专题 01 阅读理解 （期末复习专项训练）高二英语下学期译林版

**基本信息** 聚焦五大高频话题，精选19篇不同来源语篇，系统训练阅读理解核心题型，融合语言能力与思维品质培养。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |社会热点问题|5篇（含湖南衡阳联考等）|细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意|贴近现实生活，覆盖AI应用等热点，培养信息筛选与逻辑分析能力| |科学与技术|4篇（含滁州期中卷等）|词义猜测、观点态度|聚焦科技进展，如自清洁玻璃等，构建“现象-原理-应用”认知链| |自然生态|4篇（含安徽多效联考等）|标题归纳、推理判断|围绕生态保护，如巴西木等话题，渗透人与自然和谐共生理念| |宇宙探索|4篇（含湖北武汉月考等）|主旨概括、推理判断|探究时空本质等前沿问题，提升抽象思维与科学探究能力| |环境保护|3篇（含新高考全国II卷等）|细节理解、观点态度|聚焦可持续发展，如航空燃料等，强化社会责任感与问题解决意识|

专题01 阅读理解（期末复习专项训练） 语篇话题一: 社会热点问题（5篇） Passage 1 1. D 2. D 3. C 4. B Passage 2 1. C 2. C 3. B Passage 3 1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C Passage 4 1. B 2. D 3.C 4.A Passage 5 1．D 2．D 3．B 4．D 语篇话题二: 科学与技术（4篇） Passage 1 1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C Passage 2 1. D 2. B 3. D 4. D Passage 3 1. C 2. D 3. D 4. A Passage 4 1. A 2. B 3.C 4.C 语篇话题三: 自然生态（4篇） Passage 1 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. C Passage 2 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D Passage 3 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D Passage 4 1. C 2. C 3. B 语篇话题四: 宇宙探索（4篇） Passage 1 1. D 2. C 3. C 4. B Passage 2 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. D Passage 3 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. B Passage 4 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 语篇话题五: 环境保护（3篇） Passage 1 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A Passage 2 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D Passage 3 1. D 3. B 3. A 4. D Passage 1 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A Passage 2 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D Passage 3 1. A 2. D 3. D 4. C Passage 4 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题01 阅读理解（期末复习专项训练） 语篇话题一: 社会热点问题（5篇） Passage 1（2026高二下·湖南衡阳·联考） Artificial intelligence (AI) tools that permit people to produce online reviews have put sellers, service providers and buyers in unfamiliar territory, public protection groups and researchers say. False reviews have long appeared on many popular websites. The reviews are often traded on private social media groups between fake (假的) review dealers and businesses willing to pay. Sometimes, businesses get good reviews in exchange for offering buyers rewards such as gift cards. The Transparency Company is a technology company and public protection group that uses software to detect fake reviews. The company said it started to see AI-generated reviews appear in large numbers in mid-2023. The reviews have increased quickly ever since. Major companies are developing policies for how AI-generated content fits into their systems for removing fake reviews. Some companies already employ special programmes and investigative teams to find and remove fake reviews. Still, the companies are giving users some ability to use AI. The Coalition for Trusted Reviews, which Amazon, Trustpilot, Glassdoor, Tripadvisor, Expedia and Booking. com launched last year, said that even though people may put AI to illegal use,the technology also presents “an opportunity to push back against those who seek to use reviews to mislead others”. Tech companies, including Amazon, Yelp and Google, say their technology has blocked or removed a large number of suspect reviews and suspicious accounts. However, some experts say they could be doing more. Consumers can try to find fake reviews by watching out for a few possible warning signs, researchers say. Overly good or bad reviews are suspect. Highly specialized terms that repeat a product’s full name or model number are another possible clue. When it comes to AI, research done by Balázs Kovács, a Yale professor, has shown that people cannot tell the difference between AI-created and human-written reviews. Some AI detectors may also be fooled by shorter texts, which are common in online reviews, the study said. However, there are some AI clues that online shoppers and service seekers should keep in mind. Reviews written with AI are often longer, highly structured and include “empty descriptors”. Empty descriptors include general phrases and attributes or characteristics. The writing also often includes overused phrases or opinions like “the first thing that struck me” and “game-changer”. 1. How does The Transparency Company find fake reviews? A. By appointing experts to the job. B. By calling on volunteers to check them. C. By offering users rewards. D. By making the use of software. 2. What can be learned about major companies? A. People will not see fake reviews in their websites. B. They think AI is useless to seek suspicious accounts. C. Experts are satisfied with their reaction to suspect reviews. D. They allowed users to take advantage of AI to some extent. 3. Which review could possibly be written using AI? A. Got it today, works fine for my needs. B. Not bad, but the price is a bit high. C. It’s an excellent product with great quality. D. Stopped working after 3 days, don’t buy. 4. What is the main idea of the text? A. There is growing concern about false reviews. B. AI tools are often used for faking product reviews. C. We are living in a world that depends more on AI. D. AI’s recent developments have got a lot of social attention. 【答案】1. D 2. D 3. C 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了AI工具被用于伪造产品评论的现象及影响。 1.细节理解题。根据第三段中“The Transparency Company is a technology company and public protection group that uses software to detect fake reviews. (Transparency公司是一家科技公司和公共保护组织，使用软件来检测虚假评论。)”可知，该公司通过使用软件来发现虚假评论。故选D。 2.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Still, the companies are giving users some ability to use AI. (尽管如此，这些公司还是给了用户使用人工智能的一些能力。)”可知，这些主流公司在一定程度上允许用户利用人工智能。故选D。 3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Reviews written with AI are often longer, highly structured and include ‘empty descriptors’. Empty descriptors include general phrases and attributes or characteristics. The writing also often includes overused phrases or opinions like ‘the first thing that struck me’ and ‘game-changer’. (人工智能撰写的评论通常篇幅更长、结构严谨，并且包含“空洞的描述”。空洞的描述指那些笼统的表述、属性或特征。这类文字还常包含一些滥俗的表达或观点，比如“让我眼前一亮”和“彻底改变局面的事物”。)”可知，用人工智能写的评论通常包含空洞的描述，选项C“这是一个质量很好的优秀产品”高度概括、空泛，符合这些特征，可能是用人工智能写的评论。故选C。 4.主旨大意题。根据全文内容，特别是第一段中“Artificial intelligence (AI) tools that permit people to produce online reviews have put sellers, service providers and buyers in unfamiliar territory, public protection groups and researchers say. (公共保护组织和研究人员表示，允许人们生成在线评论的人工智能（AI）工具让卖家、服务提供商和买家进入了不熟悉的领域。)”以及第二段中“False reviews have long appeared on many popular websites. (虚假评论长期以来出现在许多热门网站上。)”可知，文章主要讲述了人工智能工具经常被用于伪造产品评论。故选B。 Passage 2（2026高二下·浙南名校·开学考） Many children try to make their parents proud. But in some families, a child’s success is always “on show”. Parents want praise from others, and the child may feel like a performer, not a person. The term “peacock parenting” comes from the idea of being “as proud as a peacock”. Here it means a self-centered style of parenting. A peacock parent may show off a “perfect family” in public, yet criticise the child behind closed doors when the child fails to meet high expectations. Over time, the child may learn that love is conditional. They may hide their real feelings, stop exploring their own interests, and start to believe, “I am not worthy.” Experts describe three common signs. The first is psychological control. When the child sets a boundary or feels upset, the parent may say, “You’re too sensitive,” and turn the blame back onto the child. This often creates a sense of guilt. The second is unpredictable mood swings. The parent can be warm one day and cold the next, making the child feel like they are “walking on eggshells”. In adulthood, this may lead to people-pleasing and weak boundaries. The third is role reversal. Some parents fail to provide proper care and attention, or even expect their child to look after them emotionally or physically. As a result, the child may grow up too fast and miss out on a normal childhood. Healing takes time, but it is possible. The first step is to be kinder to yourself and reconnect with your own interests. Supportive friends, groups, or professional help can provide the care that was previously missing. Clear boundaries can also make a relationship safer, and if contact continues to cause harm, limiting contact may be necessary. After all, there are many places to find warmth, and not all of them are under a parent’s roof. 1. What is the purpose of paragraph 1? A. To raise an issue. B. To describe a study. C. To explain the causes. D. To offer the solutions. 2. What does “peacock parenting” in paragraph 2 mainly focus on? A. Public approval. B. Unconditional love. C. Independent growth. D. Honest self-expression. 3. Which sign best matches “role reversal” in paragraph 3? A. The parent praises the child in public. B. The child tries to win others’ approval. C. The parent relies on the child for support. D. The child avoids setting any boundaries. 4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Distance ensures safety. B. Self-care is the final step. C. healing requires parental effort. D. Support exists beyond the family. 【答案】1. A 2. A 3. C 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍孔雀式育儿的定义、表现、对孩子的伤害以及孩子自我疗愈的方法。 1.推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Many children try to make their parents proud. But in some families, a child’s success is always “on show”. Parents want praise from others, and the child may feel like a performer, not a person. (许多孩子努力让父母骄傲。但在一些家庭里，孩子的成功总被“展示”。父母想得到别人的赞扬，孩子可能感觉自己像个表演者，而不是一个人。)”可知，第一段提出有些父母把孩子的成功当作炫耀资本这一问题，从而引出下文对孔雀式育儿的介绍。故选A项。 2.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The term “peacock parenting” comes from the idea of being “as proud as a peacock”. Here it means a self-centered style of parenting. A peacock parent may show off a “perfect family” in public, yet criticise the child behind closed doors when the child fails to meet high expectations. (“孔雀式育儿”一词源于“像孔雀一样骄傲”的说法。在这里，它指一种以自我为中心的育儿方式。孔雀式父母可能在公共场合炫耀“完美家庭”，但当孩子达不到高期望时，会在私下批评孩子。)”可知，孔雀式育儿主要关注获得公众的认可与赞扬。故选A项。 3.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The third is role reversal. Some parents fail to provide proper care and attention, or even expect their child to look after them emotionally or physically.(第三种是角色反转。一些父母无法给予适当的照顾和关注，甚至期望孩子在情感或身体上照顾他们。)”可知，角色反转指的是父母依赖孩子获得支持。故选C项。 4.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“After all, there are many places to find warmth, and not all of them are under a parent’s roof.(毕竟，有很多地方可以找到温暖，并非所有温暖都来自父母的家中。)”可知，支持与温暖不只存在于家庭中。故选D项。 Passage 3（2026高二下·江苏苏州·期中） Consumers rely on various ways to pay daily expenses. The problem is that they tend to spend more with cashless payment methods in comparison to cash. This striking cashless effect has recently been confirmed by researchers from the University of Adelaide. Led by PhD Student Lachlan Schomburgk, the research team analysed 71 published and unpublished studies from 17 countries, including data from more than 11,000 unique participants. They’ve found that cashless payments lead people to spend more on status-signalling goods like jewellery, while this effect is notably absent in acts of donation or tipping. “Through this meta-analysis, we identified key factors that make the cashless effect stronger or weaker, which individual studies could not find. By doing this, we uncovered new key understandings that had often been overlooked by other researchers in individual studies.” Schomburgk explains. The findings indicate that consumers should be mindful of how they pay for goods or services, as this helps them spend less, especially critical in the current cost-of-living crisis. To avoid overspending, they’re advised to carry cash instead of cards whenever possible as a self-control method. When using cash, they count and hand over notes and coins, making spending more noticeable. If nothing is physically handed over, it’s easy to lose track of how much is spent. The study also provides useful insights for businesses and policymakers. “Businesses should know failing to accept the cashless revolution might unintentionally be jeopardising profit potential,” Schomburgk says. “And policymakers should communicate to individuals unfamiliar with cashless payments, such as people who don’t have bank accounts, about the possibility of cashless methods to lead to overspending.” Schomburgk stresses a need for urgent in-depth studies of new payment methods, as research on their specific impacts remains limited due to their novelty. Studying these methods is vital to keep pace with the evolving payment ecosystem and deepen understanding of modern consumers’ spending habits. 1. What has the study found about the cashless effect? A. It exists in acts of donation. B. It weakens with more cash use. C. It links to the living cost crisis. D. It works in specific consumption. 2. Why did the team adopt the meta-analysis? A. To solve the overspending problem. B. To compare cash and cashless payments. C. To confirm factors causing the effect. D. To break the limitations of single studies. 3. What does the underlined word “jeopardising” in Paragraph 5 mean? A. Risking. B. Preserving. C. Shifting. D. Boosting. 4. What can be inferred about new payments according to Schomburgk? A. They need to be popularized. B. They are developing rapidly. C. They should be further studied. D. They will affect spending habits. 【答案】1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C 【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于“无现金效应”的元分析研究，该研究发现消费者使用无现金支付方式时倾向于花费更多，并探讨了这一现象对个人、企业和政策制定者的启示。 1.细节理解题。根据第二段中“They’ve found that cashless payments lead people to spend more on status-signalling goods like jewellery, while this effect is notably absent in acts of donation or tipping. (他们发现，无现金支付会导致人们在珠宝等身份象征商品上花费更多，而这种效应在捐赠或给小费的行为中明显不存在)”可知，研究发现“无现金效应”存在于特定的消费中。故选D项。 2.细节理解题。根据第三段中“Through this meta-analysis, we identified key factors that make the cashless effect stronger or weaker, which individual studies could not find. By doing this, we uncovered new key understandings that had often been overlooked by other researchers in individual studies. (通过这项元分析，我们确定了使无现金效应增强或减弱的关键因素，这是单项研究无法发现的。通过这样做，我们揭示了在单项研究中经常被其他研究人员忽视的新关键理解)”可知，研究团队采用元分析是为了打破单项研究的局限性。故选D项。 3.词句猜测题。根据第五段中“Businesses should know failing to accept the cashless revolution might unintentionally be jeopardising profit potential (企业应该知道，不接受无现金革命可能会无意中jeopardising利润潜力)”以及前文所述无现金支付会导致消费者花费更多，因此不接受无现金支付可能会“损害”利润潜力。故划线词意为“使……冒风险；损害”，与“Risking”同义。故选A项。 4.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Schomburgk stresses a need for urgent in-depth studies of new payment methods, as research on their specific impacts remains limited due to their novelty. (Schomburgk强调，迫切需要对新的支付方式进行深入研究，因为由于其新颖性，关于其具体影响的研究仍然有限)”可知，新的支付方式需要进一步研究。故选C项。 Passage 4（2026年1月浙江卷） When you’re a teacher, a big part of your job is battling student misconceptions. Often students come to the classroom believing that learning can’t be fun and that what they learn isn’t relevant to the real world — much less to their personal interests. I’ve discovered that if I show students how what they learn is relevant to my hobbies, they’re much more willing to make connections to their personal interests and develop their own hobbies. No matter what subject I’m teaching, I find ways to bring my hobbies into the classroom. For example, I’m a car enthusiast, so when I teach physics, I contextualize concepts with my knowledge about cars. If we’re covering friction, for example, I bring different tires (轮胎) into my classroom so that my students can conduct lab experiments with them to see how friction works in real-life applications. When I first brought my hobbies to my classroom, I was focused on how doing so would build engagement and help my students understand concepts in science. But I quickly learned that the practice also helped me build stronger relationships with them. When I let them see an aspect of my life outside of school, some students who were also interested in cars connected with me more and became more engaged in my courses. Even those who didn’t share that interest with me seemed more engaged once I showed a different side of myself. What started as an experiment is now more of a philosophy. Even when I’m planning classes, I tend to think about how I can bring in my hobbies. I find that doing so energizes my instruction, engages my students, and demonstrates to them how abstract concepts play out in the real world. Best of all, my passion for my hobbies seems to inspire them to be passionate about finding their own. 1. What poses a challenge to teachers according to the author? A. Students’ misunderstandings about teachers. B. Students’ false assumptions about learning. C. The irrelevance of textbooks to students’ life. D. The gap between teachers’ and students’ hobbies. 2. Why does the author bring tires into the classroom? A. To teach an engineering skill. B. To explain the structure of a car. C. To share a real-life experience. D. To illustrate a scientific concept. 3. What was the unexpected outcome of the author’s teaching method? A. A higher class attendance rate. B. Better examination results. C. A closer teacher-student bond. D. More spare time for students. 4. Which of the following best describes the author as a teacher? A. Innovative. B. Humorous. C. Decisive. D. Sympathetic. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3.C 4.A 主题：一位教师通过将个人爱好融入教学，以纠正学生对学习的误解，并意外增进了师生关系。 1. (细节理解)：根据第一段第二句“Often students come to the classroom believing that learning can’t be fun...”可知，挑战在于学生对学习的错误假设。故选B。 2. (细节理解/推理判断)：第二段以教授“摩擦”概念为例，作者带入轮胎进行实验，目的是用具体实物阐释抽象的科学概念。故选D。 3. (细节理解)：第三段明确提到“But I quickly learned that the practice also helped me build stronger relationships with them.”（但很快我发现，这种做法也帮助我与他们建立了更牢固的关系）。故选C。 4. (人物评价)：作者创造性地将个人爱好与教学结合，激发学生兴趣，展现了创新（Innovative）的教学风格。故选A。 Passage 5（2026高二下·江苏苏州·期中） An expert sheds light on a popular yogurt product 益生菌酸奶成“新型泻药”？ “This yogurt might lead to diarrhea (腹泻),” warned the staff of a yogurt chain store as they handed the store-made cup of yogurt to a customer. Labeled “500 billion (CFU) probiotics (益生菌)”, the yogurt has gained popularity among people seeking to cleanse their digestive systems, especially those trying to manage their weight CFU (菌落形成单位) is a unit used to measure the number of live bacteria in a probiotic product. According to the yogurt’s ingredient list, it contains five varieties of edible probiotics. Studies have consistently shown the positive benefits of probiotics on gastrointestinal (胃肠道的) health. However, some consumers shared their unpleasant experiences of suffering from gastroenteritis (肠胃炎) and receiving hospital treatment after consuming the yogurt product that claims to contain “500 billion (CFU) probiotics”. Pu Fangfang, a doctor from the Clinical Nutrition Department of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, said that the factors contributing to their symptoms were multiple. “Probiotics may cause varied physiological (生理的) responses among individuals,” said Pu. Previous studies have shown that a specific variety of probiotics may help with the treatment of constipation (便秘), as well as diarrhea. The efficacy varies between individuals. What might sit well with you might not sit well with your friend. So there are no specific daily intake recommendations for probiotics. Moreover, many components on the label are slightly higher than the recommended daily intake. For example, every cup of the “500 billion (CFU) probiotics” yogurt, according to the label, contains between 40.5 to 54 grams of dietary fiber, which is much higher than the 25 to 30 grams daily for adults recommended by the China Nutrition Society. “Taking in such a large amount of dietary fiber in such a short time might lead to bloating (胀气), acid reflux (胃酸反流), and even diarrhea,” said Pu. Last but not least, individuals vary significantly in their dietary tolerances. Those with poor digestive health or food allergies as well as other vulnerable people should be cautious with everything they consume, not just yogurt. “For people who want to try this kind of product, sharing a cup with others on your first try might be a good choice,” recommended Pu. Try a small amount and see what happens to your body and then adjust the amount accordingly. It is worth noting that we should not rely on such products for weight management. “While they may facilitate immediate weight loss, the reduction predominantly comprises water and waste rather than fat loss,” said Pu. By MENG TIANTIAN, 21st Century Teens advice on losing weight A key measurement of weight loss is body fat percentage. For an 18-year-old female, maintaining a body fat percentage of between 20 and 25 percent is considered beneficial for health. For males of the same age, a body fat percentage ranging between 10 and 16 percent is advisable. However, individual factors, such as body type, also need to be taken into account. Fats shouldn’t be avoided entirely. The focus should be on avoiding “bad” fats, such as those found in fried chicken. Meanwhile, embrace "good" fats derived from sources like nuts and avocados (牛油果). Choose the best answer: 1．Why does the author mention the staff’s warning at the beginning of the text? A．To show the yogurt’s popularity. B．To discourage yogurt consumption. C．To discuss yogurt’s nutritional value. D．To introduce the complexities of probiotics. 2．What is one reason for the absence of specific daily intake recommendations for probiotics? A．Lack of probiotics research. B．Insufficient consumer demand. C．Inadequate dietary guidelines. D．People’s diverse reactions to probiotics. 3．What might lead to diarrhea in some consumers after eating the yogurt? A．Poor weight control. B．High intake of dietary fiber. C．Low sensitivity to probiotics. D．Limited probiotic variety in the yogurt. 4．What does Pu suggest people do when trying the yogurt? A．Consume it slowly. B．Seek medical advice first. C．Increase intake gradually. D．Have a small portion initially. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．D 【语篇导读】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章围绕一款标注“5000亿CFU益生菌”的网红酸奶展开，通过医学专家解读揭示其引发不适的原因，并给出科学食用建议。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段““This yogurt might lead to diarrhea (腹泻),” warned the staff of a yogurt chain store as they handed the store-made cup of yogurt to a customer.(一家酸奶连锁店的工作人员在将店里自制的酸奶递给顾客时警告说：“这种酸奶可能会导致腹泻”。)”可知，文章开头提到员工的警告，是为了引出下文关于益生菌酸奶可能带来的健康问题，特别是其可能导致腹泻的复杂性。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段“The efficacy varies between individuals. What might sit well with you might not sit well with your friend. So there are no specific daily intake recommendations for probiotics.(功效因人而异。对你合适的可能对你的朋友不合适。因此，没有具体的益生菌每日摄入量建议。)”可知，没有具体的益生菌每日摄入量建议是因为人们对益生菌的反应各不相同。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段“Taking in such a large amount of dietary fiber in such a short time might lead to bloating (胀气), acid reflux (胃酸反流), and even diarrhea.(在这么短的时间内摄入如此大量的膳食纤维可能会导致胀气、胃酸反流，甚至腹泻。)”可知，一些消费者在食用酸奶后腹泻的原因可能是膳食纤维摄入过多。故选B项。 4．细节理解题。根据第八段“For people who want to try this kind of product, sharing a cup with others on your first try might be a good choice.(对于想尝试这种产品的人来说，第一次尝试时和别人分享一杯可能是一个不错的选择。)”可知，Pu建议人们最初只吃一小部分酸奶。故选D项。 语篇话题二: 科学与技术（4篇） Passage 1（2026高二下·滁州·期中） What if windows could clean themselves at the push of a switch? Researchers in China have developed a self-cleaning glass that can remove particles (微粒) within seconds. Dust is everywhere and always finds a way to settle onto surfaces, no matter how many times you clean them. Geological and biological sources along with human-caused sources, like construction and mining, create surface particle pollution that can often reduce the visibility of windows and the performance of solar cells by blocking the light-receiving components. Nature has great examples of self-cleaning surfaces like flowers and insect wings, where their specific surface and water work together to remove dust. Scientists have used these properties of biological materials to create self-cleaning surfaces but their effectiveness relies on the availability of water, making it dependent on weather conditions like humidity (湿度). This dependency severely affects their application in waterless environments on Earth or in outer space. The new glass offers a water-free solution. By studying how particle size and electric field strength affect this motion, the researchers created a thin, transparent (透明的) glass — just 0.62mm thick — that can clean itself at 97.5% efficiency without any human assistance. The self-cleaning glass also helps prevent new dust from settling. The researchers found that when the electric field is on, it redirects charged particles in the air, keeping the surface cleaner for longer. The team has termed it the “particle shielding effect”, which cuts the buildup of atmospheric dust by almost 90 percent. Because the glass is transparent, it works well in places where clear light is important. It only slightly reduces visible light, with most of the loss happening in non-visible wavelengths. This makes the system ideal for solar panels, car windshields, greenhouse roofs, and windows of tall buildings — places where clear visibility and energy efficiency are essential. The new design is viable. The glass uses common materials, and its production process — which involves applying a conductive layer onto a glass sheet and then covering it with a thin protective film — fits well with current industrial methods. This means it can be produced easily and in large amounts without needing expensive or specialized equipment. 1．What point do the facts in paragraph 2 mainly indicate? A．The consequences of industrial activities. B．The primary sources of air pollution. C．The worsening of climate change. D．The widespread impact of dust. 2．What is the problem with the nature-inspired cleaning approach? A．Its dependence on humans. B．Its high cost of production. C．Its limited applicability. D．Its low efficiency in cleaning. 3．How does the “particle shielding effect” benefit users? A．By supplying a source of renewable energy. B．By keeping the glass continuously dust-free. C．By strengthening the glass structure. D．By making dust invisible under light. 4．Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word “viable” in the last paragraph? A．Environment friendly. B．User-friendly. C．Practical. D．Efficient. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是中国研究人员开发出一种无需用水、可自行清洁的玻璃，能在数秒内清除微粒，清洁效率达97.5%，还能防止新灰尘附着，且生产可行，适用于太阳能板、汽车挡风玻璃、温室屋顶和高楼窗户等对清晰度和能源效率要求高的场所。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Dust is everywhere and always finds a way to settle onto surfaces, no matter how many times you clean them. Geological and biological sources along with human-caused sources, like construction and mining, create surface particle pollution that can often reduce the visibility of windows and the performance of solar cells by blocking the light-receiving components.(灰尘无处不在，而且总是能找到办法附着在物体表面，无论你如何频繁清洁。地质和生物来源，以及人为来源（如建筑和采矿）所造成的表面颗粒污染，常常会阻碍光线接收组件的正常工作，从而降低窗户的可见度和太阳能电池的性能。)”可知，第二段中的这些事实主要表明了灰尘的广泛影响。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Scientists have used these properties of biological materials to create self-cleaning surfaces but their effectiveness relies on the availability of water, making it dependent on weather conditions like humidity (湿度). This dependency severely affects their application in waterless environments on Earth or in outer space.(科学家们利用生物材料的这些特性来制造自清洁表面，但其效果取决于是否有水，这使得其依赖于诸如湿度等天气条件。这种依赖性严重限制了它们在地球上的无水环境或外太空中的应用。)”可知，这种受自然启发的清洁方式适用范围有限。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The team has termed it the “particle shielding effect”, which cuts the buildup of atmospheric dust by almost 90 percent.(该团队将其称为“粒子屏蔽效应”，该效应能将大气中的灰尘积聚减少近 90%。)”可知，“粒子屏蔽效应”对用户的好处是使玻璃始终保持清洁无尘。故选B。 4．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“The glass uses common materials, and its production process — which involves applying a conductive layer onto a glass sheet and then covering it with a thin protective film — fits well with current industrial methods.(这种玻璃使用的是常见的材料，其生产过程——包括在玻璃片上涂上导电层，然后覆盖上一层薄薄的保护膜——与当前的工业方法十分契合。)”可知，这种玻璃的生产过程与当前的工业方法十分契合，所以，这种新的设计是完全可行的，viable的意思是“可行的”，和Practical意思相近。故选C。 Passage 2（2026高二下·湖南邵阳·开学考） A new study in the journal Scientific Reports finds AI chatbots can imitate famous poets so effectively that they can fool many human readers, and non-experts often can’t reliably distinguish between poems written by William Shakespeare, Emily Dickinson, T.S. Eliot or ChatGPT-3.5. The researchers conducted two experiments: the first asked participants to determine whether a poem was written by a human or AI, and the second assessed the quality of the poems. In both cases, the AI-generated poems either passed as human-written or even outperformed those by human writers. Participants, who were unaware of the true origins of the poems, rated the AI-generated poems higher on average, considering them more inspiring, meaningful, moving, and profound than the human-authored ones. So, how did this happen? Researchers believe the appeal of AI-generated poems lies in their simplicity and clarity. These poems better convey an image, mood, emotion, or theme to non-expert poetry readers. Consequently, participants might have misunderstood the complexity of human poetry as AI incoherence (不连贯性). Understanding human-authored poetry also requires deep and critical thinking. However, modern readers seem unwilling to engage in this kind of mental labor, preferring texts that offer “instant answers,” writes Andrew Dean, a literary scholar at Deakin University in Australia. Michele Elam, a senior fellow at Stanford’s Institute for Human-Centered AI, raised a key concern about how AI may shape people’s relationships with art. She argued that the issue isn’t whether AI-generated poetry can match or exceed human authenticity (真实性) but that we might lose sight of how art is connected to our lived experiences. “Literature, including poetry, is meaningful because it provides a way of naming and describing our realities,” Elam wrote in an email, “If we only see selected images and language in our social feeds, it could limit our ability to understand the world, remember the past, and imagine the future.” 1. What can we learn from the two experiments? A. Human poems are more creative than AI-generated poems. B. Many participants can distinguish AI-generated poems quickly. C. Only a small number of participants preferred AI-generated poems. D. AI-generated poems won higher praise than human poems on average. 2. Which of the following is a characteristic of AI-generated poems according to the passage? A. They are full of complex language. B. They are simple and clear in expression. C. They are hard to understand for non-experts. D. They demand a lot of critical thinking from readers. 3. The misunderstanding of human-authored poetry as AI-incoherence by participants may be due to ________. A. The inherent defects in human-authored poetry. B. The poor quality of the language used in human-authored poetry. C. The lack of proper education on appreciating poetry among participants. D. The participants’ habit of expecting simplicity, as AI-generated poems provided. 4. Which statement will Michele Elam probably agree with? A. AI is revolutionizing the way we appreciate literary works. B. AI-generated literature has challenged human writers’ abilities. C. AI-generated art helps enhance our understanding of the world. D. AI may lead to a disconnection between art and human experiences. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. D 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项关于人工智能聊天机器人模仿著名诗人创作诗歌的研究，包括研究的实验过程、结果以及相关学者对此的观点和担忧。 1.细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Participants, who were unaware of the true origins of the poems, rated the AI-generated poems higher on average, considering them more inspiring, meaningful, moving, and profound than the human-authored ones. (参与者并不知道这些诗歌的真正来源，他们对人工智能生成的诗歌的平均评分更高，认为它们比人类创作的诗歌更具启发性、更有意义、更动人、更深刻。)”从实验结果可知，人工智能生成的诗歌平均获得了比人类诗歌更高的评价。故选D。 2.细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Researchers believe the appeal of AI-generated poems lies in their simplicity and clarity. (研究人员认为，人工智能生成的诗歌的吸引力在于其简洁明了。)”可知，人工智能生成的诗歌的特点是表达简洁明了。故选B。 3.推理判断题。根据第三段中“Consequently, participants might have misunderstood the complexity of human poetry as AI incoherence (不连贯性). Understanding human-authored poetry also requires deep and critical thinking. However, modern readers seem unwilling to engage in this kind of mental labor, preferring texts that offer “instant answers,” writes Andrew Dean, a literary scholar at Deakin University in Australia. (因此，参与者可能将人类诗歌的复杂性误解为人工智能的不连贯性。理解人类创作的诗歌也需要深入和批判性的思考。然而，澳大利亚迪肯大学的文学学者安德鲁・迪恩写道，现代读者似乎不愿意进行这种脑力劳动，更喜欢提供“即时答案”的文本。)”可知，参与者将人类诗歌误解为人工智能的不连贯性，可能是因为他们习惯了人工智能诗歌提供的简洁，而不愿意花脑力理解人类诗歌的复杂性。故选D。 4.推理判断题。根据第四段第二句“She argued that the issue isn’t whether AI-generated poetry can match or exceed human authenticity but that we might lose sight of how art is connected to our lived experiences. (她认为，问题不在于人工智能生成的诗歌是否能达到或超越人类的真实性，而在于我们可能会忽视艺术与我们生活体验之间的联系。)”可知，Michele Elam认为人工智能可能会导致艺术与人类体验之间的脱节。故选D。 Passage 3（2026高二下·湖南岳阳·月考） Have you ever obeyed the suggestions of a digital writing assistant to replace a word or restructure a sentence? Before the appearance of digital tools, you’d probably have turned to a dictionary for the same assistance. Dictionaries enable us to write not with fail-safe convenience but with originality and a point of view. While AI assistants produce phrases and statements so writers don’t have to think them up, dictionaries provide us with the knowledge to use language ourselves in expressive and potentially infinite (无穷的) ways. They place choice and authority literally in human hands, forcing us to discover how we want to explain ourselves and our ideas to the world. The abundance of digital writing assistants gives greater urgency to debates about what a dictionary should be. In 1946, George Orwell described good writing as “picking out words for the sake of their meaning,” a practice that dictionaries facilitate while digital writing programs stifle. Writers consulting a dictionary make a choice, while writers guided by an app have their choices made for them. The digital-native approach delivers hands-off, derivative (衍生的) communication. The other requires leafing through pages without knowing exactly where you’ll end up. Without dictionaries to provide us with a guide to English’s potential, writing that way is nearly impossible. Our ability to express ourselves is critical — it helps us define who we are. Dictionaries aid us in achieving this: They categorize our unique ways of thinking through language. I’m a Canadian; my feeling of pride in my native land is enhanced by small verbal Canadianisms like “eaves trough” or “serviette”, which are well-documented in dictionaries but rarely used by AI chatbots, for the most part. As digital writing extends deeper into our lives and minds, we need dictionaries more than ever. Abandoning dictionaries and embracing mechanized writing would weaken our capacity for collective identity quite as much as the ability to express ourselves. 1. What might be a distinct feature of dictionaries according to the author? A. They promise fail-safe phrases. B. They possess academic authority. C. They facilitate creative writing. D. They provide ready-made expressions. 2. What does the underlined word “stifle” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Favor. B. Revise. C. Observe. D. Discourage. 3. Why does the author mention “eaves trough” and “serviette” in paragraph 4? A. To show how AI aids us in expressing. B. To indicate the weakness of dictionaries. C. To celebrate the diversity of Canadian English. D. To illustrate how language use affects identity. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why Keep Your Dictionary? B. How to Deal with Digital Writing? C. Who Uses Writing Assistants? D. What to Expect from Dictionaries? 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. D 4. A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章通过对比数字写作助手和字典指出，在数字写作普及的当下，字典对保留写作原创性、塑造身份认同有不可替代的作用，最后点明我们比以往更需要字典。 1.细节理解题。根据第二段中“Dictionaries enable us to write not with fail-safe convenience but with originality and a point of view.(词典让我们写作时并非依靠万无一失的便捷，而是能够展现独特性和观点)”可知，字典能帮助我们写出有原创性的内容。故选C。 2.词句猜测题。根据划线词前“a practice that dictionaries facilitate(字典促进这种做法)”和“while”表示的对比关系可知，stifle和facilitate含义相反，即“抑制、阻碍”，选项中discourage“阻拦、使气馁”意思一致。故选D。 3.推理判断题。第四段开头“Our ability to express ourselves is critical — it helps us define who we are. Dictionaries aid us in achieving this: They categorize our unique ways of thinking through language.(我们表达自我的能力至关重要——它帮助我们定义自己是谁。词典有助于我们实现这一目标：它们通过语言将我们独特的思维方式进行分类)”点明观点：表达自我的能力帮助我们定义自身身份，字典能帮我们保留独有的语言表达。下文“I’m a Canadian; my feeling of pride in my native land is enhanced by small verbal Canadianisms like “eaves trough” or “serviette”, which are well-documented in dictionaries but rarely used by AI chatbots, for the most part.(我是加拿大人；我对祖国的自豪感因一些小小的加拿大式词汇而得到增强，比如“檐沟”或“餐巾纸”，这些词汇在词典中有详细记载，但在大多数情况下，人工智能聊天机器人很少使用它们)”作者举这两个加拿大特有的词汇，是为了说明：这类特有语言能增强本土身份认同感，即语言使用会影响个人/群体身份。故选D。 4.主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合最后一段“As digital writing extends deeper into our lives and minds, we need dictionaries more than ever. Abandoning dictionaries and embracing mechanized writing would weaken our capacity for collective identity quite as much as the ability to express ourselves.(随着数字写作深入我们的生活和思维，我们对词典的需求比以往任何时候都更加迫切。放弃词典而转向机械化写作，将同等程度地削弱我们建立集体认同的能力和表达自我的能力)”可知，全文对比数字写作助手和字典，层层论述：在数字写作普及的当下，字典对保留写作原创性、塑造身份认同有不可替代的作用，结尾点明我们比以往更需要字典。由此可知，A项“为什么要保留字典？”适合作本文标题。故选A。 Passage 4（2026年1月浙江卷） Carbon removal is crucial for fighting climate change. Scientists at Salk Institute are making use of the natural capacity of plants to absorb carbon dioxide by enhancing their root systems. This optimization (优化) aims to increase the amount of carbon stored and extend the duration of its storage. To design these climate-saving plants, the scientists are using a research tool called SLEAP – an AI software that tracks multiple features of root growth. Created by Salk Fellow Talmo Pereira, SLEAP was initially designed to track animal movement in the lab. Now, Pereira has teamed up with plant scientist Professor Wolfgang Busch to apply SLEAP to plants. In a study published in Plant Phenomics, Busch and Pereira establish a new procedure for using SLEAP to analyze plant root phenotypes-how deep and wide they grow, how massive their root systems become, and other physical qualities. Prior to SLEAP, tracking the physical characteristics of both plants and animals required a lot of labor that slowed the scientific process. SLEAP uses computer vision (the ability for computers to understand images) and deep learning (an AI approach for training a computer to learn and work like the human brain) to help researchers process images much more quickly. The application of SLEAP to plants has already enabled researchers to establish the most extensive catalog (目录) of plant root phenotypes to date. What’s more, tracking these physical root system characteristics helps scientists find genes (基因) associated with those characteristics, as well as whether multiple root characteristics are determined by the same genes or independently. This allows the Salk team to determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs. “Our cooperation is truly proof of what makes Salk science so special and impactful,” says Pereira. “We’re not just ‘borrowing’ from different disciplines-we’re really putting them on equal footing in order to create something greater than the sum of its parts.” 1. What do the scientists at Salk Institute hope to achieve? A. Keeping more carbon in plants. B. Optimizing the use of energy. C. Enhancing biological diversity. D. Reducing carbon absorption. 2. Why did Pereira create SLEAP? A. To generate plant images. B. To conduct research on animals C. To study climate patterns. D. To track features of root growth. 3. What will SLEAP help the scientists do? A. Pick out diseased plants in the forest. B. Collect samples of plant root systems. C. Identify genes for desirable plant roots. D. Preserve the genes of endangered plants. 4. What can be inferred from Pereira’s words? A. Academic disciplines are of equal importance. B. Computer programming is a must for scientists. C. Interdisciplinary approach promotes creativity. D. Cooperation outweighs competition in research. 【答案】1. A 2. B 3.C 4.C 【解析】 主题：萨尔克研究所的科学家利用AI工具SLEAP优化植物根系，以增强其固碳能力，应对气候变化。 1. (细节理解)：根据第一段“...enhancing their root systems. This optimization aims to increase the amount of carbon stored...”可知，科学家的目标是让植物储存更多的碳。故选A。 2. (细节理解)：根据第二段“SLEAP was initially designed to track animal movement in the lab.”可知，Pereira最初创造SLEAP是为了进行动物研究。故选B。 3. (细节理解)：根据第四段“...tracking these physical root system characteristics helps scientists find genes associated with those characteristics... allows the Salk team to determine what genes are most beneficial...”可知，SLEAP能帮助科学家识别对理想根系有益的基因。故选C。 4. (推理判断)：Pereira在末段评价此次合作时强调，他们不是简单地“借用”不同学科，而是将它们“放在同等地位”以创造更大价值。这体现了跨学科方法（Interdisciplinary approach）对激发创造力的促进作用。故选C。 语篇话题三: 自然生态（4篇） Passage 1（2026高二下·安徽多效·联考） A French auctioneer sold a 200-year-old violin bow (弓) made by François Xavier Tourte, regarded as the Antonio Stradivari of bow-making, for a record €576,000. Tourte was among the first to make consistent use of a raw material that is still prized today for the best bows: pernambuco, or brazilwood. A modern orchestra (管弦乐团) is a group of dancing brazilwood sticks. And that’s a problem. Cutting down, urban expansion and farming have greatly reduced Brazil’s Atlantic forest, where the tree grows, to an eighth of its former area. The number of wild trees has dropped by four fifths in less than a century. Consequently, CITES, an international agreement, has restricted trade in brazilwood products since 2007. But Brazil’s government wants CITES to list the trees among the most endangered species, giving them the highest protection. A CITES meeting in Samarkand that starts on November 24th will decide whether to do so. The proposal has spooked those working on Tourte’s craft and the musicians who depend on it. Lovers of art and lovers of nature are often soulmates, but brazilwood is separating them. The protection upgrade Brazil wants would make life difficult for them and for musicians. Any bow, even one of Tourte’s, would require a certificate to cross borders. Workers are still cutting down brazilwood trees illegally to supply the bow-making industry, Brazil’s environmental agency claims. However, it can be possible to save both brazilwood and bows. Around 3 million trees have been planted since the early 1970s, some with the help of bow-makers. Some of these could be harvested after 30 — 40 years of growth to make bows as the existing stocks of brazilwood run out. Wild trees need better protection, and governments and musicians can do better at registering existing stocks of brazilwood and keeping track of bows. If that can happen, there is a chance to save a remarkable tree without silencing the music. 1. Why is the use of brazilwood in modern orchestras a problem? A. Brazilwood bows are too expensive. B. Too many brazilwood sticks are wasted. C. The brazilwood tree has dramatically decreased. D. CITES has completely prohibited brazilwood trading. 2. What does the underlined word “spooked” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Inspired. B. Balanced. C. Considered. D. Concerned. 3. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. It’s crucial to plant more brazilwood trees. B. Proper measures can make brazilwood and bows coexist. C. There are enough wild brazilwood trees for bow-making now. D. Affordable materials for making bows are highly demanded. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. The History of Violin Bow-Making. B. The Environmental Value of Brazilwood. C. The Tension Between Precious Wood and Bow-Making. D. The Efforts Made by CITES to Protect Endangered Species. 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. B 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍法国拍卖师拍出高价的200年历史小提琴弓由弗朗索瓦·泽维尔·图尔特制作，他率先持续使用巴西苏木制作弓。 1.细节理解题。根据第二段“Cutting down, urban expansion and farming have greatly reduced Brazil’s Atlantic forest, where the tree grows, to an eighth of its former area. The number of wild trees has dropped by four fifths in less than a century. Consequently, CITES, an international agreement, has restricted trade in brazilwood products since 2007.(砍伐、城市扩张和农业发展已使巴西大西洋森林（巴西苏木生长的地方）面积大幅减少，仅为原来的八分之一。在不到一个世纪的时间里，野生树木数量减少了五分之四。因此，自2007年起，国际协议CITES限制了巴西苏木产品的贸易)”可知，现代管弦乐团使用巴西苏木成为问题的原因是巴西苏木树数量急剧减少，故选C项。 2.词义猜测题。根据第三段“The proposal has spooked those working on Tourte’s craft and the musicians who depend on it. Lovers of art and lovers of nature are often soulmates, but brazilwood is separating them.(这项提议使从事图尔特工艺的人和依赖它的音乐家感到______。艺术爱好者和自然爱好者通常是志同道合的人，但巴西苏木正将他们分开)”以及第四段“The protection upgrade Brazil wants would make life difficult for them and for musicians.(巴西想要的保护升级将给他们和音乐家的生活带来困难)”可知，巴西将巴西苏木列为最濒危物种的提议让制作小提琴弓的人和音乐家感到担忧，D选项“Concerned.（担忧的）”符合语境。故选D项。 3.推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, it can be possible to save both brazilwood and bows. Around 3 million trees have been planted since the early 1970s, some with the help of bow - makers. Some of these could be harvested after 30 — 40 years of growth to make bows as the existing stocks of brazilwood run out. Wild trees need better protection, and governments and musicians can do better at registering existing stocks of brazilwood and keeping track of bows.(然而，拯救巴西苏木和小提琴弓是有可能的。自20世纪70年代初以来，已经种植了大约300万棵树，其中一些是在制弓师的帮助下种植的。随着现有巴西苏木库存耗尽，其中一些树生长30 - 40年后可以收获用于制作弓。野生树木需要更好的保护，政府和音乐家可以在登记现有巴西苏木库存和跟踪弓的情况方面做得更好)”可知，通过种植树木、保护野生树木以及做好库存登记跟踪等适当措施，可以实现巴西苏木和小提琴弓的共存，故选B项。 4.主旨大意题。主要介绍法国拍卖师拍出高价的 200 年历史小提琴弓由弗朗索瓦・泽维尔・图尔特制作，他率先持续使用巴西苏木制作弓。如今巴西苏木因砍伐、城市扩张和农业发展数量急剧减少，2007 年 CITES 限制其产品贸易，巴西政府还想将其列为最濒危物种，这使制作小提琴弓的人和音乐家担忧。但通过种植巴西苏木、更好保护野生树木以及对现有库存登记跟踪等措施，有望实现巴西苏木保护与小提琴弓制作的共存。C选项“The Tension Between Precious Wood and Bow - Making(珍贵木材与弓制作之间的矛盾)”能概括文章主旨，为最佳标题。故选C项。 Passage 2（2026高二下·湖南名校·联考） The bald eagle is a symbol of the US. An image of the bird is on the flag and seal (印章) of the US president, the seal of the US Supreme Court, military insignia, as well as the dollar bill. Even so, the bird has had its ups and downs. At one time, it was at risk of permanent (永久的) extinction. Later, however, its numbers recovered. In the early 2000s, the bird was removed from its endangered species list. Culturally, too, the birds are doing well again. In December 2024 before leaving office, Joe Biden signed legislation (法规) officially making it the national bird. An insect-killing chemical called DDT played a major part in the long complex story of species weakness and recovery. Used to kill insects, DDT also proved harmful to eagle eggs. American officials banned DDT in 1972.But the use of the chemical had already caused severe damage to eagle populations. For example, in the 1980s there was only one nesting pair of eagles in New Jersey. Now, there are about 300 pairs. To rebuild the number of eagles across the US, researchers wanting to save them imported the birds from places where their population numbers were secure, including Canada. Early on, they also removed eggs from their nests so they could safely hatch (孵化) with scientists before being returned to their parents to raise. A lack of eagle habitat and prey (猎物) also threatens the species. Bald eagles feed heavily on fish, so they require clean, open water in which to hunt. Disease outbreaks are another serious threat to the birds. The birds are highly respected by several Native American cultures as symbols of strength, especially in the Pacific Northwest. The position of eagles as symbols of the US adds to their protection. Dan Day is a birder. He has seen bald eagles about 50 times in recent years both on nature walks and while driving around. He said, “It really elevates (提升) your day to see a bald eagle.” 1. What is Paragraph 3 mainly focused on? A. Specific measures to protect bald eagles. B. Hatching techniques of bald eagles. C. Protecting bald eagles through cooperation. D. Early protection and growth of bald eagles. 2. Which is the threat bald eagles are currently facing in the US? A. The widespread use of DDT. B. Illegal hunting by Native American. C. Lack of prey and outbreak of diseases. D. Severe environmental pollution in habitats. 3. What does the author convey in the last paragraph? A. Observing bald eagles is stressful. B. The protection of bald eagles has shown results. C. More people are paying attention to bald eagles. D. Encountering a bald eagle is unexpected. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. The Bald Eagle Is a Much More Respectable Bird B. The Past and Future of Bald Eagles in America C. The Complex Process of Successfully Rescuing Eagles D. Bald Eagles:Recovered,Officially US National Bird 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。介绍了美国国鸟白头海雕曾濒临灭绝，后因DDT禁令、人工繁育、异地引入等保护措施数量得以恢复，并于2024年被正式立法定为美国国鸟的过程。 1.主旨大意题。根据原文第三段“To rebuild the number of eagles across the US, researchers wanting to save them imported the birds from places where their population numbers were secure, including Canada. Early on, they also removed eggs from their nests so they could safely hatch with scientists before being returned to their parents to raise. (为了恢复美国各地的白头海雕数量，想要拯救它们的研究人员从加拿大等种群数量稳定的地区引进了这些鸟类。早期，他们还从巢穴中取出鸟蛋，以便在科学家的照料下安全孵化，之后再交还给它们的父母抚养。)”可知，这一段主要讲述了为恢复白头海雕数量所采取的具体保护措施。故选A。 2.细节理解题。根据原文第四段“A lack of eagle habitat and prey also threatens the species. Bald eagles feed heavily on fish, so they require clean, open water in which to hunt. Disease outbreaks are another serious threat to the birds. (栖息地和猎物的缺乏也威胁着这一物种。白头海雕以鱼类为主要食物，因此它们需要干净、开阔的水域来捕猎。疾病暴发是这些鸟类面临的另一个严重威胁。)”可知，白头海雕目前在美国面临的威胁是猎物缺乏和疾病暴发。故选C。 3.推理判断题。根据原文最后一段“Dan Day is a birder. He has seen bald eagles about 50 times in recent years both on nature walks and while driving around. (丹·戴是一位观鸟者。近年来，无论是在自然漫步还是驾车途中，他已经见过大约50次白头海雕。)”可知，作为普通人的丹·戴能频繁见到白头海雕，这一现象足以说明白头海雕的保护工作已经取得了明显成效。故选B。 4.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开篇就点明白头海雕是美国的象征，随后讲述了它曾濒临灭绝的困境，接着介绍了人们采取的保护措施以及它的数量恢复情况，最后提到它于2024年被正式立法定为美国国鸟，全文始终围绕白头海雕的核心经历展开。D选项“白头海雕：数量恢复，正式成为美国国鸟”能够全面涵盖文章的核心内容，最适合作为本文的标题。故选D。 Passage 3（2026高二下·山东临沂·期中） By accident, researchers have photographed Venus' surface from space for the first time. Though the planet's rocky body is hidden beneath the thick clouds, telescopes aboard NASA's Parker Solar Probe (帕克太阳探测器) managed to capture (捕捉) the first visible-light images of the surface taken from space, researchers reported in the February 16 Geophysical Research Letters. “We've never actually seen the surface through the clouds at these wavelengths before, ”said Lori Glaze, director of NASA's Planetary Science Division, on February 10. Though the Parker Solar Probe was built to study the sun, it must make regular flybys of Venus. The planet's gravity pulls the probe, tightening its orbit and bringing it closer to the sun. Those assists from Venus helped the spacecraft (航天器) make headlines when it became the first probe to enter the sun's atmosphere. It was during two such flybys in July 2020 and February2021 that the probe's WISPR telescopes captured the new images. While WISPR found Venus' dayside too bright to image, it was able to recognize extensive surface features, through the clouds on the nightside. The photographs show a planet is so hot that it looks much like red-hot iron, said Brian Wood, an astrophysicist at the U. S. Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D. C. , and a co-author of the paper. “The pattern of bright and dark that you see is basically a temperature map,” he said — brighter regions are hotter and darker regions are cooler. This pattern correlates well with topographic maps (地形图) previously produced from radar and infrared (雷达和红外线) surveys. Highlands appear dark and lowlands appear bright, Wood said. The images came as NASA prepared to launch two missions to Venus. “The new photographs”, Wood said, “may help in the interpretation of the observations taken in the future from these new missions. ” 1. How did the researchers photograph Venus' surface from space? A. By detecting wavelengths. B. By looking for thick clouds. C. By tracking Venus' rocky body. D. By using the Parker Solar Probe. 2. What helped the spacecraft enter the sun's atmosphere? A. Venus' gravity. B. The sun's assists. C. Its slowing down. D. Its flybys of the sun. 3. What can we learn from Wood's words about the photographs? A. They were taken by infrared and radar. B. They fail to reveal Venus' surface features. C. Brighter areas represent higher temperatures. D. Darker colors mean lowlands in the topography. 4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. NASA prepared to finish two missions to Venus B. Parker Solar Probe has further explored Venus' surface C. The secrets of Venus' surface uncovered by researchers D. The first visible-light images of Venus' surface taken from space 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了帕克太阳探测器首次从太空拍摄到金星表面的可见光图像。 1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Though the planet's rocky body is hidden beneath the thick clouds, telescopes aboard NASA's Parker Solar Probe (帕克太阳探测器) managed to capture (捕捉) the first visible-light images of the surface taken from space, researchers reported in the February 16 Geophysical Research Letters.(研究人员在2月16日的《地球物理研究快报》中报告，尽管这颗行星的岩石表面被厚厚的云层覆盖，但美国宇航局的帕克太阳探测器上的望远镜成功捕捉到了从太空拍摄的金星表面的第一张可见光图像。)”可知，研究人员是通过帕克太阳探测器拍摄到金星表面的。故选D。 2.细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The planet's gravity pulls the probe, tightening its orbit and bringing it closer to the sun. Those assists from Venus helped the spacecraft (航天器) make headlines when it became the first probe to enter the sun's atmosphere.(金星的引力将探测器拉近，使其轨道更紧，从而更接近太阳。正是这些来自金星的助力帮助这艘航天器成为首个进入太阳大气层的探测器，从而并登上了新闻头条。)”可知，是金星的引力帮助航天器进入太阳大气层。故选A。 3.细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段““The pattern of bright and dark that you see is basically a temperature map,” he said — brighter regions are hotter and darker regions are cooler. This pattern correlates well with topographic maps (地形图) previously produced from radar and infrared (雷达和红外线) surveys. Highlands appear dark and lowlands appear bright, Wood said(Wood说道：“你看到的明暗模式基本上就是一张温度图——较亮区域更热，较暗区域更冷。这种模式与之前通过雷达和红外线测量得到的地形图非常吻合。高地呈现深色，低地呈现亮色。”)”可知，较亮区更热，因此较亮区域代表较高温度。故选C。 4.主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Though the planet's rocky body is hidden beneath the thick clouds, telescopes aboard NASA's Parker Solar Probe (帕克太阳探测器) managed to capture (捕捉) the first visible-light images of the surface taken from space, researchers reported in the February 16 Geophysical Research Letters.(研究人员在2月16日的《地球物理研究快报》中报告，尽管这颗行星的岩石表面被厚厚的云层覆盖，但美国宇航局的帕克太阳探测器上的望远镜成功捕捉到了从太空拍摄的金星表面的第一张可见光图像。)”以及后文的介绍可知，文章主要介绍了帕克太阳探测器首次从太空拍摄到金星表面的可见光图像。故D项“从太空拍摄到金星表面的第一张可见光图像”符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 4（2025年全国I卷） The greening of planes, trains and automobiles Moving goods and people around the world is responsible for a large part of global CO2 emissions (排放). As the world races to decarbonize everything, it faces particular problems with transportation — which accounts for about a quarter of our energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Here’s the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport. The fuels for transport need to be not just green, cheap and powerful, but also lightweight and safe enough to be carried around. Each mode of transport has its specific fuel needs. Much is still to be settled, but here are some of the solutions to get us going green. PLANES — Synthetic hydrocarbons The hardest sector to decarbonize is aviation. One long-term option for sustainable fuel for planes is to make hydrocarbons from recycled air. CARS — Batteries Batteries are energy-efficient and electric cars can plug into existing systems and services. New solid-state batteries will take a car farther on a single charge. TRAINS — Electricity Some trains are already electrified through rails or wires; others can be made electric in pretty simple ways. TRUCKS — Hydrogen fuel cells Hydrogen fuel cells are a lighter choice than batteries for trucks, but making green hydrogen is expensive. SHIPS — Liquid ammonia Liquid ammonia is easy to keep and transport, but it is hard to ignite (点燃) and requires an engine redesign. This energy transition (变革) is global, and the amount of renewable energy the world will need is “a little bit mind-blowing,” says mechanical engineer Keith Wipke at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. It’s estimated that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050. Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task. “We need to speed up the development of green energy, and it will all get used,” says Wipke. 1. What percentage of global transport emissions did road vehicles account for in 2018? A. 11.6%. B. 45.1%. C. 74.5%. D. 86.1%. 2. Which mode of transport can go green comparatively easily? A. Planes. B. Trucks. C. Trains. D. Ships. 3. What does Wipke suggest regarding energy transition? A. Limiting fuel consumption. B. Putting more effort into renewables. C. Improving energy efficiency. D. Making electricity more affordable. 【答案】1. C 2. C 3. B 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了2018年不同交通方式的温室气体排放占比，以及飞机、汽车等各类交通工具的未来绿色燃料路径。 1.细节理解题。根据图表信息ROAD VEHICLES部分中“ROAD (PASSENGER) 45.1% (道路(客运)45.1%)”以及“ROAD (GOODS) 29.4% (道路(货运)29.4%)”可知，道路车辆总占比为45.1%+29.4%=74.5%，即道路车辆在2018年全球交通排放中占比74.5%。故选C项。 2.细节理解题。根据图表信息TRAINS — Electricity部分中“Some trains are already electrified through rails or wires; others can be made electric in pretty simple ways. (一些列车已经通过轨道或电线实现了电气化；其他火车可以通过非常简单的方式实现电动化)”可知，火车相较其他交通方式更易实现绿色化。故选C项。 3.细节理解题。根据最后一段中““We need to speed up the development of green energy and it will all get used,” says Wipke. (Wipke说：“我们需要加速绿色能源的开发，而且这些能源都会被利用起来。”)”可知，Wipke建议加大对可再生能源的投入，即加大对绿色能源的投入。故选B项。 语篇话题四: 宇宙探索（4篇） Passage 1（2026高二下·湖北武汉·月考） Time is something we feel every day — rushing to school, glancing at watches, counting down minutes. Yet, surprisingly, modern physics struggles to explain why time moves forward at all. Einstein’s theory of relativity describes time as part of a fixed 4D spacetime, where past, present, and future coexist like pages in a book. Quantum mechanics (量子力学) does not naturally treats time as special — many processes could run backward just as well. So where does time’s flow come from? A groundbreaking perspective was proposed in 1983 by scientists Page and Wootters. They proposed that time is an illusion (幻觉) created by quantum entanglement (纠缠). They envisioned the universe as a timeless quantum state. When one part acts as a “clock” and becomes entangled with the rest, time seems to emerge — just like page numbers help us read a story in order. Experimental support is accumulating. In a 2024 study, scientists created a model using entangled quantum magnets and a spring. The entire system was static (静态的), yet the spring’s state changed over time relative to the clock, demonstrating how time might arise from entanglement. But what could serve as the universe’s real clock? Italian physicist Paola Verrucci points to black holes. They are isolated, highly energetic, and — thanks to Hawking radiation — can entangle with the outside world. “It’s a perfect clock,” she says. “You can’t touch it, but you can be linked to it.” More strikingly, Verrucci argues time’s direction may come from quantum measurement. Each time we observe reality, possibilities collapse into facts — a one-way process. “You create time,” she says, “when you ask what time it is.” This view transforms our role from passive witnesses of time to active participants. Time may not be a pre-existing river carrying us, but a story we co-write through our interactions with a quantum universe. 1. What can we know from paragraph 1? A. The theory of relativity views time as independent of space. B. Modern physics can explain why time moves forward easily. C. Quantum mechanics specially focuses on the study of time. D. Our understanding of time varies from physics perspectives. 2. Why did the scientists create the model? A. To explain the quantum entanglement. B. To support a timeless quantum state. C. To show how time comes from entanglement. D. To confirm time exists in a static universe. 3. Which viewpoint might Verrucci agree with? A. Hawking radiation generated time. B. There is no ideal clock in universe. C. Observing time helps to create time. D. Time existed as a river before humans. 4. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To present the history of quantum mechanics. B. To explore the origin of time from quantum links. C. To compare a couple of known spacetime theories. D. To illustrate technology of quantum entanglement. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. C 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要从量子角度探讨时间的产生与方向。 12. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Yet, surprisingly, modern physics struggles to explain why time moves forward at all. Einstein’s theory of relativity describes time as part of a fixed 4D spacetime, where past, present, and future coexist like pages in a book. Quantum mechanics does not naturally treats time as special — many processes could run backward just as well. (然而，令人惊讶的是，现代物理学很难解释为什么时间会向前移动。爱因斯坦的相对论将时间描述为固定的四维时空的一部分，过去、现在和未来像书中的页面一样共存。量子力学并不自然地把时间视为特殊的——许多过程也可以逆向运行。)”可知，我们对时间的理解因物理学角度不同而有差异。故选D。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“In a 2024 study, scientists created a model using entangled quantum magnets and a spring. The entire system was static (静态的), yet the spring’s state changed over time relative to the clock, demonstrating how time might arise from entanglement. (在2024年的一项研究中，科学家们使用纠缠的量子磁体和弹簧创建了一个模型。整个系统是静态的，然而，相对于时钟，弹簧的状态随时间而变化，这展示了时间是如何从纠缠中产生的。)”可知，科学家创建这个模型是为了展示时间是如何从纠缠中产生的。故选C。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“More strikingly, Verrucci argues time’s direction may come from quantum measurement. Each time we observe reality, possibilities collapse into facts — a one-way process. ‘You create time,’ she says, ‘when you ask what time it is.’ (更引人注目的是，Verrucci认为时间的方向可能来自量子测量。每次我们观察现实时，可能性都会坍缩成事实——这是一个单向的过程。‘当你问现在几点时，你就在创造时间，’她说。)”可知，Verrucci认为观察时间有助于创造时间。故选C。 4. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“A groundbreaking perspective was proposed in 1983 by scientists Page and Wootters. They proposed that time is an illusion (幻觉) created by quantum entanglement (纠缠). (1983年，科学家Page和Wootters提出了一个开创性的观点。他们提出，时间是由量子纠缠产生的幻觉。)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要探讨了时间是如何从量子纠缠中产生的，因此文章的主要目的是从量子联系的角度探索时间的起源。故选B。 Passage 2（2026高二下·湖南长沙·月考） Scientists can now conduct space research on Earth as China’s “ground space station” has been put into trial operation, reported Xin hua. The facility is called Space Environment Simulation and Research Infrastructure (SESRI). SESRI simulates (模拟) conditions in space and is designed for studying basic space science. This will help scientists do experiments that they normally do in space. SESRI is jointly developed by the Harbin Institute of Technology and the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. “Space is very different from the environment on Earth and can have different effects on spacecraft. What we do here is to explore how the effects take place and why,” Li Liyi, executive deputy director of SESRI, told Guangming Daily. At the facility, there is a device that simulates the space environment from 100 kilometers away from Earth to the sun. In this area, more than 99 percent of visible matter is in a plasma (等离子体) state in which gas is in a highly charged and energetic state of matter. By re-creating the environment, the device can test how plasma affects spacecraft. Also, one of the biggest problems manned space travel faces is when spacecraft enter Earth’s atmosphere, they are surrounded by plasma, leading to communication blackouts (黑障). The test center can also help solve this issue as researchers now have more opportunities to do tests. The researchers faced many challenges when building the simulation system, as connecting various parts of the device can be very complicated. “We held more than 700 meetings over a connection problem alone.” Jin Chenggang at the facility told Heilongjiang News. SESRI also has simulation systems for the moon and Mars, which can re-create the vacuum, extreme temperatures, and space radiation that astronauts would encounter on these space bodies. The systems will help astronauts prepare for their missions to these places in the future, reported Guangming Daily. In the future, the platform will also play an important role in areas including brain science, life and health research, and the development of high-end instruments. 1. What is the main benefit of simulating space environment? A. Supporting space research on Earth. B. Reducing the cost of space missions. C. Studying the effects of space on humans. D. Improving our understanding of black holes. 2. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A. The challenge of space exploration. B. The risk of experiments at the SESRI. C. The benefit of space exploration. D. The function of the device at the SESRI. 3. Why does the author quote Jin Chenggang’s words? A. To share a personal story about the building process. B. To show the difficulties of building the simulation system. C. To highlight the importance of preparations for the research. D. To emphasize the challenges of working with other research teams. 4. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Space simulation may be costly. B. Space simulation raises social concerns. C. International cooperation is crucial for space simulation. D. Space simulation has great potential for future exploration. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. B 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了中国“地面空间站”SESRI的模拟太空环境功能及其意义。 1.细节理解题。由文章第一段中“Scientists can now conduct space research on Earth as China’s “ground space station” has been put into trial operation, reported Xin hua. (据新华社报道，随着中国 “地面空间站” 投入试运行，科学家如今可以在地球上开展太空研究。)”可知，模拟太空环境的主要好处是支持地球上的太空研究。故选A。 2.主旨大意题。由文章第四段“At the facility, there is a device that simulates the space environment from 100 kilometers away from Earth to the sun. In this area, more than 99 percent of visible matter is in a plasma (等离子体) state in which gas is in a highly charged and energetic state of matter. By re-creating the environment, the device can test how plasma affects spacecraft. (在这个装置中，有一个可以模拟从距离地球100公里处直至太阳之间的空间环境的设备。在这一区域内，超过99% 的可见物质处于等离子体态，在这种状态下，气体处于高度带电且充满能量的物质状态。通过重现这一环境，该设备能够测试等离子体对航天器的影响。)”可知，本段主要介绍了SESRI设备的功能。故选D。 3.推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段“The researchers faced many challenges when building the simulation system, as connecting various parts of the device can be very complicated. “We held more than 700 meetings over a connection problem alone.” Jin Chenggang at the facility told Heilongjiang News. (在建造这个模拟系统时，研究人员面临着诸多挑战，因为连接设备的各个部分可能非常复杂。该装置的金成刚在接受《黑龙江新闻》采访时表示：“仅仅是一个连接问题，我们就召开了700多次会议。”)”可知，作者引用金成刚的话是为了展示建造模拟系统的困难。故选B。 4.推理判断题。由文章最后一段“SESRI also has simulation systems for the moon and Mars, which can re-create the vacuum, extreme temperatures, and space radiation that astronauts would encounter on these space bodies. The systems will help astronauts prepare for their missions to these places in the future, reported Guangming Daily. In the future, the platform will also play an important role in areas including brain science, life and health research, and the development of high-end instruments. (空间环境地面模拟装置还设有月球和火星的模拟系统，这些系统可以重现宇航员在这些天体上会遇到的真空环境、极端温度以及太空辐射。据《光明日报》报道，这些系统将帮助宇航员为未来前往这些地方执行任务做好准备。未来，这个平台还将在脑科学、生命与健康研究以及高端仪器研发等领域发挥重要作用。)”可知，作者在最后一段暗示了太空模拟对未来探索有很大的潜力。故选D。 Passage 3（2026高二下·浙南名校·开学考） A scientist working with NASA has offered a simple answer to a long-standing question: if the Universe is so large, why haven’t we heard from intelligent aliens (外星人)? In an early study that has not yet been peer-reviewed, Dr Robin Corbet, from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, argues that it could simply be because they’re not interested in finding us. This question is often called the “Fermi paradox”. It points out that the universe seems big enough to hold many habitable worlds, yet we have found no clear sign of intelligent life beyond Earth. Some people think aliens are hiding, or that they are too advanced for us to understand. Corbet offers a more ordinary explanation. He argues that many civilizations might stop making major progress after reaching a “good enough” level of technology. Once life becomes comfortable, curiosity may fade. Even if travel between stars is possible, a civilization might explore for a time and then decide there is little new to discover. Each journey could bring fewer surprises, so the cost of exploration no longer seems worth it. Corbet compares this to getting used to something: when the same experience happens again and again, it feels less exciting. If most civilizations reach such a limit, sending messages across space may start to seem pointless. In that case, our radio searches might pick up only weak “leakage” signals — radio waves that escape by accident — rather than deliberate messages. Corbet adds that a detection could happen someday, but it might not lead to a big jump in our technology. The Galaxy, he suggests, may be full of life — just not life that finds us especially important. 1. What does Corbet’s study mainly try to explain? A. The absence of clear alien contact. B. The idea of aliens’ hiding from humans. C. The abundance of habitable worlds in space. D. The lack of humans’ interest in finding aliens. 2. What does paragraph 3 suggest about the motivation to explore further? A. Comfort may renew curiosity about exploring. B. Star travel may keep curiosity alive for a time. C. A settled life may weaken the drive to explore. D. New discoveries may make exploration worthwhile. 3. Why does the author mention “getting used to something” in the last paragraph? A. To account for weak “leakage” signals. B. To show why messages might seem pointless. C. To explain why exploration may lose its appeal. D. To suggest a detection may bring little progress. 4. What might be the best title for the text? A. When the Stars Stop Calling B. Life Out There, Silence Here C. Why the Galaxy Isn’t Empty D. Clear Signals, Fading Curiosity 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. C 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家Corbet对“费米悖论”提出新解释，即外星文明可能因失去探索动力而未与人类联系。 1.细节理解题。根据第一段中“A scientist working with NASA has offered a simple answer to a long-standing question: if the Universe is so large, why haven’t we heard from intelligent aliens (外星人)?(一位在美国宇航局工作的科学家，对一个长期存在的疑问给出了简单的答案：既然宇宙如此浩瀚，我们为什么从未收到过智慧外星人的音讯？)”以及第二段中“This question is often called the “Fermi paradox”. It points out that the universe seems big enough to hold many habitable worlds, yet we have found no clear sign of intelligent life beyond Earth. Some people think aliens are hiding, or that they are too advanced for us to understand. Corbet offers a more ordinary explanation.(这个问题通常被称为“费米悖论”。它指出：宇宙之大，足以容纳无数宜居星球，然而人类至今未发现地球之外存在智慧生命的明确迹象。有人认为外星人在刻意隐藏，或是它们的文明太过先进，人类无法理解；而Corbet给出了一个更平淡的解释。)”可知，Corbet的研究主要试图解释为什么没有明确的与外星人接触的迹象。故选A。 2.推理判断题。根据第三段中“He argues that many civilizations might stop making major progress after reaching a “good enough” level of technology. Once life becomes comfortable, curiosity may fade.(他认为，许多文明在达到“足够好”的技术水平后可能会停止取得重大进展。一旦生活变得舒适，好奇心可能会消退。)”可知，第三段表明稳定的生活可能会削弱探索的动力。故选C。 3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Corbet compares this to getting used to something: when the same experience happens again and again, it feels less exciting. If most civilizations reach such a limit, sending messages across space may start to seem pointless.(Corbet将此比作习惯某事：当同样的经历一次又一次地发生时，它就不那么令人兴奋了。如果大多数文明都达到了这样的极限，那么跨越太空发送信息可能开始显得毫无意义。)”可知，作者提到“习惯某事”是为了解释为什么探索可能会失去吸引力。故选C。 4.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“A scientist working with NASA has offered a simple answer to a long-standing question: if the Universe is so large, why haven’t we heard from intelligent aliens (外星人)?(一位在美国宇航局工作的科学家，对一个长期存在的疑问给出了简单的答案：既然宇宙如此浩瀚，我们为什么从未收到过智慧外星人的音讯？)”可知，文章主要讨论了为什么我们还没有收到来自外星智慧生命的明确信号，即宇宙中存在生命，但这里却保持沉默。因此，选项B“Life Out There, Silence Here(那里有生命，这里却沉默)”是最佳标题。故选B。 Passage 4（2024年北京卷） The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 1. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 2. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 3. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 4. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。 1.推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。 2.词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。 3.推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 4.推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。 语篇话题五: 环境保护（3篇） Passage 1（2025年新高考全国II卷） Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 1. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine. C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home. 2. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste. C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 4. What can we learn about wastED? A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs. C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs. 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。 1.推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。 2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。 3.主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。 4.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。 Passage 2（2026高二下·浙江·期中） Sustainable Skies: The Future of Aviation Fuel In the race to decarbonize (脱碳) the aviation industry, researchers are increasingly turning their attention to Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). Unlike conventional jet fuel, which is derived from crude oil (原油), SAFs are produced from renewable feedstocks such as used cooking oil, animal fat, and even carbon dioxide. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) has estimated that SAFs could contribute up to 65% of the aviation sector’s emissions reduction goals by 2050, making them a cornerstone (基石；核心) of the industry’s green transition. However, the widespread adoption of SAFs faces significant challenges. Currently, these fuels cost roughly two to three times more than traditional jet fuel due to high production costs and limited scalability. Another hurdle is the lack of global infrastructure for production and distribution. While major airlines have committed to using increasing amounts of SAFs, the global supply currently meets only about 0.1% of aviation’s total demand. To address this, scientists are exploring innovative production techniques. A team at a leading university has developed a new catalytic process that can convert carbon dioxide directly into jet fuel using green hydrogen, generated by renewable electricity. This method, known as “power-to-fuel,” offers the promise of a circular economy, where emissions are captured and reused rather than released into the atmosphere. Moreover, recent flight tests have shown that SAFs can be seamlessly blended with conventional fuel in existing aircraft engines without modification. This compatibility (兼容性) is a crucial technical breakthrough, as it means airlines do not need to invest in new fleets to adopt the greener alternative. Dr. Elena Marquez, a leading aerospace engineer, remains optimistic. “SAFs are not just a theoretical solution; they are a viable (可行的) path forward. With targeted government policies and private investment, we can scale up production quickly,” she said. Ultimately, while the journey to fully sustainable aviation is long, SAFs represent the most promising short-term strategy to reduce the carbon footprint of the skies. 1. According to the passage, what is a key advantage of SAFs over conventional jet fuel? A. It is cheaper to produce. B. It can reduce the industry’s emissions. C. It requires new aircraft engines to operate. D. It is derived from crude oil. 2. What can be inferred about the current state of SAFs? A. They have already replaced most conventional fuels. B. Their high cost is the only barrier to their adoption. C. There is a global shortage of sustainable aviation fuel. D. They cannot be blended with traditional jet fuel. 3. It can be learned from the passage that the “power-to-fuel” method ______. A. is a costly but environmentally beneficial process. B. will immediately solve the problem of limited supply. C. uses carbon dioxide as a source of renewable electricity. D. requires significant modifications to existing aircraft. 4. What is the author’s attitude towards the future of sustainable aviation fuels? A. Critical. B. Neutral. C. Pessimistic. D. Favorable. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了可持续航空燃料是航空业脱碳核心，虽面临成本高、供应不足等挑战，但技术有突破，是最具前景的短期减碳策略。 1.细节理解题。根据第一段中“The International Air Transport Association (IATA) has estimated that SAFs could contribute up to 65% of the aviation sector’s emissions reduction goals by 2050, making them a cornerstone (基石；核心) of the industry’s green transition.( 国际航空运输协会（IATA）估计，到 2050 年，SAFs 可能能为航空业减排目标贡献高达 65%的成果，使其成为该行业绿色转型的关键组成部分。)”可知，可持续航空燃料（SAFs）的核心优势是能大幅减少航空业碳排放，这也是其成为行业绿色转型核心的原因。 2.推理判断题。根据第二段中“While major airlines have committed to using increasing amounts of SAFs, the global supply currently meets only about 0.1% of aviation’s total demand.( 尽管各大航空公司已承诺使用越来越多的 SAFs，但目前全球供应量仅能满足航空业总需求的约 0.1%。)”可推知，全球 SAFs 供应量仅能满足航空业 0.1% 的总需求，说明存在严重的全球短缺。 3.推理判断题。根据第三段中“This method, known as “power-to-fuel,” offers the promise of a circular economy, where emissions are captured and reused rather than released into the atmosphere.( 这种被称为“电力转燃料”的方法有望实现循环经济，即将排放物捕获并重新利用，而非排放到大气中。)”可知，“电转燃料”技术能捕获并再利用二氧化碳，实现循环经济，具有显著环保效益；结合全文 SAFs 普遍成本较高的背景，可推断该创新技术目前成本也较高。 4.推理判断题。根据文章大意以及最后一段“Ultimately, while the journey to fully sustainable aviation is long, SAFs represent the most promising short-term strategy to reduce the carbon footprint of the skies.( 最终，尽管实现完全可持续航空的旅程漫长，但可持续航空燃料是减少天空碳足迹的最具前景的短期策略。)”可推知，作者对于可持续航空燃料的未来持支持的态度。 Passage 3（2026高二下·河南濮阳·月考） A new, wheelchair-accessible “Word Wagon” is set to bring the Internet, outreach (外展服务), DVDs, audiobooks, and a collection of physical books to Wasco County’s more remote (偏远的) and underserved communities. The Dalles Public Library recently celebrated the addition of a huge bus. Costing $220,000, it’s the biggest thing librarians can drive without a commercial license (执照). The inside can hold about 1,000 books, an Internet router and other library materials. This “state-of-the-art” Mercedes bus is supposed to run up to half a million miles in its lifetime — the only further cost is maintenance (维护). Outreach librarian Kristen Dyer plans to drive many of those miles, with 13 stops a month in communities underserved by libraries. Each stop will last at least two hours, in the afternoon or evening. The program kicks off in November. If remote users place a hold on any of Oregon’s Sage Library System materials by a computer, Dyer can deliver the goods. If people don’t have Internet service, Dyer can help them access the online collection of ebooks, Library2Go, on the Word Wagon’s Internet. There, people can place holds and download their books for offline reading between the Word Wagon’s visits. She ll bring library card applications and program info for people who can’t drive long distances to the libraries of Sage System. Asked why this project is significant to her, Dyer said, “I’ve lived in the countryside most of my adult life, and I love the peace. But I do art and reading and writing and, having a library for all of those things has been important as a human, as a parent and a kid. I think a well-educated community is important for our survival.” The outreach librarian always thought of herself as an introvert (内向的人). She said, “But as far as outreach services go, I can’t see myself doing anything else. I love meeting people where they are and providing services. It’s the most fun I’ve had, working.” 1. What does the project aim to do? A. Support local businesses and services. B. Share library materials with the disabled. C. Call on people to give out their unwanted books. D. Bring library services to underdeveloped communities. 2. In which way does the project help people without Internet access? A. It allows them to focus on reading paper books. B. It provides them with offline reading materials. C. It offers free Internet at chosen library locations. D. It gives them access to local libraries. 3. What does Kristen Dyer talk about in paragraph 5? A. The importance of the project. B. The meaning of reading books. C. The influence of a good community. D. The reason why she wants to be a librarian. 4. What does Kristen Dyer enjoy most as an outreach librarian? A. Driving the “Word Wagon” around the county. B. Giving the disabled a hand at different stops. C. Communicating with well-educated people. D. Meeting people and giving them services. 【答案】1. D 3. B 3. A 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。公共图书馆利用一辆“书籍车”开展了“Word Wagon”项目，为远离城市的偏远社区提供书籍、DVD、有声书和互联网服务。 1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“A new, wheelchair-accessible ‘Word Wagon’ is set to bring the Internet, outreach, DVDs, audiobooks and a collection of physical books to Wasco County’s more remote and underserved communities.(一个新的、可供轮椅通行的‘Word Wagon’旨在为华斯科县更偏远和服务不足的社区提供互联网、外展服务、DVD、有声读物和一系列实体书籍。)”可知，该项目旨在为欠发达地区提供图书馆服务。故选D项。 2.细节理解题。根据文章第四段“If people don’t have Internet service, Dyer can help them access the online collection of ebooks, Library2Go, on the Word Wagon’s Internet. There, people can place holds and download their books for offline reading between the Word Wagon’s visits.(如果人们没有互联网服务，Dyer可以帮助他们在Word Wagon的互联网上访问Library2Go的在线电子书集合。在那里，人们可以在Word Wagon访问之间预订并下载他们的书籍进行离线阅读。)”可知，该项目为没有互联网的人提供离线阅读材料。故选B项。 3.主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“Asked why this project is significant to her, Dyer said, “I’ ve lived in the countryside most of my adult life, and I love the peace. But I do art and reading and writing and, having a library for all of those things has been important as a human, as a parent and a kid. I think a well-educated community is important for our survival.”(当被问及为什么这个项目对她来说很重要时，Dyer说:“我成年后大部分时间都住在乡下，我喜欢那里的宁静。但我从事艺术、阅读和写作，拥有一个包含所有这些内容的图书馆对人类、对父母和孩子来说都很重要。我认为一个受过良好教育的社区对我们的生存至关重要。”)”可知，本段主要讲述了Dyer认为这个项目很重要即本段论述该项目的重要性。故选A项。 4.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“She said, “But as far as outreach services go, I can’t see myself doing anything else. I love meeting people where they are and providing services . It’s the most fun I’ ve had, working.”(她说:“但就外展服务而言，我看不到自己做其他事情的情景。我喜欢在人们所在的地方与他们见面并提供服务。这是我工作中最有趣的事情。)”可知，Kristen Dyer最喜欢作为一名外展图书管理员与人见面并提供服务。故选D项。 Passage 1 In our era of constant digital distraction, a wave of “focus apps” promises to help us reclaim our productivity by blocking interruptions and using gamification (游戏化) to encourage deep work. But do these apps truly help, or are they just another form of digital noise? The main challenge to focus is self-regulation. When a task feels boring or stressful, we naturally seek relief, often turning to our smartphones. While there’s little evidence that our inborn ability to focus has declined, habits like multitasking and frequent digital interruptions can make us more easily distracted. To fight this, apps like the popular “Focus Friend” have emerged. These apps employ psychological principles to guide behavior. “Focus Friend,” for example, uses a virtual character that knits (编织) peacefully as you work. If you open a banned app, the knitting comes undone. If you complete a focus session, this system uses immediate rewards, like digital items for your character, to make up for your devotion to the potentially unpleasant work. It also uses the “commitment and consistency” principle — starting a timer feels like a promise to yourself, which you’re then motivated to keep. However, scientific research on their effectiveness is limited. One study found that while users enjoyed gamified apps, they didn’t often use them and found simpler strategies (like setting a phone to greyscale (灰度模式)) more effective for reducing usage. High app store ratings for “Focus Friend” suggest user enjoyment, but enjoyment doesn’t necessarily translate to improved focus or output quality. If you decide to try a focus app, use it wisely. Schedule specific sessions for well-defined tasks, and notice the urge to check your phone without acting on it. After a week, critically assess if the app helped you make real progress. Be mindful of possible problems: these apps can’t judge your work’s value, so you might stay “focused” on unimportant tasks. Ultimately, while an app can help handle the pull of your phone, lasting focus requires internal discipline — learning to notice sudden distracting wants and consciously choosing to return to what matters. 1. What can be inferred from the second paragraph? A. Smartphones are the main source of distraction. B. Our natural focus ability has greatly weakened. C. Self-discipline lies at the heart of focus problems. D. Multitasking is an effective way to get work done. 2. How does “Focus Friend” try to guide users’ behavior? A. By completely blocking access to a banned app. B. By using psychological tricks and instant rewards. C. By offering professional consulting sessions. D. By simplifying phone functions to grayscale mode. 3. What’s the author’s attitude towards the current research on focus apps? A. Strongly supportive. B. Cautiously doubtful. C. Clearly disapproving. D. Fully convinced. 4. What would be the best title for the text? A. Focus Apps: Productivity Tools or Digital Noise? B. Focus Apps: Effective Solutions or Passing Trends? C. The Psychological Principles Behind Focus Apps D. The Limitations of Gamified Focus Apps 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了“专注力应用”是否能真正提升工作效率，分析了其运作的心理原理，指出了相关有效性研究的局限性，并给出了理性使用建议。 1.推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The main challenge to focus is self-regulation. When a task feels boring or stressful, we naturally seek relief, often turning to our smartphones.(专注的主要挑战在于自我调节。当一项任务让人觉得无聊或有压力时，我们自然会寻求解脱，往往会转向智能手机)”以及后文提到多任务处理和频繁的数字干扰会让人更容易分心，可推知，专注问题的核心在于自我调节能力，即自律。故选C。 2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段“These apps employ psychological principles to guide behavior.(这些应用程序运用心理学原理来引导行为)”以及后文对“Focus Friend”的具体描述““Focus Friend,” for example, uses a virtual character that knits (编织) peacefully as you work. If you open a banned app, the knitting comes undone. If you complete a focus session, this system uses immediate rewards, like digital items for your character, to make up for your devotion to the potentially unpleasant work. It also uses the “commitment and consistency” principle — starting a timer feels like a promise to yourself, which you’re then motivated to keep.(例如，“Focus Friend”使用一个虚拟角色，在你工作时它会安静地编织。如果你打开一个被禁止的应用程序，编织就会散开。如果你完成了一个专注时段，这个系统会使用即时奖励，比如为你的角色提供虚拟物品，来补偿你对可能令人不愉快的工作的投入。它还运用了“承诺与一致”原则——启动计时器感觉就像对自己许下了一个承诺，你因此会有动力去遵守)”可知，该应用通过心理技巧和即时奖励来引导用户行为。故选B。 3.推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, scientific research on their effectiveness is limited.(然而，关于它们有效性的科学研究还很有限)”以及后文“One study found that while users enjoyed gamified apps, they didn’t often use them and found simpler strategies (like setting a phone to greyscale (灰度模式)) more effective for reducing usage. High app store ratings for “Focus Friend” suggest user enjoyment, but enjoyment doesn’t necessarily translate to improved focus or output quality.(一项研究发现，虽然用户喜欢游戏化的应用程序，但他们并不经常使用这些应用，并且发现更简单的策略（比如将手机设置为灰度模式）在减少使用时间方面更有效。“Focus Friend”在应用商店的高评分表明用户在使用时获得了愉悦感，但这种愉悦感并不一定会转化为专注力的提升或产出质量的提高)”可知，作者对当前研究的结论持谨慎怀疑的态度。故选B。 4.主旨大意题。通读全文，文章开篇即提出核心问题“But do these apps truly help, or are they just another form of digital noise?(但这些应用真的有用吗？还是它们只是另一种形式的数字噪音？)”，随后从原理、研究、使用建议等方面展开论述，探讨了专注类应用的实际效用。A项“Focus Apps: Productivity Tools or Digital Noise?(专注类应用：生产力工具还是数字噪音？)”准确概括了文章的核心议题。故选A。 Passage 2（2026安徽·期末） Hip hop began over 50 years ago in the Bronx, New York City, as an escape from poverty and violence (暴力). Its music and style attracted Black and Latino youth. As it spread across New York, so did its culture. People often confuse hip hop with rap. Rap is a musical style of reciting rhymes to beats. But hip hop is more than music; it is a whole culture, with rap being one element. It also includes breakdancing, disc-jockeying, and graffiti art. As KRS-One said in his song, “Rap is something you do. Hip hop is something you live.” In its early days, street music and dance parties might have seemed like simple fun. But they were truly a direct response to poverty and violence in their communities. It was a way to express joy and imagination without wealth. As hip hop grew into a cultural force, artists used it to address their realities. In 1982,Grandmaster Flash’s The Message criticized poverty in Black communities. Later, Tupac Shakur’s Changes spoke against police violence. Today, hip hop’s influence on music and other industries is immense and hard to measure. Its impact is also seen in global social movements and different political opinions. From the Arab Spring to feminism, rap music serves as a call to action. Music videos worldwide feature breakdancing and graffiti, key elements of hip hop. As civil rights leader Al Sharpton said, “Hip hop took the chains off us and said, ‘No, we’ re gonna say it our way,’” giving a powerful voice to the poor and those treated unfairly. “It was that freedom. It was that raw, non-watered down kind of expression.” 1. What is paragraph 1 mainly about as for hip hop? A. Its background. B. Its content. C. Its future. D. Its popularity. 2. What can be inferred from KRS-One’s words? A. Hip hop develops quickly in the world. B. Hip hop carries an attitude towards life. C. Hip hop makes people confused about life. D. Hip hop focuses on having fun and partying. 3. What was the early hip hop? A. A competition in dance and music. B. A call for peaceful global relations. C. A response to poverty and violence. D. A trend of musical experimentation. 4. What made hip hop powerful in Sharpton’s view? A. It fits in with social values. B. It’s associated with wealth. C. It satisfies the public’s tastes. D. It helps speak out for the poor. 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍嘻哈文化的起源背景，区分其与说唱的不同，讲述它从街头文化发展为文化力量的过程，及在社会、政治层面的全球影响与价值。 1.主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Hip hop began over 50 years ago in the Bronx, New York City, as an escape from poverty and violence. Its music and style attracted Black and Latino youth. As it spread across New York, so did its culture. (嘻哈诞生于50多年前的纽约市布朗克斯区，是人们摆脱贫困和暴力的一种方式。其音乐和风格吸引了黑人和拉丁裔青年，随着它在纽约的传播，其文化也随之传播。)”可知，第一段主要介绍了嘻哈文化的起源背景。故选A项。 2.推理判断题。根据第二段中的“But hip hop is more than music; it is a whole culture, with rap being one element. It also includes breakdancing, disc-jockeying, and graffiti art. As KRS-One said in his song, “Rap is something you do. Hip hop is something you live.” (但嘻哈不仅仅是音乐，它是一种完整的文化，说唱只是其中一个元素。它还包括霹雳舞、唱片骑师表演和涂鸦艺术。正如KRS-One在他的歌中所说：“说唱是你做的事，嘻哈是你过的生活。”)”可知，KRS-One将说唱定义为一种行为，而嘻哈是一种生活方式，由此能推断出嘻哈承载着一种生活态度。故选B项。 3.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In its early days, street music and dance parties might have seemed like simple fun. But they were truly a direct response to poverty and violence in their communities. (在早期，街头音乐和舞会看似只是简单的娱乐，但它们实际上是对社区中贫困和暴力现象的直接回应。)”可知，早期的嘻哈是对贫困和暴力的一种回应。故选C项。 4.细节理解题。根据第六段中的“As civil rights leader Al Sharpton said, “Hip hop took the chains off us and said, ‘No, we’re gonna say it our way,’” giving a powerful voice to the poor and those treated unfairly. (民权领袖阿尔·夏普顿说：“嘻哈打破了束缚我们的枷锁，宣告‘不，我们要用自己的方式表达’，为穷人和受到不公平对待的人发出了强有力的声音。”)”可知，在夏普顿看来，嘻哈的力量在于它能为穷人发声。故选D项。 Passage 3（2026湖南·开学考） Home to reefs, sharks and many exotic fish, the Coral Sea is a unique reserve of biodiversity off the northeastern coast of Australia. If a proposal by the Australian government goes ahead, the region will become the world's largest marine protected area, with bans on fishing, mining and marine farming. The Coral Sea reserve will cover almost 990,000 square kilometers and stretch as far as 1,100 kilometers from the coast. Revealed by environment minister Tony Burke, the proposal will be the last in a series of proposed marine reserves around Australia's coast. But the plan attracts criticism from scientists and conservation groups claiming the government hasn't done enough in protecting the Coral Sea. They even point out only half of the Coral Sea reserve is proposed as a “no take” area, in which all fishing would be banned. But the world's largest existing marine reserve, established by the British government in the Indian Ocean, spans 554,000 km2 and is a no-take zone throughout. Some people argue more of the Coral Sea should receive this level of protection. The Australian government didn't respond to the criticism. But Robin Beaman, a marine geologist, says the reserve does “broadly protect the range of habitats”in the sea. “I can testify to the huge effort that government agencies and other organizations have made to understand the ecological values of this vast area,” he says. Reserves proposed earlier for Australia's southwestern coastal regions have also been criticized for not giving habitats adequate protection. Some scientists pointed out the proposals for the southwestern region had not been based on the “core science principles” of reserves — the protected regions were not representative of all the habitats in the region, they said. Critics say the southwestern reserve offers the greatest protection to the offshore areas where there is little threat to the environment, a controversy also leveled at the Coral Sea plan. 1. What do we learn from the passage about the Coral Sea? A. It is extremely rich in marine life. B. It is the biggest marine protected area. C. It remains largely undisturbed by humans. D. It is a unique reserve of endangered species. 2. What does the Australian government plan to do according to Tony Burke? A. Make a new proposal to protect the Coral Sea. B. Revise its conservation plan owing to criticisms. C. Upgrade the established reserves to protect marine life. D. Complete the series of marine reserves around its coast. 3. What does marine geologist Robin Beaman say about th$ 专题01 阅读理解（期末复习专项训练） 语篇话题一: 社会热点问题（5篇） Passage 1（2026高二下·湖南衡阳·联考） Artificial intelligence (AI) tools that permit people to produce online reviews have put sellers, service providers and buyers in unfamiliar territory, public protection groups and researchers say. False reviews have long appeared on many popular websites. The reviews are often traded on private social media groups between fake (假的) review dealers and businesses willing to pay. Sometimes, businesses get good reviews in exchange for offering buyers rewards such as gift cards. The Transparency Company is a technology company and public protection group that uses software to detect fake reviews. The company said it started to see AI-generated reviews appear in large numbers in mid-2023. The reviews have increased quickly ever since. Major companies are developing policies for how AI-generated content fits into their systems for removing fake reviews. Some companies already employ special programmes and investigative teams to find and remove fake reviews. Still, the companies are giving users some ability to use AI. The Coalition for Trusted Reviews, which Amazon, Trustpilot, Glassdoor, Tripadvisor, Expedia and Booking. com launched last year, said that even though people may put AI to illegal use,the technology also presents “an opportunity to push back against those who seek to use reviews to mislead others”. Tech companies, including Amazon, Yelp and Google, say their technology has blocked or removed a large number of suspect reviews and suspicious accounts. However, some experts say they could be doing more. Consumers can try to find fake reviews by watching out for a few possible warning signs, researchers say. Overly good or bad reviews are suspect. Highly specialized terms that repeat a product’s full name or model number are another possible clue. When it comes to AI, research done by Balázs Kovács, a Yale professor, has shown that people cannot tell the difference between AI-created and human-written reviews. Some AI detectors may also be fooled by shorter texts, which are common in online reviews, the study said. However, there are some AI clues that online shoppers and service seekers should keep in mind. Reviews written with AI are often longer, highly structured and include “empty descriptors”. Empty descriptors include general phrases and attributes or characteristics. The writing also often includes overused phrases or opinions like “the first thing that struck me” and “game-changer”. 1. How does The Transparency Company find fake reviews? A. By appointing experts to the job. B. By calling on volunteers to check them. C. By offering users rewards. D. By making the use of software. 2. What can be learned about major companies? A. People will not see fake reviews in their websites. B. They think AI is useless to seek suspicious accounts. C. Experts are satisfied with their reaction to suspect reviews. D. They allowed users to take advantage of AI to some extent. 3. Which review could possibly be written using AI? A. Got it today, works fine for my needs. B. Not bad, but the price is a bit high. C. It’s an excellent product with great quality. D. Stopped working after 3 days, don’t buy. 4. What is the main idea of the text? A. There is growing concern about false reviews. B. AI tools are often used for faking product reviews. C. We are living in a world that depends more on AI. D. AI’s recent developments have got a lot of social attention. Passage 2（2026高二下·浙南名校·开学考） Many children try to make their parents proud. But in some families, a child’s success is always “on show”. Parents want praise from others, and the child may feel like a performer, not a person. The term “peacock parenting” comes from the idea of being “as proud as a peacock”. Here it means a self-centered style of parenting. A peacock parent may show off a “perfect family” in public, yet criticise the child behind closed doors when the child fails to meet high expectations. Over time, the child may learn that love is conditional. They may hide their real feelings, stop exploring their own interests, and start to believe, “I am not worthy.” Experts describe three common signs. The first is psychological control. When the child sets a boundary or feels upset, the parent may say, “You’re too sensitive,” and turn the blame back onto the child. This often creates a sense of guilt. The second is unpredictable mood swings. The parent can be warm one day and cold the next, making the child feel like they are “walking on eggshells”. In adulthood, this may lead to people-pleasing and weak boundaries. The third is role reversal. Some parents fail to provide proper care and attention, or even expect their child to look after them emotionally or physically. As a result, the child may grow up too fast and miss out on a normal childhood. Healing takes time, but it is possible. The first step is to be kinder to yourself and reconnect with your own interests. Supportive friends, groups, or professional help can provide the care that was previously missing. Clear boundaries can also make a relationship safer, and if contact continues to cause harm, limiting contact may be necessary. After all, there are many places to find warmth, and not all of them are under a parent’s roof. 1. What is the purpose of paragraph 1? A. To raise an issue. B. To describe a study. C. To explain the causes. D. To offer the solutions. 2. What does “peacock parenting” in paragraph 2 mainly focus on? A. Public approval. B. Unconditional love. C. Independent growth. D. Honest self-expression. 3. Which sign best matches “role reversal” in paragraph 3? A. The parent praises the child in public. B. The child tries to win others’ approval. C. The parent relies on the child for support. D. The child avoids setting any boundaries. 4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Distance ensures safety. B. Self-care is the final step. C. healing requires parental effort. D. Support exists beyond the family. Passage 3（2026高二下·江苏苏州·期中） Consumers rely on various ways to pay daily expenses. The problem is that they tend to spend more with cashless payment methods in comparison to cash. This striking cashless effect has recently been confirmed by researchers from the University of Adelaide. Led by PhD Student Lachlan Schomburgk, the research team analysed 71 published and unpublished studies from 17 countries, including data from more than 11,000 unique participants. They’ve found that cashless payments lead people to spend more on status-signalling goods like jewellery, while this effect is notably absent in acts of donation or tipping. “Through this meta-analysis, we identified key factors that make the cashless effect stronger or weaker, which individual studies could not find. By doing this, we uncovered new key understandings that had often been overlooked by other researchers in individual studies.” Schomburgk explains. The findings indicate that consumers should be mindful of how they pay for goods or services, as this helps them spend less, especially critical in the current cost-of-living crisis. To avoid overspending, they’re advised to carry cash instead of cards whenever possible as a self-control method. When using cash, they count and hand over notes and coins, making spending more noticeable. If nothing is physically handed over, it’s easy to lose track of how much is spent. The study also provides useful insights for businesses and policymakers. “Businesses should know failing to accept the cashless revolution might unintentionally be jeopardising profit potential,” Schomburgk says. “And policymakers should communicate to individuals unfamiliar with cashless payments, such as people who don’t have bank accounts, about the possibility of cashless methods to lead to overspending.” Schomburgk stresses a need for urgent in-depth studies of new payment methods, as research on their specific impacts remains limited due to their novelty. Studying these methods is vital to keep pace with the evolving payment ecosystem and deepen understanding of modern consumers’ spending habits. 1. What has the study found about the cashless effect? A. It exists in acts of donation. B. It weakens with more cash use. C. It links to the living cost crisis. D. It works in specific consumption. 2. Why did the team adopt the meta-analysis? A. To solve the overspending problem. B. To compare cash and cashless payments. C. To confirm factors causing the effect. D. To break the limitations of single studies. 3. What does the underlined word “jeopardising” in Paragraph 5 mean? A. Risking. B. Preserving. C. Shifting. D. Boosting. 4. What can be inferred about new payments according to Schomburgk? A. They need to be popularized. B. They are developing rapidly. C. They should be further studied. D. They will affect spending habits. Passage 4（2026年1月浙江卷） When you’re a teacher, a big part of your job is battling student misconceptions. Often students come to the classroom believing that learning can’t be fun and that what they learn isn’t relevant to the real world — much less to their personal interests. I’ve discovered that if I show students how what they learn is relevant to my hobbies, they’re much more willing to make connections to their personal interests and develop their own hobbies. No matter what subject I’m teaching, I find ways to bring my hobbies into the classroom. For example, I’m a car enthusiast, so when I teach physics, I contextualize concepts with my knowledge about cars. If we’re covering friction, for example, I bring different tires (轮胎) into my classroom so that my students can conduct lab experiments with them to see how friction works in real-life applications. When I first brought my hobbies to my classroom, I was focused on how doing so would build engagement and help my students understand concepts in science. But I quickly learned that the practice also helped me build stronger relationships with them. When I let them see an aspect of my life outside of school, some students who were also interested in cars connected with me more and became more engaged in my courses. Even those who didn’t share that interest with me seemed more engaged once I showed a different side of myself. What started as an experiment is now more of a philosophy. Even when I’m planning classes, I tend to think about how I can bring in my hobbies. I find that doing so energizes my instruction, engages my students, and demonstrates to them how abstract concepts play out in the real world. Best of all, my passion for my hobbies seems to inspire them to be passionate about finding their own. 1. What poses a challenge to teachers according to the author? A. Students’ misunderstandings about teachers. B. Students’ false assumptions about learning. C. The irrelevance of textbooks to students’ life. D. The gap between teachers’ and students’ hobbies. 2. Why does the author bring tires into the classroom? A. To teach an engineering skill. B. To explain the structure of a car. C. To share a real-life experience. D. To illustrate a scientific concept. 3. What was the unexpected outcome of the author’s teaching method? A. A higher class attendance rate. B. Better examination results. C. A closer teacher-student bond. D. More spare time for students. 4. Which of the following best describes the author as a teacher? A. Innovative. B. Humorous. C. Decisive. D. Sympathetic. Passage 5（2026高二下·江苏苏州·期中） An expert sheds light on a popular yogurt product 益生菌酸奶成“新型泻药”？ “This yogurt might lead to diarrhea (腹泻),” warned the staff of a yogurt chain store as they handed the store-made cup of yogurt to a customer. Labeled “500 billion (CFU) probiotics (益生菌)”, the yogurt has gained popularity among people seeking to cleanse their digestive systems, especially those trying to manage their weight CFU (菌落形成单位) is a unit used to measure the number of live bacteria in a probiotic product. According to the yogurt’s ingredient list, it contains five varieties of edible probiotics. Studies have consistently shown the positive benefits of probiotics on gastrointestinal (胃肠道的) health. However, some consumers shared their unpleasant experiences of suffering from gastroenteritis (肠胃炎) and receiving hospital treatment after consuming the yogurt product that claims to contain “500 billion (CFU) probiotics”. Pu Fangfang, a doctor from the Clinical Nutrition Department of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, said that the factors contributing to their symptoms were multiple. “Probiotics may cause varied physiological (生理的) responses among individuals,” said Pu. Previous studies have shown that a specific variety of probiotics may help with the treatment of constipation (便秘), as well as diarrhea. The efficacy varies between individuals. What might sit well with you might not sit well with your friend. So there are no specific daily intake recommendations for probiotics. Moreover, many components on the label are slightly higher than the recommended daily intake. For example, every cup of the “500 billion (CFU) probiotics” yogurt, according to the label, contains between 40.5 to 54 grams of dietary fiber, which is much higher than the 25 to 30 grams daily for adults recommended by the China Nutrition Society. “Taking in such a large amount of dietary fiber in such a short time might lead to bloating (胀气), acid reflux (胃酸反流), and even diarrhea,” said Pu. Last but not least, individuals vary significantly in their dietary tolerances. Those with poor digestive health or food allergies as well as other vulnerable people should be cautious with everything they consume, not just yogurt. “For people who want to try this kind of product, sharing a cup with others on your first try might be a good choice,” recommended Pu. Try a small amount and see what happens to your body and then adjust the amount accordingly. It is worth noting that we should not rely on such products for weight management. “While they may facilitate immediate weight loss, the reduction predominantly comprises water and waste rather than fat loss,” said Pu. By MENG TIANTIAN, 21st Century Teens advice on losing weight A key measurement of weight loss is body fat percentage. For an 18-year-old female, maintaining a body fat percentage of between 20 and 25 percent is considered beneficial for health. For males of the same age, a body fat percentage ranging between 10 and 16 percent is advisable. However, individual factors, such as body type, also need to be taken into account. Fats shouldn’t be avoided entirely. The focus should be on avoiding “bad” fats, such as those found in fried chicken. Meanwhile, embrace "good" fats derived from sources like nuts and avocados (牛油果). Choose the best answer: 1．Why does the author mention the staff’s warning at the beginning of the text? A．To show the yogurt’s popularity. B．To discourage yogurt consumption. C．To discuss yogurt’s nutritional value. D．To introduce the complexities of probiotics. 2．What is one reason for the absence of specific daily intake recommendations for probiotics? A．Lack of probiotics research. B．Insufficient consumer demand. C．Inadequate dietary guidelines. D．People’s diverse reactions to probiotics. 3．What might lead to diarrhea in some consumers after eating the yogurt? A．Poor weight control. B．High intake of dietary fiber. C．Low sensitivity to probiotics. D．Limited probiotic variety in the yogurt. 4．What does Pu suggest people do when trying the yogurt? A．Consume it slowly. B．Seek medical advice first. C．Increase intake gradually. D．Have a small portion initially. 语篇话题二: 科学与技术（4篇） Passage 1（2026高二下·滁州·期中） What if windows could clean themselves at the push of a switch? Researchers in China have developed a self-cleaning glass that can remove particles (微粒) within seconds. Dust is everywhere and always finds a way to settle onto surfaces, no matter how many times you clean them. Geological and biological sources along with human-caused sources, like construction and mining, create surface particle pollution that can often reduce the visibility of windows and the performance of solar cells by blocking the light-receiving components. Nature has great examples of self-cleaning surfaces like flowers and insect wings, where their specific surface and water work together to remove dust. Scientists have used these properties of biological materials to create self-cleaning surfaces but their effectiveness relies on the availability of water, making it dependent on weather conditions like humidity (湿度). This dependency severely affects their application in waterless environments on Earth or in outer space. The new glass offers a water-free solution. By studying how particle size and electric field strength affect this motion, the researchers created a thin, transparent (透明的) glass — just 0.62mm thick — that can clean itself at 97.5% efficiency without any human assistance. The self-cleaning glass also helps prevent new dust from settling. The researchers found that when the electric field is on, it redirects charged particles in the air, keeping the surface cleaner for longer. The team has termed it the “particle shielding effect”, which cuts the buildup of atmospheric dust by almost 90 percent. Because the glass is transparent, it works well in places where clear light is important. It only slightly reduces visible light, with most of the loss happening in non-visible wavelengths. This makes the system ideal for solar panels, car windshields, greenhouse roofs, and windows of tall buildings — places where clear visibility and energy efficiency are essential. The new design is viable. The glass uses common materials, and its production process — which involves applying a conductive layer onto a glass sheet and then covering it with a thin protective film — fits well with current industrial methods. This means it can be produced easily and in large amounts without needing expensive or specialized equipment. 1．What point do the facts in paragraph 2 mainly indicate? A．The consequences of industrial activities. B．The primary sources of air pollution. C．The worsening of climate change. D．The widespread impact of dust. 2．What is the problem with the nature-inspired cleaning approach? A．Its dependence on humans. B．Its high cost of production. C．Its limited applicability. D．Its low efficiency in cleaning. 3．How does the “particle shielding effect” benefit users? A．By supplying a source of renewable energy. B．By keeping the glass continuously dust-free. C．By strengthening the glass structure. D．By making dust invisible under light. 4．Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word “viable” in the last paragraph? A．Environment friendly. B．User-friendly. C．Practical. D．Efficient. Passage 2（2026高二下·湖南邵阳·开学考） A new study in the journal Scientific Reports finds AI chatbots can imitate famous poets so effectively that they can fool many human readers, and non-experts often can’t reliably distinguish between poems written by William Shakespeare, Emily Dickinson, T.S. Eliot or ChatGPT-3.5. The researchers conducted two experiments: the first asked participants to determine whether a poem was written by a human or AI, and the second assessed the quality of the poems. In both cases, the AI-generated poems either passed as human-written or even outperformed those by human writers. Participants, who were unaware of the true origins of the poems, rated the AI-generated poems higher on average, considering them more inspiring, meaningful, moving, and profound than the human-authored ones. So, how did this happen? Researchers believe the appeal of AI-generated poems lies in their simplicity and clarity. These poems better convey an image, mood, emotion, or theme to non-expert poetry readers. Consequently, participants might have misunderstood the complexity of human poetry as AI incoherence (不连贯性). Understanding human-authored poetry also requires deep and critical thinking. However, modern readers seem unwilling to engage in this kind of mental labor, preferring texts that offer “instant answers,” writes Andrew Dean, a literary scholar at Deakin University in Australia. Michele Elam, a senior fellow at Stanford’s Institute for Human-Centered AI, raised a key concern about how AI may shape people’s relationships with art. She argued that the issue isn’t whether AI-generated poetry can match or exceed human authenticity (真实性) but that we might lose sight of how art is connected to our lived experiences. “Literature, including poetry, is meaningful because it provides a way of naming and describing our realities,” Elam wrote in an email, “If we only see selected images and language in our social feeds, it could limit our ability to understand the world, remember the past, and imagine the future.” 1. What can we learn from the two experiments? A. Human poems are more creative than AI-generated poems. B. Many participants can distinguish AI-generated poems quickly. C. Only a small number of participants preferred AI-generated poems. D. AI-generated poems won higher praise than human poems on average. 2. Which of the following is a characteristic of AI-generated poems according to the passage? A. They are full of complex language. B. They are simple and clear in expression. C. They are hard to understand for non-experts. D. They demand a lot of critical thinking from readers. 3. The misunderstanding of human-authored poetry as AI-incoherence by participants may be due to ________. A. The inherent defects in human-authored poetry. B. The poor quality of the language used in human-authored poetry. C. The lack of proper education on appreciating poetry among participants. D. The participants’ habit of expecting simplicity, as AI-generated poems provided. 4. Which statement will Michele Elam probably agree with? A. AI is revolutionizing the way we appreciate literary works. B. AI-generated literature has challenged human writers’ abilities. C. AI-generated art helps enhance our understanding of the world. D. AI may lead to a disconnection between art and human experiences. Passage 3（2026高二下·湖南岳阳·月考） Have you ever obeyed the suggestions of a digital writing assistant to replace a word or restructure a sentence? Before the appearance of digital tools, you’d probably have turned to a dictionary for the same assistance. Dictionaries enable us to write not with fail-safe convenience but with originality and a point of view. While AI assistants produce phrases and statements so writers don’t have to think them up, dictionaries provide us with the knowledge to use language ourselves in expressive and potentially infinite (无穷的) ways. They place choice and authority literally in human hands, forcing us to discover how we want to explain ourselves and our ideas to the world. The abundance of digital writing assistants gives greater urgency to debates about what a dictionary should be. In 1946, George Orwell described good writing as “picking out words for the sake of their meaning,” a practice that dictionaries facilitate while digital writing programs stifle. Writers consulting a dictionary make a choice, while writers guided by an app have their choices made for them. The digital-native approach delivers hands-off, derivative (衍生的) communication. The other requires leafing through pages without knowing exactly where you’ll end up. Without dictionaries to provide us with a guide to English’s potential, writing that way is nearly impossible. Our ability to express ourselves is critical — it helps us define who we are. Dictionaries aid us in achieving this: They categorize our unique ways of thinking through language. I’m a Canadian; my feeling of pride in my native land is enhanced by small verbal Canadianisms like “eaves trough” or “serviette”, which are well-documented in dictionaries but rarely used by AI chatbots, for the most part. As digital writing extends deeper into our lives and minds, we need dictionaries more than ever. Abandoning dictionaries and embracing mechanized writing would weaken our capacity for collective identity quite as much as the ability to express ourselves. 1. What might be a distinct feature of dictionaries according to the author? A. They promise fail-safe phrases. B. They possess academic authority. C. They facilitate creative writing. D. They provide ready-made expressions. 2. What does the underlined word “stifle” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Favor. B. Revise. C. Observe. D. Discourage. 3. Why does the author mention “eaves trough” and “serviette” in paragraph 4? A. To show how AI aids us in expressing. B. To indicate the weakness of dictionaries. C. To celebrate the diversity of Canadian English. D. To illustrate how language use affects identity. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why Keep Your Dictionary? B. How to Deal with Digital Writing? C. Who Uses Writing Assistants? D. What to Expect from Dictionaries? Passage 4（2026年1月浙江卷） Carbon removal is crucial for fighting climate change. Scientists at Salk Institute are making use of the natural capacity of plants to absorb carbon dioxide by enhancing their root systems. This optimization (优化) aims to increase the amount of carbon stored and extend the duration of its storage. To design these climate-saving plants, the scientists are using a research tool called SLEAP – an AI software that tracks multiple features of root growth. Created by Salk Fellow Talmo Pereira, SLEAP was initially designed to track animal movement in the lab. Now, Pereira has teamed up with plant scientist Professor Wolfgang Busch to apply SLEAP to plants. In a study published in Plant Phenomics, Busch and Pereira establish a new procedure for using SLEAP to analyze plant root phenotypes-how deep and wide they grow, how massive their root systems become, and other physical qualities. Prior to SLEAP, tracking the physical characteristics of both plants and animals required a lot of labor that slowed the scientific process. SLEAP uses computer vision (the ability for computers to understand images) and deep learning (an AI approach for training a computer to learn and work like the human brain) to help researchers process images much more quickly. The application of SLEAP to plants has already enabled researchers to establish the most extensive catalog (目录) of plant root phenotypes to date. What’s more, tracking these physical root system characteristics helps scientists find genes (基因) associated with those characteristics, as well as whether multiple root characteristics are determined by the same genes or independently. This allows the Salk team to determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs. “Our cooperation is truly proof of what makes Salk science so special and impactful,” says Pereira. “We’re not just ‘borrowing’ from different disciplines-we’re really putting them on equal footing in order to create something greater than the sum of its parts.” 1. What do the scientists at Salk Institute hope to achieve? A. Keeping more carbon in plants. B. Optimizing the use of energy. C. Enhancing biological diversity. D. Reducing carbon absorption. 2. Why did Pereira create SLEAP? A. To generate plant images. B. To conduct research on animals C. To study climate patterns. D. To track features of root growth. 3. What will SLEAP help the scientists do? A. Pick out diseased plants in the forest. B. Collect samples of plant root systems. C. Identify genes for desirable plant roots. D. Preserve the genes of endangered plants. 4. What can be inferred from Pereira’s words? A. Academic disciplines are of equal importance. B. Computer programming is a must for scientists. C. Interdisciplinary approach promotes creativity. D. Cooperation outweighs competition in research. 语篇话题三: 自然生态（4篇） Passage 1（2026高二下·安徽多效·联考） A French auctioneer sold a 200-year-old violin bow (弓) made by François Xavier Tourte, regarded as the Antonio Stradivari of bow-making, for a record €576,000. Tourte was among the first to make consistent use of a raw material that is still prized today for the best bows: pernambuco, or brazilwood. A modern orchestra (管弦乐团) is a group of dancing brazilwood sticks. And that’s a problem. Cutting down, urban expansion and farming have greatly reduced Brazil’s Atlantic forest, where the tree grows, to an eighth of its former area. The number of wild trees has dropped by four fifths in less than a century. Consequently, CITES, an international agreement, has restricted trade in brazilwood products since 2007. But Brazil’s government wants CITES to list the trees among the most endangered species, giving them the highest protection. A CITES meeting in Samarkand that starts on November 24th will decide whether to do so. The proposal has spooked those working on Tourte’s craft and the musicians who depend on it. Lovers of art and lovers of nature are often soulmates, but brazilwood is separating them. The protection upgrade Brazil wants would make life difficult for them and for musicians. Any bow, even one of Tourte’s, would require a certificate to cross borders. Workers are still cutting down brazilwood trees illegally to supply the bow-making industry, Brazil’s environmental agency claims. However, it can be possible to save both brazilwood and bows. Around 3 million trees have been planted since the early 1970s, some with the help of bow-makers. Some of these could be harvested after 30 — 40 years of growth to make bows as the existing stocks of brazilwood run out. Wild trees need better protection, and governments and musicians can do better at registering existing stocks of brazilwood and keeping track of bows. If that can happen, there is a chance to save a remarkable tree without silencing the music. 1. Why is the use of brazilwood in modern orchestras a problem? A. Brazilwood bows are too expensive. B. Too many brazilwood sticks are wasted. C. The brazilwood tree has dramatically decreased. D. CITES has completely prohibited brazilwood trading. 2. What does the underlined word “spooked” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Inspired. B. Balanced. C. Considered. D. Concerned. 3. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. It’s crucial to plant more brazilwood trees. B. Proper measures can make brazilwood and bows coexist. C. There are enough wild brazilwood trees for bow-making now. D. Affordable materials for making bows are highly demanded. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. The History of Violin Bow-Making. B. The Environmental Value of Brazilwood. C. The Tension Between Precious Wood and Bow-Making. D. The Efforts Made by CITES to Protect Endangered Species. Passage 2（2026高二下·湖南名校·联考） The bald eagle is a symbol of the US. An image of the bird is on the flag and seal (印章) of the US president, the seal of the US Supreme Court, military insignia, as well as the dollar bill. Even so, the bird has had its ups and downs. At one time, it was at risk of permanent (永久的) extinction. Later, however, its numbers recovered. In the early 2000s, the bird was removed from its endangered species list. Culturally, too, the birds are doing well again. In December 2024 before leaving office, Joe Biden signed legislation (法规) officially making it the national bird. An insect-killing chemical called DDT played a major part in the long complex story of species weakness and recovery. Used to kill insects, DDT also proved harmful to eagle eggs. American officials banned DDT in 1972.But the use of the chemical had already caused severe damage to eagle populations. For example, in the 1980s there was only one nesting pair of eagles in New Jersey. Now, there are about 300 pairs. To rebuild the number of eagles across the US, researchers wanting to save them imported the birds from places where their population numbers were secure, including Canada. Early on, they also removed eggs from their nests so they could safely hatch (孵化) with scientists before being returned to their parents to raise. A lack of eagle habitat and prey (猎物) also threatens the species. Bald eagles feed heavily on fish, so they require clean, open water in which to hunt. Disease outbreaks are another serious threat to the birds. The birds are highly respected by several Native American cultures as symbols of strength, especially in the Pacific Northwest. The position of eagles as symbols of the US adds to their protection. Dan Day is a birder. He has seen bald eagles about 50 times in recent years both on nature walks and while driving around. He said, “It really elevates (提升) your day to see a bald eagle.” 1. What is Paragraph 3 mainly focused on? A. Specific measures to protect bald eagles. B. Hatching techniques of bald eagles. C. Protecting bald eagles through cooperation. D. Early protection and growth of bald eagles. 2. Which is the threat bald eagles are currently facing in the US? A. The widespread use of DDT. B. Illegal hunting by Native American. C. Lack of prey and outbreak of diseases. D. Severe environmental pollution in habitats. 3. What does the author convey in the last paragraph? A. Observing bald eagles is stressful. B. The protection of bald eagles has shown results. C. More people are paying attention to bald eagles. D. Encountering a bald eagle is unexpected. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. The Bald Eagle Is a Much More Respectable Bird B. The Past and Future of Bald Eagles in America C. The Complex Process of Successfully Rescuing Eagles D. Bald Eagles:Recovered,Officially US National Bird Passage 3（2026高二下·山东临沂·期中） By accident, researchers have photographed Venus' surface from space for the first time. Though the planet's rocky body is hidden beneath the thick clouds, telescopes aboard NASA's Parker Solar Probe (帕克太阳探测器) managed to capture (捕捉) the first visible-light images of the surface taken from space, researchers reported in the February 16 Geophysical Research Letters. “We've never actually seen the surface through the clouds at these wavelengths before, ”said Lori Glaze, director of NASA's Planetary Science Division, on February 10. Though the Parker Solar Probe was built to study the sun, it must make regular flybys of Venus. The planet's gravity pulls the probe, tightening its orbit and bringing it closer to the sun. Those assists from Venus helped the spacecraft (航天器) make headlines when it became the first probe to enter the sun's atmosphere. It was during two such flybys in July 2020 and February2021 that the probe's WISPR telescopes captured the new images. While WISPR found Venus' dayside too bright to image, it was able to recognize extensive surface features, through the clouds on the nightside. The photographs show a planet is so hot that it looks much like red-hot iron, said Brian Wood, an astrophysicist at the U. S. Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D. C. , and a co-author of the paper. “The pattern of bright and dark that you see is basically a temperature map,” he said — brighter regions are hotter and darker regions are cooler. This pattern correlates well with topographic maps (地形图) previously produced from radar and infrared (雷达和红外线) surveys. Highlands appear dark and lowlands appear bright, Wood said. The images came as NASA prepared to launch two missions to Venus. “The new photographs”, Wood said, “may help in the interpretation of the observations taken in the future from these new missions. ” 1. How did the researchers photograph Venus' surface from space? A. By detecting wavelengths. B. By looking for thick clouds. C. By tracking Venus' rocky body. D. By using the Parker Solar Probe. 2. What helped the spacecraft enter the sun's atmosphere? A. Venus' gravity. B. The sun's assists. C. Its slowing down. D. Its flybys of the sun. 3. What can we learn from Wood's words about the photographs? A. They were taken by infrared and radar. B. They fail to reveal Venus' surface features. C. Brighter areas represent higher temperatures. D. Darker colors mean lowlands in the topography. 4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. NASA prepared to finish two missions to Venus B. Parker Solar Probe has further explored Venus' surface C. The secrets of Venus' surface uncovered by researchers D. The first visible-light images of Venus' surface taken from space Passage 4（2025年全国I卷） The greening of planes, trains and automobiles Moving goods and people around the world is responsible for a large part of global CO2 emissions (排放). As the world races to decarbonize everything, it faces particular problems with transportation — which accounts for about a quarter of our energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Here’s the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport. The fuels for transport need to be not just green, cheap and powerful, but also lightweight and safe enough to be carried around. Each mode of transport has its specific fuel needs. Much is still to be settled, but here are some of the solutions to get us going green. PLANES — Synthetic hydrocarbons The hardest sector to decarbonize is aviation. One long-term option for sustainable fuel for planes is to make hydrocarbons from recycled air. CARS — Batteries Batteries are energy-efficient and electric cars can plug into existing systems and services. New solid-state batteries will take a car farther on a single charge. TRAINS — Electricity Some trains are already electrified through rails or wires; others can be made electric in pretty simple ways. TRUCKS — Hydrogen fuel cells Hydrogen fuel cells are a lighter choice than batteries for trucks, but making green hydrogen is expensive. SHIPS — Liquid ammonia Liquid ammonia is easy to keep and transport, but it is hard to ignite (点燃) and requires an engine redesign. This energy transition (变革) is global, and the amount of renewable energy the world will need is “a little bit mind-blowing,” says mechanical engineer Keith Wipke at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. It’s estimated that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050. Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task. “We need to speed up the development of green energy, and it will all get used,” says Wipke. 1. What percentage of global transport emissions did road vehicles account for in 2018? A. 11.6%. B. 45.1%. C. 74.5%. D. 86.1%. 2. Which mode of transport can go green comparatively easily? A. Planes. B. Trucks. C. Trains. D. Ships. 3. What does Wipke suggest regarding energy transition? A. Limiting fuel consumption. B. Putting more effort into renewables. C. Improving energy efficiency. D. Making electricity more affordable. 语篇话题四: 宇宙探索（4篇） Passage 1（2026高二下·湖北武汉·月考） Time is something we feel every day — rushing to school, glancing at watches, counting down minutes. Yet, surprisingly, modern physics struggles to explain why time moves forward at all. Einstein’s theory of relativity describes time as part of a fixed 4D spacetime, where past, present, and future coexist like pages in a book. Quantum mechanics (量子力学) does not naturally treats time as special — many processes could run backward just as well. So where does time’s flow come from? A groundbreaking perspective was proposed in 1983 by scientists Page and Wootters. They proposed that time is an illusion (幻觉) created by quantum entanglement (纠缠). They envisioned the universe as a timeless quantum state. When one part acts as a “clock” and becomes entangled with the rest, time seems to emerge — just like page numbers help us read a story in order. Experimental support is accumulating. In a 2024 study, scientists created a model using entangled quantum magnets and a spring. The entire system was static (静态的), yet the spring’s state changed over time relative to the clock, demonstrating how time might arise from entanglement. But what could serve as the universe’s real clock? Italian physicist Paola Verrucci points to black holes. They are isolated, highly energetic, and — thanks to Hawking radiation — can entangle with the outside world. “It’s a perfect clock,” she says. “You can’t touch it, but you can be linked to it.” More strikingly, Verrucci argues time’s direction may come from quantum measurement. Each time we observe reality, possibilities collapse into facts — a one-way process. “You create time,” she says, “when you ask what time it is.” This view transforms our role from passive witnesses of time to active participants. Time may not be a pre-existing river carrying us, but a story we co-write through our interactions with a quantum universe. 1. What can we know from paragraph 1? A. The theory of relativity views time as independent of space. B. Modern physics can explain why time moves forward easily. C. Quantum mechanics specially focuses on the study of time. D. Our understanding of time varies from physics perspectives. 2. Why did the scientists create the model? A. To explain the quantum entanglement. B. To support a timeless quantum state. C. To show how time comes from entanglement. D. To confirm time exists in a static universe. 3. Which viewpoint might Verrucci agree with? A. Hawking radiation generated time. B. There is no ideal clock in universe. C. Observing time helps to create time. D. Time existed as a river before humans. 4. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To present the history of quantum mechanics. B. To explore the origin of time from quantum links. C. To compare a couple of known spacetime theories. D. To illustrate technology of quantum entanglement. Passage 2（2026高二下·湖南长沙·月考） Scientists can now conduct space research on Earth as China’s “ground space station” has been put into trial operation, reported Xin hua. The facility is called Space Environment Simulation and Research Infrastructure (SESRI). SESRI simulates (模拟) conditions in space and is designed for studying basic space science. This will help scientists do experiments that they normally do in space. SESRI is jointly developed by the Harbin Institute of Technology and the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. “Space is very different from the environment on Earth and can have different effects on spacecraft. What we do here is to explore how the effects take place and why,” Li Liyi, executive deputy director of SESRI, told Guangming Daily. At the facility, there is a device that simulates the space environment from 100 kilometers away from Earth to the sun. In this area, more than 99 percent of visible matter is in a plasma (等离子体) state in which gas is in a highly charged and energetic state of matter. By re-creating the environment, the device can test how plasma affects spacecraft. Also, one of the biggest problems manned space travel faces is when spacecraft enter Earth’s atmosphere, they are surrounded by plasma, leading to communication blackouts (黑障). The test center can also help solve this issue as researchers now have more opportunities to do tests. The researchers faced many challenges when building the simulation system, as connecting various parts of the device can be very complicated. “We held more than 700 meetings over a connection problem alone.” Jin Chenggang at the facility told Heilongjiang News. SESRI also has simulation systems for the moon and Mars, which can re-create the vacuum, extreme temperatures, and space radiation that astronauts would encounter on these space bodies. The systems will help astronauts prepare for their missions to these places in the future, reported Guangming Daily. In the future, the platform will also play an important role in areas including brain science, life and health research, and the development of high-end instruments. 1. What is the main benefit of simulating space environment? A. Supporting space research on Earth. B. Reducing the cost of space missions. C. Studying the effects of space on humans. D. Improving our understanding of black holes. 2. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A. The challenge of space exploration. B. The risk of experiments at the SESRI. C. The benefit of space exploration. D. The function of the device at the SESRI. 3. Why does the author quote Jin Chenggang’s words? A. To share a personal story about the building process. B. To show the difficulties of building the simulation system. C. To highlight the importance of preparations for the research. D. To emphasize the challenges of working with other research teams. 4. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Space simulation may be costly. B. Space simulation raises social concerns. C. International cooperation is crucial for space simulation. D. Space simulation has great potential for future exploration. Passage 3（2026高二下·浙南名校·开学考） A scientist working with NASA has offered a simple answer to a long-standing question: if the Universe is so large, why haven’t we heard from intelligent aliens (外星人)? In an early study that has not yet been peer-reviewed, Dr Robin Corbet, from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, argues that it could simply be because they’re not interested in finding us. This question is often called the “Fermi paradox”. It points out that the universe seems big enough to hold many habitable worlds, yet we have found no clear sign of intelligent life beyond Earth. Some people think aliens are hiding, or that they are too advanced for us to understand. Corbet offers a more ordinary explanation. He argues that many civilizations might stop making major progress after reaching a “good enough” level of technology. Once life becomes comfortable, curiosity may fade. Even if travel between stars is possible, a civilization might explore for a time and then decide there is little new to discover. Each journey could bring fewer surprises, so the cost of exploration no longer seems worth it. Corbet compares this to getting used to something: when the same experience happens again and again, it feels less exciting. If most civilizations reach such a limit, sending messages across space may start to seem pointless. In that case, our radio searches might pick up only weak “leakage” signals — radio waves that escape by accident — rather than deliberate messages. Corbet adds that a detection could happen someday, but it might not lead to a big jump in our technology. The Galaxy, he suggests, may be full of life — just not life that finds us especially important. 1. What does Corbet’s study mainly try to explain? A. The absence of clear alien contact. B. The idea of aliens’ hiding from humans. C. The abundance of habitable worlds in space. D. The lack of humans’ interest in finding aliens. 2. What does paragraph 3 suggest about the motivation to explore further? A. Comfort may renew curiosity about exploring. B. Star travel may keep curiosity alive for a time. C. A settled life may weaken the drive to explore. D. New discoveries may make exploration worthwhile. 3. Why does the author mention “getting used to something” in the last paragraph? A. To account for weak “leakage” signals. B. To show why messages might seem pointless. C. To explain why exploration may lose its appeal. D. To suggest a detection may bring little progress. 4. What might be the best title for the text? A. When the Stars Stop Calling B. Life Out There, Silence Here C. Why the Galaxy Isn’t Empty D. Clear Signals, Fading Curiosity Passage 4（2024年北京卷） The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 1. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 2. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 3. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 4. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 语篇话题五: 环境保护（3篇） Passage 1（2025年新高考全国II卷） Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 1. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine. C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home. 2. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste. C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 4. What can we learn about wastED? A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs. C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs. Passage 2（2026高二下·浙江·期中） Sustainable Skies: The Future of Aviation Fuel In the race to decarbonize (脱碳) the aviation industry, researchers are increasingly turning their attention to Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). Unlike conventional jet fuel, which is derived from crude oil (原油), SAFs are produced from renewable feedstocks such as used cooking oil, animal fat, and even carbon dioxide. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) has estimated that SAFs could contribute up to 65% of the aviation sector’s emissions reduction goals by 2050, making them a cornerstone (基石；核心) of the industry’s green transition. However, the widespread adoption of SAFs faces significant challenges. Currently, these fuels cost roughly two to three times more than traditional jet fuel due to high production costs and limited scalability. Another hurdle is the lack of global infrastructure for production and distribution. While major airlines have committed to using increasing amounts of SAFs, the global supply currently meets only about 0.1% of aviation’s total demand. To address this, scientists are exploring innovative production techniques. A team at a leading university has developed a new catalytic process that can convert carbon dioxide directly into jet fuel using green hydrogen, generated by renewable electricity. This method, known as “power-to-fuel,” offers the promise of a circular economy, where emissions are captured and reused rather than released into the atmosphere. Moreover, recent flight tests have shown that SAFs can be seamlessly blended with conventional fuel in existing aircraft engines without modification. This compatibility (兼容性) is a crucial technical breakthrough, as it means airlines do not need to invest in new fleets to adopt the greener alternative. Dr. Elena Marquez, a leading aerospace engineer, remains optimistic. “SAFs are not just a theoretical solution; they are a viable (可行的) path forward. With targeted government policies and private investment, we can scale up production quickly,” she said. Ultimately, while the journey to fully sustainable aviation is long, SAFs represent the most promising short-term strategy to reduce the carbon footprint of the skies. 1. According to the passage, what is a key advantage of SAFs over conventional jet fuel? A. It is cheaper to produce. B. It can reduce the industry’s emissions. C. It requires new aircraft engines to operate. D. It is derived from crude oil. 2. What can be inferred about the current state of SAFs? A. They have already replaced most conventional fuels. B. Their high cost is the only barrier to their adoption. C. There is a global shortage of sustainable aviation fuel. D. They cannot be blended with traditional jet fuel. 3. It can be learned from the passage that the “power-to-fuel” method ______. A. is a costly but environmentally beneficial process. B. will immediately solve the problem of limited supply. C. uses carbon dioxide as a source of renewable electricity. D. requires significant modifications to existing aircraft. 4. What is the author’s attitude towards the future of sustainable aviation fuels? A. Critical. B. Neutral. C. Pessimistic. D. Favorable. Passage 3（2026高二下·河南濮阳·月考） A new, wheelchair-accessible “Word Wagon” is set to bring the Internet, outreach (外展服务), DVDs, audiobooks, and a collection of physical books to Wasco County’s more remote (偏远的) and underserved communities. The Dalles Public Library recently celebrated the addition of a huge bus. Costing $220,000, it’s the biggest thing librarians can drive without a commercial license (执照). The inside can hold about 1,000 books, an Internet router and other library materials. This “state-of-the-art” Mercedes bus is supposed to run up to half a million miles in its lifetime — the only further cost is maintenance (维护). Outreach librarian Kristen Dyer plans to drive many of those miles, with 13 stops a month in communities underserved by libraries. Each stop will last at least two hours, in the afternoon or evening. The program kicks off in November. If remote users place a hold on any of Oregon’s Sage Library System materials by a computer, Dyer can deliver the goods. If people don’t have Internet service, Dyer can help them access the online collection of ebooks, Library2Go, on the Word Wagon’s Internet. There, people can place holds and download their books for offline reading between the Word Wagon’s visits. She ll bring library card applications and program info for people who can’t drive long distances to the libraries of Sage System. Asked why this project is significant to her, Dyer said, “I’ve lived in the countryside most of my adult life, and I love the peace. But I do art and reading and writing and, having a library for all of those things has been important as a human, as a parent and a kid. I think a well-educated community is important for our survival.” The outreach librarian always thought of herself as an introvert (内向的人). She said, “But as far as outreach services go, I can’t see myself doing anything else. I love meeting people where they are and providing services. It’s the most fun I’ve had, working.” 1. What does the project aim to do? A. Support local businesses and services. B. Share library materials with the disabled. C. Call on people to give out their unwanted books. D. Bring library services to underdeveloped communities. 2. In which way does the project help people without Internet access? A. It allows them to focus on reading paper books. B. It provides them with offline reading materials. C. It offers free Internet at chosen library locations. D. It gives them access to local libraries. 3. What does Kristen Dyer talk about in paragraph 5? A. The importance of the project. B. The meaning of reading books. C. The influence of a good community. D. The reason why she wants to be a librarian. 4. What does Kristen Dyer enjoy most as an outreach librarian? A. Driving the “Word Wagon” around the county. B. Giving the disabled a hand at different stops. C. Communicating with well-educated people. D. Meeting people and giving them services. Passage 1 In our era of constant digital distraction, a wave of “focus apps” promises to help us reclaim our productivity by blocking interruptions and using gamification (游戏化) to encourage deep work. But do these apps truly help, or are they just another form of digital noise? The main challenge to focus is self-regulation. When a task feels boring or stressful, we naturally seek relief, often turning to our smartphones. While there’s little evidence that our inborn ability to focus has declined, habits like multitasking and frequent digital interruptions can make us more easily distracted. To fight this, apps like the popular “Focus Friend” have emerged. These apps employ psychological principles to guide behavior. “Focus Friend,” for example, uses a virtual character that knits (编织) peacefully as you work. If you open a banned app, the knitting comes undone. If you complete a focus session, this system uses immediate rewards, like digital items for your character, to make up for your devotion to the potentially unpleasant work. It also uses the “commitment and consistency” principle — starting a timer feels like a promise to yourself, which you’re then motivated to keep. However, scientific research on their effectiveness is limited. One study found that while users enjoyed gamified apps, they didn’t often use them and found simpler strategies (like setting a phone to greyscale (灰度模式)) more effective for reducing usage. High app store ratings for “Focus Friend” suggest user enjoyment, but enjoyment doesn’t necessarily translate to improved focus or output quality. If you decide to try a focus app, use it wisely. Schedule specific sessions for well-defined tasks, and notice the urge to check your phone without acting on it. After a week, critically assess if the app helped you make real progress. Be mindful of possible problems: these apps can’t judge your work’s value, so you might stay “focused” on unimportant tasks. Ultimately, while an app can help handle the pull of your phone, lasting focus requires internal discipline — learning to notice sudden distracting wants and consciously choosing to return to what matters. 1. What can be inferred from the second paragraph? A. Smartphones are the main source of distraction. B. Our natural focus ability has greatly weakened. C. Self-discipline lies at the heart of focus problems. D. Multitasking is an effective way to get work done. 2. How does “Focus Friend” try to guide users’ behavior? A. By completely blocking access to a banned app. B. By using psychological tricks and instant rewards. C. By offering professional consulting sessions. D. By simplifying phone functions to grayscale mode. 3. What’s the author’s attitude towards the current research on focus apps? A. Strongly supportive. B. Cautiously doubtful. C. Clearly disapproving. D. Fully convinced. 4. What would be the best title for the text? A. Focus Apps: Productivity Tools or Digital Noise? B. Focus Apps: Effective Solutions or Passing Trends? C. The Psychological Principles Behind Focus Apps D. The Limitations of Gamified Focus Apps Passage 2（2026安徽·期末） Hip hop began over 50 years ago in the Bronx, New York City, as an escape from poverty and violence (暴力). Its music and style attracted Black and Latino youth. As it spread across New York, so did its culture. People often confuse hip hop with rap. Rap is a musical style of reciting rhymes to beats. But hip hop is more than music; it is a whole culture, with rap being one element. It also includes breakdancing, disc-jockeying, and graffiti art. As KRS-One said in his song, “Rap is something you do. Hip hop is something you live.” In its early days, street music and dance parties might have seemed like simple fun. But they were truly a direct response to poverty and violence in their communities. It was a way to express joy and imagination without wealth. As hip hop grew into a cultural force, artists used it to address their realities. In 1982,Grandmaster Flash’s The Message criticized poverty in Black communities. Later, Tupac Shakur’s Changes spoke against police violence. Today, hip hop’s influence on music and other industries is immense and hard to measure. Its impact is also seen in global social movements and different political opinions. From the Arab Spring to feminism, rap music serves as a call to action. Music videos worldwide feature breakdancing and graffiti, key elements of hip hop. As civil rights leader Al Sharpton said, “Hip hop took the chains off us and said, ‘No, we’ re gonna say it our way,’” giving a powerful voice to the poor and those treated unfairly. “It was that freedom. It was that raw, non-watered down kind of expression.” 1. What is paragraph 1 mainly about as for hip hop? A. Its background. B. Its content. C. Its future. D. Its popularity. 2. What can be inferred from KRS-One’s words? A. Hip hop develops quickly in the world. B. Hip hop carries an attitude towards life. C. Hip hop makes people confused about life. D. Hip hop focuses on having fun and partying. 3. What was the early hip hop? A. A competition in dance and music. B. A call for peaceful global relations. C. A response to poverty and violence. D. A trend of musical experimentation. 4. What made hip hop powerful in Sharpton’s view? A. It fits in with social values. B. It’s associated with wealth. C. It satisfies the public’s tastes. D. It helps speak out for the poor. Passage 3（2026湖南·开学考） Home to reefs, sharks and many exotic fish, the Coral Sea is a unique reserve of biodiversity off the northeastern coast of Australia. If a proposal by the Australian government goes ahead, the region will become the world's largest marine protected area, with bans on fishing, mining and marine farming. The Coral Sea reserve will cover almost 990,000 square kilometers and stretch as far as 1,100 kilometers from the coast. Revealed by environment minister Tony Burke, the proposal will be the last in a series of proposed marine reserves around Australia's coast. But the plan attracts criticism from scientists and conservation groups claiming the government hasn't done enough in protecting the Coral Sea. They even point out only half of the Coral Sea reserve is proposed as a “no take” area, in which all fishing would be banned. But the world's largest existing marine reserve, established by the British government in the Indian Ocean, spans 554,000 km2 and is a no-take zone throughout. Some people argue more of the Coral Sea should receive this level of protection. The Australian government didn't respond to the criticism. But Robin Beaman, a marine geologist, says the reserve does “broadly protect the range of habitats”in the sea. “I can testify to the huge effort that government agencies and other organizations have made to understand the ecological values of this vast area,” he says. Reserves proposed earlier for Australia's southwestern coastal regions have also been criticized for not giving habitats adequate protection. Some scientists pointed out the proposals for the southwestern region had not been based on the “core science principles” of reserves — the protected regions were not representative of all the habitats in the region, they said. Critics say the southwestern reserve offers the greatest protection to the offshore areas where there is little threat to the environment, a controversy also leveled at the Coral Sea plan. 1. What do we learn from the passage about the Coral Sea? A. It is extremely rich in marine life. B. It is the biggest marine protected area. C. It remains largely undisturbed by humans. D. It is a unique reserve of endangered species. 2. What does the Australian government plan to do according to Tony Burke? A. Make a new proposal to protect the Coral Sea. B. Revise its conservation plan owing to criticisms. C. Upgrade the established reserves to protect marine life. D. Complete the series of marine reserves around its coast. 3. What does marine geologist Robin Beaman say about the Coral Sea plan? A. It can compare with the British government's effort in the Indian Ocean. B. It will result in the establishment of the world's largest marine reserve. C. It will ensure the sustainability of the fishing industry around the coast. D. It is an enormous joint effort to protect the range of marine habitats. 4. What do critics think of the Coral Sea plan? A. It will affect Australia's fishing industry. B. It will do more harm than good to the environment. C. It will protect regions that actually require little protection. D. It will win little support from environmental organizations. Passage 4（2026山东·期中） The Pygmalion effect was first discovered in the classroom by Robert Rosenthal. But you can find its effects everywhere. Now, we are going to study the Pygmalion effect using a famous experiment in the army designed by Professor Dov Eden. It was a 15-week army course where 105 soldiers were assigned to 4 instructors. A few days before the start of the program, each instructor received some files, including the trainees’ psychological test scores, grades in previous courses, and ratings given by previous commanders. Based on the information, researchers predicted the command potential (CP) of each soldier and then designated (指定) each trainee as having either a high, regular or unknown CP score. Soldiers of all 3 CP levels were divided equally among the 4 training classes. It’s important to know that, at the time, these 4 instructors didn’t know that the CP classification — the performance score on the list they received — was completely stochastic. In other words, the soldier listed as having the highest CP score could very well be the worst soldier in the group. After 15 weeks, the 105 soldiers were tested in 4 different areas. It was found that soldiers who had been marked with a high CP score significantly outperformed their classmates in all 4 subjects. Those with an average CP score ended up in the lowest. The third group — those with an unknown CP score — ended up in the middle. The difference in performance between the best and the worst group was even 15 percent. After detailed analysis, it showed that the fake CP scores explained almost three-quarters of the variance in performance. In other words, if a superior believes his subordinates (部下) have the ability to be great performers, their actual performance will increase. “As soon as the instructors believed that some soldiers had better abilities than others, they started managing those individuals differently. Just imagine those instructors spending more time with ‘promising’ soldiers, stressing successes, showing best practices, and teaching them how to deal with stressful situations. All these kick-start positive effects,” Eden said. 1. What can we learn about Dov Eden’s experiment? A. It was first carried out in the classroom. B. It was tested repeatedly by other researchers later. C. It divided the soldiers into three levels in advance. D. It observed the soldiers’ daily activities beforehand. 2. What does the underlined word “stochastic” in Paragraph 3 mean? A. Orderly. B. Unselected. C. Designed. D. Unsettled. 3. What did Dov Eden’s experiment find? A. The Pygmalion effect plays a limited role in the army. B. Soldiers with unknown CP scores performed worst in 4 subjects. C. CP levels varied with the soldiers’ expectations of their instructors. D. Higher expectations from leaders improve their subordinates’ performance. 4. What does the text mainly talk about? A. The power of leadership in the army. B. An inspiration from the Pygmalion effect. C. The development of the Pygmalion effect. D. The Pygmalion effect in army management. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 1 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $