Effects of air pollution（阅读任务单）高一时文阅读说明文适中

**基本信息** 以环保主题时文为载体，通过“阅读输入-词汇语法内化-写作输出”链条系统培养语言能力，融合细节定位、推理分析等解题方法，渗透环保文化意识。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |语篇阅读|1篇（366词说明文）|通过话题导入建立环保认知|以“空气污染影响”为核心，从人类健康、动植物、环境展开说明| |选择题|4题（细节/推理）|细节题定位原文关键句，推理题题干定位段落|覆盖数据、人群、植物影响等核心信息，训练信息提取能力| |词汇/长难句|8词填空/1句分析|词汇结合语境记忆，长难句拆分主谓与定语从句|围绕主题词汇（smog, respiratory等）构建词网，强化语法结构理解| |写作训练|1篇（100词征文）|按“影响-措施-观点”三段式结构写作|迁移阅读素材，培养问题解决思维与书面表达能力|

环保高一时文阅读 Effects of Air Pollution 空气污染的影响 走进语篇 话题 体裁 题型 字数 建议阅读时间 难度 空气污染的影响 说明文 选择题 366 8分钟 适中 Air pollution affects all things. It is harmful to our health, and it impacts the environment by reducing visibility and blocking sunlight, causing acid rain, and harming forests, wildlife, and agriculture. Greenhouse gas pollution, the cause of climate change, affects the entire planet. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated seven million people die each year from air pollution. More than 4,000 people died in just a few months due to a severe smog event that occurred in London in 1952. Ground-level ozone causes muscles in the lungs to contract, making it difficult to breathe. Exposure to high ozone levels can cause sore throat, coughing, lung inflammation, and permanent lung damage. Symptoms from short-term exposure typically resolve quickly, but long-term exposure is linked to serious illness and disease in multiple body systems. Children, the elderly, and people with ongoing illnesses are more vulnerable to air pollution than other groups. Urban populations are also at greater risk due to high concentrations of pollution within cities. Check the current air quality in your area to determine if you should take precautions such as reducing or avoiding outdoor activity. Wildlife can experience many of the same negative health effects of air pollution that humans do. Damage to the respiratory system is the most common effect on animals, but neurological problems and skin irritations are also common. Plants and crops grow less when exposed to long-term air pollution. Ozone pollution harms plants by damaging structures called stomata, which are tiny pores on the underside of leaves that allow the plant to "breathe." Some types of plants can protect themselves by temporarily closing their stomata or producing antioxidants, but others are particularly sensitive to damage. Between 1980 and 2011, nine billion dollars-worth of soybeans and corn were lost in the US as a result of ozone pollution. When acid rain, lead toxicity, and exposure to nitrogen oxides change the chemical nature of the soil, plants are robbed of the nutrients that they need to grow and survive. This impacts agriculture, forests, and grasslands. There are many other ways that air pollution affects living things, such as damaging the habitat, water, and food sources that plants and animals need to survive. -https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/air-quality/effects-air-pollution 牛刀小试 ( ) 1. How many people die each year due to air pollution? A. 4,000. B. 1 million. C. 7 million. D. 9 billion. ( ) 2. Which group is easily affected by air pollution? A. Adults in cities. B. Only patients. C. Only urban populations. D. Children, the elderly, and people with ongoing illnesses. ( ) 3. What happens to plants when exposed to ozone pollution? A. They grow faster. B. Their stomata are damaged, making it harder for them to "breathe." C. They become resistant to all diseases. D. They produce more oxygen. ( ) 4. What is one effect of acid rain on soil? A. It makes the soil more fertile. B. It changes the soil's chemistry, reducing nutrients for plants. C. It has no effect on the soil. D. It helps plants grow faster. 词汇聚焦 1. visibility [ ˌvɪzəˈbɪləti] n. 能见度，能见距离 2. smog [ smɒɡ] n. 烟雾，雾霾 3. lung [ lʌŋ] n. 肺；呼吸器 4. contract [ ˈkɑːntrækt] v.（使）收缩，缩小；签合同 5. precaution [ prɪˈkɔːʃn] n. 预防措施，防备 6. respiratory [ ˈrespərətɔːri] adj. 呼吸的 7. neurological [ˌnjʊərəˈlɒdʒɪkl] adj. 神经病学的，神经学上的 8. toxicity [tɒkˈsɪsəti] n. 毒性 词汇练习 1、 选词填空 visibility, smog, lung, contract, precaution, respiratory, neurological, toxicity 1. Cars cause pollution, both _______________ and acid rain. 2. Take every______________ to prevent the flag from becoming soiled. 3. It was raining heavily and ________________ was poor. 4. Many children are showing evidence of _________________ damage. 5. You need to ________________ the distance between you and others. 6. He was born with only one _______________. 7. Smoking places you at serious risk of cardiovascular and _______________ disease. 8. Every chemical has _______________, but it's all in the dose. 长难句分析 1. More than 4,000 people died in just a few months due to a severe smog event that occurred in London in 1952. 【分析】本句中主语是___________________________________；定语从句是_______________________________________________________________________________；主干句是____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【译文】____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 写作训练 你校将举办一场征文活动，作文标题是：How to Prevent Air Pollution? 内容要求如下： 1.空气污染的影响； 2.采取相应措施； 3.总结个人观点。 注意：1. 词数100左右；2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 How to Prevent Air Pollution? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 背景拓展 Air Pollution: Everything You Need to Know What is air pollution? Air pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the air—pollutants that are detrimental to human health and the planet as a whole. According to the World Health Organization (WHO., each year, indoor and outdoor air pollution is responsible for nearly seven million deaths around the globe. Ninety-nine percent of human beings currently breathe air that exceeds the WHO’s guideline limits for pollutants, with those living in low- and middle-income countries suffering the most. In the United States, the Clean Air Act, established in 1970, authorizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA. to safeguard public health by regulating the emissions of these harmful air pollutants. What causes air pollution? “Most air pollution comes from energy use and production,” says John Walke, director of the Clean Air team at NRDC. Driving a car on gasoline, heating a home with oil, running a power plant on fracked gas: In each case, a fossil fuel is burned and harmful chemicals and gases are released into the air. “We’ve made progress over the last 50 years in improving air quality in the United States, thanks to the Clean Air Act. But climate change will make it harder in the future to meet pollution standards, which are designed to protect health,” says Walke. How to help reduce air pollution “The less gasoline we burn, the better we’re doing to reduce air pollution and the harmful effects of climate change,” Walke explains. “Make good choices about transportation. When you can, ride a bike, walk, or take public transportation. For driving, choose a car that gets better miles per gallon of gas or buy an electric car.” You can also investigate your power provider options—you may be able to request that your electricity be supplied by wind or solar. Buying your food locally cuts down on the fossil fuels burned in trucking or flying food in from across the world. And most important: “Support leaders who push for clean air and water and responsible steps on climate change,” Walke says. -https://www.nrdc.org/stories/air-pollution-everything-you-need-know#reduce 参考译文 空气污染：你需要知道的一切 什么是空气污染？ 空气污染是指向空气中释放的有害于人类健康和整个地球的污染物。根据世界卫生组织（世卫组织）的数据，每年，室内和室外空气污染造成全球近700万人死亡。目前，99%的人类呼吸的空气超过了世界卫生组织的污染物指导限值，生活在低收入和中等收入国家的人受影响最大。在美国，1970年制定的《清洁空气法》授权美国环境保护署（EPA）通过管制这些有害空气污染物的排放来保障公众健康。 空气污染的原因是什么？ “大多数空气污染来自能源使用和生产，”自然资源保护委员会清洁空气小组主任约翰·沃克说。用汽油开车，用石油取暖，用水力压裂天然气运行发电厂：在每一种情况下，化石燃料燃烧，有害的化学物质和气体释放到空气中。 “在过去的50年里，多亏了《清洁空气法》，我们在改善美国空气质量方面取得了进展。但气候变化将使未来更难达到旨在保护健康的污染标准，”沃克说。 如何帮助减少空气污染 沃克解释说：“我们燃烧的汽油越少，我们在减少空气污染和气候变化的有害影响方面做得就越好。”“选择合适的交通工具。如果可以的话，骑自行车、步行或乘坐公共交通工具。开车的话，选择一辆每加仑汽油能跑更多英里的车，或者买一辆电动汽车。”你也可以调查你的电力供应商的选择——你可以要求你的电力由风能或太阳能提供。在当地购买食物可以减少从世界各地运输或空运食物所消耗的化石燃料。最重要的是：“支持那些推动清洁空气和水，并在气候变化问题上采取负责任措施的领导人，”沃克说。 答案与解析 牛刀小试 1. C 【解析】 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句According to the World Health Organization, an estimated seven million people die each year from air pollution，据世界卫生组织估计，每年有700万人死于空气污染。 2. D【解析】推理判断题。由题干定位到第三段第二句， Children, the elderly, and people with ongoing illnesses are more vulnerable to air pollution than other groups，儿童、老人和患有持续性疾病的人比其他人群更容易受到空气污染的影响。 3. B 【解析】 推理判断题。由题干indicator，定位到第五段Plants and crops grow less when exposed to long-term air pollution. Ozone pollution harms plants by damaging structures called stomata, which are tiny pores on the underside of leaves that allow the plant to "breathe."， 植物和农作物长期暴露在空气污染中，生长就会减少。臭氧污染通过破坏气孔来伤害植物，它们是叶子底部允许植物“呼吸”的微小气孔。 4. B 【解析】 推理判断题。由题干定位到第五段第五句， When acid rain, lead toxicity, and exposure to nitrogen oxides change the chemical nature of the soil, plants are robbed of the nutrients that they need to grow and survive，当酸雨、铅中毒和氮氧化物改变了土壤的化学性质时，植物就失去了生长和生存所需的养分。 词汇练习 一、1. smog 2. precaution 3. visibility 4. neurological 5. contract 6. lung 7. respiratory 8. toxicity 长难句分析 1. 【分析】 1. More than 4,000 people; that occurred in London in 1952; More than 4,000 people died in just a few months due to a severe smog event. 【译文】1952年，伦敦发生了严重的雾霾事件，短短几个月内就有4000多人死亡。 写作训练 How to Prevent Air Pollution? Air pollution has become a serious problem, affecting both the environment and human health. It causes respiratory diseases, harms wildlife, and contributes to climate change. To reduce its impact, we must take action. First, we should use public transportation, bikes, or walk instead of driving cars to cut down on exhaust emissions. Factories must adopt cleaner technologies and follow environmental regulations. Planting more trees can also help absorb harmful pollutants. Additionally, using renewable energy like solar or wind power instead of fossil fuels is essential. In my opinion, everyone has a role in fighting air pollution. Small daily actions, combined with government policies, can make a big difference. Let’s work together for cleaner air! 参考译文 空气污染的影响 空气污染影响一切。它对我们的健康有害，还会降低能见度和阻挡阳光，造成酸雨，损害森林、野生动物和农业，从而影响环境。温室气体污染是气候变化的原因，影响着整个地球。 据世界卫生组织估计，每年有700万人死于空气污染。1952年，伦敦发生了严重的雾霾事件，短短几个月内就有4000多人死亡。地面臭氧会导致肺部肌肉收缩，导致呼吸困难。暴露在高臭氧水平下会导致喉咙痛、咳嗽、肺部炎症和永久性肺损伤。 短期接触的症状通常会很快消退，但长期接触会导致多种身体系统的严重疾病。儿童、老人和患有持续性疾病的人比其他人群更容易受到空气污染的影响。由于城市内的污染高度集中，城市人口也面临更大的风险。检查你所在地区目前的空气质量，以确定你是否应该采取预防措施，如减少或避免户外活动。 野生动物也会经历许多与人类一样的空气污染对健康的负面影响。呼吸系统损伤是对动物最常见的影响，但神经问题和皮肤刺激也很常见。 植物和农作物长期暴露在空气污染中，生长就会减少。臭氧污染通过破坏气孔来伤害植物，它们是叶子底部允许植物“呼吸”的微小气孔。有些植物可以通过暂时关闭气孔或产生抗氧化剂来保护自己，但其他植物对损害特别敏感。1980年至2011年间，由于臭氧污染，美国损失了价值90亿美元的大豆和玉米。当酸雨、铅中毒和氮氧化物改变了土壤的化学性质时，植物就失去了生长和生存所需的养分。这影响了农业、森林和草原。 空气污染还以许多其他方式影响生物，例如破坏动植物生存所需的栖息地、水和食物来源。 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $