专题02 Unit 1-8语法背默及训练-2025-2026学年八年级下学期期末复习（沪教版2024）

专题02 Unit 1-8语法背默及训练 Unit 1 Helping those in need 动词不定式 1. 定义 在英语语法中，动词不定式是指没有人称和数的变化的一种动词形式。动词不定式不能作谓语，故被称作非谓语动词。动词不定式仍具有动词的特点，可以带宾语或状语，几乎可以充当除谓语之外的任何句子成分 2. 构成 肯定形式：to+动词原形 否定形式：not+to+动词原形 I volunteer to help homeless animals.我自愿帮助无家可归的动物。 We promise not to be late for the volunteer activity.我们保证参加志愿活动不迟到 。 3. 用法 (1)作主语 动词不定式作主语时, 句子的谓语动词用单数；常用it作形式主语，把真正的主语(不定式)置于句尾。 To learn a language is not an easy thing. =It's not an easy thing to learn a language. 学习一门语言不是一件容易的事。 (2)作表语 动词不定式作表语时，用于说明主语的性质、内容、职业、身份等。 My dream is to be an engineer. 我的梦想是成为一名工程师。 (3)作宾语 动词不定式常用在及物动词后作宾语，其结构为“动词+to do”。 常见的不定式作宾语的动词短语有： want/would like to do sth. 想要做某事 choose to do sth. 选择去做某事 agree to do sth.同意做某事 decide to do sth. 决定做某事 hope to do sth. 希望做某事 offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事 plan to do sth.计划做某事 learn to do sth. 学会做某事 wish to do sth.希望做某事 expect to do sth. 期望做某事 fail to do sth. 未能做某事 refuse to do sth.拒绝做某事 例句：She decides to visit her grandparents every weekend. 她决定每个周末去看望祖父母。 (4)作宾语补足语 动词不定式常用在宾语后，对宾语的动作或状态进行补充和说明，构成 “动词+sb.to do sth.”的结构 。 常接动词不定式作宾语的动词有：advise、allow、ask、choose、expect、want、 force、get、help、invite、order、tell、teach 等 。 We taught them to tell stories. 我们教他们讲故事。 (5)作后置定语 动词不定式作定语时，需置于修饰的名词或代词之后，并与所修饰的名词之间有一种逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。有动宾关系时，不定式的动词应是及物动词，如果不是及物动词，后面应有介词。 I have no chair to sit on.没有椅子坐。 (6)作状语 ①作目的状语。除to do外，还有in order to do和so as to do。 I come here only to say goodbye to you. 我来这儿就是向你告别。 ②作结果状语。表示事先没有预料到的结果，位于句尾。 He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜查了房间，结果没发现什么。 ③作原因状语。 I’m glad to see you.我很高兴看到你。 4. 省略不定式符号 to的四种情况 (1)使役动词let、make、have等后省略to。 Let him go! 让他去吧! (2)在would rather、had better后省略to。 You had better stay at home.你最好待在家里。 (3)在Why .../Why not. 后省略to。 Why not have a good rest on Sunday? 为什么星期日不好好休息一下? (4)在感官动词see、watch、look at、hear、listen to、notice等后省略to。 I saw him dance.我看见他跳舞了。 5.动词不定式与疑问词连用 有些动词后面可跟带有疑问词的动词不定式，这类动词主要有：tell、decide、 know、learn、consider、show、forget、wonder、remember等。带疑问词的动词不定式短语可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语。作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 How to put it into practice is important. 如何付诸实践是很重要的。 同步训练 一．用所给动词的正确形式填空 1. They plan ___________ (organize) a charity sale for disabled people. 2.My mother encouraged me ___________ (join) the voluntary group. 3.I heard the children ___________ (sing) a song about kindness. 4.We want ___________ (help) the elderly clean their houses. 5.The doctor told her ___________ (stay) in bed and rest. 6.Did you see him ___________ (carry) the heavy box for the old man? 7.She offered ___________ (teach) the disabled children to draw. 8.Let’s continue ___________ (do) our voluntary work next month. 9.He asked us ___________ (collect) clothes for the homeless. 10.We helped the lady ___________ (find) her lost wallet. 二．根据答语写问句 根据给出的答语，写出对应的问句（需包含不定式用法）。 1.— _______________________________________________________________ — I plan to raise money to buy stationery for left-behind children. 2.— _____________________________________________________________________ — She went to the hospital to visit her sick classmate. 3.— _____________________________________________________________________ — The teacher encouraged us to share our stories with the elderly. 4.— _____________________________________________________________________ — I want to learn to sign to communicate with deaf people. 5.— _____________________________________________________________________ — Yes, I saw a teenager help the old man cross the road. 三．用不定式完成对话 根据对话语境，用括号内动词的不定式形式填空。 A: Hi, what are you doing these days? B: I’m preparing for a voluntary activity. We want _____1______ ( collect) books for children in mountain areas. A: That’s great! Can I join you? B: Of course! We also plan _____2______ (organize) a reading sharing meeting for them. A: What can I do? B: You can help us _____3______ (sort) the books. And we encourage you ______4_____ (invite) more classmates to join. A: No problem! When shall we start? B: We’ll meet at the school gate at 9 a.m. tomorrow ______5_____ (take) the books to the bus station. 四．翻译句子 将下列句子翻译成英文（需包含不定式用法）。 1.我们主动提出帮老人打扫房间。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2.她去敬老院是为了给老人们唱歌。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.老师让我们制定一个志愿活动的计划。 _____________________________________________________________________ 4.我希望能为有需要的人做更多事。 _____________________________________________________________________ 5.他们鼓励那个女孩分享她的经历。 _____________________________________________________________________ Unit 2 Body language A.动词-ing形式作主语和宾语 1.动词-ing形式作主语 动词-ing形式作主语时，表示习惯性的动作，谓语动词用单数形式。 Reading is my favourite hobby.阅读是我最喜欢的爱好。 Swimming in the river is very interesting.在河里游泳很有趣。 2. 动词-ing形式作宾语 作动词的宾语：一些动词后只能跟动词-ing 形式作宾语，常见的有enjoy、finish、practise、mind、keep、imagine等。 I enjoy listening to music. 我喜欢听音乐。 We must finish doing our homework first.我们必须先完成作业。 He practises speaking English every day.他每天练习说英语。 作介词的宾语：介词(如in、on、at、of、about、without等)后需跟动词-ing形式作宾语。 She is good at playing basketball.她擅长打篮球。 What about going to the park? 去公园怎么样? He left here without saying goodbye.他没说再见就离开了这里。 B.动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作形容词 动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式可作形容词，核心区别在于修饰对象和表达的情感不同。 1. 动词-ing 形式作形容词 核心含义：表示“令人……的”,主语或修饰对象通常是事物或事件，描述其具有让人产生某种感受的特性。 The movie is very exciting. 这部电影非常令人兴奋。 This book is interesting. 这本书很有趣。 The story sounds surprising.这个故事听起来很令人惊讶。 2. 动词-ed形式作形容词 核心含义：表示“感到……的”,主语或修饰对象通常是人，描述人自身的感受或状态。 I am excited about the movie. 我对这部电影感到兴奋。 She feels interested in this book.她对这本书感到有兴趣。 He was surprised at the story,他对这个故事感到惊讶。 同步训练 一．用所给动词的-ing形式填空 1. ___________ (communicate) with others is important in daily life. 2.She enjoys ___________ (observe) people’s body language. 3.___________ (study) facial expressions helps us understand others better. 4.I avoid ___________ (make) eye contact with strangers when I’m shy. 5.___________ (smile) can make people around you feel relaxed. 6.He practices ___________ (use) appropriate gestures in presentations. 7.___________ (read) about cultural differences in body language is interesting. 8.They look forward to ___________ (attend) the body language workshop. 9.___________ (guess) others’ feelings through their expressions is a useful skill. 10.She loves ___________ (watch) ballet performances because of the beautiful body language. 二．选择动词-ing或-ed形式填空 1. The speech was so ___________ (boring / bored) that many people left early. 2.I felt ___________ (surprising / surprised) when I saw her use that gesture. 3.His story about body language was ___________ (amusing / amused) and we all laughed. 4.She was ___________ (confusing / confused) by the different gestures in different cultures. 5.The workshop on body language was ___________ (interesting / interested) and I learned a lot. 6.He got ___________ (frustrating / frustrated) because no one understood his body language. 7.The movie about nonverbal communication was ___________ (exciting / excited). 8.We were ___________ (shocking / shocked) by the cultural differences in eye contact. 9.The book on body language is ___________ (fascinating / fascinated) and easy to read. 10.She felt ___________ (embarrassing / embarrassed) when she used the wrong gesture. 三．用动词-ing或-ed形式完成短文 When I first learned about body language, I felt very ______1_____ (exciting / excited). The topic was ______2_____ (interesting / interested) because it explained why people act in certain ways. Once, I made a ______3_____ (embarrassing / embarrassed) mistake: I used a gesture that was rude in another culture. I felt _____4______ (shocking / shocked) when someone told me about it. Now, I think _______5____ ( learn) about body language is one of the most useful things I’ve done. 四．翻译句子 将下列句子翻译成英文（需包含动词-ing或-ed形式）。 1.了解肢体语言很重要。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2.他对不同文化中的手势感到好奇。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.这个关于肢体语言的演讲很令人困惑。 _____________________________________________________________________ 4.避免在正式场合使用随意的肢体语言。 _____________________________________________________________________ 5.她感到无聊，因为这个讲座太枯燥了。 _____________________________________________________________________ Unit 3 Comics and animation 一般现在时的被动语态 1. 语态 在英语语法体系中,语态可分为主动语态和被动语态｡主动语态下,主语是动作的执行者,例如“He cleans the room.(他打扫房间)”;而被动语态中,主语变成了动作的承受者,如“The room is cleaned by him. (房间被他打扫)”｡ 2. 一般现在时被动语态的构成 一般现在时被动语态由 “be动词(am/is/are)+及物动词的过去分词 (done)+by+执行者”构成,若无需强调动作执行者,“by+执行者”部分可省略｡其中,be动词需根据句子主语的人称和数进行相应变化: 当主语为第一人称单数“I” 时,用 “am+过去分词”; 当主语是第三人称单数,即“he/she/it”或单个的人､事物等单数名词时, 用 “is+过去分词”; 当主语是you､we､they或复数名词时,则用“are+过去分词”｡ 3. 用法详解 (1)表示经常性､习惯性的被动动作 用于描述现阶段经常､反复发生的被动行为,常与表示频率的时间状语, 如always､usually､often､sometimes､every day､once a week 等搭配使用｡ The classroom is cleaned every day. 教室每天都被打扫｡ (2)描述客观事实､普遍真理的被动状态 用于陈述客观存在的情况,或是阐述科学原理､自然现象､客观规律等｡ Light is reflected by mirrors.光被镜子反射｡(这是物理学中的客观事实｡) (3)在没有明确动作执行者,或动作执行者不重要时使用当关注动作的承受者,而非由谁来执行动作时, 一般现在时的被动语态可以很好地满足表达需求｡ This kind of food is sold in supermarkets. 这种食物在超市有售卖｡(重点在于食物的售卖地点,而非谁去售卖它｡) (4)用于礼貌､委婉的表达,避免提及动作执行者 在某些语境中,使用被动语态能让表述更礼貌､委婉,不直接指明动作执行者,给人留下更温和的印象｡ Your suggestion is highly appreciated.非常感谢您的建议｡(比直接说“We highly appreciate your suggestion.” 更显客气｡) 4.句式转换规则 (1)否定句 在一般现在时被动语态的句子中,将 “not” 加在be动词(am/is/are)之后, 构成否定形式,即“主语+am/is/are not+过去分词+其他成分”｡ The windows are not cleaned every week.窗户不是每周都被清洁｡ (2) 一般疑问句 把be动词(am/is/are)提到主语之前,句末用问号,构成一般疑问句,结构为 “Am/Is/Are+主语+过去分词+其他成分?”｡ 回答时, 肯定回答用 “Yes,主语+am/is/are.", 否定回答用 “No, 主语+am/is/are not."｡ —Is the work finished on time? 工作按时完成了吗? —Yes, it is. 是的,完成了｡/ No, it isn't. 不,没有完成｡ (3)特殊疑问句 在一般疑问句的基础上,在句首加上特殊疑问词(what､who､where､when､why､how等)构成,结构通常为“特殊疑问词+ am/is/are +主语+过去分词+其他成分?”｡ What is made in this factory? 这家工厂生产什么? 5. 主动语态变被动语态的注意事项 (1)只有及物动词才有被动语态,因为只有及物动词能接宾语,才能将宾语转换为主语构成被动语态｡ 如happen､appear､rise等词不能用于被动语态｡ (2)含有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变被动句时,可将其中一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语保留不变｡ 例如:主动句 “He gives me a book. (他给我一本书｡)” 变为被动句可以是 “I am given a book by him.” 或 “A book is given to me by him." 同步训练 一．用所给动词的正确形式（一般现在时被动语态）填空 1. In lianhuanhua, the story ___________ (write) before the artist draws. 2.Basic shapes like circles ___________ (use) a lot in comic design. 3.The characters’ feelings ___________ (show) in eye-catching ways in comics. 4.Angry characters ___________ (give) sharp teeth to show their emotion. 5.A character with black clouds around ___________ (draw) to show fury. 6.Traditional animated films ___________ (not draw) with digital tools. 7.How ___________ (the comic strip / create) in your school? 8.The backgrounds of old animations ___________ (paint) with watercolours. 9.The mistakes in the drawings ___________ (erase) carefully by the artist. 10.Sanmao’s adventures ___________ (still enjoy) by people today. 二．将主动句转换为被动句 请将下列主动句转换为一般现在时的被动句（可省略执行者）。 1.Artists draw each character by hand in traditional animation. → _____________________________________________________________________ 2.We use digital tools to make modern animated films. → _____________________________________________________________________ 3.The artist writes the story first for lianhuanhua. → _____________________________________________________________________ 4.People enjoy Sanmao’s stories all over China. → _____________________________________________________________________ 5.They make the nose and eyes bigger in comic characters. → _____________________________________________________________________ 6.The designer creates the basic ideas for the animated film. → _____________________________________________________________________ 7.We record voices and sound effects after drawing the pictures. → _____________________________________________________________________ 8.The team puts the pictures together as a film. → _____________________________________________________________________ 9.They show the characters’ personalities through the artwork. → _____________________________________________________________________ 10.The writer tells the story in the captions of lianhuanhua. → _____________________________________________________________________ 三．用一般现在时被动语态完成短文 Comic books are popular around the world. In comics, the characters ______1_____ (draw) in a funny way. Sometimes, different parts of the face ______2_____ (make) bigger or smaller to show personalities. Basic shapes like circles ______3_____ (use) a lot because they are easy to draw. The characters’ emotions ______4_____ ( express) through their looks—for example, angry characters ______5_____ (give) sharp teeth. （五）翻译句子 将下列句子翻译成英文（需包含一般现在时被动语态）。 1.连环画是一种传统的中国艺术形式。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2.传统动画是手工绘制的。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.漫画中的角色通常被画得很有趣。 _____________________________________________________________________ 4.这个故事是在绘画前写好的。 _____________________________________________________________________ 5.三毛的冒险故事至今仍被人们喜爱。 _____________________________________________________________________ Unit 4 Arts and heritage 一般过去时的被动语态 1. 结构：was/were+过去分词 The book was read by everyone. 这本书每个人都阅读了。 2. 时态一致性：确保主语和谓语动词的时态一致。 The cake was eaten yesterday.蛋糕昨天被吃了。 3. 主语是动作的承受者：被动语态通常用于主语是动作的承受者而非执行者的情况 。 The window was broken by the ball.窗户被球打破了。 4.使用by短语：通常可以加上by 短语来指明动作的执行者。 The letter was written by him. 这封信是他写的。 一般将来时的被动语态 1.结构：will be+过去分词 The project will be completed next month.项目将于下个月完成。 2. 预测或计划：一般将来时的被动语态常用于表达预测或计划中的动作。 A new school will be built in our town.我们镇上将建 一 所新学校。 3. 主语是动作的承受者：与一般过去时被动语态一样，主语是动作的承受者。 The report will be published soon.报告不久将被出版。 4. 使用by短语：同样可以加上by 短语来指明动作的执行者。 The speech will be given by the president. 演讲将由总统发表。 同步训练 一．用所给动词的正确形式（被动语态）填空 1. Granny Chen’s first art show ___________ (hold) at the local library last year. 2.Dozens of her paintings ___________ (put) on display in the show. 3.The post about Granny Chen ___________ (share) by thousands of people online. 4.Her inbox ___________ (fill) with kind messages from across the country. 5.The students’ parents ___________ (invite) to the opening next month. 6.Some of her paintings ___________ (sell) online, and the money ___________ (donate) to a children’s arts programme. 7.The competition ___________ (win) by a 17-year-old artist last week. 8.The old painting ___________ (damage) by fire, but it ___________ (repair) next year. 9.Huang Gongwang’s best works ___________ (create) near the Fuchun River. 10.The new art exhibition ___________ (open) to the public in two weeks. 二．将主动句转换为被动句 1. Fire damaged the ancient painting.（一般过去时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 2.We will announce the winners this afternoon.（一般将来时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 3.Huang Le adopted Lu Jian when he was young.（一般过去时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 4.They will invite the artist to the opening.（一般将来时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 5.People changed Lu Jian’s family name to Huang.（一般过去时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 6.We will put all the paintings on display for two weeks.（一般将来时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 7.Thousands of people shared the post about Granny Chen.（一般过去时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 8.The school will hold another art show next month.（一般将来时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 9.The judges chose a 17-year-old as the winner.（一般过去时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 10.We will donate the money to a children’s arts programme.（一般将来时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 三．用被动语态完成短文 根据短文语境，用括号内动词的“一般过去时/一般将来时被动语态”形式填空。 Huang Gongwang was a famous Chinese painter. He _____1______ (adopt) by Huang Le when he was young, and his family name _______2____ (change) from Lu to Huang. Most of his famous landscapes _____3______ (paint) after his 70th birthday. Now, his works ______4_____ (show) in museums around the world. Next year, a new exhibition of his paintings ______5_____ (hold) in Hangzhou. 四．翻译句子 将下列句子翻译成英文（需包含对应的被动语态）。 1.这幅古画去年被修复好了。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2.艺术展览将在下个月的图书馆举办。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.黄公望的姓氏从陆改成了黄。 _____________________________________________________________________ 4.获奖者将在今天下午公布。 _____________________________________________________________________ 5.陈奶奶的画作将被捐赠给儿童艺术项目。 _____________________________________________________________________ Unit 5 Saving animals in danger A. it 作形式主语 在英语中，it 可以作为形式主语，而真正的主语是后面的动词不定式、动名词或从句。这种结构常用于主语较长时，避免句子“头重脚轻”。 It is /was+形容词(for sb./of sb.)+to do sth.用于表达做某事的性质或结果。 It is important (for us) to learn English well. (对我们来说)学好英语很重要。 It is/was+名词+to do sth. 用于表达做某事的意义或影响。 It is a pleasure to work with you. 和你一起工作是一种乐趣。 B 使用“形容词+ enough +to+动词” “adj.+ enough to do”结构在英语中非常常见，用于表达某人或某物具备足够的某种特质或条件去做某事。 主语+be+形容词+enough to do sth. 该结构中，主语可以是人或物，形容词描述主语的特质，不定式短语表示主语具备完成某事的能力。 The children are old enough to go to school.孩子们已经足够大，可以去上学了。 sth.+be+形容词+enough to do sth. 该结构用于描述某物或某条件足以做某事。 The evidence is clear enough to prove his innocence. 证据足够清楚，可以证明他的清白。 同步训练 一．用“for”或“of”填空 1. It is necessary ___________ us to protect animals’ homes. 2.It was cruel ___________ the hunters to kill the tiger. 3.It is important ___________ people to learn about endangered animals. 4.It is kind ___________ your uncle to drive you to the event. 5.It is wrong ___________ them to sell products made from endangered animals. 6.It is helpful ___________ students to join environmental groups. 7.It was brave ___________ her to stop the boy from throwing rocks. 8.It is necessary ___________ everyone to follow the wildlife protection rules. 9.It is selfish ___________ some people to destroy animal habitats. 10.It is useful ___________ us to know how to help injured animals. 二．用“形容词+enough+to+动词”完成句子 1. The baby panda is ___________ (not / big / eat) bamboo alone. 2.We are ___________ (old / help) protect endangered animals. 3.The elephant was ___________ (weak / walk) after being injured. 4.The volunteer is ___________ (patient / take care of) the injured wild duck. 5.The bird is ___________ (not / strong / fly) long distances. 6.We are ___________ (smart / find) ways to save animals in danger. 7.The little girl was ___________ (not / tall / reach) the bird’s nest. 8.The zookeeper is ___________ (experienced / deal with) animal emergencies. 9.The river is ___________ (not / clean / drink) for the animals. 10.We are ___________ (energetic / collect) money for the wildlife charity. 三．用形式主语it改写句子 请将下列句子用形式主语it改写，保持句意不变。 1.To protect animals in danger is important. → _____________________________________________________________________ 2.To join the environmental group is helpful for us. → _____________________________________________________________________ 3.To sell products made from endangered animals is wrong. → _____________________________________________________________________ 4.To take care of injured animals is kind of you. → _____________________________________________________________________ 5.To learn about local endangered animals is necessary. → _____________________________________________________________________ 四．翻译句子 将下列句子翻译成英文（需包含本单元语法）。 1.对我们来说，了解濒危动物很重要。 _________________________________________________________________ 2.他帮忙筹款真是太善良了。 _________________________________________________________________ 3.这头小象还不够大，不能自己觅食。 _________________________________________________________________ 4.我们足够勇敢，可以阻止非法捕猎。 _________________________________________________________________ 5.人们破坏动物栖息地是自私的。 _________________________________________________________________ Unit 6 Learning by doing 情态动词：should和had better 1. 情态动词should的用法 意为“应该”,后接动词原形，其否定形式为shouldn't。变一般疑问句时，should提到句首。should 无人称和数的变化。 You should brush your teeth before you go to bed. 你应该在睡觉前刷牙。 You shouldn't play football on the street.你不应该在街道上踢足球。 Should I call the police? 我应该打电话报警吗? ought to在含义上与should 相近。ought to也是情态动词，意为“应该”,后接动词原形。 You ought to read more English books.你应该多读英语书。 2. 情态动词 had better的用法 意为“最好”,用于表示对别人的劝告建议。后接动词原形，其否定形式为 had better not,无人称和数的变化。 注意：任何人称+had better do sth. had better='d better had better not='d better not You'd better go to the hospital at once.你最好立即去医院。 We had better keep silent. 我们最好保持安静。 You'd better not be late again.你最好别再迟到了。 同步训练 一．用should/shouldn’t/had better/had better not填空 1. You ___________ read more English books to improve your vocabulary. 2.It’s going to rain. We ___________ take an umbrella with us. 3.You ___________ talk loudly in the library—it’s impolite. 4.He has a test tomorrow. He ___________ stay up late tonight. 5.We ___________ practice speaking English every day if we want to improve. 6.The deadline is next Monday. You ___________ finish the poster this weekend. 7.You ___________ eat too much junk food—it’s bad for your health. 8.She wants to join the speech competition. She ___________ prepare a good opening story. 9.The restaurant is always busy. We ___________ book a table before we go. 10.You ___________ be shy when talking to others in English. 二．用所给动词的正确形式完成句子 请用“should/had better + 动词原形”的形式完成句子。 1.Li Jie ___________ (read) more English books instead of magazines about pop stars. 2.Su Mei ___________ (pronounce) her words more clearly when she speaks English. 3.We ___________ (try) different ways to make English learning fun. 4.You ___________ (not make) such a broad poster—keep it simple. 5.Wang Yao ___________ (make) more friends and ___________ (not be) so shy. 6.Xiao Chen ___________ (do) his homework more carefully and ___________ (think) before he speaks. 7.You ___________ (start) preparing for the English speech competition early. 8.We ___________ (use) English in real-life situations to practice. 9.You ___________ (not talk) when the teacher is speaking in class. 10.He ___________ (join) the English club to practice speaking. 三．根据情境写建议 请用should/had better为下列情境写一条建议。 1.情境：你的朋友想参加英语演讲比赛，但很紧张。 建议：_____________________________________________________________________ 2.情境：你的同学英语作业总是粗心出错。 建议：_____________________________________________________________________ 3.情境：你们班要举办英语周活动，但还没确定主题。 建议：_____________________________________________________________________ 4.情境：你的朋友想提高英语听力，但很少听英文材料。 建议：_____________________________________________________________________ 5.情境：明天有英语测试，你的同桌还没复习。 建议：_____________________________________________________________________ 四.翻译句子 将下列句子翻译成英文（需包含should/had better）。 1.你应该选一个和中国文化相关的主题。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2.你最好不要在海报上放太多信息。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.我们应该每天练习说英语。 _____________________________________________________________________ 4.她最好早点开始准备演讲比赛。 _____________________________________________________________________ 5.你不应该在图书馆里大声说话。 _____________________________________________________________________ Unit 7 Space exploration 过去进行时 过去进行时主要用于描述过去某个特定时间点或时间段内正在发生的动作，核心是强调动作在过去“进行中”的状态。 1. 基本结构 肯定句：主语+was/were+动词-ing 形式+其他。 He was reading a book at 8 p.m. yesterday. 昨天晚上8点，他正在看书。 否定句：主语+was/were +not+动词-ing形式+其他。 They were not playing football then.那时他们没在踢足球。 一般疑问句：Was/Were+主语+动词-ing 形式+其他? Were you watching TV at that time? 那时你在看电视吗? 2. 主要用法 (1)描述过去特定时间点正在进行的动作，常与“at+过去时间点”“this time yesterday” 等时间状语连用。 At9 o'clock last Sunday, we were having a party.上周日9点，我们正在举办派对 。 (2)描述过去某段时间内持续进行的动作，常与“from ...to ...”“during….”等时间状语搭配。 She was studying English from 7 to 9 yesterday morning.昨天早上7点到9 点，她一直在学英语。 (3)用于复合句中，描述一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行，常用 when 或 while 引导。 when 引导的从句常用一般过去时，主句用过去进行时。 I was cooking when the phone rang. 电话铃响时，我正在做饭。 while 引导的从句和主句可都用过去进行时，表示两个动作同时进行。 While my mother was washing clothes,I was doing my homework. 妈妈在洗衣服时，我在做作业。 3. 常见易混点辨析 过去进行时侧重动作“持续进行的过程”; 一般过去时侧重动作“已完成的结果”。 He read a book yesterday.他昨天读了一本书。(强调“读了”这个完成的动作。) He was reading a book at 3 p.m. yesterday. 昨天下午3点，他正在看书。(强调“看书”这个持续的过程。) 同步训练 一．用所给动词的正确形式（过去进行时）填空 1. A Russian satellite and an American satellite ___________ (crash) into each other on 11 February 2009. 2.When the crash happened, both satellites ___________ (travel) very fast. 3.Space agencies ___________ (track) all objects larger than a football, but they didn’t notice the two satellites. 4.At 9:00 yesterday morning, Yao ___________ (do) experiments in the space station. 5.While Liu ___________ (repair) equipment, Zhang ___________ (do) experiments. 6.I ___________ (not feel) great when I first arrived in space. 7.What ___________ you ___________ (do) at 8:00 last night? 8.They ___________ (have) breakfast from 7:30 to 8:00 this morning. 9.While we ___________ (rest) in the space station, ground control ___________ (monitor) our status. 10.She ___________ (talk) to her family when the journalist called. 二．用while连接句子 请用“while”将下列两个句子合并为一句（注意时态）。 1.I was doing experiments. My teammate was repairing equipment. → _____________________________________________________________________ 2.They were having lunch. The alarm suddenly rang. → _____________________________________________________________________ 3.Ground control was following us. We were travelling into space. → _____________________________________________________________________ 4.She was talking to her family. The journalist called. → _____________________________________________________________________ 5.He was jogging. His friends were cycling. → _____________________________________________________________________ 三．翻译句子 将下列句子翻译成英文（需包含过去进行时）。 1.昨天早上9点，他们正在太空站做实验。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2.当碰撞发生时，两颗卫星正以极快的速度飞行。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.当我们向太空行进时，地面控制中心正在密切追踪我们。 _____________________________________________________________________ 4.昨天晚上8点，她正在和家人通话。 _____________________________________________________________________ 5.当记者采访他时，他正在修理设备。 _____________________________________________________________________ Unit 8 Imagine that！ 原因状语从句 一.概念 原因状语从句用于说明事情发生的原因，本单元重点学习由 because / as / since 引导的原因状语从句，以及 because of 引导的原因短语，是解释观点、描述故事背景的常用语法。 二.用法讲解 1. because / as / since 引导的原因状语从句 含义：三者均可表示“因为”，语气略有不同： because：语气最强，强调直接原因，回答“why”的问句。 as / since：语气较弱，侧重“既然/由于”，常放在句首，引出已知的原因。 结构： 从句可放在主句前或后： 放在句首：As/Since/Because + 从句, 主句（句首从句后需加逗号） 放在句末：主句 + because/as/since + 从句 Because a spaceship crashed in the forest, there was a loud noise. As it was too late to go outside, they decided to go the next day. Since no one else saw the aliens, their father refused to believe them. 2. because of 引导的原因短语 含义：表示“因为/由于”，后接名词、名词短语或代词，不能接句子。 The spaceship couldn’t fly because of the damage. They were late because of the heavy rain. 同步训练 一．用because / as / since / because of填空 1.There was a loud noise ___________ a spaceship crashed in the forest. 2.___________ it was too late, they decided to go the next day. 3.The spaceship couldn’t fly ___________ the damage. 4.___________ no one else saw the aliens, their father refused to believe them. 5.Tina was sure something landed ___________ she heard a loud noise. 6.They hid behind bushes ___________ they were afraid. 7.They ran away ___________ an alien made a terrible noise. 8.___________ the weather was bad, the flight was delayed. 9.The meeting was cancelled ___________ the absence of the manager. 10.___________ you are interested in space, you should watch this documentary. 二．用所给提示完成句子 1.Tina was sure something landed in the forest ___________ (because / she heard a loud noise). 2.They hid behind bushes ___________ (because of / fear). 3.They ran away ___________ (as / an alien saw them). 4.His father refused to believe him ___________ (since / no one else saw the aliens). 5.The spaceship couldn’t fly ___________ (because of / serious damage). 6.They didn’t go outside ___________ (because / it was too late). 7.___________ (since / it was getting dark), they decided to return. 8.The forest was quiet ___________ (because of / the late hour). 9.___________ (as / they were curious), they went to check the noise. 10.They were excited ___________ (because / they found something unusual). 三．改写句子 1.Because the damage was serious, the spaceship couldn’t fly. → The spaceship couldn’t fly ___________ ___________ the serious damage. 2.Since it was too late, they didn’t go outside. → ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________, they didn’t go outside. 3.They ran away because an alien made a terrible noise. → They ran away ___________ ___________ a terrible noise from the alien. 4.As they were curious, they went to check the forest. → ___________ ___________ ___________, they went to check the forest. 5.Because of the late hour, the forest was quiet. → The forest was quiet ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________. 四．翻译句子 1.因为一艘宇宙飞船坠毁在森林里，所以有很大的噪音。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2.由于天色太晚，他们决定第二天再去查看。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.宇宙飞船因为损坏而无法飞行。 _____________________________________________________________________ 4.既然没有其他人看到外星人，他父亲就不相信他。 _____________________________________________________________________ 5.他们躲在灌木丛后，因为害怕被发现。 _____________________________________________________________________ 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 Unit 1-8语法背默及训练 Unit 1 Helping those in need 动词不定式 1. 定义 在英语语法中，动词不定式是指没有人称和数的变化的一种动词形式。动词不定式不能作谓语，故被称作非谓语动词。动词不定式仍具有动词的特点，可以带宾语或状语，几乎可以充当除谓语之外的任何句子成分 2. 构成 肯定形式：to+动词原形 否定形式：not+to+动词原形 I volunteer to help homeless animals.我自愿帮助无家可归的动物。 We promise not to be late for the volunteer activity.我们保证参加志愿活动不迟到 。 3. 用法 (1)作主语 动词不定式作主语时, 句子的谓语动词用单数；常用it作形式主语，把真正的主语(不定式)置于句尾。 To learn a language is not an easy thing. =It's not an easy thing to learn a language. 学习一门语言不是一件容易的事。 (2)作表语 动词不定式作表语时，用于说明主语的性质、内容、职业、身份等。 My dream is to be an engineer. 我的梦想是成为一名工程师。 (3)作宾语 动词不定式常用在及物动词后作宾语，其结构为“动词+to do”。 常见的不定式作宾语的动词短语有： want/would like to do sth. 想要做某事 choose to do sth. 选择去做某事 agree to do sth.同意做某事 decide to do sth. 决定做某事 hope to do sth. 希望做某事 offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事 plan to do sth.计划做某事 learn to do sth. 学会做某事 wish to do sth.希望做某事 expect to do sth. 期望做某事 fail to do sth. 未能做某事 refuse to do sth.拒绝做某事 例句：She decides to visit her grandparents every weekend. 她决定每个周末去看望祖父母。 (4)作宾语补足语 动词不定式常用在宾语后，对宾语的动作或状态进行补充和说明，构成 “动词+sb.to do sth.”的结构 。 常接动词不定式作宾语的动词有：advise、allow、ask、choose、expect、want、 force、get、help、invite、order、tell、teach 等 。 We taught them to tell stories. 我们教他们讲故事。 (5)作后置定语 动词不定式作定语时，需置于修饰的名词或代词之后，并与所修饰的名词之间有一种逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。有动宾关系时，不定式的动词应是及物动词，如果不是及物动词，后面应有介词。 I have no chair to sit on.没有椅子坐。 (6)作状语 ①作目的状语。除to do外，还有in order to do和so as to do。 I come here only to say goodbye to you. 我来这儿就是向你告别。 ②作结果状语。表示事先没有预料到的结果，位于句尾。 He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜查了房间，结果没发现什么。 ③作原因状语。 I’m glad to see you.我很高兴看到你。 4. 省略不定式符号 to的四种情况 (1)使役动词let、make、have等后省略to。 Let him go! 让他去吧! (2)在would rather、had better后省略to。 You had better stay at home.你最好待在家里。 (3)在Why .../Why not. 后省略to。 Why not have a good rest on Sunday? 为什么星期日不好好休息一下? (4)在感官动词see、watch、look at、hear、listen to、notice等后省略to。 I saw him dance.我看见他跳舞了。 5.动词不定式与疑问词连用 有些动词后面可跟带有疑问词的动词不定式，这类动词主要有：tell、decide、 know、learn、consider、show、forget、wonder、remember等。带疑问词的动词不定式短语可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语。作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 How to put it into practice is important. 如何付诸实践是很重要的。 同步训练 一．用所给动词的正确形式填空 1. They plan ___________ (organize) a charity sale for disabled people. 2.My mother encouraged me ___________ (join) the voluntary group. 3.I heard the children ___________ (sing) a song about kindness. 4.We want ___________ (help) the elderly clean their houses. 5.The doctor told her ___________ (stay) in bed and rest. 6.Did you see him ___________ (carry) the heavy box for the old man? 7.She offered ___________ (teach) the disabled children to draw. 8.Let’s continue ___________ (do) our voluntary work next month. 9.He asked us ___________ (collect) clothes for the homeless. 10.We helped the lady ___________ (find) her lost wallet. 1.to organize2.to join3.sing4.to help5.to stay6.carry7.to teach8.to do9.to collect10.(to) find 二．根据答语写问句 根据给出的答语，写出对应的问句（需包含不定式用法）。 1.— _______________________________________________________________ — I plan to raise money to buy stationery for left-behind children. 2.— _____________________________________________________________________ — She went to the hospital to visit her sick classmate. 3.— _____________________________________________________________________ — The teacher encouraged us to share our stories with the elderly. 4.— _____________________________________________________________________ — I want to learn to sign to communicate with deaf people. 5.— _____________________________________________________________________ — Yes, I saw a teenager help the old man cross the road. 1.What do you plan to do to help left-behind children? 2.Why did she go to the hospital? 3.What did the teacher encourage you to do? 4.What do you want to learn to help deaf people? 5.Did you see anyone help the old man cross the road? 三．用不定式完成对话 根据对话语境，用括号内动词的不定式形式填空。 A: Hi, what are you doing these days? B: I’m preparing for a voluntary activity. We want _____1______ ( collect) books for children in mountain areas. A: That’s great! Can I join you? B: Of course! We also plan _____2______ (organize) a reading sharing meeting for them. A: What can I do? B: You can help us _____3______ (sort) the books. And we encourage you ______4_____ (invite) more classmates to join. A: No problem! When shall we start? B: We’ll meet at the school gate at 9 a.m. tomorrow ______5_____ (take) the books to the bus station. 1.to collect2.to organize3.(to) sort4.to invite5.to take 四．翻译句子 将下列句子翻译成英文（需包含不定式用法）。 1.我们主动提出帮老人打扫房间。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2.她去敬老院是为了给老人们唱歌。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.老师让我们制定一个志愿活动的计划。 _____________________________________________________________________ 4.我希望能为有需要的人做更多事。 _____________________________________________________________________ 5.他们鼓励那个女孩分享她的经历。 _____________________________________________________________________ 1.We offered to help the elderly clean their rooms. 2.She went to the nursing home to sing for the elderly. 3.The teacher let us make a plan for the voluntary activity. 4.I hope to do more things for those in need. 5.They encouraged the girl to share her experiences. Unit 2 Body language A.动词-ing形式作主语和宾语 1.动词-ing形式作主语 动词-ing形式作主语时，表示习惯性的动作，谓语动词用单数形式。 Reading is my favourite hobby.阅读是我最喜欢的爱好。 Swimming in the river is very interesting.在河里游泳很有趣。 2. 动词-ing形式作宾语 作动词的宾语：一些动词后只能跟动词-ing 形式作宾语，常见的有enjoy、finish、practise、mind、keep、imagine等。 I enjoy listening to music. 我喜欢听音乐。 We must finish doing our homework first.我们必须先完成作业。 He practises speaking English every day.他每天练习说英语。 作介词的宾语：介词(如in、on、at、of、about、without等)后需跟动词-ing形式作宾语。 She is good at playing basketball.她擅长打篮球。 What about going to the park? 去公园怎么样? He left here without saying goodbye.他没说再见就离开了这里。 B.动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作形容词 动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式可作形容词，核心区别在于修饰对象和表达的情感不同。 1. 动词-ing 形式作形容词 核心含义：表示“令人……的”,主语或修饰对象通常是事物或事件，描述其具有让人产生某种感受的特性。 The movie is very exciting. 这部电影非常令人兴奋。 This book is interesting. 这本书很有趣。 The story sounds surprising.这个故事听起来很令人惊讶。 2. 动词-ed形式作形容词 核心含义：表示“感到……的”,主语或修饰对象通常是人，描述人自身的感受或状态。 I am excited about the movie. 我对这部电影感到兴奋。 She feels interested in this book.她对这本书感到有兴趣。 He was surprised at the story,他对这个故事感到惊讶。 同步训练 一．用所给动词的-ing形式填空 1. ___________ (communicate) with others is important in daily life. 2.She enjoys ___________ (observe) people’s body language. 3.___________ (study) facial expressions helps us understand others better. 4.I avoid ___________ (make) eye contact with strangers when I’m shy. 5.___________ (smile) can make people around you feel relaxed. 6.He practices ___________ (use) appropriate gestures in presentations. 7.___________ (read) about cultural differences in body language is interesting. 8.They look forward to ___________ (attend) the body language workshop. 9.___________ (guess) others’ feelings through their expressions is a useful skill. 10.She loves ___________ (watch) ballet performances because of the beautiful body language. 1.Communicating2.observing3.Studying4.making5.Smiling6.using7.Reading8.attending9.Guessing10.watching 二．选择动词-ing或-ed形式填空 1. The speech was so ___________ (boring / bored) that many people left early. 2.I felt ___________ (surprising / surprised) when I saw her use that gesture. 3.His story about body language was ___________ (amusing / amused) and we all laughed. 4.She was ___________ (confusing / confused) by the different gestures in different cultures. 5.The workshop on body language was ___________ (interesting / interested) and I learned a lot. 6.He got ___________ (frustrating / frustrated) because no one understood his body language. 7.The movie about nonverbal communication was ___________ (exciting / excited). 8.We were ___________ (shocking / shocked) by the cultural differences in eye contact. 9.The book on body language is ___________ (fascinating / fascinated) and easy to read. 10.She felt ___________ (embarrassing / embarrassed) when she used the wrong gesture. 1.boring2.surprised3.amusing4.confused5.interesting6.frustrated7.exciting8.shocked9.fascinating 10.embarrassed 三．用动词-ing或-ed形式完成短文 When I first learned about body language, I felt very ______1_____ (exciting / excited). The topic was ______2_____ (interesting / interested) because it explained why people act in certain ways. Once, I made a ______3_____ (embarrassing / embarrassed) mistake: I used a gesture that was rude in another culture. I felt _____4______ (shocking / shocked) when someone told me about it. Now, I think _______5____ ( learn) about body language is one of the most useful things I’ve done. 1.excited2.interesting3.embarrassing4.shocked5.learning 四．翻译句子 将下列句子翻译成英文（需包含动词-ing或-ed形式）。 1.了解肢体语言很重要。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2.他对不同文化中的手势感到好奇。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.这个关于肢体语言的演讲很令人困惑。 _____________________________________________________________________ 4.避免在正式场合使用随意的肢体语言。 _____________________________________________________________________ 5.她感到无聊，因为这个讲座太枯燥了。 _____________________________________________________________________ 1.Understanding body language is very important. 2.He is interested in gestures in different cultures. 3.The speech about body language is very confusing. 4.Avoid using casual body language in formal situations. 5.She felt bored because the lecture was too boring. Unit 3 Comics and animation 一般现在时的被动语态 1. 语态 在英语语法体系中,语态可分为主动语态和被动语态｡主动语态下,主语是动作的执行者,例如“He cleans the room.(他打扫房间)”;而被动语态中,主语变成了动作的承受者,如“The room is cleaned by him. (房间被他打扫)”｡ 2. 一般现在时被动语态的构成 一般现在时被动语态由 “be动词(am/is/are)+及物动词的过去分词 (done)+by+执行者”构成,若无需强调动作执行者,“by+执行者”部分可省略｡其中,be动词需根据句子主语的人称和数进行相应变化: 当主语为第一人称单数“I” 时,用 “am+过去分词”; 当主语是第三人称单数,即“he/she/it”或单个的人､事物等单数名词时, 用 “is+过去分词”; 当主语是you､we､they或复数名词时,则用“are+过去分词”｡ 3. 用法详解 (1)表示经常性､习惯性的被动动作 用于描述现阶段经常､反复发生的被动行为,常与表示频率的时间状语, 如always､usually､often､sometimes､every day､once a week 等搭配使用｡ The classroom is cleaned every day. 教室每天都被打扫｡ (2)描述客观事实､普遍真理的被动状态 用于陈述客观存在的情况,或是阐述科学原理､自然现象､客观规律等｡ Light is reflected by mirrors.光被镜子反射｡(这是物理学中的客观事实｡) (3)在没有明确动作执行者,或动作执行者不重要时使用当关注动作的承受者,而非由谁来执行动作时, 一般现在时的被动语态可以很好地满足表达需求｡ This kind of food is sold in supermarkets. 这种食物在超市有售卖｡(重点在于食物的售卖地点,而非谁去售卖它｡) (4)用于礼貌､委婉的表达,避免提及动作执行者 在某些语境中,使用被动语态能让表述更礼貌､委婉,不直接指明动作执行者,给人留下更温和的印象｡ Your suggestion is highly appreciated.非常感谢您的建议｡(比直接说“We highly appreciate your suggestion.” 更显客气｡) 4.句式转换规则 (1)否定句 在一般现在时被动语态的句子中,将 “not” 加在be动词(am/is/are)之后, 构成否定形式,即“主语+am/is/are not+过去分词+其他成分”｡ The windows are not cleaned every week.窗户不是每周都被清洁｡ (2) 一般疑问句 把be动词(am/is/are)提到主语之前,句末用问号,构成一般疑问句,结构为 “Am/Is/Are+主语+过去分词+其他成分?”｡ 回答时, 肯定回答用 “Yes,主语+am/is/are.", 否定回答用 “No, 主语+am/is/are not."｡ —Is the work finished on time? 工作按时完成了吗? —Yes, it is. 是的,完成了｡/ No, it isn't. 不,没有完成｡ (3)特殊疑问句 在一般疑问句的基础上,在句首加上特殊疑问词(what､who､where､when､why､how等)构成,结构通常为“特殊疑问词+ am/is/are +主语+过去分词+其他成分?”｡ What is made in this factory? 这家工厂生产什么? 5. 主动语态变被动语态的注意事项 (1)只有及物动词才有被动语态,因为只有及物动词能接宾语,才能将宾语转换为主语构成被动语态｡ 如happen､appear､rise等词不能用于被动语态｡ (2)含有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变被动句时,可将其中一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语保留不变｡ 例如:主动句 “He gives me a book. (他给我一本书｡)” 变为被动句可以是 “I am given a book by him.” 或 “A book is given to me by him." 同步训练 一．用所给动词的正确形式（一般现在时被动语态）填空 1. In lianhuanhua, the story ___________ (write) before the artist draws. 2.Basic shapes like circles ___________ (use) a lot in comic design. 3.The characters’ feelings ___________ (show) in eye-catching ways in comics. 4.Angry characters ___________ (give) sharp teeth to show their emotion. 5.A character with black clouds around ___________ (draw) to show fury. 6.Traditional animated films ___________ (not draw) with digital tools. 7.How ___________ (the comic strip / create) in your school? 8.The backgrounds of old animations ___________ (paint) with watercolours. 9.The mistakes in the drawings ___________ (erase) carefully by the artist. 10.Sanmao’s adventures ___________ (still enjoy) by people today. 1.is written2.are used3.are shown4.are given5.is drawn6.are not drawn7.is the comic strip created8.are painted 9.are erased10.are still enjoyed 二．将主动句转换为被动句 请将下列主动句转换为一般现在时的被动句（可省略执行者）。 1.Artists draw each character by hand in traditional animation. → _____________________________________________________________________ 2.We use digital tools to make modern animated films. → _____________________________________________________________________ 3.The artist writes the story first for lianhuanhua. → _____________________________________________________________________ 4.People enjoy Sanmao’s stories all over China. → _____________________________________________________________________ 5.They make the nose and eyes bigger in comic characters. → _____________________________________________________________________ 6.The designer creates the basic ideas for the animated film. → _____________________________________________________________________ 7.We record voices and sound effects after drawing the pictures. → _____________________________________________________________________ 8.The team puts the pictures together as a film. → _____________________________________________________________________ 9.They show the characters’ personalities through the artwork. → _____________________________________________________________________ 10.The writer tells the story in the captions of lianhuanhua. → _____________________________________________________________________ 1.Each character is drawn by hand in traditional animation. 2.Digital tools are used to make modern animated films. 3.The story is written first for lianhuanhua. 4.Sanmao’s stories are enjoyed all over China. 5.The nose and eyes are made bigger in comic characters. 6.The basic ideas for the animated film are created by the designer. 7.Voices and sound effects are recorded after drawing the pictures. 8.The pictures are put together as a film. 9.The characters’ personalities are shown through the artwork. 10.The story is told in the captions of lianhuanhua. 三．用一般现在时被动语态完成短文 Comic books are popular around the world. In comics, the characters ______1_____ (draw) in a funny way. Sometimes, different parts of the face ______2_____ (make) bigger or smaller to show personalities. Basic shapes like circles ______3_____ (use) a lot because they are easy to draw. The characters’ emotions ______4_____ ( express) through their looks—for example, angry characters ______5_____ (give) sharp teeth. 1.are drawn2.are made3.are used4.are expressed5.are given （五）翻译句子 将下列句子翻译成英文（需包含一般现在时被动语态）。 1.连环画是一种传统的中国艺术形式。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2.传统动画是手工绘制的。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.漫画中的角色通常被画得很有趣。 _____________________________________________________________________ 4.这个故事是在绘画前写好的。 _____________________________________________________________________ 5.三毛的冒险故事至今仍被人们喜爱。 _____________________________________________________________________ 1.Lianhuanhua is considered a traditional Chinese art form. 2.Traditional animations are drawn by hand. 3.Characters in comics are usually drawn in an interesting way. 4.The story is written before drawing. 5.Sanmao’s adventures are still enjoyed by people today. Unit 4 Arts and heritage 一般过去时的被动语态 1. 结构：was/were+过去分词 The book was read by everyone. 这本书每个人都阅读了。 2. 时态一致性：确保主语和谓语动词的时态一致。 The cake was eaten yesterday.蛋糕昨天被吃了。 3. 主语是动作的承受者：被动语态通常用于主语是动作的承受者而非执行者的情况 。 The window was broken by the ball.窗户被球打破了。 4.使用by短语：通常可以加上by 短语来指明动作的执行者。 The letter was written by him. 这封信是他写的。 一般将来时的被动语态 1.结构：will be+过去分词 The project will be completed next month.项目将于下个月完成。 2. 预测或计划：一般将来时的被动语态常用于表达预测或计划中的动作。 A new school will be built in our town.我们镇上将建 一 所新学校。 3. 主语是动作的承受者：与一般过去时被动语态一样，主语是动作的承受者。 The report will be published soon.报告不久将被出版。 4. 使用by短语：同样可以加上by 短语来指明动作的执行者。 The speech will be given by the president. 演讲将由总统发表。 同步训练 一．用所给动词的正确形式（被动语态）填空 1. Granny Chen’s first art show ___________ (hold) at the local library last year. 2.Dozens of her paintings ___________ (put) on display in the show. 3.The post about Granny Chen ___________ (share) by thousands of people online. 4.Her inbox ___________ (fill) with kind messages from across the country. 5.The students’ parents ___________ (invite) to the opening next month. 6.Some of her paintings ___________ (sell) online, and the money ___________ (donate) to a children’s arts programme. 7.The competition ___________ (win) by a 17-year-old artist last week. 8.The old painting ___________ (damage) by fire, but it ___________ (repair) next year. 9.Huang Gongwang’s best works ___________ (create) near the Fuchun River. 10.The new art exhibition ___________ (open) to the public in two weeks. 1.was held2.were put3.was shared4.was filled5.will be invited6.will be sold; will be donated7.was won 8.was damaged; will be repaired9.were created10.will be opened 二．将主动句转换为被动句 1. Fire damaged the ancient painting.（一般过去时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 2.We will announce the winners this afternoon.（一般将来时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 3.Huang Le adopted Lu Jian when he was young.（一般过去时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 4.They will invite the artist to the opening.（一般将来时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 5.People changed Lu Jian’s family name to Huang.（一般过去时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 6.We will put all the paintings on display for two weeks.（一般将来时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 7.Thousands of people shared the post about Granny Chen.（一般过去时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 8.The school will hold another art show next month.（一般将来时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 9.The judges chose a 17-year-old as the winner.（一般过去时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 10.We will donate the money to a children’s arts programme.（一般将来时） → _____________________________________________________________________ 1.The ancient painting was damaged by fire. 2.The winners will be announced this afternoon. 3.Lu Jian was adopted by Huang Le when he was young. 4.The artist will be invited to the opening. 5.Lu Jian’s family name was changed to Huang. 6.All the paintings will be put on display for two weeks. 7.The post about Granny Chen was shared by thousands of people. 8.Another art show will be held by the school next month. 9.A 17-year-old was chosen as the winner by the judges. 10.The money will be donated to a children’s arts programme. 三．用被动语态完成短文 根据短文语境，用括号内动词的“一般过去时/一般将来时被动语态”形式填空。 Huang Gongwang was a famous Chinese painter. He _____1______ (adopt) by Huang Le when he was young, and his family name _______2____ (change) from Lu to Huang. Most of his famous landscapes _____3______ (paint) after his 70th birthday. Now, his works ______4_____ (show) in museums around the world. Next year, a new exhibition of his paintings ______5_____ (hold) in Hangzhou. 1.was adopted2.was changed3.were painted4.are shown5.will be held 四．翻译句子 将下列句子翻译成英文（需包含对应的被动语态）。 1.这幅古画去年被修复好了。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2.艺术展览将在下个月的图书馆举办。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.黄公望的姓氏从陆改成了黄。 _____________________________________________________________________ 4.获奖者将在今天下午公布。 _____________________________________________________________________ 5.陈奶奶的画作将被捐赠给儿童艺术项目。 _____________________________________________________________________ 1.The ancient painting was repaired last year. 2.The art exhibition will be held in the library next month. 3.Huang Gongwang’s family name was changed from Lu to Huang. 4.The winners will be announced this afternoon. 5.Granny Chen’s paintings will be donated to the children’s arts programme. Unit 5 Saving animals in danger A. it 作形式主语 在英语中，it 可以作为形式主语，而真正的主语是后面的动词不定式、动名词或从句。这种结构常用于主语较长时，避免句子“头重脚轻”。 It is /was+形容词(for sb./of sb.)+to do sth.用于表达做某事的性质或结果。 It is important (for us) to learn English well. (对我们来说)学好英语很重要。 It is/was+名词+to do sth. 用于表达做某事的意义或影响。 It is a pleasure to work with you. 和你一起工作是一种乐趣。 B 使用“形容词+ enough +to+动词” “adj.+ enough to do”结构在英语中非常常见，用于表达某人或某物具备足够的某种特质或条件去做某事。 主语+be+形容词+enough to do sth. 该结构中，主语可以是人或物，形容词描述主语的特质，不定式短语表示主语具备完成某事的能力。 The children are old enough to go to school.孩子们已经足够大，可以去上学了。 sth.+be+形容词+enough to do sth. 该结构用于描述某物或某条件足以做某事。 The evidence is clear enough to prove his innocence. 证据足够清楚，可以证明他的清白。 同步训练 一．用“for”或“of”填空 1. It is necessary ___________ us to protect animals’ homes. 2.It was cruel ___________ the hunters to kill the tiger. 3.It is important ___________ people to learn about endangered animals. 4.It is kind ___________ your uncle to drive you to the event. 5.It is wrong ___________ them to sell products made from endangered animals. 6.It is helpful ___________ students to join environmental groups. 7.It was brave ___________ her to stop the boy from throwing rocks. 8.It is necessary ___________ everyone to follow the wildlife protection rules. 9.It is selfish ___________ some people to destroy animal habitats. 10.It is useful ___________ us to know how to help injured animals. 1.for2.of3.for4.of5.of6.for7.of8.for9.of10.for 二．用“形容词+enough+to+动词”完成句子 1. The baby panda is ___________ (not / big / eat) bamboo alone. 2.We are ___________ (old / help) protect endangered animals. 3.The elephant was ___________ (weak / walk) after being injured. 4.The volunteer is ___________ (patient / take care of) the injured wild duck. 5.The bird is ___________ (not / strong / fly) long distances. 6.We are ___________ (smart / find) ways to save animals in danger. 7.The little girl was ___________ (not / tall / reach) the bird’s nest. 8.The zookeeper is ___________ (experienced / deal with) animal emergencies. 9.The river is ___________ (not / clean / drink) for the animals. 10.We are ___________ (energetic / collect) money for the wildlife charity. 1.not big enough to eat2.old enough to help3.too weak to walk4.patient enough to take care of 5.not strong enough to fly6.smart enough to find7.not tall enough to reach8.experienced enough to deal with 9.not clean enough to drink10.energetic enough to collect 三．用形式主语it改写句子 请将下列句子用形式主语it改写，保持句意不变。 1.To protect animals in danger is important. → _____________________________________________________________________ 2.To join the environmental group is helpful for us. → _____________________________________________________________________ 3.To sell products made from endangered animals is wrong. → _____________________________________________________________________ 4.To take care of injured animals is kind of you. → _____________________________________________________________________ 5.To learn about local endangered animals is necessary. → _____________________________________________________________________ 1.It is important to protect animals in danger. 2.It is helpful for us to join the environmental group. 3.It is wrong to sell products made from endangered animals. 4.It is kind of you to take care of injured animals. 5.It is necessary to learn about local endangered animals. 四．翻译句子 将下列句子翻译成英文（需包含本单元语法）。 1.对我们来说，了解濒危动物很重要。 _________________________________________________________________ 2.他帮忙筹款真是太善良了。 _________________________________________________________________ 3.这头小象还不够大，不能自己觅食。 _________________________________________________________________ 4.我们足够勇敢，可以阻止非法捕猎。 _________________________________________________________________ 5.人们破坏动物栖息地是自私的。 _________________________________________________________________ 1.It is important for us to learn about endangered animals. 2.It is very kind of him to help raise money. 3.The baby elephant is not big enough to find food by itself. 4.We are brave enough to stop illegal hunting. 5.It is selfish of people to destroy animal habitats. Unit 6 Learning by doing 情态动词：should和had better 1. 情态动词should的用法 意为“应该”,后接动词原形，其否定形式为shouldn't。变一般疑问句时，should提到句首。should 无人称和数的变化。 You should brush your teeth before you go to bed. 你应该在睡觉前刷牙。 You shouldn't play football on the street.你不应该在街道上踢足球。 Should I call the police? 我应该打电话报警吗? ought to在含义上与should 相近。ought to也是情态动词，意为“应该”,后接动词原形。 You ought to read more English books.你应该多读英语书。 2. 情态动词 had better的用法 意为“最好”,用于表示对别人的劝告建议。后接动词原形，其否定形式为 had better not,无人称和数的变化。 注意：任何人称+had better do sth. had better='d better had better not='d better not You'd better go to the hospital at once.你最好立即去医院。 We had better keep silent. 我们最好保持安静。 You'd better not be late again.你最好别再迟到了。 同步训练 一．用should/shouldn’t/had better/had better not填空 1. You ___________ read more English books to improve your vocabulary. 2.It’s going to rain. We ___________ take an umbrella with us. 3.You ___________ talk loudly in the library—it’s impolite. 4.He has a test tomorrow. He ___________ stay up late tonight. 5.We ___________ practice speaking English every day if we want to improve. 6.The deadline is next Monday. You ___________ finish the poster this weekend. 7.You ___________ eat too much junk food—it’s bad for your health. 8.She wants to join the speech competition. She ___________ prepare a good opening story. 9.The restaurant is always busy. We ___________ book a table before we go. 10.You ___________ be shy when talking to others in English. 1.should2.had better3.shouldn’t4.shouldn’t5.should6.had better7.shouldn’t8.should9.had better 10.shouldn’t 二．用所给动词的正确形式完成句子 请用“should/had better + 动词原形”的形式完成句子。 1.Li Jie ___________ (read) more English books instead of magazines about pop stars. 2.Su Mei ___________ (pronounce) her words more clearly when she speaks English. 3.We ___________ (try) different ways to make English learning fun. 4.You ___________ (not make) such a broad poster—keep it simple. 5.Wang Yao ___________ (make) more friends and ___________ (not be) so shy. 6.Xiao Chen ___________ (do) his homework more carefully and ___________ (think) before he speaks. 7.You ___________ (start) preparing for the English speech competition early. 8.We ___________ (use) English in real-life situations to practice. 9.You ___________ (not talk) when the teacher is speaking in class. 10.He ___________ (join) the English club to practice speaking. 1.should read2.should pronounce3.should try4.had better not make5.should make; shouldn’t be 6.should do; should think7.had better start8.should use9.shouldn’t talk10.should join 三．根据情境写建议 请用should/had better为下列情境写一条建议。 1.情境：你的朋友想参加英语演讲比赛，但很紧张。 建议：_____________________________________________________________________ 2.情境：你的同学英语作业总是粗心出错。 建议：_____________________________________________________________________ 3.情境：你们班要举办英语周活动，但还没确定主题。 建议：_____________________________________________________________________ 4.情境：你的朋友想提高英语听力，但很少听英文材料。 建议：_____________________________________________________________________ 5.情境：明天有英语测试，你的同桌还没复习。 建议：_____________________________________________________________________ 1.You should start your speech with an interesting story to relax. 2.You should do your homework more carefully. 3.We should pick a fun topic like “English around us” for English Week. 4.You should listen to English songs or podcasts every day. 5.You had better start reviewing for the English test right now. 四.翻译句子 将下列句子翻译成英文（需包含should/had better）。 1.你应该选一个和中国文化相关的主题。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2.你最好不要在海报上放太多信息。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.我们应该每天练习说英语。 _____________________________________________________________________ 4.她最好早点开始准备演讲比赛。 _____________________________________________________________________ 5.你不应该在图书馆里大声说话。 _____________________________________________________________________ 1.You should pick a topic related to Chinese culture. 2.You had better not put too much information on your poster. 3.We should practice speaking English every day. 4.She had better start preparing for the speech competition early. 5.You shouldn’t talk loudly in the library. Unit 7 Space exploration 过去进行时 过去进行时主要用于描述过去某个特定时间点或时间段内正在发生的动作，核心是强调动作在过去“进行中”的状态。 1. 基本结构 肯定句：主语+was/were+动词-ing 形式+其他。 He was reading a book at 8 p.m. yesterday. 昨天晚上8点，他正在看书。 否定句：主语+was/were +not+动词-ing形式+其他。 They were not playing football then.那时他们没在踢足球。 一般疑问句：Was/Were+主语+动词-ing 形式+其他? Were you watching TV at that time? 那时你在看电视吗? 2. 主要用法 (1)描述过去特定时间点正在进行的动作，常与“at+过去时间点”“this time yesterday” 等时间状语连用。 At9 o'clock last Sunday, we were having a party.上周日9点，我们正在举办派对 。 (2)描述过去某段时间内持续进行的动作，常与“from ...to ...”“during….”等时间状语搭配。 She was studying English from 7 to 9 yesterday morning.昨天早上7点到9 点，她一直在学英语。 (3)用于复合句中，描述一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行，常用 when 或 while 引导。 when 引导的从句常用一般过去时，主句用过去进行时。 I was cooking when the phone rang. 电话铃响时，我正在做饭。 while 引导的从句和主句可都用过去进行时，表示两个动作同时进行。 While my mother was washing clothes,I was doing my homework. 妈妈在洗衣服时，我在做作业。 3. 常见易混点辨析 过去进行时侧重动作“持续进行的过程”; 一般过去时侧重动作“已完成的结果”。 He read a book yesterday.他昨天读了一本书。(强调“读了”这个完成的动作。) He was reading a book at 3 p.m. yesterday. 昨天下午3点，他正在看书。(强调“看书”这个持续的过程。) 同步训练 一．用所给动词的正确形式（过去进行时）填空 1. A Russian satellite and an American satellite ___________ (crash) into each other on 11 February 2009. 2.When the crash happened, both satellites ___________ (travel) very fast. 3.Space agencies ___________ (track) all objects larger than a football, but they didn’t notice the two satellites. 4.At 9:00 yesterday morning, Yao ___________ (do) experiments in the space station. 5.While Liu ___________ (repair) equipment, Zhang ___________ (do) experiments. 6.I ___________ (not feel) great when I first arrived in space. 7.What ___________ you ___________ (do) at 8:00 last night? 8.They ___________ (have) breakfast from 7:30 to 8:00 this morning. 9.While we ___________ (rest) in the space station, ground control ___________ (monitor) our status. 10.She ___________ (talk) to her family when the journalist called. 1.were crashing2.were travelling3.were tracking4.was doing5.was repairing; was doing6.wasn’t feeling 7.were; doing8.were having9.were resting; were monitoring10.was talking 二．用while连接句子 请用“while”将下列两个句子合并为一句（注意时态）。 1.I was doing experiments. My teammate was repairing equipment. → _____________________________________________________________________ 2.They were having lunch. The alarm suddenly rang. → _____________________________________________________________________ 3.Ground control was following us. We were travelling into space. → _____________________________________________________________________ 4.She was talking to her family. The journalist called. → _____________________________________________________________________ 5.He was jogging. His friends were cycling. → _____________________________________________________________________ 1.While I was doing experiments, my teammate was repairing equipment. 2.While they were having lunch, the alarm suddenly rang. 3.While we were travelling into space, ground control was following us. 4.While she was talking to her family, the journalist called. 5.While he was jogging, his friends were cycling. 三．翻译句子 将下列句子翻译成英文（需包含过去进行时）。 1.昨天早上9点，他们正在太空站做实验。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2.当碰撞发生时，两颗卫星正以极快的速度飞行。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.当我们向太空行进时，地面控制中心正在密切追踪我们。 _____________________________________________________________________ 4.昨天晚上8点，她正在和家人通话。 _____________________________________________________________________ 5.当记者采访他时，他正在修理设备。 _____________________________________________________________________ 1.They were doing experiments in the space station at 9 o’clock yesterday morning. 2.When the crash happened, the two satellites were travelling very fast. 3.While we were travelling into space, ground control was following us closely. 4.She was talking to her family at 8 o’clock last night. 5.While the journalist was interviewing him, he was repairing equipment. Unit 8 Imagine that！ 原因状语从句 一.概念 原因状语从句用于说明事情发生的原因，本单元重点学习由 because / as / since 引导的原因状语从句，以及 because of 引导的原因短语，是解释观点、描述故事背景的常用语法。 二.用法讲解 1. because / as / since 引导的原因状语从句 含义：三者均可表示“因为”，语气略有不同： because：语气最强，强调直接原因，回答“why”的问句。 as / since：语气较弱，侧重“既然/由于”，常放在句首，引出已知的原因。 结构： 从句可放在主句前或后： 放在句首：As/Since/Because + 从句, 主句（句首从句后需加逗号） 放在句末：主句 + because/as/since + 从句 Because a spaceship crashed in the forest, there was a loud noise. As it was too late to go outside, they decided to go the next day. Since no one else saw the aliens, their father refused to believe them. 2. because of 引导的原因短语 含义：表示“因为/由于”，后接名词、名词短语或代词，不能接句子。 The spaceship couldn’t fly because of the damage. They were late because of the heavy rain. 同步训练 一．用because / as / since / because of填空 1.There was a loud noise ___________ a spaceship crashed in the forest. 2.___________ it was too late, they decided to go the next day. 3.The spaceship couldn’t fly ___________ the damage. 4.___________ no one else saw the aliens, their father refused to believe them. 5.Tina was sure something landed ___________ she heard a loud noise. 6.They hid behind bushes ___________ they were afraid. 7.They ran away ___________ an alien made a terrible noise. 8.___________ the weather was bad, the flight was delayed. 9.The meeting was cancelled ___________ the absence of the manager. 10.___________ you are interested in space, you should watch this documentary. 1.because2.As/Since3.because of4.Since/As5.because6.because/as/since7.because8.As/Since9.because of 10.Since/As 二．用所给提示完成句子 1.Tina was sure something landed in the forest ___________ (because / she heard a loud noise). 2.They hid behind bushes ___________ (because of / fear). 3.They ran away ___________ (as / an alien saw them). 4.His father refused to believe him ___________ (since / no one else saw the aliens). 5.The spaceship couldn’t fly ___________ (because of / serious damage). 6.They didn’t go outside ___________ (because / it was too late). 7.___________ (since / it was getting dark), they decided to return. 8.The forest was quiet ___________ (because of / the late hour). 9.___________ (as / they were curious), they went to check the noise. 10.They were excited ___________ (because / they found something unusual). 1.because she heard a loud noise2.because of fear3.as an alien saw them4.since no one else saw the aliens 5.because of serious damage6.because it was too late7.Since it was getting dark8.because of the late hour 9.As they were curious10.because they found something unusual 三．改写句子 1.Because the damage was serious, the spaceship couldn’t fly. → The spaceship couldn’t fly ___________ ___________ the serious damage. 2.Since it was too late, they didn’t go outside. → ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________, they didn’t go outside. 3.They ran away because an alien made a terrible noise. → They ran away ___________ ___________ a terrible noise from the alien. 4.As they were curious, they went to check the forest. → ___________ ___________ ___________, they went to check the forest. 5.Because of the late hour, the forest was quiet. → The forest was quiet ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________. 1.because of the serious damage2.As it was too late3.because of a terrible noise from the alien4.Since they were curious5.because it was late 四．翻译句子 1.因为一艘宇宙飞船坠毁在森林里，所以有很大的噪音。 _____________________________________________________________________ 2.由于天色太晚，他们决定第二天再去查看。 _____________________________________________________________________ 3.宇宙飞船因为损坏而无法飞行。 _____________________________________________________________________ 4.既然没有其他人看到外星人，他父亲就不相信他。 _____________________________________________________________________ 5.他们躲在灌木丛后，因为害怕被发现。 _____________________________________________________________________ 1.There was a loud noise because a spaceship crashed in the forest. 2.As/Since it was too late, they decided to check it the next day. 3.The spaceship couldn’t fly because of the damage. 4.Since no one else saw the aliens, his father refused to believe him. 5.They hid behind bushes because they were afraid of being discovered. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $