专题02 选择性必修第三册Unit1～Unit2（期末复习知识清单）高二英语下学期译林版

专题02 选择性必修第三册Unit1~Unit2单元词汇短语句型梳理 Unit 1 Wish you were here 一、核心单词 学科网（北京）股份有限公3 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. distinct adj. ______________ ※2. territory n.______________ 3. carve vt. ______________ 4. mighty adj. ______________ 5. splendid adj. ______________ ※6. urban adj. ______________ 7. ancestor n. ______________ 8. minority n. ______________ 9. dynamic adj.______________ 10. sample vt. ______________n. ______________ 11. depth n. ______________ 12. welfare n. ______________ ※13. accommodation n. ______________ 14. harmony n. ______________ 15. sustain vt. ______________ 16. manner n. ______________ 17. consumption n. ______________ 18. elegant adj. ______________ ※19. resolution n. ______________ ※20. possession n. ______________ 二、单词拓展 1．__________vt.& vi.开花；展开，打开；展示，展现→__________vt.折叠；对折 2．__________n．少数民族，少数群体；少数，少数人→__________adj.较小的；次要的→__________adj.主要的 vi.主修→__________n．大多数 3．__________n．最深处；深(度)；深刻；深厚→__________adj.深的；深厚的 ※4．__________adj.周围的，附近的→__________v．包围；围绕→__________n．环境 5．__________n．融洽，和睦；和谐→__________adj.和谐的 6．__________n．方式，方法；举止→__________n．礼貌 7．__________n．消耗，消耗量；消费→__________v．消耗；消费 8．__________vi.& vt.(使)挨饿，(使)饿死→__________n．挨饿；饿死→__________adj.饥饿的；挨饿的 9．__________n．离开，起程→__________v．离开；起程；背离 10．__________n．停车；停车位→__________v．停放；把……停在路边 ※11．__________n．私人物品，个人财产；具有，拥有→__________v．具有，拥有 12．__________adv.热切地，专注地→__________adj.热切的，专注的 三、常考单词 1. unfold vi. & vt. 展开，打开；展示，展现；透露 背重点 背写作佳句 1) unfold before 呈现在……面前 2) unfold...to 将(以前保密的事情)告诉…… 3) as the story unfolds 随着故事的展开 fold v. 折叠；交叉；倒闭 ① As the story unfolded, I gradually understood the pain hidden behind his smile. (读后续写之情节发展/心理描写) ② She gently unfolded the letter and began to read, tears welling up in her eyes. (读后续写之动作描写) ③ The beautiful scenery unfolded before us like a living painting. (读后续写之环境描写) 2. distinct adj. 截然不同的；清楚的，清晰的 背重点 背写作佳句 1) be distinct from 与……不同 2) quite distinct 全然不同的 3) make a distinction 区分开来；区别对待 4) make no distinction 同等对待；不作区别 5) have the distinction of 以……而闻名 ① There was a distinct change in his attitude when he realized what he had done wrong. (读后续写之心理/态度变化描写) ② The two cultures are distinct from each other, yet both have their own charm. (应用文写作之文化对比) ③ As a teacher, she makes no distinction between students from different backgrounds. (应用文写作之人物介绍/表扬稿) 3.urban adj. 城市的，城镇的 背重点 背写作佳句 1) urban areas/districts/centers 城市地区/地区/中心 2)urban planning/population/living 城市规划/人口/生活 3)urban facilities 市政设施 4)rural areas 农村地区（对比词汇） ① The gap between urban and rural areas has been gradually narrowing in recent years. (应用文写作之议论文/现象分析) ② Living in urban centers offers convenience, but rural life provides peace and quiet. (应用文写作之利弊分析/观点表达) ③ The government has taken measures to improve urban facilities and the quality of life for citizens. (应用文写作之新闻报道/倡议书) 4. accommodation n. 住处；住宿，膳宿 背重点 背写作佳句 1) provide accommodations for 为……提供膳宿 2) campus accommodation 学校宿舍 3) student accommodation 学生宿舍 4) accommodate v. 容纳；适应；为……提供食宿 5) accommodate (oneself) to 使……适应…… ① The university provides comfortable accommodation for all international students. (应用文写作之学校介绍/通知) ② It took her a while to accommodate herself to the new environment after moving to the city. (读后续写之适应/成长描写) ③ During my stay there, my host family generously accommodated me with a room of my own. (应用文写作之感谢信) 5. surrounding adj. 周围的，附近的 背重点 背写作佳句 1) surrounding area/environment 周围地区/环境 2) be surrounded by/with 被……包围/环绕 3) surroundings n. 环境 4) surround oneself with 喜欢结交……/喜欢身边总有…… ① The lake, surrounded by green mountains, looks like a shining pearl. (读后续写之环境描写) ② He looked around at his new surroundings, feeling both excited and nervous. (读后续写之心理/环境描写) ③ To succeed, you should surround yourself with people who inspire and support you. (应用文写作之建议信/励志表达) 6. consumption n. 消耗，消耗量；消费 背重点 背写作佳句 1) energy/fuel consumption 能源/燃料消耗 2) water/electricity consumption 水/电消耗 3) mass consumption 大众消费 4) domestic consumption 国内消费 5) consume v. 消耗；吃；喝；使充满(强烈的感情) ① Reducing energy consumption is one of the most effective ways to protect our environment. (应用文写作之倡议书/环保主题) ② He was consumed with guilt after realizing the consequences of his actions. (读后续写之心理描写) ③ The daily consumption of fruit and vegetables is essential for maintaining good health. (应用文写作之建议信/健康主题) 7. possession n. 私人物品，个人财产；具有，拥有 背重点 背写作佳句 1) take possession of 占有；拥有 2 in one's possession 为某人所有 3 come into possession of 占有，拥有 4) personal possessions 私人物品 5) possess vt. 控制；拥有；具有 ① After the fire, she lost almost all her personal possessions, but her family was safe. (读后续写之灾难/不幸描写) ② He took possession of the old key and opened the mysterious box with trembling hands. (读后续写之动作描写) ③ To succeed in life, one must possess not only knowledge but also the courage to face challenges. (应用文写作之建议信/励志表达) 四．单元短语 1.__________ 与……和谐；与……协调 2. __________ 以……方式/方法 3. __________ 可归结为，可归纳为 4. __________ 新闻 ※5. __________ (艰难地)前往，行进 6. __________ 古玩店 7. __________ 一件家具 8. __________ 大大高出(附近的人或物) 9. __________(阳光)强烈照射，曝晒 ※10. __________ 相比之下 11. __________ 与……不同 12. __________ 构成，形成 13.__________占少数 ※14. __________ 带来；引起 15. __________ 不足为奇，毫不奇怪 16. __________ 为……提供膳宿 17. __________ 被……环绕/包围 18. __________饿死 19. __________停车场 20. __________ 一群；一束；一串 ※21.__________ 占领，夺取 22. __________ 去远足；去徒步旅行 五．单元佳句 1．句式：介词短语置于句首的完全倒装 【教材】To the east of the Pacific coast rise the grand Rocky Mountains... 太平洋海岸向东耸立着巍峨的落基山脉…… 2．while用作并列连词 【教材】The major ethnic groups，for example, include the English, Scottish and French, while the minority groups include residents from Singapore and the Pacific Islands. 例如，主要的族群包括英格兰人、苏格兰人和法国人，而少数族裔包括来自新加坡和太平洋岛屿的居民。 3．句式：It was (not)＋一段时间＋before...过了一段时间才……/没过多久就…… 【教材】It wasn't long before we were surrounded by enormous sand dunes towering above us on all sides. 不一会儿，我们就被四周高耸的巨大沙丘包围住。 4．句式：独立主格结构 【教材】In the distance, elephants were eating grass, ears flapping lazily as they moved slowly over the plains.远处，大象正在吃草，耳朵懒洋洋地拍打着，在平原上缓缓移动。 5．句式：强调句型 【教材】It was then that I noticed a small grey monkey sitting on a tree a few metres away and eating a banana.就在那时，我注意到一只灰色的小猴子坐在几米开外的树上，吃着一根香蕉。 六．单元语法 非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句是对先行词或主句内容的补充说明，去掉后不影响主句的完整性，通常用逗号与主句隔开。关系词不能用that，也不能省略。 [观察例句] 1．Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook. 2．Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. 3．The boy, whose hat is red, studies very hard. 4．He will come here tomorrow, when he will be free. 5．They went back to London, which was their hometown. [归纳用法] 一、关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句 1．who引导的非限制性定语从句（指人，作主语） My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year． 我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果了。 2．whom引导的非限制性定语从句（指人，作宾语） Mr．Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist． 史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。 3．whose引导的非限制性定语从句（指人或物，作定语） whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语，通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。 The boy，whose father is an engineer，studies very hard． 那个小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。 The house，whose windows face north，belongs to him． 窗子朝北的那个房子是他的。 4．which引导的非限制性定语从句（指物或整个主句，作主语、宾语等） 关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句。 (1) which指代主句中的名词 These trees，which were planted by my father three years ago，have grown up． 我父亲三年前种的树，已经长大了。 (2) which指代整个主句 In the presence of so many people he was a little tense，which was understandable． 在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。 5．as引导的非限制性定语从句（指代整个主句，位置灵活） as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明。as在从句中作主语、表语或宾语，位置可位于句首、句末或主句中间，通常由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……，就像……”之意。 As is known to the United States，Mark Twain is a great American writer． 美国人都知道，马克·吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。（as在从句中作主语） He forgot to bring his pen with him，as was often the case． 他忘了带笔，这是常事。（as在从句中作主语） 二、“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句 介词后关系代词主要有which、whom、whose。介词的选择取决于与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。 They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without which the yield would be halved． 他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿，没有它们产量会减少一半。 三、“名词/代词＋of＋which/whom”引导的非限制性定语从句 It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than twothirds of which are under cultivation． 现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中多于三分之二的土地已经耕种。 四、关系副词引导的非限制性定语从句 1．when（指时间，作时间状语） He will put off the picnic until May 1st，when he will be free． 他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。 2．where（指地点，作地点状语） They went to London，where they lived for six months． 他们去了伦敦，在那儿待了六个月的时间。 七．单元写作 写一封介绍家乡的电子邮件 写一封介绍家乡的电子邮件属于书信的写作范畴，目的是向朋友或笔友介绍自己的家乡，吸引对方前来参观。 时态：以一般现在时为主。 人称：以第一人称为主。 [基本框架] 开头（the beginning）：引出写邮件的目的（表示欢迎、回应对方来信）； 主体（the body）：详细介绍你的家乡（地理位置、面积、人口、自然环境、交通、名胜、特色等）； 结尾（the ending）：发出邀请，表达期待。 [常用词块] 1．be located/situated in/on... 坐落在…… 2. cover an area of... 占地…… 3. has a large population 人口众多 4. date back to the Tang Dynasty 追溯到唐朝 5. has many places of interest 有很多名胜 6. is famous for its beautiful West Lake 因美丽的西湖而闻名 7. with high-speed rail, expressways, waterways and airlines conveniently available 高铁、高速公路、水路和航空交通便利 8. an important transportation center 重要的交通枢纽 [常用语句] ★精彩开头 1．I am so glad to know that you will come to...for a visit. Now let me introduce something about...for you. 我很高兴知道你会来……参观。现在让我为你介绍一下……。 2. I'm pleased that you're coming to tour in China. 我很高兴你要来中国观光。 3. I'm very glad to hear that you are going to pay a visit to my hometown. 很高兴听说你要来参观我的家乡。 ★正文佳句 1．It is located in the southwest of China. It has a population of about 2.8 million, covering an area of more than 1.2 million square kilometers. 它位于中国的西南部，约有280万人口，占地面积120多万平方公里。 2. Yibin is an important transportation center of Sichuan Province, with high-speed rail, expressways, waterways and airlines conveniently available to the city. 宜宾是四川省重要的交通枢纽，高铁、高速公路、水路和航空交通都十分便利。 3. It is a beautiful city with green water and green hills all around it. 这是一座依山傍水的美丽城市。 4. People who are happily living here are kind and hard-working. 生活在这里的人们善良且勤劳。 ★余味结尾 1．Looking forward to seeing you. I believe we'll have a good day. 期待见到你，相信我们会共度美好时光。 2. Can't wait to show you around in...soon. 迫不及待想带你参观……。 3. I'm sure you'll like it. 相信你会喜欢。 假定你是李华，你的美国朋友Sarah打算暑期来北京旅游，发邮件向你询问改建后的前门大街的情况。请你回复邮件，内容包括： 简况：长845米、600多年历史、300余家商铺； 位置：天安门广场南面； 交通：公共汽车17、69、59等路，地铁2号线； 特色：步行街、铛铛车、茶馆、剧院等。 Dear Sarah， Thank you for your letter asking about the rebuilt of Qianmen Street. Here is something about it. Qianmen Street is a famous street, dating back to over 600 years ago. There are more than 300 shops along this 845-metre street. Just to the south of Tian'anmen Square, it's very convenient to get there by bus. You may take buses No.17, 69 or 59! Subway Line 2 has a stop there too. Qianmen Street is a pedestrian street, but you can take trolley cars to the shops, the theaters and tea houses where you can experience a truly Chinese way of life. I'm sure you'll like it. Yours， Li Hua Unit 2 Out of this world 一、核心单词 学科网（北京）股份有限公18 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. gravity n. ______________ 2. absence n. ______________ 3. bother vt. ______________ vi.______________n.____________ ※4. occupy vt. ______________ 5. mission n. ______________ 6. evaluate vt. ______________ 7. circumstance n. ______________ ※8. exposure n. ______________ 9. visible adj. ______________ 10. luxury n. ______________ 11. vital adj. ______________ 12. discipline vt. ______________ 13. permanent adj. ______________ ※14. crucial adj. ______________ 15. orbit vt. & vi. ______________ 16. administration n. ______________ 17. comprise vt. ______________ ※18. foundation n. ______________ 19. investment n. ______________ 20. constant adj. ______________ 二、单词拓展 ※1．__________n．缺乏，不存在；缺席→__________ adj.缺席的；不在的；心不在焉的 2．__________vt.占用，使用；居住；占领，侵占；使忙于→__________ adj.已占用的；无空闲的；使用中的→__________n．工作；职业；占领；居住；使用 3．__________vt.评估，估计，评价→__________n．评价；估价 ※4．__________n．面临，遭受；揭露；报道→__________v．使暴露；使显露；揭发；使(胶卷)曝光 5．__________adj.看得见的；明显的→__________adj.看不见的 6．__________n．宇宙；天地万物→__________adj.普遍的；全体的；全世界的；共同的 7．__________n．起源，起因；出身→__________adj.起初的；原来的；首创的；独创的 n．原著；原作 8．__________n．发生率，出现率；频繁；频率→__________adj.频繁的→__________adv.频繁地 9．__________n．投资；投入→__________v．投资；投入 10．__________n．新闻报道；覆盖范围；信息范围→__________n．覆盖物；封面；掩护物 v．覆盖；遮盖；处理；涉及；包括 ※11．__________n．助理，售货员，助教 adj.助理的，副的→__________v．帮助；援助 12．__________n．沙土，尘土，灰尘，尘埃→__________adj.脏的 13．__________adj.固定的，不变的；连续发生的，重复的→__________adv.固定地，不变地；连续不断地，重复地 三、常考单词 1. absence n. 缺乏，不存在；缺席 背重点 背写作佳句 1) during/in one’s absence 在某人不在的时候 2) in the absence of 因缺乏…… 3) absence from work/school 缺勤/缺课 4) be absent from 缺席 ① In the absence of strong evidence, the police had to release the suspect. (读后续写之推理/悬念描写) ② His long absence from school worried his teachers, so they decided to visit his home. (应用文写作之情况说明) ③ She tried to hide her sadness, but the absence of her usual smile told the truth. (读后续写之心理/细节描写) 2. occupy vt. 占用，使用；使忙于 背重点 背写作佳句 1) occupy oneself (in) doing sth./with sth. 忙于(做)某事 2) occupy time/room 占用时间/空间 3) be occupied (in) doing sth./with sth. 忙于(做)某事 4) occupation n. 工作，职业 ① She occupied herself in preparing for the coming exam, ignoring all distractions. (读后续写之动作/专注描写) ② With so many tasks occupying his mind, he found it hard to fall asleep. (读后续写之心理描写) ③ As a student, my main occupation is to acquire knowledge and develop my skills. (应用文写作之自我介绍) 3. evaluate vt. 评估，估计，评价 背重点 背写作佳句 1) evaluate the costs of 评估……的费用 2) evaluate one's ability 评估某人的能力 3) evaluate the value/quality of 评估……的价值/质量 4) evaluation n. 评价；评估 ① It is difficult to evaluate the impact of the disaster until more information is available. (应用文写作之新闻报道/分析) ② Teachers should evaluate students not only by their grades but also by their efforts and progress. (应用文写作之建议信/观点表达) ③ After careful evaluation, we decided to accept the proposal. (应用文写作之决定/汇报) 4. circumstance n. 条件，状况；境况 背重点 背写作佳句 1) in/under the circumstances 在这种情况下；既然如此 2in/under no circumstances 在任何情况下都不（位于句首时句子用部分倒装） 3under all circumstances 无论如何 4social circumstances 社会环境 ① Under no circumstances should you give up when facing difficulties. (应用文写作之建议信/励志表达) ② She remained calm even under the most challenging circumstances. (读后续写之人物性格描写) ③ In the circumstances, he had no choice but to tell the truth. (读后续写之心理抉择描写) 5. exposure n. 面临，遭受；揭露；报道 背重点 背写作佳句 1) exposure to sth. 暴露于……；面临…… 2 have a lot of exposure 得到诸多报道 3 expose...to... 使……面临……；使……接触…… 4 be exposed to 暴露于…… ① Long-term exposure to loud noise can cause permanent damage to one’s hearing. (应用文写作之倡议书/健康主题) ② Exposed to the harsh sunlight for hours, the travelers were completely exhausted. (读后续写之环境/状态描写) ③ The documentary provided an exposure of the hidden truth behind the scandal. (应用文写作之新闻报道) 6. crucial adj. 至关重要的，关键性的 背重点 背写作佳句 1) be crucial to 对……至关重要 2 It is crucial that... ……是至关重要的（从句用虚拟语气should+动词原形，should可省略） ① Good communication is crucial to the success of any team project. (应用文写作之建议信/团队合作) ② It is crucial that every student (should) develop the habit of critical thinking. (应用文写作之建议信/教育主题) ③ The next few minutes were crucial — his decision would determine whether they could survive. (读后续写之紧张场景描写) 7. shelter n. 居所，住所；庇护；避难处 vt. 保护，掩蔽 vi. 躲避 背重点 背写作佳句 1) take shelter from 躲避…… 2 give sb. shelter 庇护某人 3 seek shelter from 寻求庇护以躲避…… 3 shelter...from... 保护……以躲避…… ① The lost hikers managed to take shelter from the storm in an abandoned cabin. (读后续写之动作/求生描写) ② A mother’s love can shelter a child from the harshest realities of the world. (应用文写作之母爱主题/抒情表达) ③ Seeing the sudden rain, we rushed into a nearby store to seek shelter. (读后续写之动作描写) 四．单元短语 1. __________ 暴露于……。 2. __________鉴于，考虑到。 ※3. __________ 有重大意义的。 4. __________ 做某事是至关重要的。 5. __________ 在……中发挥重要作用。 6.__________ 自我控制。 7. __________ 空闲时。 8. __________ 在某人不在的时候。 9. __________ 缺席。 10. __________ 到场。 11. __________ 费心做某事。 12. __________ 忙于(做)某事。 ※13. __________ 使进一步了解。 14. __________ 在这种情况下；既然如此。 15.__________ 在任何情况下都不。 ※16. __________ ……的来源。 17.__________ 源于……。 18. __________ 激励某人做某事。 19. __________(做)某事的动机/原因。 20. __________ 把……投入到……。 ※21. __________ 远超出。 五．单元佳句 1．句式：as引导让步状语从句 【教材】Splendid as the view of the Earth is, spacewalking is not as exciting as you might think. 尽管地球上的景色美妙绝伦，但太空行走并不像你们可能想象的那么激动人心。 2．句式：be of＋抽象名词 具有……特征或属性 【教材】Spending some time in the gym is of vital importance to astronauts' health. 花些时间在健身房锻炼对宇航员的健康是至关重要的。 3．It has been calculated that...(it作形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语) 【教材】It has been calculated that the global space economy is increasing by billions of dollars every year. 据统计，全球航天经济每年增长数十亿美元。 4．the＋序数词＋(名词＋)不定式 【教材】．..Yuri Gagarin became the first man to journey into outer space. ……尤里·加加林成为进入外太空旅行的第一人。 六．单元语法 主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，位于谓语动词之前。为避免句子头重脚轻，常使用形式主语it，将真正的主语从句后置。 [观察例句] 1. What he wants is a new bicycle. 2．That the earth moves around the sun is known to all. 3．Whether we will hold a party in the open air next week is uncertain. 4．Whoever wants to enter into this school must take the exam. 5．It was reported that no country was under the terrorist attack. [归纳用法] 一、主语从句的构成 主语从句由“关联词 + 简单句”构成，在复合句中充当主语。 二、引导主语从句的关联词 引导主语从句的关联词主要有三类：从属连词、连接代词、连接副词。 1．从属连词：that，whether · that：只起连接作用，在从句中不作成分，无词义 That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确实是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 · whether：只起连接作用，在从句中不作成分，意为“是否” Whether he'll come here isn't clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 2．连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever 连接代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 What she did is not yet known. 她做了什么尚不清楚。 3．连接副词：where，when，how，why 连接副词在从句中充当状语。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事是怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 三、用it作形式主语的主语从句 当主语从句较长时，常用it作形式主语放在句首，而将真正的主语从句后置，以避免句子头重脚轻。常见句型有： 1．It + be + 形容词 + that从句 常用形容词：obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable等。 It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问，她的考试成绩会很好。 2．It + be + 名词词组 + that从句 常用名词词组：no wonder，an honour，a good thing，a pity，no surprise等。 It's a pity that we can't go. 很遗憾我们不能去。 3．It + be + 过去分词 + that从句 常用过去分词：said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged等。 It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说，格林先生已经到了北京。 It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 据报道，中国又成功发射了一颗人造地球卫星。 4．It + seem/happen等不及物动词 + that从句 It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。 It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。 5．It + doesn't matter (makes no difference等) + 连接代词/副词引导的从句 It doesn't matter whether she will come or not. 她是否将会来这儿不重要。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会无关紧要。 6．主语从句用于疑问句 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。 Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们做报告是真的吗？ 7．主语从句用于感叹句 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。 How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！ 四、主语从句的使用注意事项 1．形式主语it的使用 主语从句一般用it作形式主语，放在句首，而将主语从句放到句末。 It is possible that he has stolen the car. 很可能是他偷了汽车。 2．that的省略问题 that引导主语从句放在句首时，that不可省；在句末口语中可省。 That he was ill yesterday is known now. 现在大家都知道他昨天生病了。 3．连接代词引导的主语从句的位置 连接代词引导主语从句只能放在句首。 Who has broken the glass is unknown. 谁打破了玻璃现在还不知道。 What he wants is all here. 他所要的东西都在这里。 4．主句谓语动词的数 主语从句中主句的谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式，但what引导主语从句时，主句谓语动词的形式需根据句子的意思来判断。 How he worked it out is still a secret. 他是如何把它做出来的还是一个秘密。 What they make in this factory are TV sets. 他们在这家工厂里所制造的东西就是电视机。 七．单元写作 写一封书信 本单元要求写一篇关于外星人的故事，属于故事类的写作范畴。写作时需要运用叙述的方法，把事情的起因、经过和结果交代清楚。 时态：以一般过去时为主。 人称：以第一人称为主。 [基本框架] 开头（the beginning）：引出故事（时间、地点、人物、事件的开始）； 主体（the body）：具体过程（外星人的外貌、行为、自己的反应等）； 结尾（the ending）：自我感受（难忘的经历、内心的想法等）。 [常用词块] 开头段 1. a series of attacks 一连串的袭击行为 2. muddy footprints on the kitchen floor 厨房地板上的泥脚印 3. a frightening experience 一次可怕的经历 4. a reported sighting of the UFO 据报道有人看见飞碟 5. bring sth. to light 披露某事 6. due to human error 由于人为错误 7. have green skin and green eyes 有绿色的皮肤和绿色的眼睛 8. no more than one meter tall 不到一米高 9. dig soil and put it into a bag 挖土装进袋子 10. hide behind a tree 躲在树后 11. fly away 飞走 12. an unforgettable experience 一次难忘的经历 [常用语句] ★精彩开头 1. One day, I was walking in the field when I saw a UFO flying in the sky. 一天，我正在田野里散步，突然看见一个飞碟在空中飞行。 2. The monster of...is back in the news. ……怪物又上新闻了。 3. It is known to all that some strange things happened in this area. 众所周知，这个地区发生了一些奇怪的事情。 4. I still remember the day when I came across two aliens. 我仍然记得我遇到两个外星人的那一天。 ★丰满主体 1. They had green skin and green eyes and were no more than one meter tall. 他们有绿色的皮肤和绿色的眼睛，不到一米高。 2. I was so frightened that I could do nothing but try to hide behind a tree. 我吓得只能躲在树后。 3. Some scientists think that aliens may exist in the universe. 一些科学家认为外星人可能存在于宇宙中。 4. The two aliens began to dig some soil and put it into a bag. 两个外星人开始挖土，把它装进一个袋子里。 5. After that, they went back to the UFO and flew away. 之后，他们回到飞碟里飞走了。 ★余味结尾 1．What an unforgettable experience I had! 我经历了一次多么难忘的事件啊！ 2. Personally, I believe that there are aliens in the universe. 就我个人而言，我相信宇宙中存在外星人。 3. As far as I am concerned, this experience changed my view of the world. 就我而言，这次经历改变了我的世界观。 4. How unforgettable an experience it was! 这是一次多么难忘的经历啊！ 假如你是李华，请根据下面的提示写一篇英语短文，介绍你遇到外星人的一次经历。 1. 发现UFO，两个外星人走出来，他们有着绿色皮肤和绿色的眼睛，不到一米高。 2. 他们挖土装进袋子，回到飞碟然后飞走了。 3. 你的感受。 注意： 1．词数80左右； 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 One day, I was walking in the field when I heard a strange noise from the sky. It was a UFO! It began to land in the field and two aliens just came out. They had green skin and green eyes. They were no more than one meter tall. I was so frightened that I could do nothing but try to hide behind a tree. The two aliens dug some soil and put it into a bag. After that they came back to the UFO and flew away. What an unforgettable experience I had! . 一、单词拼写。根据汉语或首字母提示写出单词的正确形式。 1. You are not paying all of your tuition merely to go to class, study, pass tests and graduate. __________(仅仅) 2. The digital economy is __________(关键的) in today’s world. 3. A __________(火箭) is a space vehicle that is shaped like a long tube. 4. He said the government must introduce tax incentives to encourage __________(投资). 5. I’m sorry I haven’t phoned. I’ve been __________(极其) busy this week. 6. It was named after __________(天文学家) George Ellery Hale. 7. The house __________(包括) two bedrooms, a kitchen, and a living room. 8. The mission for the __________(全体乘务人员) of the space shuttle is essentially over. 9. You will be able to stroll at __________(闲暇) through the gardens. 10. We’ve been working all week without a moment’s __________(空闲). 11. Hot baths are my favourite l__________. 12. The sea was plainly v__________ in the distance. 13. Don’t e__________ your skin to direct sunlight, or you’ll get sunburnt. 14. Choosing an o__________ takes time, and there are a lot of things you have to think about. 15. Black was severely ill because of e__________ to a deadly virus. 16. Their brains were s__________ so that researchers could monitor the progress of the disease. 17. The Qingming Festival then became an important holiday from an o__________ simple farming day. 18. Studying its atmosphere could help to explain how Mars became the barren, d__________ place it is today. 19. Early a__________ thought that the Earth was the centre of the universe. 20. It was his a__________ of mind during driving that caused the accident. 二、单句语法填空。用括号内所给词的适当形式填空 1．Since its __________(establish) in 1945, the United Nations has played a dominant role in the development of international law． 2．I__________(distinct) heard someone calling me when I was walking in the street． 3．He's one of the most __________(dynamic) imaginative jazz pianists of our time． 4．I have heard him tell people that we get along __________(splendid)． 5．They were to meet at a __________(give) time and place． 6．A __________(minor) is a group of people of the same race, culture, or religion who live in a place where most of the people around them are of a different race, culture, or religion． 7．It is reported that the smaller lake ranges from five to fourteen feet in __________(deep)． 8．Joe remained immobile, as if he __________ (carve) out of stone． 9．Apart __________my host, I didn't know a single person there． 10．He quickly __________(unfold) the blankets and spread them on the bed last night． 11．You can imagine how fully __________(occupy) I became, raising four boys under the age of 8! 12．In __________circumstances, it seems better not to tell him about the accident． 13．He was eager to be back after more than a week's absence __________school． 14．It is widely acknowledged that students should __________(evaluate) in terms of overall quality． 15．Scientists worry that __________ (expose) to light while sleeping can increase chances of getting cancer． 16．What's worse, some drivers do not think __________vital to obey traffic rules． 17．Sorry __________ (bother) you, but the manager is on the line． 18．For several hours I made myself highly __________(vision), making sure everyone could see me． 19．No one is asking you to put on a hair shirt and give up all your __________(luxury)． 20．His confidence had been __________(permanent) affected by the painful suffering． 三、完成句子。 1. 随着时间的推移，我逐渐适应了学校生活。（用with复合结构） _____________________, I gradually adapted myself to the school life. 2. 随着时间的推移，我逐渐适应了学校生活。（用as引导从句） _____________________, I gradually adapted myself to the school life. 3. 让你的生活建立在流行文化之上，就像在不断移动的地基上盖房子一样。 Basing your life on popular culture_____________________ building a house on a _____________________ foundation. 4. 她显然很激动。 _____________________ she was excited. 5. 那个喷泉由三个石砌水池组成。 The fountain _____________________ three stone basins. 6. 他明确表示要我们离开。 He _____________________we should leave. 7. 对全体工作人员来说，自律是至关重要的，这将为以后的成功奠定基础。 _____________________ for all the crew to discipline themselves, which will_____________________. 8. 该机构由三名专家、十名助理和十名机械师组成。 The agency _____________________ three specialists, ten assistants, and ten mechanics. 9. 无论谁对这份文件感兴趣，都可以索要一份。 _____________________ can ask for a copy. 10. 显而易见，强烈的动机和不断的重复可以极大地提高学习效率。 _____________________ a strong motive and constant repetition can incredibly _____________________. 11. 在投资前进行准确的核算具有重要意义。 _____________________ make an accurate calculation before investment. 12. 此外，在闲暇时间，天文学家通过望远镜凝视太空。 Furthermore, _____________________, astronomers stare into space through telescopes. 13. 使我们的城市免受沙尘危害的是茂密的森林。 _____________________ is the high forest coverage. 14. 在没有重力的情况下，宇航员飘浮在太空中，这有时对他们是一种威胁。 In the absence of gravity, astronauts float in space, _____________________. 15. 在任何情况下，向其他国家泄露国家的秘密任务都将受到法律的严厉惩罚。 In any circumstances, _____________________ will be punished by law severely. $专题02 选择性必修第三册Unit1~Unit2单元词汇短语句型梳理 Unit 1 Wish you were here 一、核心单词 学科网（北京）股份有限公3 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. distinct adj. 截然不同的，有区别的，不同种类的；清楚的，清晰的 ※2. territory n.（加拿大）地区；领土，领地；领域 3. carve vt. 侵蚀，冲刷；雕，刻 4. mighty adj. 巨大的，非凡的；强而有力的 5. splendid adj. 壮丽的，雄伟的；极佳的，非常好的 ※6. urban adj. 城市的，城镇的 7. ancestor n. 祖宗，祖先；原种 8. minority n. 少数民族，少数群体；少数，少数人 9. dynamic adj.（事物）有活力的；动态的，发展变化的；充满活力的 10. sample vt. 尝，品尝，体验；抽样检验 n. 样本，样品；取样 11. depth n. 最深处；深（度）；深刻；深厚 12. welfare n. 幸福，福祉；福利 ※13. accommodation n. 住处 14. harmony n. 融洽，和睦；和谐 15. sustain vt. 使保持，使稳定持续；维持 16. manner n. 方式，方法；举止；礼貌 17. consumption n. 消耗，消耗量；消费 18. elegant adj. 雅致的，精美的；优美的，文雅的 ※19. resolution n. 决心，决定；决议；解决 ※20. possession n. 私人物品，个人财产；具有，拥有 二、单词拓展 1．unfold vt.& vi.开花；展开，打开；展示，展现→fold vt.折叠；对折 2．minority n．少数民族，少数群体；少数，少数人→minor adj.较小的；次要的→major adj.主要的 vi.主修→majority n．大多数 3．depth n．最深处；深(度)；深刻；深厚→deep adj.深的；深厚的 ※4．surrounding adj.周围的，附近的→surround v．包围；围绕→surroundings n．环境 5．harmony n．融洽，和睦；和谐→harmonious adj.和谐的 6．manner n．方式，方法；举止→manners n．礼貌 7．consumption n．消耗，消耗量；消费→consume v．消耗；消费 8．starve vi.& vt.(使)挨饿，(使)饿死→starvation n．挨饿；饿死→starving adj.饥饿的；挨饿的 9．departure n．离开，起程→depart v．离开；起程；背离 10．parking n．停车；停车位→park v．停放；把……停在路边 ※11．possession n．私人物品，个人财产；具有，拥有→possess v．具有，拥有 12．intently adv.热切地，专注地→intent adj.热切的，专注的 三、常考单词 1. unfold vi. & vt. 展开，打开；展示，展现；透露 背重点 背写作佳句 1) unfold before 呈现在……面前 2) unfold...to 将(以前保密的事情)告诉…… 3) as the story unfolds 随着故事的展开 fold v. 折叠；交叉；倒闭 ① As the story unfolded, I gradually understood the pain hidden behind his smile. (读后续写之情节发展/心理描写) ② She gently unfolded the letter and began to read, tears welling up in her eyes. (读后续写之动作描写) ③ The beautiful scenery unfolded before us like a living painting. (读后续写之环境描写) 2. distinct adj. 截然不同的；清楚的，清晰的 背重点 背写作佳句 1) be distinct from 与……不同 2) quite distinct 全然不同的 3) make a distinction 区分开来；区别对待 4) make no distinction 同等对待；不作区别 5) have the distinction of 以……而闻名 ① There was a distinct change in his attitude when he realized what he had done wrong. (读后续写之心理/态度变化描写) ② The two cultures are distinct from each other, yet both have their own charm. (应用文写作之文化对比) ③ As a teacher, she makes no distinction between students from different backgrounds. (应用文写作之人物介绍/表扬稿) 3.urban adj. 城市的，城镇的 背重点 背写作佳句 1) urban areas/districts/centers 城市地区/地区/中心 2)urban planning/population/living 城市规划/人口/生活 3)urban facilities 市政设施 4)rural areas 农村地区（对比词汇） ① The gap between urban and rural areas has been gradually narrowing in recent years. (应用文写作之议论文/现象分析) ② Living in urban centers offers convenience, but rural life provides peace and quiet. (应用文写作之利弊分析/观点表达) ③ The government has taken measures to improve urban facilities and the quality of life for citizens. (应用文写作之新闻报道/倡议书) 4. accommodation n. 住处；住宿，膳宿 背重点 背写作佳句 1) provide accommodations for 为……提供膳宿 2) campus accommodation 学校宿舍 3) student accommodation 学生宿舍 4) accommodate v. 容纳；适应；为……提供食宿 5) accommodate (oneself) to 使……适应…… ① The university provides comfortable accommodation for all international students. (应用文写作之学校介绍/通知) ② It took her a while to accommodate herself to the new environment after moving to the city. (读后续写之适应/成长描写) ③ During my stay there, my host family generously accommodated me with a room of my own. (应用文写作之感谢信) 5. surrounding adj. 周围的，附近的 背重点 背写作佳句 1) surrounding area/environment 周围地区/环境 2) be surrounded by/with 被……包围/环绕 3) surroundings n. 环境 4) surround oneself with 喜欢结交……/喜欢身边总有…… ① The lake, surrounded by green mountains, looks like a shining pearl. (读后续写之环境描写) ② He looked around at his new surroundings, feeling both excited and nervous. (读后续写之心理/环境描写) ③ To succeed, you should surround yourself with people who inspire and support you. (应用文写作之建议信/励志表达) 6. consumption n. 消耗，消耗量；消费 背重点 背写作佳句 1) energy/fuel consumption 能源/燃料消耗 2) water/electricity consumption 水/电消耗 3) mass consumption 大众消费 4) domestic consumption 国内消费 5) consume v. 消耗；吃；喝；使充满(强烈的感情) ① Reducing energy consumption is one of the most effective ways to protect our environment. (应用文写作之倡议书/环保主题) ② He was consumed with guilt after realizing the consequences of his actions. (读后续写之心理描写) ③ The daily consumption of fruit and vegetables is essential for maintaining good health. (应用文写作之建议信/健康主题) 7. possession n. 私人物品，个人财产；具有，拥有 背重点 背写作佳句 1) take possession of 占有；拥有 2 in one's possession 为某人所有 3 come into possession of 占有，拥有 4) personal possessions 私人物品 5) possess vt. 控制；拥有；具有 ① After the fire, she lost almost all her personal possessions, but her family was safe. (读后续写之灾难/不幸描写) ② He took possession of the old key and opened the mysterious box with trembling hands. (读后续写之动作描写) ③ To succeed in life, one must possess not only knowledge but also the courage to face challenges. (应用文写作之建议信/励志表达) 四．单元短语 1. in harmony with... 与……和谐；与……协调 2. in a... manner 以……方式/方法 3. come down to 可归结为，可归纳为 4. news items 新闻 ※5. make one's way to (艰难地)前往，行进 6. antique shop/store 古玩店 7. a piece/an article of furniture 一件家具 8. tower above/over 大大高出(附近的人或物) 9. beat down (阳光)强烈照射，曝晒 ※10. in/by contrast 相比之下 11. be distinct from... 与……不同 12. make up 构成，形成 13. in a/the minority 占少数 ※14. bring about 带来；引起 15. come as no surprise 不足为奇，毫不奇怪 16. provide accommodations for... 为……提供膳宿 17. be surrounded by/with... 被……环绕/包围 18. starve to death 饿死 19. parking lot 停车场 20. a bunch of... 一群；一束；一串 ※21. take possession of... 占领，夺取 22. go hiking 去远足；去徒步旅行 五．单元佳句 1．句式：介词短语置于句首的完全倒装 【教材】To the east of the Pacific coast rise the grand Rocky Mountains... 太平洋海岸向东耸立着巍峨的落基山脉…… 2．while用作并列连词 【教材】The major ethnic groups，for example, include the English, Scottish and French, while the minority groups include residents from Singapore and the Pacific Islands. 例如，主要的族群包括英格兰人、苏格兰人和法国人，而少数族裔包括来自新加坡和太平洋岛屿的居民。 3．句式：It was (not)＋一段时间＋before...过了一段时间才……/没过多久就…… 【教材】It wasn't long before we were surrounded by enormous sand dunes towering above us on all sides. 不一会儿，我们就被四周高耸的巨大沙丘包围住。 4．句式：独立主格结构 【教材】In the distance, elephants were eating grass, ears flapping lazily as they moved slowly over the plains.远处，大象正在吃草，耳朵懒洋洋地拍打着，在平原上缓缓移动。 5．句式：强调句型 【教材】It was then that I noticed a small grey monkey sitting on a tree a few metres away and eating a banana.就在那时，我注意到一只灰色的小猴子坐在几米开外的树上，吃着一根香蕉。 六．单元语法 非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句是对先行词或主句内容的补充说明，去掉后不影响主句的完整性，通常用逗号与主句隔开。关系词不能用that，也不能省略。 [观察例句] 1．Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook. 2．Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. 3．The boy, whose hat is red, studies very hard. 4．He will come here tomorrow, when he will be free. 5．They went back to London, which was their hometown. [归纳用法] 一、关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句 1．who引导的非限制性定语从句（指人，作主语） My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year． 我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果了。 2．whom引导的非限制性定语从句（指人，作宾语） Mr．Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist． 史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。 3．whose引导的非限制性定语从句（指人或物，作定语） whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语，通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。 The boy，whose father is an engineer，studies very hard． 那个小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。 The house，whose windows face north，belongs to him． 窗子朝北的那个房子是他的。 4．which引导的非限制性定语从句（指物或整个主句，作主语、宾语等） 关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句。 (1) which指代主句中的名词 These trees，which were planted by my father three years ago，have grown up． 我父亲三年前种的树，已经长大了。 (2) which指代整个主句 In the presence of so many people he was a little tense，which was understandable． 在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。 5．as引导的非限制性定语从句（指代整个主句，位置灵活） as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明。as在从句中作主语、表语或宾语，位置可位于句首、句末或主句中间，通常由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……，就像……”之意。 As is known to the United States，Mark Twain is a great American writer． 美国人都知道，马克·吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。（as在从句中作主语） He forgot to bring his pen with him，as was often the case． 他忘了带笔，这是常事。（as在从句中作主语） 二、“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句 介词后关系代词主要有which、whom、whose。介词的选择取决于与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。 They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without which the yield would be halved． 他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿，没有它们产量会减少一半。 三、“名词/代词＋of＋which/whom”引导的非限制性定语从句 It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than twothirds of which are under cultivation． 现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中多于三分之二的土地已经耕种。 四、关系副词引导的非限制性定语从句 1．when（指时间，作时间状语） He will put off the picnic until May 1st，when he will be free． 他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。 2．where（指地点，作地点状语） They went to London，where they lived for six months． 他们去了伦敦，在那儿待了六个月的时间。 七．单元写作 写一封介绍家乡的电子邮件 写一封介绍家乡的电子邮件属于书信的写作范畴，目的是向朋友或笔友介绍自己的家乡，吸引对方前来参观。 时态：以一般现在时为主。 人称：以第一人称为主。 [基本框架] 开头（the beginning）：引出写邮件的目的（表示欢迎、回应对方来信）； 主体（the body）：详细介绍你的家乡（地理位置、面积、人口、自然环境、交通、名胜、特色等）； 结尾（the ending）：发出邀请，表达期待。 [常用词块] 1．be located/situated in/on... 坐落在…… 2. cover an area of... 占地…… 3. has a large population 人口众多 4. date back to the Tang Dynasty 追溯到唐朝 5. has many places of interest 有很多名胜 6. is famous for its beautiful West Lake 因美丽的西湖而闻名 7. with high-speed rail, expressways, waterways and airlines conveniently available 高铁、高速公路、水路和航空交通便利 8. an important transportation center 重要的交通枢纽 [常用语句] ★精彩开头 1．I am so glad to know that you will come to...for a visit. Now let me introduce something about...for you. 我很高兴知道你会来……参观。现在让我为你介绍一下……。 2. I'm pleased that you're coming to tour in China. 我很高兴你要来中国观光。 3. I'm very glad to hear that you are going to pay a visit to my hometown. 很高兴听说你要来参观我的家乡。 ★正文佳句 1．It is located in the southwest of China. It has a population of about 2.8 million, covering an area of more than 1.2 million square kilometers. 它位于中国的西南部，约有280万人口，占地面积120多万平方公里。 2. Yibin is an important transportation center of Sichuan Province, with high-speed rail, expressways, waterways and airlines conveniently available to the city. 宜宾是四川省重要的交通枢纽，高铁、高速公路、水路和航空交通都十分便利。 3. It is a beautiful city with green water and green hills all around it. 这是一座依山傍水的美丽城市。 4. People who are happily living here are kind and hard-working. 生活在这里的人们善良且勤劳。 ★余味结尾 1．Looking forward to seeing you. I believe we'll have a good day. 期待见到你，相信我们会共度美好时光。 2. Can't wait to show you around in...soon. 迫不及待想带你参观……。 3. I'm sure you'll like it. 相信你会喜欢。 假定你是李华，你的美国朋友Sarah打算暑期来北京旅游，发邮件向你询问改建后的前门大街的情况。请你回复邮件，内容包括： 简况：长845米、600多年历史、300余家商铺； 位置：天安门广场南面； 交通：公共汽车17、69、59等路，地铁2号线； 特色：步行街、铛铛车、茶馆、剧院等。 Dear Sarah， Thank you for your letter asking about the rebuilt of Qianmen Street. Here is something about it. Qianmen Street is a famous street, dating back to over 600 years ago. There are more than 300 shops along this 845-metre street. Just to the south of Tian'anmen Square, it's very convenient to get there by bus. You may take buses No.17, 69 or 59! Subway Line 2 has a stop there too. Qianmen Street is a pedestrian street, but you can take trolley cars to the shops, the theaters and tea houses where you can experience a truly Chinese way of life. I'm sure you'll like it. Yours， Li Hua Unit 2 Out of this world 一、核心单词 学科网（北京）股份有限公18 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. gravity n. 重力，地球引力；严重性；严肃 2. absence n. 缺乏，不存在；缺席 3. bother vt. 使烦恼，使担心；花费时间精力（做某事）；打扰 vi. 花费时间精力（做某事） n. 麻烦，困难 ※4. occupy vt. 占用，使用；居住；占领，侵占；使忙于 5. mission n. 任务；使命，天职；军事行动；太空飞行任务 6. evaluate vt. 评估，估计，评价 7. circumstance n. 条件，状况；境况，（尤指）经济状况 ※8. exposure n. 面临，遭受；揭露；报道 9. visible adj. 看得见的；明显的 10. luxury n. 不常有的乐趣（或享受）；奢侈品 11. vital adj. 必不可少的，对…极重要的；维持生命所必需的 12. discipline vt. 严格要求（自己）；惩罚；训练 n. 训练，纪律；行为准则；自制力 13. permanent adj. 永久的，永恒的 ※14. crucial adj. 至关重要的，关键性的 15. orbit vt. & vi. 围绕…运动，沿轨道运行 n.（天体等运行的）轨道 16. administration n. 行政部门；管理，行政 17. comprise vt. 包括，包含；组成，构成 ※18. foundation n. 基础，根据；地基；创办；基金会 19. investment n. 投资；投入 20. constant adj. 固定的，不变的；连续发生的，重复的 二、单词拓展 ※1．absence n．缺乏，不存在；缺席→absent adj.缺席的；不在的；心不在焉的 2．occupy vt.占用，使用；居住；占领，侵占；使忙于→occupied adj.已占用的；无空闲的；使用中的→occupation n．工作；职业；占领；居住；使用 3．evaluate vt.评估，估计，评价→evaluation n．评价；估价 ※4．exposure n．面临，遭受；揭露；报道→expose v．使暴露；使显露；揭发；使(胶卷)曝光 5．visible adj.看得见的；明显的→invisible adj.看不见的 6．universe n．宇宙；天地万物→universal adj.普遍的；全体的；全世界的；共同的 7．origin n．起源，起因；出身→original adj.起初的；原来的；首创的；独创的 n．原著；原作 8．frequency n．发生率，出现率；频繁；频率→frequent adj.频繁的→frequently adv.频繁地 9．investment n．投资；投入→invest v．投资；投入 10．coverage n．新闻报道；覆盖范围；信息范围→cover n．覆盖物；封面；掩护物 v．覆盖；遮盖；处理；涉及；包括 ※11．assistant n．助理，售货员，助教 adj.助理的，副的→assist v．帮助；援助 12．dust n．沙土，尘土，灰尘，尘埃→dusty adj.脏的 13．constant adj.固定的，不变的；连续发生的，重复的→constantly adv.固定地，不变地；连续不断地，重复地 三、常考单词 1. absence n. 缺乏，不存在；缺席 背重点 背写作佳句 1) during/in one’s absence 在某人不在的时候 2) in the absence of 因缺乏…… 3) absence from work/school 缺勤/缺课 4) be absent from 缺席 ① In the absence of strong evidence, the police had to release the suspect. (读后续写之推理/悬念描写) ② His long absence from school worried his teachers, so they decided to visit his home. (应用文写作之情况说明) ③ She tried to hide her sadness, but the absence of her usual smile told the truth. (读后续写之心理/细节描写) 2. occupy vt. 占用，使用；使忙于 背重点 背写作佳句 1) occupy oneself (in) doing sth./with sth. 忙于(做)某事 2) occupy time/room 占用时间/空间 3) be occupied (in) doing sth./with sth. 忙于(做)某事 4) occupation n. 工作，职业 ① She occupied herself in preparing for the coming exam, ignoring all distractions. (读后续写之动作/专注描写) ② With so many tasks occupying his mind, he found it hard to fall asleep. (读后续写之心理描写) ③ As a student, my main occupation is to acquire knowledge and develop my skills. (应用文写作之自我介绍) 3. evaluate vt. 评估，估计，评价 背重点 背写作佳句 1) evaluate the costs of 评估……的费用 2) evaluate one's ability 评估某人的能力 3) evaluate the value/quality of 评估……的价值/质量 4) evaluation n. 评价；评估 ① It is difficult to evaluate the impact of the disaster until more information is available. (应用文写作之新闻报道/分析) ② Teachers should evaluate students not only by their grades but also by their efforts and progress. (应用文写作之建议信/观点表达) ③ After careful evaluation, we decided to accept the proposal. (应用文写作之决定/汇报) 4. circumstance n. 条件，状况；境况 背重点 背写作佳句 1) in/under the circumstances 在这种情况下；既然如此 2in/under no circumstances 在任何情况下都不（位于句首时句子用部分倒装） 3under all circumstances 无论如何 4social circumstances 社会环境 ① Under no circumstances should you give up when facing difficulties. (应用文写作之建议信/励志表达) ② She remained calm even under the most challenging circumstances. (读后续写之人物性格描写) ③ In the circumstances, he had no choice but to tell the truth. (读后续写之心理抉择描写) 5. exposure n. 面临，遭受；揭露；报道 背重点 背写作佳句 1) exposure to sth. 暴露于……；面临…… 2 have a lot of exposure 得到诸多报道 3 expose...to... 使……面临……；使……接触…… 4 be exposed to 暴露于…… ① Long-term exposure to loud noise can cause permanent damage to one’s hearing. (应用文写作之倡议书/健康主题) ② Exposed to the harsh sunlight for hours, the travelers were completely exhausted. (读后续写之环境/状态描写) ③ The documentary provided an exposure of the hidden truth behind the scandal. (应用文写作之新闻报道) 6. crucial adj. 至关重要的，关键性的 背重点 背写作佳句 1) be crucial to 对……至关重要 2 It is crucial that... ……是至关重要的（从句用虚拟语气should+动词原形，should可省略） ① Good communication is crucial to the success of any team project. (应用文写作之建议信/团队合作) ② It is crucial that every student (should) develop the habit of critical thinking. (应用文写作之建议信/教育主题) ③ The next few minutes were crucial — his decision would determine whether they could survive. (读后续写之紧张场景描写) 7. shelter n. 居所，住所；庇护；避难处 vt. 保护，掩蔽 vi. 躲避 背重点 背写作佳句 1) take shelter from 躲避…… 2 give sb. shelter 庇护某人 3 seek shelter from 寻求庇护以躲避…… 3 shelter...from... 保护……以躲避…… ① The lost hikers managed to take shelter from the storm in an abandoned cabin. (读后续写之动作/求生描写) ② A mother’s love can shelter a child from the harshest realities of the world. (应用文写作之母爱主题/抒情表达) ③ Seeing the sudden rain, we rushed into a nearby store to seek shelter. (读后续写之动作描写) 四．单元短语 1. be exposed to... 暴露于……。 2. in view of... 鉴于，考虑到。 ※3. be of significance 有重大意义的。 4. it is vital to do sth. 做某事是至关重要的。 5. play a vital role in... 在……中发挥重要作用。 6. discipline oneself 自我控制。 7. at one's leisure 空闲时。 8. during/in one's absence 在某人不在的时候。 9. be absent from... 缺席。 10. be present at... 到场。 11. bother to do sth. 费心做某事。 12. be occupied (in) doing sth./with sth.；be busy (in) doing/with sth.；be engaged in (doing) sth.；engage oneself in (doing) sth. 忙于(做)某事。 ※13. cast new light on... 使进一步了解。 14. in/under the circumstances 在这种情况下；既然如此。 15. in/under no circumstances 在任何情况下都不。 ※16. the origin of... ……的来源。 17. originate from... 源于……。 18. motivate sb. to do sth. 激励某人做某事。 19. the motivation for (doing) sth. (做)某事的动机/原因。 20. invest... in/on... 把……投入到……。 ※21. go far beyond... 远超出。 五．单元佳句 1．句式：as引导让步状语从句 【教材】Splendid as the view of the Earth is, spacewalking is not as exciting as you might think. 尽管地球上的景色美妙绝伦，但太空行走并不像你们可能想象的那么激动人心。 2．句式：be of＋抽象名词 具有……特征或属性 【教材】Spending some time in the gym is of vital importance to astronauts' health. 花些时间在健身房锻炼对宇航员的健康是至关重要的。 3．It has been calculated that...(it作形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语) 【教材】It has been calculated that the global space economy is increasing by billions of dollars every year. 据统计，全球航天经济每年增长数十亿美元。 4．the＋序数词＋(名词＋)不定式 【教材】．..Yuri Gagarin became the first man to journey into outer space. ……尤里·加加林成为进入外太空旅行的第一人。 六．单元语法 主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，位于谓语动词之前。为避免句子头重脚轻，常使用形式主语it，将真正的主语从句后置。 [观察例句] 1. What he wants is a new bicycle. 2．That the earth moves around the sun is known to all. 3．Whether we will hold a party in the open air next week is uncertain. 4．Whoever wants to enter into this school must take the exam. 5．It was reported that no country was under the terrorist attack. [归纳用法] 一、主语从句的构成 主语从句由“关联词 + 简单句”构成，在复合句中充当主语。 二、引导主语从句的关联词 引导主语从句的关联词主要有三类：从属连词、连接代词、连接副词。 1．从属连词：that，whether · that：只起连接作用，在从句中不作成分，无词义 That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确实是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 · whether：只起连接作用，在从句中不作成分，意为“是否” Whether he'll come here isn't clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 2．连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever 连接代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 What she did is not yet known. 她做了什么尚不清楚。 3．连接副词：where，when，how，why 连接副词在从句中充当状语。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事是怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 三、用it作形式主语的主语从句 当主语从句较长时，常用it作形式主语放在句首，而将真正的主语从句后置，以避免句子头重脚轻。常见句型有： 1．It + be + 形容词 + that从句 常用形容词：obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable等。 It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问，她的考试成绩会很好。 2．It + be + 名词词组 + that从句 常用名词词组：no wonder，an honour，a good thing，a pity，no surprise等。 It's a pity that we can't go. 很遗憾我们不能去。 3．It + be + 过去分词 + that从句 常用过去分词：said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged等。 It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说，格林先生已经到了北京。 It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 据报道，中国又成功发射了一颗人造地球卫星。 4．It + seem/happen等不及物动词 + that从句 It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。 It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。 5．It + doesn't matter (makes no difference等) + 连接代词/副词引导的从句 It doesn't matter whether she will come or not. 她是否将会来这儿不重要。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会无关紧要。 6．主语从句用于疑问句 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。 Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们做报告是真的吗？ 7．主语从句用于感叹句 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。 How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！ 四、主语从句的使用注意事项 1．形式主语it的使用 主语从句一般用it作形式主语，放在句首，而将主语从句放到句末。 It is possible that he has stolen the car. 很可能是他偷了汽车。 2．that的省略问题 that引导主语从句放在句首时，that不可省；在句末口语中可省。 That he was ill yesterday is known now. 现在大家都知道他昨天生病了。 3．连接代词引导的主语从句的位置 连接代词引导主语从句只能放在句首。 Who has broken the glass is unknown. 谁打破了玻璃现在还不知道。 What he wants is all here. 他所要的东西都在这里。 4．主句谓语动词的数 主语从句中主句的谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式，但what引导主语从句时，主句谓语动词的形式需根据句子的意思来判断。 How he worked it out is still a secret. 他是如何把它做出来的还是一个秘密。 What they make in this factory are TV sets. 他们在这家工厂里所制造的东西就是电视机。 七．单元写作 写一封书信 本单元要求写一篇关于外星人的故事，属于故事类的写作范畴。写作时需要运用叙述的方法，把事情的起因、经过和结果交代清楚。 时态：以一般过去时为主。 人称：以第一人称为主。 [基本框架] 开头（the beginning）：引出故事（时间、地点、人物、事件的开始）； 主体（the body）：具体过程（外星人的外貌、行为、自己的反应等）； 结尾（the ending）：自我感受（难忘的经历、内心的想法等）。 [常用词块] 开头段 1. a series of attacks 一连串的袭击行为 2. muddy footprints on the kitchen floor 厨房地板上的泥脚印 3. a frightening experience 一次可怕的经历 4. a reported sighting of the UFO 据报道有人看见飞碟 5. bring sth. to light 披露某事 6. due to human error 由于人为错误 7. have green skin and green eyes 有绿色的皮肤和绿色的眼睛 8. no more than one meter tall 不到一米高 9. dig soil and put it into a bag 挖土装进袋子 10. hide behind a tree 躲在树后 11. fly away 飞走 12. an unforgettable experience 一次难忘的经历 [常用语句] ★精彩开头 1. One day, I was walking in the field when I saw a UFO flying in the sky. 一天，我正在田野里散步，突然看见一个飞碟在空中飞行。 2. The monster of...is back in the news. ……怪物又上新闻了。 3. It is known to all that some strange things happened in this area. 众所周知，这个地区发生了一些奇怪的事情。 4. I still remember the day when I came across two aliens. 我仍然记得我遇到两个外星人的那一天。 ★丰满主体 1. They had green skin and green eyes and were no more than one meter tall. 他们有绿色的皮肤和绿色的眼睛，不到一米高。 2. I was so frightened that I could do nothing but try to hide behind a tree. 我吓得只能躲在树后。 3. Some scientists think that aliens may exist in the universe. 一些科学家认为外星人可能存在于宇宙中。 4. The two aliens began to dig some soil and put it into a bag. 两个外星人开始挖土，把它装进一个袋子里。 5. After that, they went back to the UFO and flew away. 之后，他们回到飞碟里飞走了。 ★余味结尾 1．What an unforgettable experience I had! 我经历了一次多么难忘的事件啊！ 2. Personally, I believe that there are aliens in the universe. 就我个人而言，我相信宇宙中存在外星人。 3. As far as I am concerned, this experience changed my view of the world. 就我而言，这次经历改变了我的世界观。 4. How unforgettable an experience it was! 这是一次多么难忘的经历啊！ 假如你是李华，请根据下面的提示写一篇英语短文，介绍你遇到外星人的一次经历。 1. 发现UFO，两个外星人走出来，他们有着绿色皮肤和绿色的眼睛，不到一米高。 2. 他们挖土装进袋子，回到飞碟然后飞走了。 3. 你的感受。 注意： 1．词数80左右； 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 One day, I was walking in the field when I heard a strange noise from the sky. It was a UFO! It began to land in the field and two aliens just came out. They had green skin and green eyes. They were no more than one meter tall. I was so frightened that I could do nothing but try to hide behind a tree. The two aliens dug some soil and put it into a bag. After that they came back to the UFO and flew away. What an unforgettable experience I had! . 一、单词拼写。根据汉语或首字母提示写出单词的正确形式。 1. You are not paying all of your tuition merely to go to class, study, pass tests and graduate. merely(仅仅) 2. The digital economy is crucial (关键的) in today’s world. 3. A rocket (火箭) is a space vehicle that is shaped like a long tube. 4. He said the government must introduce tax incentives to encourage investment (投资). 5. I’m sorry I haven’t phoned. I’ve been incredibly (极其) busy this week. 6. It was named after astronomer (天文学家) George Ellery Hale. 7. The house comprises (包括) two bedrooms, a kitchen, and a living room. 8. The mission for the crew (全体乘务人员) of the space shuttle is essentially over. 9. You will be able to stroll at leisure (闲暇) through the gardens. 10. We’ve been working all week without a moment’s leisure (空闲). 11. Hot baths are my favourite luxury. 12. The sea was plainly visible in the distance. 13. Don’t expose your skin to direct sunlight, or you’ll get sunburnt. 14. Choosing an occupation takes time, and there are a lot of things you have to think about. 15. Black was severely ill because of exposure to a deadly virus. 16. Their brains were scanned so that researchers could monitor the progress of the disease. 17. The Qingming Festival then became an important holiday from an originally simple farming day. 18. Studying its atmosphere could help to explain how Mars became the barren, dusty place it is today. 19. Early astronomers thought that the Earth was the centre of the universe. 20. It was his absence of mind during driving that caused the accident. 二、单句语法填空。用括号内所给词的适当形式填空 1．Since its establishment (establish) in 1945, the United Nations has played a dominant role in the development of international law． 2．I distinctly (distinct) heard someone calling me when I was walking in the street． 3．He's one of the most dynamically (dynamic) imaginative jazz pianists of our time． 4．I have heard him tell people that we get along splendidly (splendid)． 5．They were to meet at a given(give) time and place． 6．A minority (minor) is a group of people of the same race, culture, or religion who live in a place where most of the people around them are of a different race, culture, or religion． 7．It is reported that the smaller lake ranges from five to fourteen feet in depth (deep)． 8．Joe remained immobile, as if he had been carved (carve) out of stone． 9．Apart from my host, I didn't know a single person there． 10．He quickly unfolded (unfold) the blankets and spread them on the bed last night． 11．You can imagine how fully occupied (occupy) I became, raising four boys under the age of 8! 12．In the circumstances, it seems better not to tell him about the accident． 13．He was eager to be back after more than a week's absence from school． 14．It is widely acknowledged that students should be evaluated(evaluate) in terms of overall quality． 15．Scientists worry that exposure/being exposed (expose) to light while sleeping can increase chances of getting cancer． 16．What's worse, some drivers do not think it vital to obey traffic rules． 17．Sorry to bother (bother) you, but the manager is on the line． 18．For several hours I made myself highly visible (vision), making sure everyone could see me． 19．No one is asking you to put on a hair shirt and give up all your luxuries(luxury)． 20．His confidence had been permanently(permanent) affected by the painful suffering． 三、完成句子。 1. 随着时间的推移，我逐渐适应了学校生活。（用with复合结构） With time going by, I gradually adapted myself to the school life. 2. 随着时间的推移，我逐渐适应了学校生活。（用as引导从句） As time went by, I gradually adapted myself to the school life. 3. 让你的生活建立在流行文化之上，就像在不断移动的地基上盖房子一样。 Basing your life on popular culture is like building a house on a constantly moving foundation. 4. 她显然很激动。 It was evident that she was excited. 5. 那个喷泉由三个石砌水池组成。 The fountain is comprised of three stone basins. 6. 他明确表示要我们离开。 He made it plain that we should leave. 7. 对全体工作人员来说，自律是至关重要的，这将为以后的成功奠定基础。 It is vital for all the crew to discipline themselves, which will lay the foundation for later success. 8. 该机构由三名专家、十名助理和十名机械师组成。 The agency is comprised of three specialists, ten assistants, and ten mechanics. 9. 无论谁对这份文件感兴趣，都可以索要一份。 Whoever takes interest in the paper can ask for a copy. 10. 显而易见，强烈的动机和不断的重复可以极大地提高学习效率。 It is plain to see that a strong motive and constant repetition can incredibly improve learning efficiency. 11. 在投资前进行准确的核算具有重要意义。 It is of great significance to make an accurate calculation before investment. 12. 此外，在闲暇时间，天文学家通过望远镜凝视太空。 Furthermore, at leisure time, astronomers stare into space through telescopes. 13. 使我们的城市免受沙尘危害的是茂密的森林。 What shelters our cities from the dangers of dust is the high forest coverage. 14. 在没有重力的情况下，宇航员飘浮在太空中，这有时对他们是一种威胁。 In the absence of gravity, astronauts float in space, which is sometimes a threat to them. 15. 在任何情况下，向其他国家泄露国家的秘密任务都将受到法律的严厉惩罚。 In any circumstances, exposure of secret mission of the country to other countries will be punished by law severely. $