographs with family or friends? During the last 12 months, have you taken any photographs or videos to preserve memories? In the nationwide survey in 1995 of nearly 1, 500 people, 91% of respondents (受访者) said they’d looked at photographs with family or friends and 83% had taken a photograph in the past year. If the survey were repeated today, those numbers would certainly be higher. The popularity of smartphone cameras and social media has led to an increase in photo-taking and sharing, from capturing everyday moments to special occasions. So are all of these captured moments, these personal memories, a part of history? For historians Roy Rosenzweig and David Thelen, the answer is YES, and they believe the very concept of history is developing. They led the 1995 survey to understand how people thought about the past. This groundbreaking study was welcomed by historians and those working in museums, because it helped them to think about the public’s understanding of their field. Little did Rosenzweig and Thelen know the subject of history was about to be affected by a host of technologies. For example, over a third of the survey’s respondents said they had researched their family history. The activity got much easier the following year, when Paul Brent Allen and Dan Taggart launched Ancestry.com, which is now one of the largest online genealogical (宗谱的) databases. Researching your family tree no longer means studying documents in the local library. The survey also asked whether respondents had watched a movie or television show about history in the last year; four-fifths responded they had. The survey was conducted shortly before the 1 January 1995 launch of the History Channel, which opened the floodgates on history-themed TV. Nowadays, streaming services let people watch historical documentaries non stop on demand. Today, people aren’t just watching history. They’re recording it and sharing it in real time. As these technologies become commonplace, they are rewriting the official account of history. Maybe the best way to think about Rosenzweig and Thelen’s survey is that it offered a snapshot (快照) of public habits, as those habits were about to change unavoidably. 61．What is the 1995 survey mainly about? A．Different family traditions. B．Public understanding of history. C．Effects of personal memories on family history. D．The behavior of camera and social media users. 62．What might be a part of history according to Rosenzweig and Thelen? A．Live-streaming services. B．Personal opinions on history. C．Photos taken by smartphones. D．The idea of genealogical database. 63．According to the last paragraph, the 1995 survey______. A．fails to keep up with technology B．just reflects public habits back then C．suggests the importance of history D．provides contexts for historical research 64．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Technology Speeds the Development of History B．Smartphones May Rewrite the Official History C．Historians Find a New Way to Explore the Past D．Technology Can Change Our Concept of History 【答案】61．B 62．C 63．B 64．D 【来源】浙江省杭州市2023-2024学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了智能手机摄像头和社交媒体的普及如何影响人们对历史的理解和记录方式。 61．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They led the 1995 survey to understand how people thought about the past. This groundbreaking study was welcomed by historians and those working in museums, because it helped them to think about the public’s understanding of their field(他们领导了1995年的调查，以了解人们是如何看待过去的。这项开创性的研究受到历史学家和博物馆工作人员的欢迎，因为它有助于他们思考公众对他们领域的理解)”可知，1995年的调查主要是为了了解公众对历史的理解。故选B。 62．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The popularity of smartphone cameras and social media has led to an increase in photo-taking and sharing, from capturing everyday moments to special occasions.(智能手机摄像头和社交媒体的普及导致拍照和分享照片的数量增加，从捕捉日常瞬间到特殊场合。)”和文章第二段“So are all of these captured moments, these personal memories, a part of history? For historians Roy Rosenzweig and David Thelen, the answer is YES, and they believe the very concept of history is developing.(那么，所有这些被捕捉的瞬间，这些个人记忆，是否都是历史的一部分呢？对于历史学家罗伊·罗森茨威格（Roy Rosenzweig）和大卫·塞伦（David Thelen）来说，答案是肯定的，他们认为历史的概念本身也在不断发展。)”可推知，他们认为智能手机拍摄的照片是个人记忆的一部分，也是历史的一部分。故选C。 63．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Maybe the best way to think about Rosenzweig and Thelen’s survey is that it offered a snapshot (快照) of public habits, as those habits were about to change unavoidably.(也许，关于罗森茨威格（Roy Rosenzweig）和塞伦（David Thelen）的调查，最好的解读是，它反映了公众习惯的快照，因为这些习惯即将不可避免地发生改变。)”可知，1995年的调查只是反映了当时的公众习惯。故选B。 64．主旨大意题。文章主要讨论了智能手机摄像头和社交媒体的普及如何影响人们对历史的理解和记录方式。文中提到，随着智能手机和社交媒体的普及，人们越来越多地拍摄和分享照片，这些个人记忆被历史学家认为也是历史的一部分。同时，技术的发展还使得研究家族历史变得更加容易，如Ancestry.com这样的在线宗谱数据库的推出。这些变化都显示了技术如何改变我们对历史的看法和认知。由此可知，D项：Technology Can Change Our Concept of History(技术可以改变我们对历史的概念）准确地概括了文章的主旨，是最好的标题。故选D。 Passage 17 (23-24高二下·浙江温州·期末) In the 1930s, the first cake mixes (蛋糕粉) which only required water were invented and some people argued that this approach, the easiest, was the best. But others thought cooks would want to do more. The cake-mix argument may be out-dated, but its central question remains: Just how demanding do we want our technologies to be? Then what is a demanding technology? Two elements are included: One is that it is technology that takes time to master, and the other is that its operation includes some real risk of failure. Therefore, a piano is a demanding technology, as is a programming language or a machine system. However, so-called easy technologies usually require little concentrated effort and produce predictable results. Clearly, easy technologies have remade human society over the past century, but the problem is that, as every individual task becomes easier, we demand much more of both ourselves and others. As a result, we are faced with a larger number of small tasks(writing hundreds of e-mails)instead of fewer difficult tasks (writing several long letters). And, when every task is easy, nearly all people are multitasking (多任务处理). Easy technologies supposedly free us to focus on what matters, but sometimes what matters gets eliminated. Everyone knows that it is easier to drive to the top of a mountain than to hike; the views may be the same, but the feeling never is. Following the same idea, we develop into beings that can do more. However, we can’t get the same satisfaction as we expect. I don’t mean that everything needs to be done the hard way. But we must take challenges seriously, or we’ll face the danger of becoming creatures whose lives are less satisfying. 65．What makes demanding technologies different from easy technologies? A．It requires much effort. B．It takes little attention. C．It achieves intended effect. D．It deals with machines. 66．What is a possible result of easy technologies? A．More time for concentration. B．Writing much longer letters. C．Lower expectations on others. D．Doing various tasks at a time. 67．What does the underlined word “eliminated” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Noticed. B．Stressed. C．Improved. D．Removed. 68．Which of the following can be the best title of this passage? A．The Argument Over Cake Mixes B．What Is A Demanding Technology? C．The Problem With Easy Technologies D．What Challenges Do Humans Face? 【答案】65．A 66．D 67．D 68．C 【来源】浙江省温州市2023-2024学年高一下学期6月期末考试英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了要求高的技术包含的要素，以及简单技术面临的问题。 65．细节理解题。根据第二段“Then what is a demanding technology? Two elements are included: One is that it is technology that takes time to master, and the other is that its operation includes some real risk of failure.(那么什么是要求高的技术呢？其中包括两个因素：一是技术需要时间来掌握，另一个是它的操作包含一些真正的失败风险)”以及第三段“Therefore, a piano is a demanding technology, as is a programming language or a machine system.(因此，钢琴是一项要求很高的技术，就像编程语言或机器系统一样)”可知，要求高的技术与简单的技术不同，是由于要求高的技术需要很多的努力。故选A。 66．细节理解题。根据第四段“And, when every task is easy, nearly all people are multitasking (多任务处理).(而且，当每个任务都很容易时，几乎所有的人都在多任务处理)”可知，简单技术可能带来的结果是一次做多个不同的任务。故选D。 67．词句猜测题。根据第四段“And, when every task is easy, nearly all people are multitasking (多任务处理).(而且，当每个任务都很容易时，几乎所有的人都在多任务处理)”以及划线词上文“Easy technologies supposedly free us to focus on what matters, but sometimes what matters gets”中but表示转折，说明简单的技术本应使我们能够专注于重要的事情，但有时重要的事情却被移除了。推测划线词意思是“移除”，与Removed意义相近。故选D。 68．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Clearly, easy technologies have remade human society over the past century, but the problem is that, as every individual task becomes easier, we demand much more of both ourselves and others. As a result, we are faced with a larger number of small tasks(writing hundreds of e-mails)instead of fewer difficult tasks (writing several long letters). And, when every task is easy, nearly all people are multitasking (多任务处理). (显然，在过去的一个世纪里，简单的技术重塑了人类社会，但问题是，随着每一项个人任务变得更容易，我们对自己和他人的要求都要高得多。因此，我们面临的是更多的小任务（写数百封电子邮件），而不是更少的困难任务（写几封长信）。而且，当每一项任务都很容易的时候，几乎所有的人都在多任务处理)”、第五段“Easy technologies supposedly free us to focus on what matters, but sometimes what matters gets eliminated. (简单的技术本可以让我们专注于重要的事情，但有时重要的事情会被移除)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了要求高的技术包含的要素，以及简单技术面临的问题，C选项“简单技术的问题”最符合作为文章标题。故选C。 主题02 人与社会——历史，社会与文化 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·浙江金华十校·期末) According to the Global Maritime Wrecks Database, the ocean's bottom hosts over 250,000shipwrecks (沉船) , from 2,200BCE to today, but UNESCO believes there could be as many as three million, largely undiscovered. Wrecks offer historical insights, relics, metals for reuse, and potential treasures. The Colombian government is working out the best way to raise the San Jose, an 18th-centurySpanish sailboat that sank within the country's waters, having invested $3.5 million in conservation. But some scientists believe that shipwrecks are just as valuable when left at the bottom of the sea. A shipwreck contains history and becomes part of the ocean, influenced by nature. It's like a museum piece interacting with its surroundings. Shipwrecks help us see how oceans and coasts change. In the Mississippi delta, they track dangerous mudslides affecting oil facilities and pipelines. A sunken tanker near Louisiana moved 11km over 80 years due to mud. Shipwrecks also show how sea life might live around new underwater structures. They create homes for sea animals, with some having more diversity than natural reefs. Meyer-Kaiser says any man-made object in water becomes a habitat, though some might not be as good for sea creatures. Ocean currents, warming waters, and invasive species can be risks to shipwrecks. To prevent unauthorized exploration, the locations of more than 200 shipwrecks have largely been kept secret. Meyer-Kaiser says she had to sign a non-disclosure agreement (保密协议) to study them. However, Meyer-Kaiser's research suggests that another activity could be causing much more damage: commercial fishing. In response, a pilot project called the Shipwreck Avoidance Program was launched, showing promising results. 1．What do some scientists probably agree with according to Paragraph 2? A．Underwater shipwrecks should also be valued. B．The San Jose sailboat is worth the investment. C．Shipwrecks are more valuable than potential treasures. D．The Colombian government thinks little of shipwrecks. 2．What does Paragraph 3 focus on? A．The history of shipwrecks. B．The interaction with nature. C．The habitat for sea creatures. D．The significance of shipwrecks. 3．What has been done to protect shipwrecks? A．Removing invasive creatures. B．Stopping exploring shipwrecks. C．Agreeing to prevent further damage. D．Conducting the Shipwreck Avoidance Program. 4．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Diversity of Shipwrecks B．Ocean's Hidden Museums C．Undiscovered Shipwrecks D．Insight into Wrecks Research 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 4．B 【来源】浙江省宁波市2023-2024学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文属于说明文。文章主要介绍了在希腊和土耳其之间的爱琴海，考古学家发现了至少58艘沉船，沉船上装满了古代物品，阐述了沉船的价值。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段的“But some scientists believe that shipwrecks are just as valuable when left at the bottom of the sea.( 但一些科学家认为，留在海底的沉船残骸同样有价值。)”可知，科学家认为水下沉船也应该受到重视。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段的“A shipwreck contains history and becomes part of the ocean, influenced by nature. It's like a museum piece interacting with its surroundings. Shipwrecks help us see how oceans and coasts change.(沉船承载着历史，受到自然的影响，成为海洋的一部分。它就像一件与周围环境互动的博物馆藏品。沉船帮助我们了解海洋和海岸是如何变化的。)”和“Shipwrecks also show how sea life might live around new underwater structures. They create homes for sea animals, with some having more diversity than natural reefs. Meyer-Kaiser says any man-made object in water becomes a habitat, though some might not be as good for sea creatures.(沉船也显示了海洋生物如何生活在新的水下结构周围。它们为海洋动物创造了家园，其中一些比天然珊瑚礁更多样化。Meyer-Kaiser说，水中的任何人造物体都可以成为栖息地，尽管有些可能不适合海洋生物。)”可知，本段集中在沉船的重要性上。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第一段的“To prevent unauthorized exploration, the locations of more than 200 shipwrecks have largely been kept secret. Meyer-Kaiser says she had to sign a non-disclosure agreement (保密协议) to study them.(为了防止未经授权的勘探，200多艘沉船的位置基本上是保密的。迈耶-凯泽说，她必须签署一份保密协议才能研究它们。)”可知，为了保护沉船必须签署保密协议。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段的“Wrecks offer historical insights, relics, metals for reuse, and potential treasures.( 沉船提供了历史见解、文物、可重复使用的金属和潜在的宝藏。)”和“But some scientists believe that shipwrecks are just as valuable when left at the bottom of the sea.( 但一些科学家认为,当在海底留下的时候,沉船就像有价值的一样。)”并通读全文可知，本文讲述了沉船的价值，提供了历史见解、文物、可重复使用的金属和潜在的宝藏，如同海洋里隐藏的博物馆，因此推断B项“海洋隐藏的博物馆”为最佳标题。故选B。 Passage 2 (24-25高二下·浙江台州·期末) Ignacio Vasquez, a 20-year-old college student, spent a year saving money for tickets to Beyoncé’s upcoming Cowboy Carter tour, only to find presale tickets priced at a minimum of $600 each and many at more than $l,000 — far beyond his budget. “The prices were just shockingly high.” Mr. Vasquez said and abandoned his plan. In recent years, concertgoers have paid eye-popping prices for tickets to see popular artists like Beyoncé, Taylor Swift and Oasis on tour. But Gen Z fans — those born between 1997 and 2012 — are paying much more for concert tickets than previous generations did when they were young adults. In 1996, the average ticket price for the top 100 tours was $25.8l, or about $52 adjusted for inflation(通货膨胀), according to data released by Pollstar, a trade publication that covers the live music industry, By 2024, average ticket prices had risen to $135.92. The live music industry has put today’s young adults in an impossibly expensive position. For Gen Z, spending on concerts can be budget breakers. In a survey published last year by Merge, a marketing agency, 86 percent Gen Z surveyed admitted overspending on live events. Fear of missing out, or FOMO, was cited as a top reason. Another survey by AAA, the automobile owners group, and Bread Financial, a financial services company, found that Gen Z are willing to spend more and travel farther to attend live events than older generations are. Last year, Chricket Cho, 25, attended seven concerts in the United States and Canada. She spent $8,400 on tickets and travel for the shows. “I just feel like live music is something that makes me feel alive.” said Ms. Cho, an information technology auditor who ears about $100,000 annually. Ms. Cho said she didn’t have a price cap for buying concert tickets. But she said soaring ticket prices had made her reconsider going to concerts if the artists weren’t her “all-time favorites” like Ms. Swift or Bleachers. 5．Why does the author mention Ignacio Vasquez’s experience in the first paragraph? A．To show the high prices of concert tickets. B．To advise students against concert spending. C．To stress Beyoncé’s popularity among Gen Z fans. D．To illustrate the difficulty with concert ticket purchase. 6．What is the main reason for Gen Z’s overspending on concerts? A．They are affected by inflation. B．They are afraid of being left out. C．They long to support their favourite stars. D．They view concerts as an essential part of life 7．What can be inferred about Chricket Cho? A．She can’t afford the high concert costs. B．She regrets spending so much on concerts C．She has a spending limit on concert tickets D．She has become more selective about concerts. 8．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．Gen Z Save Money for Concert Costs B．Gen Z Beat Older Generations in Concert Love C．Sky-High Concert Prices Break Gen Z’s Budgets D．Rocketing Ticket Prices Cool Gen Z’s passion for Concerts 【答案】5．A 6．B 7．D 8．C 【来源】浙江省台州市2024-2025学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讨论了Z世代面对演唱会票价飙升的现象及其消费行为，并分析了其背后的原因和影响。 【详解】 5．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Ignacio Vasquez, a 20-year-old college student, spent a year saving money for tickets to Beyoncé’s upcoming Cowboy Carter tour, only to find presale tickets priced at a minimum of $600 each and many at more than $l,000 — far beyond his budget. “The prices were just shockingly high.” Mr. Vasquez said and abandoned his plan.(20岁的大学生伊Ignacio Vasquez花了一年的时间为Beyoncé即将到来的Cowboy Carter巡演的门票攒钱，结果却发现预售票每张最低600美元，许多门票超过1000美元——远远超出了他的预算。‘价格高得惊人。’Mr. Vasquez说，并放弃了他的计划。)”可知Ignacio Vasquez花了一年的时间为演唱会攒钱，结果却因为门票价格远远超出预算而不得不放弃，由此可见文章提到Ignacio Vasquez的经历是为了显示音乐会门票的高昂价格，故选A项。 6．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Fear of missing out, or FOMO, was cited as a top reason.(害怕错过，即‘错失恐惧症’，被列为首要原因。)”可知，Z世代在音乐会上的消费过度的主要原因是他们害怕错过，被排除在外，故选B项。 7．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Ms. Cho said she didn’t have a price cap for buying concert tickets. But she said soaring ticket prices had made her reconsider going to concerts if the artists weren’t her “all-time favorites” like Ms. Swift or Bleachers.(Cho女士表示，她对于购买演唱会门票并未设定价格上限。但她指出，高昂的门票价格让她不得不重新考虑是否要去看演唱会，尤其是当这些艺人并非像Ms. Swift或Bleachers那样的她‘一直喜爱’的艺人时。)”可知，Chricket Cho对音乐会变得更加挑剔了，更严格筛选，故选D项。 8．主旨大意题。文章第一段由Ignacio Vasquez的经历提出音乐会门票价格高的话题，由文章第二段以及第三段通过具体的数据和调查结果阐述高昂的音乐会门票价格可能会超出Z世代的预算，文章倒数第二段“Fear of missing out, or FOMO, was cited as a top reason.(“害怕错过机会”（即FOMO）这一心理因素也被列为主要原因之一。)”指出Z世代在现场音乐会活动上预算超支的主要原因，最后一段以实际例子指出天价演唱会对年轻人的影响及其对此的应对措施；纵观全文可知，文章一直在围绕着高昂的演唱会票价超出了Z世代的预算范围来展开，所以C项“Sky-High Concert Prices Break Gen Z’s Budgets(天价演唱会门票打破了Z世代的预算)”作为文章标题最为合适，故选C项。 Passage 3 (23-24高二下·浙江浙南名校·期末) For many in America, food waste is a way of life: a discarded (丢弃) apple here, a half-eaten dinner plate there. But just how much food do Americans waste, and why? A new research casts light on the dirty little habit that squanders over 30 percent of the country’s food supply and costs $161.6 billion a year, a habit driven in part by fear of food poisoning and a desire to eat only the freshest foods. When public health researchers from Johns Hopkins University surveyed Americans about their feelings on food waste, they found that “Americans are pretty picky about what gets to stay in their fridges.” The survey, which was conducted online and covered a nationally representative sample of 1,010 adults, asked questions about the things that motivate people to keep and throw out food from their fridges. 65 percent of respondents said they threw food out due to worries about food poisoning, while 60 percent said they only wanted to eat the freshest foods. A smaller amount (41 percent) reported that they composted (制堆肥) food, “so it doesn’t bother me.” Only 15 percent of respondents said they didn’t have time to prevent food waste. On the other hand, respondents seemed relatively motivated to waste less food — but not for the reasons you might think. People were most motivated to reduce food waste due to desires to save money and manage their households efficiently. But regardless of the fact that food waste causes a significant environmental impact and only a small part of food waste is composted, less than half of respondents thought it was important to reduce food waste for environmental reasons. Roni Neff, who leads the research, hopes the results will help educators, policymakers and businesses make changes — like highlighting the economic costs of food waste — that are actually likely to reduce waste. But perhaps the most effective strategy, writes Neff, could be clarifying messages about food safety and freshness so that Americans get less alarmed by the potential of food poisoning to begin with. 9．What does the underlined word “squanders” mean in the first paragraph? A．Wastes. B．Distributes. C．Maintains. D．Produces. 10．What does the survey mainly focus on? A．Functions of fridges. B．Different eating habits. C．Reasons for food waste. D．Public health conditions. 11．What motivated respondents most to cut down food waste? A．Enormous food waste. B．The desire to save money. C．Environmental awareness. D．The need to compost food. 12．What does Neff suggest in the last paragraph? A．Pay more attention to food waste. B．Ignore the potential of food poisoning. C．Reduce the economic costs of food waste. D．Correct misconceptions about food safety and freshness. 【答案】9．A 10．C 11．B 12．D 【来源】浙江省浙南名校2023-2024学年高二下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了关于食物浪费的调查和研究，介绍美国人浪费食物的现象，以及浪费食物的原因和可能的解决办法。在美国，被丢弃的食物实则浪费了全国超过30%的食物供应，每年耗资1616亿美元，而部分原因居然是害怕食物中毒和只想吃最新鲜的食物。出于环境保护，应该减少食物浪费带来的食物垃圾。也许最有效的策略可能是澄清有关食品安全和新鲜度的信息，这样美国人一开始就不会对食物中毒的可能性感到担忧。 9．词义猜测题。划线单词所在句“A new research casts light on the dirty little habit that squanders over 30 percent of the country’s food supply and costs $161.6 billion a year(一项新的研究揭示了这个不好的小习惯，这squanders该国30%以上的粮食供应，每年耗资1616亿美元)”回答了前一句“But just how much food do Americans waste, and why?(但是美国人到底浪费了多少食物，又为什么呢？)”中的“But just how much food do Americans waste(但是美国人到底浪费了多少食物)”，由此可推知，“squanders”应与“waste”表达同一含义，即，“浪费”。故选A项。 10．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“…surveyed Americans about their feelings on food waste …The survey, which was conducted online and covered a nationally representative sample of 1,010 adults, asked questions about the things that motivate people to keep and throw out food from their fridges.(……调查了美国人对食物浪费的看法……该调查是在网上进行的，覆盖了全国1010名成年人的代表性样本，询问了人们保存和扔掉冰箱里食物的原因。)”可知，该调查调研了美国人对食物浪费的看法，询问了人们保存和扔掉冰箱里食物的原因， 由此可知，调查的重点是浪费食物的原因。故选C项。 11．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“People were most motivated to reduce food waste due to desires to save money and manage their households efficiently.(人们最有动力减少食物浪费，因为他们渴望省钱和高效管理家庭。)”可知，最能驱使人们减少食物浪费的动机是省钱。故选B项。 12．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中“But perhaps the most effective strategy, writes Neff, could be clarifying messages about food safety and freshness so that Americans get less alarmed by the potential of food poisoning to begin with.(但Neff写道，也许最有效的策略可能是澄清有关食品安全和新鲜度的信息，这样美国人一开始就不会对食物中毒的可能性感到担忧。)”可知，Neff的建议是有关部门澄清有关食品安全和新鲜程度的信息，从而使美国人不会有食物中毒可能性的担忧，这样可以有效减少食物浪费。故选D项。 Passage 4 (23-24高二下·浙江嘉兴·期末) Jeremy Clarkson, the 64-year-old TV star, alongside his partner Lisa Hogan, has grown quite fond of the farm animals they’ve been raising for years in Oxford shire. Fans of the Prime Video hit series Clarkson’s Farm have been attracted to Jeremy’s agricultural adventures since it first aired in 2021. The upcoming third season, set to drop on May 3, sees the farm struggling with a host of troubles from pi g chaos to the bite of increased cost and some serious weather difficulty. In the heartfelt first episode of the new season, Jeremy opens up about the tough decision to shut down his farm restaurant, and to painfully downsize the herd: “With the restaurant shutting, we could no longer afford to keep all the cows. We could hang onto the baby cows to fatten them up, but their mums would have to go.” The sight of his precious cows being packed onto trucks and driven away from the farm left Jeremy visibly moved as he said to his colleague Charlie Ireland: “I’m finding today really quite sad because for the last year or so I have opened the windows and there were cows—and I loved that.” He added, “It just cheers up my heart every morning to see them,” while facing the reality that the night would be restless with the baby cows upset over the loss of their mothers. When Jeremy asked about the future of his beloved cow Pepper, Charlie gently advised, “I wouldn’t ask too many questions about Pepper. Don’t ask questions you don’t want to know the answer to.” The show then cuts to the adorable home video shot by Lisa of the baby and mummy cows causing chaos in their garden, followed by a sad scene of Jeremy with his arm around Lisa, silently watching the cows being led away. Jeremy looked depressed, seemingly on the edge of tears during the emotional goodbye, as he and Lisa stood wordlessly. 13．What does the third season of Clarkson’s Farm concern? A．Who makes Jeremy downsize the cattle herd. B．What it takes Jeremy to operate the farm restaurant. C．How Jeremy deals with the challenges his farm faces. D．Why Jeremy has his agricultural adventures broadcast. 14．What did Jeremy think of having cows on his farm? A．Enjoyable. B．Silly. C．Honorable. D．Tiring. 15．What advice did Charlie Ireland offer Jeremy about Pepper? A．Stopping asking Pepper questions. B．Finding out where Pepper will end up. C．Avoiding thinking about Pepper’s future. D．Making arrangements for Pepper’s well-being. 16．How did Jeremy and Lisa react to the departure of their cows? A．They kept silent. B．They burst into tears. C．They shot a video. D．They remained hopeful. 【答案】13．C 14．A 15．C 16．A 【来源】浙江省嘉兴市2023-2024学年高二下学期6月期末考试英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了《克拉克森的农场》第三季的大概内容以及主人公遇到的一些挑战。 【详解】 13．细节理解题。根据第二段“The upcoming third season, set to drop on May 3, sees the farm struggling with a host of troubles from pi g chaos to the bite of increased cost and some serious weather difficulty. (即将到来的第三季将于5月3日播出，在这一季中，农场面临着一系列的麻烦，从生产混乱到成本上涨，再到严重的天气问题。)”可知，《克拉克森的农场》第三季的主题是杰里米如何应对他的农场面临的挑战。故选C。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段““I’m finding today really quite sad because for the last year or so I have opened the windows and there were cows—and I loved that.” He added, “It just cheers up my heart every morning to see them,” while facing the reality that the night would be restless with the baby cows upset over the loss of their mothers. (“我觉得今天真的很难过，因为在过去一年左右的时间里，我打开窗户，看到的都是奶牛——我很喜欢这样。”他补充说，“每天早上看到它们，我的心都很高兴。”同时，他还要面对一个现实，那就是夜晚会因为失去母亲而感到不安的小牛们。)”可知，杰里米对他的农场养牛感到愉快。故选A。 15．细节理解题。根据最后一段“When Jeremy asked about the future of his beloved cow Pepper, Charlie gently advised, “I wouldn’t ask too many questions about Pepper. Don’t ask questions you don’t want to know the answer to.” (当杰里米问起他心爱的奶牛佩珀的未来时，查理温和地建议说：“我不会问太多关于佩珀的问题。不要问你不想知道答案的问题。”)”可知，查理·爱尔兰建议杰里米避免考虑佩珀的未来。故选C。 16．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Jeremy looked depressed, seemingly on the edge of tears during the emotional goodbye, as he and Lisa stood wordlessly. (杰里米看起来很沮丧，在告别的过程中，他和丽莎无言地站在那里，似乎快要哭出来了。)”可知，杰里米和丽莎对他们的奶牛离开什么也没说。故选A。 Passage 5 (23-24高二下·浙江宁波·期末) “It can be very annoying being a composer,” laughs Errollyn Wallen. Music constantly consumes her thoughts even during walks or chores. “Music is always on my mind, even when I’m doing something else. But with dishwashing, I tidy up and escape occasionally,” says the composer. Wallen’s passion for music shines through her impressive works and awards. Her music, both instinctive and emotionally expressive, shows great technical skill. With an Ivor Novello Award, 22 operas, and numerous other compositions, she graced events like the 2012Paralympics and the Queen’s anniversaries with her music. Her re-imagining of Jerusalem took the BBC Last Night of the Concerts by storm in 2020. Composing for her is as natural as breathing. She’s warm, talkative, and open-minded. Last year, she completed a memoir Becoming a Composer, reflecting on her musical journey, creative process, and the challenges of composing for a living. The book is a generous, amusing and beautiful read, effectively telling the composer’s life through Wallen’s accessible approach. In her book, Wallen reflects on her complex childhood, moving from Belize to London and growing up in Tottenham with an uncle and aunt while her parents lived in New York. Despite feeling deserted and rejected, music became her comfort, “The moment I began learning the piano was magical. The piano served as my window into the world of music and my composing table, transporting me to new places.” Wallen’s music often addresses political themes, such as Mighty River and her opera YES. She believes in telling stories that haven’t been explored enough, especially from personal perspectives. However, she acknowledges that being a Black artist requires more personal, cultural, and historical consideration than White artists. There is still much progress to be made. Wallen challenges the classical music norm, advocating for composers to embrace their unique backgrounds. She encourages her non-Western students to use their heritage into t$