专题04 阅读理解（说明文)（期末真题汇编，北京专用）八年级英语下学期

**基本信息** 汇编北京各区八年级下期末说明文阅读真题，涵盖科普（心流状态、记忆机制）、科技（AI心理健康、新能源汽车）、健康（家务益处、休息重要性）等主题，通过细节理解、词义猜测、主旨归纳等题型提升信息处理与逻辑推理能力。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解选择题|每篇3-4题|科普知识（如“心流状态”定义及影响）、科技应用（如AI辅助心理健康）、身心健康（如家务对身心的益处）|素材贴近学生生活与时代热点（如新能源汽车利弊、数字足迹安全）；问题设计梯度分明，基础题考查细节定位（如“optimal”词义猜测），提升题聚焦推理判断（如作者对图书馆价值的观点），适配期末综合能力评估需求。|

专题04 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·北京密云·期末）People experience a flow state when they deeply pay attention to an activity that is challenging (挑战) enough to match their skills. Getting into a flow state helps people learn and further develop their skills while also increasing their enjoyment of those skills. In the 1960s, psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi noticed that many artists fell into this single-minded state while doing their creative work. His research on the topic showed that people can experience flow during different situations, including games like chess, sports like surfing or rock climbing, professional activities like performing surgery (进行手术), or creative activities like writing or painting. Time seems to pass more quickly than usual when people are in this state. He used the term “flow state” to describe this experience because many of the people he interviewed about it said the experience was like being “in flow”. The state of flow can be brought about by any experience, whether work or play, he explained, “It is the full participation of flow, rather than happiness, that makes for excellence in life”. Flow is also valuable for learning and developing skills. He noted the value of increasing challenges, and they should be just a little outside one’s skill set. This encourages the person to stay in the flow state while also helping them to learn new skills. Many people are interested in achieving flow because it can help improve performance and increase happiness. This can be different for different people. While one person may enter a flow state while gardening, another may do so while drawing or running a marathon. The key is to find an activity that the person is passionate (热情的) about and finds enjoyable. In addition, the activity must be challenging enough to need people to raise their skill levels just beyond their abilities. High challenges and high skills will result in deep involvement (参与) in the activity and create the desired flow state. However, the balance between skill level and challenge must be optimal to achieve flow. If the challenge is too high, it can lead to anxiety (焦虑); if the challenge is too low, it can lead to boredom. Today, it can be hard to ensure that one’s environment is good for flow. If noise keeps appearing, it won’t lead to a flow state. You should turn off mobile phones if you want to achieve flow. 1．What can we learn about flow state from the passage? A．People are passionate and noisy when they are in the state of flow. B．Time seems to pass more slowly than usual when people experience flow. C．People may experience flow when they keep their minds deeply on something. D．Flow state can help people protect their environment and then achieve their goals. 2．What does the third paragraph mainly tell us? A．The history of the research. B．The benefits of a flow state. C．The new challenges of a flow state. D．The difficulties of learning new skills. 3．The word “optimal” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ________. A．just right B．just new C．quite common D．quite opposite 4．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．anxiety can help people get into a flow state B．people will feel bored when the challenge is too high C．people can get into a flow state in all kinds of environments D．both high challenges and skills are necessary for a flow state Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·北京东城·期末）Have you got a good memory (记忆；记忆力)? If you answered “yes”, then you might want to think again. Research has shown that your memory may not be as good as you think. Since our memories help us remember the past, learn from our mistakes, and shape who we are, this may not be such good news. When we describe something that has happened to us, we often change small parts of the story each time we tell it. This may happen because we want what we say to sound true, or we want the listener to see the story in a certain way—like finding it funny or feeling sorry for us—so we might make changes consciously. Later, when we tell the story again, it is likely to be quite different from what we actually experienced. Think about those times when you were with friends and you experienced something amazing, exciting, or terrible together. You can be almost certain that their memory of the event (事件) isn’t quite the same as yours, even though you shared the same experience. Sometimes we even create “false memories” according to stories we know about ourselves. We don’t actually remember these events, but after hearing these stories so many times, we begin to imagine them and turn them into memories. Also, when we tell the same memory to different people, the way we tell the story may change, and that changes the memory too. The way we tell the story becomes our memory of what happened, whether or not it truly happened that way. Our memories change over time depending on our reasons for retelling them and how we retell them. Even as we go over a memory in our heads, we are likely to make small changes to it. And if we can’t remember some of the small details, we often make them up (虚构). What’s more, we usually don’t question our memories once we have them. So the last way we remembered something becomes the memory we accept as true. So, next time someone asks whether you’re telling the truth and you believe you are—you might still be wrong! 1．What does the word “consciously” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Without knowing. B．Without thinking. C．By mistake. D．On purpose. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．People remember things as they last described them. B．People with active imagination remember things more clearly. C．People create false memories to make their stories more interesting. D．People describe a memory the same way no matter who they tell it to. 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．How Memories Get Stronger Over Time B．Why You Can’t Trust Your Own Memory C．Why Remembering Things Can Be Difficult D．How to Improve Your Memory by Telling Stories Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·北京西城·期末）In winter, just a few degrees’ difference can turn a boring rainy day into a magical world of snow. The interest in snow is more than just happy memories of childhood days away from school. Of course, snow has its haters, but there are some powerful scientific reasons why many people love snow so much. For people who grew up having fun on snow days, snow can bring back childhood memories—that joyful surprise when another expected day of sitting in school turned into one that was instead filled with snowball fights and lovely snowmen. But there are also plenty of reasons snow seems magical to people who don’t have those happy memories. Snow can make the world quieter than usual because freshly fallen snow is porous (多孔的) and can take in sound well. And it plays even more strongly on our sense of sight. “There’s something about the clean, fresh, white snow that is very pleasing to the eye,” says psychologist Kari Leibowitz. She also points out snow reflects (反射) light in the darker months. “A lot of people have a hard time with winter darkness just as much as they do with the cold,” she says. “And so the brightening effect of the snow, I think, is really powerful.” Snow often allows people to interact with their environment differently as well. “I think the snow and the ice give us things to interact with in a sensory way that can be very playful and childlike,” Leibowitz says. “There’s so much you can do with it as related to the sense of touch.” Whether school is canceled (取消) or not, snow changes people’s daily lives. Snow may keep you from going places and doing things, which can be inconvenient and troublesome, but can also be enchanting, feeling like a welcome break from the usual. This unexpected break offers an uncommon chance for people to enjoy those moments that are often unnoticed in everyday, busy life. Leibowitz suggests developing a mindset that welcomes changing seasons, which can help people stay open to snow’s beauty. She encourages people to slow down on the long nights and cold days. “Snow can remind us to do so because when we see the snow, we know that a different season has arrived, which inspires (激励) people to make changes to accept it,” she says. 1．What do Paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly talk about? A．Snow makes people’s life harder. B．Snow allows people to get time off work. C．Snow gives people a special physical experience. D．Snow is meaningless for people with unhappy childhoods. 2．What does the word “enchanting” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Endless. B．Magical. C．Strange. D．Noticeable. 3．What does the writer most probably agree with? A．Snow causes a lot of car accidents in winter. B．Snow’s arrival means the beginning of darkness. C．People should live their lives the way they want to. D．People should be open to the changing of the seasons. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Why Does Snow Bring Childlike Joy? B．How Can We Understand Winter Days? C．The Wonderful Power of Slowing Down D．There Are More Snow Lovers Than Haters 主题02 科学技术 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·北京昌平·期末）If you ask some students today how they’re feeling, you may hear words like “nervous” or “worried”. Schools are increasingly paying attention to students’ mental health problems and traditional counseling (咨询) services are trying very hard to keep up. In fact, here’s where things get interesting—artificial intelligence (AI) is stepping in as a game changer. Then, how exactly is AI making a difference? When students feel too nervous, instead of waiting to talk to a school counselor, they can turn to an AI-powered chatbot like Doubao or DeepSeek. These chatbots use AI to have a conversation with students and give advice for dealing with problems. Although these chatbots aren’t human, they can give students immediate comfort and encourage them to look for further help when needed. AI tools don’t just react to mental health problems—they can also predict (预测) them. Some schools are now using AI-powered mental health tools to watch students’ online behaviors, such as language use in writing and social media activity. A study at MIT’s Media Lab found that AI tools helped find students with mental health problems 40% faster than traditional self- reported assessments (评估). This means schools can act earlier and stop problems before they get worse. There’s often a fear that AI tools will replace human counselors, but in reality, they are doing the opposite—they are improving their work. AI tools help counselors by aiding with routine check-ins, marking high-risk (高风险的) students, and using collected information to make counseling talks more helpful. A 2023 Harvard School of Education study found that schools using AI-assisted counseling programs saw a 45% increase in using mental health services among students. With these tools dealing with the same and boring tasks, human counselors can have more meaningful interactions with students. AI is still developing, but its influence is huge. Experts say that by 2030, AI tools will be common in schools, as a help to human-led counseling. With schools using more of the AI tools, we’re moving toward a future where every student can get the mental health support they should have. 1．According to the passage, an AI-powered chatbot can help students by ________. A．predicting their career success B．changing their social media activity C．giving them quick mental health support D．teaching them how to find a school counselor 2．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．AI tools help human counselors work better. B．People fear that AI tools will replace human counselors. C．Students prefer talking to AI tools instead of human counselors. D．Human counselors have many meaningful interactions with AI tools. 3．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To compare AI tools with human-led counseling. B．To show AI tools are helpful in schools’ counseling. C．To give suggestions on how to make good use of AI tools. D．To encourage students to study the technology behind AI tools. 主题03 身心健康 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·北京海淀·期末）Housework is often viewed as a dull and endless chore, keeping us from more enjoyable activities. However, this seemingly simple set of tasks hides many benefits that can greatly contribute to our overall well-being. Physically, housework offers more than just light exercise. Take wringing a mop as an example. This simple act works the forearm muscles (肌肉) and increases holding strength, which is important as we age. According to The Journal of Physical Therapy Science, such muscle exercise, often performed unconsciously (无意识地) during housework, can greatly improve forearm muscle endurance (耐力). Studies suggest that regular middle-level-effort housework can be as effective as wringing a mop light weight training,particularly in building muscles in the back and shoulders. The benefits of housework to mental health are also noteworthy. Tidying a messy room can bring us a clear-headed feeling. Creating order from mess helps us feel in control. Research in The Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin found that people who spent just 15 minutes organizing their workspace had lower stress levels than those who remained in a messy place. Cooking also offers mental rewards. Focusing on chopping vegetables,measuring ingredients, and following a recipe is a form of mindfulness. Moreover, the joy of preparing and sharing a meal brings us a sense of achievement. Housework also helps with social connections and brain function.When families share chores, they communicate, cooperate, and support each other, strengthening relationships. Children learn responsibility and teamwork from an early age. Furthermore, doing housework can improve executive functions, like deciding which room to clean first or how to cook a meal step by step. These can help train the brain to stay active and organized.Research shows that doing housework at least three times a week lowers the risk of older adults’ brain problems. In short, housework is far more than a boring duty. It improves physical fitness, mental health, social connections, and brain function. By recognizing these benefits, we can view housework not as a burden (负担) but as a valuable effort for a better life. 1．According to the passage,what is a key benefit of wringing a mop? A．It builds muscle strength of the legs. B．It offers a conscious muscle exercise. C．It improves forearm muscle endurance. D．It helps to lose weight more quickly. 2．What does the writer probably agree with? A．Doing housework instead of fun things is a huge burden. B．Chopping vegetables helps reduce stress better than cleaning. C．Seeing housework as a simple duty harms family relationships. D．Tidying workspace improves sense of control and lowers stress. 3．The underlined expression “executive functions” in Paragraph 4 probably means“________.” A．the ability to make decisions and plans B．the talent to set goals to control emotions C．the ability to be active and free from stress D．the talent to lower the risk of brain problems 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To explain important research findings on housework. B．To show different opinions on doing housework tasks. C．To encourage readers to see chores in a reasonable way. D．To stress mental benefits gained from doing chores. 主题01 科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·北京昌平·期末）Did you know that most adults can’t remember much about their childhood? Researchers used to think it was because children don’t have a fully developed memory, but recent studies suggest something else. Researchers think there are a few things that can influence how much of our childhood we remember. There are 2 kinds of long-term memory. Both play a part in the remembering our childhood memories. As a young child, most of our memories are unconscious (无意识的) memories. An unconscious memory happens naturally and helps us perform the tasks we learned before without thinking about it, like riding a bike without thinking or singing the words to a song without even realizing it. But as we grow up, we start collecting more and more conscious memories. Have you ever made a to-do list or memorized facts for a test? Can you remember a favorite movie you’ve seen? These are examples of when you’ve formed your conscious memories. When you think of a conscious memory, you are actively bringing it into your mind and recalling that information. Once we’ve formed a memory, the best way to remember it is to talk about it! This retelling of the event reinforces our memories. You can tell someone what happened, write about it in a diary, or even record yourself retelling the experience. By doing so, you are having a better memory. On the other hand, the way parents speak to their child about an experience can also make a big difference. Parents should encourage a young child to talk about an event and pay attention to the details (细节), which means children have to give answers to open-ended questions. It is the best way to help them remember their experience. In contrast, when parents ask questions with yes-or-no answers, their children are less likely to remember the events. Some childhood memories are experiences we do many times without thinking about them, while others become stronger when we actively bring them into our mind. The more time we take to think about and share our childhood memories, the more likely those memories are to stay with us. 1．Which is an example of unconscious memories according to the passage? A．Planning a birthday party. B．Brushing teeth in a routine way. C．Memorizing facts for an important test. D．Remembering one of your favorite trips. 2．What does the word “reinforces” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Loses. B．Shares. C．Weakens. D．Develops. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Most of people’s memories are conscious memories. B．Conscious memories come into people’s mind slowly. C．Talking to parents about details is difficult for children. D．Answering open-ended questions helps children remember. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．When people have a fully developed memory. B．Why childhood memories matter to people’s future life. C．What influences how much people remember from childhood. D．How parents help children recall their childhood memories. Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·北京海淀·期末）Common sense means the basic understanding and knowledge that we believe most people have. This shows up in everyday situations like following traffic rules: people on foot naturally avoid stepping into traffic, while drivers seldom drive on sidewalks to ensure safety. Although common sense seems to be everywhere, do all people share commonsense beliefs about everything? And how “common” is common sense among different social groups? “We all think we share common sense,” said Professor Duncan Watts from the University of Pennsylvania. “However, we seldom make clear which of our beliefs match common sense or who else agrees with us.” To deal with the challenge of understanding common sense, Watts and his research partner, Mark Whiting, studied it on two levels. First, on an individual level, they checked how much people agreed on certain ideas and whether they knew others agreed too. Second, on a group level, they came up with the “pq common sense” framework. It’s a new way to see what percentage of people (p) agree on how many ideas (q). They tested this “pq”framework. They got 4,607 ideas from different places and asked 2,046 people. The results were surprising. Hardly any ideas were agreed on by everyone. Only a small number of ideas met the strict “perfect common sense” rule. Even when they made the rule looser (更松动的), not many ideas had a lot of agreements. What’s unique is that when they needed more ideas to be agreed on,the number of people agreeing dropped sharply. Big groups had far fewer shared ideas. The study also found that individual differences in commonsensicality (常识性) mainly relate to the ability to understand others’ thoughts. However, age, gender and other factors don’t affect it. In other words, common sense is shaped by personal views, not as “common” as we think. The researchers believe that expanding (扩大) their research worldwide would be a next step. Their further interest lies in studying common sense across various cultures and societies. They’re also interested in creating ways to measure common sense using AI systems, which could help AI better understand human contexts and develop its decision-making skills. 1．What can we learn from the passage about the study? A．Common sense has little link to individual preference. B．Everyone understands common sense in the same way. C．Commonsensicality relates to personal age and gender. D．Very few common-sense beliefs are agreed on by all. 2．What might be the researchers’ further study according to the passage? A．To create more reasonable traffic rules based on common sense. B．To explore common sense among different cultures and societies. C．To teach people to better understand others’ commonsensicality. D．To create new AI systems to develop human decision-making skills. 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Common Sense: Less Common than We Think B．The“pq”Framework: Measuring Social Beliefs C．AI &Common Sense:A New Research Direction D．Commonsensicality: Shaping Individual Differences Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·北京门头沟·期末）In today’s world, students are busier than ever. With heavy schoolwork, after-school activities, and sometimes even part-time jobs, many teenagers feel like they are running out of time. However, we need to take time off or have breaks from our busy lives. First, time off helps improve our mental (心理的) health. Think about the last time you studied for hours without a break. Your mind probably felt tired, and it was hard to focus. Scientists say that our brains (大脑) need rest (休息) to work well. When we take time off, we can relax and clear our minds. For example, going for a walk in nature, listening to music, or talking with friends can all help us feel better. Second, time off can boost creativity (创造力). When we walk away from our homework, we open ourselves up to new experiences and ideas. Many great inventions and works of art came from people who took time away from their daily jobs to find new things. Even if we are not artists or inventors, taking time off can help us find better ways in our studies. Some students might say, “I’m too busy to take a break. I have too much homework!” But in fact, taking short breaks can make us more productive (有效的). A study showed that students who took regular (有规律的) breaks while studying remembered more information than those who kept studying. After breaks, we can finish our work faster and with fewer mistakes. That’s because our minds need time off to grow and develop. Time off is important for building relationships (人际关系). Spending time with family and friends during breaks allows us to communicate and share experiences. These moments create memories that last a lifetime. For example, having dinner with your family or playing games with your friends can strengthen (加强) your relationships and make you feel loved and supported. In conclusion, time off is important for our well-being, creativity, productivity, and relationships. As students, we should make sure certain time for relaxation and fun. Remember, a well-rested mind is a happy and successful mind. So, next time you feel tired after a day’s work, take a deep breath, walk away from your tasks, and enjoy some time off! 1．According to the passage, what can help students feel better when they are stressed (焦虑的)? A．Going for a walk in nature. B．Doing more homework. C．Studying for hours without a break. D．Going on with the work. 2．The underlined word “boost” in Paragraph 3 probably means ________. A．reduce B．harm C．increase D．test 3．What does Paragraph 4 mainly tell us? A．Students are too busy to take breaks. B．Taking breaks can make students more productive. C．Students should study continuously to remember more. D．People can’t avoid making mistakes after breaks. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．How to Study Better B．The Importance of Time Off C．Ways to Build Relationships D．Why Students Are So Busy Passage 4 （24-25八年级下·北京顺义·期末）What is your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you watched a television program? Adults seldom call back events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, just as children younger than three or four seldom remember any specific, personal experiences. It’s as if a curtain is drawn over the early years of our lives, hiding away countless precious moments. A variety of explanations have been suggested by psychologists for this “childhood amnesia”. Some proposed that the brain’s memory-forming structures aren’t fully developed in early childhood. Others thought it could be due to the lack of a sense of self-identity in young children. Now Annette Simms, a psychologist of Riverdale University, offers a new explanation for childhood amnesia. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use someone else’s spoken description of their personal experiences in order to turn their own short-term, fast-forgotten impressions of them into long-term memories. In other words, children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about them. Without this verbal reinforcement (语言强化), children cannot form permanent memories of what they have experienced. So why should personal memories depend so heavily on hearing them described? Dr. Simms presents evidence that the human mind organizes memories in that way—Children whose mothers talk with them about the day’s activities before bedtime tend to remember more of the day’s special event than those whose mothers don’t. Talking about an event in this way helps a child to remember it. And learning to organize memories as a continuous story is the key to a permanent mental “autobiography (自传)” of important life events. Dr. Simms suggests that we humans may be biologically programmed to turn our life experiences into a novel. “The key to creating this mental life story is language,” says Dr. Simms. “Children learn to talk about the past,” she says. “Talking to others about their short-term memories of the past leads to the establishment (建立) of long-term memories.” One way it does this is by helping a child to recognize that the retelling of an experience is just the experience itself, recreated in the form of words. The child learns that this “word-description” of an experience can then be stored in the memory and called back at any time. But a child’s language skills are usually not ready for this until the age of three or four, so they have no way to remember the earliest of their experiences. 1．According to the passage, how can children form long-term memories? A．They can create a story in their own ways. B．They can share their experiences with their parents. C．They can be patient to wait themselves to grow older. D．They can develop good relationships with their friends. 2．According to Dr. Simms, why can’t children form long-term memories before 3? A．Because they can’t remember their experiences. B．Because they haven’t developed enough language skills. C．Because they haven’t learned to write a novel by themselves. D．Because they can’t tell the differences between memories and experiences. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．The link between childhood memories and storytelling skills. B．How language skills improve the ability to form long-term memories. C．How verbal reinforcement helps children create long-term memories. D．The difference between short-term and long-term memories in children. Passage 5 （24-25八年级下·北京顺义·期末）As online learning becomes more common and more and more resources are converted to digital form. Some people have suggested that public libraries should be shut down and, in their place, everyone should be given an iPad with an e-reader subscription (订阅). People who support this idea state that it will save local cities and towns money because libraries are expensive to maintain. They also believe it will encourage more people to read because they won’t have to travel to a library to get a book. They can simply click on what they want to read and read it from wherever they are. They could also access more materials because libraries won’t have to buy physical copies of books. They can simply rent out as many digital copies as they need. However, it would be a serious mistake to replace libraries with tablets (平板电脑). First, digital books and resources are associated with less learning and more problems than print resources. A study done on tablet and book reading found that people read 20~30% slower on tablets, retain 20% less information, and understand 10% less of what they read compared to people who read the same information in print. Additionally, staring too long at a screen has been shown to cause numerous physical discomfort, including dizziness, dry eyes, headaches, shoulder and back pain, muscle strain and so on. We should not add to these problems by giving people, especially young people, more reasons to look at screens. Second, it is incredibly narrow-minded to assume that the only service libraries offer is book lending. Libraries have a multitude of benefits, and many are only available if the library has a physical location. Some of these benefits include acting as a quiet study space, holding classes on a variety of topics, providing jobs, and keeping the community connected. One neighbourhood found that, after a local library instituted community events such as play times for kids and parents, job fairs for teenagers, and meeting spaces for senior citizens, over a third of residents reported feeling more connected to their community. Similarly, a survey conducted in 2015 found that nearly two-thirds of American adults feel that closing their local library would have a major impact on their community. People see libraries as a way to connect with others and get their questions answered, benefits tablets can’t offer nearly as well or as easily. While replacing libraries with tablets may seem like a simple solution, it would encourage people to spend even more time looking at digital screens, despite the countless issues surrounding them. It would also end access to many of the benefits of libraries that people have come to rely on. In many areas, libraries are such an important part of the community network that they could never be replaced by simple object. 1．What does the word “access” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Find. B．Buy. C．Need. D．Offer. 2．What can we learn from Paragraph 3? A．People can read faster on tablets than on real books. B．Reading on tablets can improve people’s memories. C．People may find more reasons to read real books. D．Overusing tablets may lead to health problems. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Tablets may replace libraries in the future. B．Reading on print books are better for learning. C．Print books can cost people more time to read. D．The main service of the library is lending books. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To compare tablets with real books. B．To stress the good points of libraries. C．To encourage people to read more books. D．To advise communities to build more libraries. Passage 6 （24-25八年级下·北京大兴·期末）We all know that animals are better at some things than our humans, and we can usually explain why. One of the skills which many animals have is homing instinct (本能). These animals such as pigeons (鸽子), bees, salmons, frogs and cats are able to find their way home, sometimes making journeys of hundreds of kilometers back home. In our daily life, humans can make use of an animal’s homing instinct. Pigeons, for examples, have been used to carry messages or letters to the battles in times of war. Nowadays some people join in the Pigeon Association (协会) with the pigeons they have trained because they look on pigeon racing as a hobby and they even bet money on which pigeon would win in the race organized by the association. There are many interesting stories of the homing instinct at work. In the USA, a cat traveled 1,360 kilometers back to its old home after the owners moved, taking nearly a year over the journey. When we lose our kitten (小猫), we usually find her again near the house where she was born. We have a pond in the garden where the frogs come back every year. I even heard a dog which was injured by a car managed to take itself to the vet! There are other wonderful stories about the homing instinct. But how do these animals find their way home? They don’t have satellite navigation (导航) with them, they can’t read maps and, as far as we know, they can’t ask each other for directions. It seems that some animals, such as salmons, use their sense of smell to take them back to the place where they were born. Other animals such as birds and bees may use the sun, the stars and the moon to help them find their way. There is a theory (理论) that some animals have magnetic (磁的) cells in their brain which help them to find their way. As far as cats are concerned, nobody really knows how their homing instinct works and I am sure cats are never going to give away their secrets. 1．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．We have known how animals’ homing instinct works. B．Many people used to make money by flying pigeons. C．Most of the animals can go back home from far places. D．The writer tells some stories to show the animals’ ability. 2．What can we infer (推断) from the passage? A．We still need to make some secrets of nature clear. B．We must stop doing harm to the animals at once. C．We have already known everything well in nature. D．We should learn from nature and make inventions. 3．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Animals and Their Living Habits B．A Special Ability of Some Animals C．A Good Way to Protect Animals D．All Kinds of Animals in Nature Passage 7 （24-25八年级下·北京通州·期末）Memory is important to learning, and it is a shared goal for all students to improve it. While traditional rote memorization (死记硬背) plays a role, storytelling memory methods are increasingly recognized. Storytelling is not just an art, but a science deeply connected to our brain’s functioning (运行). It has a significant impact (重大影响) on memory, deeply rooted in our history. Our ancestors (祖先) used stories to pass on wisdom, culture, and survival skills, which shaped our brains to prefer storytelling forms. When we tell a story, many brain parts are activated, especially those related to emotions, senses, and social interactions. Stories full of emotion help give off dopamine (多巴胺), which helps remember stories better. Moreover, the structured stories, with a beginning, middle, and an end, mirror how our brains organize information, making it easier to remember complex (复杂) data. Also, stories that contain relatable elements are more memorable. To create effective stories for better memory, several skills can be used. Picture the information as a vivid story, imagine characters, settings, and actions to turn it into a mental movie that is easier to recall. Adding emotional depth and personal meaning to the story can greatly improve people’s memory. And try to link them to familiar experiences. Dividing information into smaller parts can help in organization and recall. Creating a story timeline which provides a clear order of events can also raise memory performance. When describing clearly about how things look, sound, smell, taste, and feel in the story, it strengthens (加强) memory connections. If you relate the story’s content to personal experiences, it creates a stronger memory. Finally, regular repeating and reviewing of these stories can help remember the information better. Storytelling can be used in various areas. When studying for exams, turning study material into stories makes complex subjects more understandable and memorable. In language learning, using new vocabularies in storytelling makes the process more interesting. For remembering names and faces, one could associate them with stories. When mastering new skills, narrating (叙述) the learning steps as a journey may simplify (简化) the process. In conclusion, storytelling is a powerful tool for raising memory apart from traditional memorization methods. Whether for learning new subjects, professional development, or personal growth, storytelling. offers a path to a stronger memory and a more enriched learning experience. 1．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Rote memorization helps remember complex data easily. B．Many brain parts are activated when telling a story. C．Our brains prefer rote memorization when learning new words. D．Storytelling is a new learning method for people to practice. 2．Paragraph 3 is mainly about ________. A．how to create a story timeline when telling a story B．why people need to provide a clear order of events C．how to use storytelling to improve memory performance D．why describing personal experiences is important when telling stories 3．What does the word “associate” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Communicate. B．Compare. C．Agree. D．Connect. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain how storytelling improves our brain function. B．To discuss why we should link experiences to storytelling. C．To encourage people to use the storytelling methods for better memory. D．To tell the differences between rote memorization and storytelling methods. 主题02 科学技术 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·北京石景山·期末）New Energy Vehicles (NEVs), such as electric cars, are becoming more popular around the world. They use clean energy like electricity instead of gasoline (汽油), which helps reduce air pollution and slow down climate change. However, like any new technology, NEVs come with both hopes and problems. NEVs are better for the planet. Unlike traditional cars that burn gasoline, they do not make harmful gases like carbon dioxide. For example, electric cars run on batteries (电池) and produce no smoke. This makes the air cleaner, especially in busy cities where traffic is heavy. Some NEVs even use sunlight energy, which is a type of power that never runs out. However, making NEVs is not completely clean. Digging up lithium (a material used in batteries) can harm the environment. Old batteries are also difficult to recycle and might be bad for the ground if not dealt with carefully. Scientists are trying to find better ways to reuse these batteries, but this is still a problem. NEVs can help people save money in the long term. Electricity costs less than gasoline, so drivers spend less on fuel (燃料). Governments in many countries offer lower prices or free parking to encourage people to buy NEVs. On the other hand, NEVs are expensive to buy at first. A new electric car often costs 20%～50% more than a gasoline car. Even though fuel savings help in the long run, many families cannot buy a new electric car because of the high initial price. Also, fixing or replacing batteries can be very costly. NEVs are filled with smart technology, which makes them smarter than traditional cars. Many NEVs come with modern technology like self-driving systems, parking assistants and touchscreens. They can even connect to your phone, which makes driving more convenient and fun. For example, some electric cars can stop by themselves if something or someone is in front of them. These smart tools make driving safer for drivers, passengers, and people on the street. And companies are working to make batteries last longer—some cars can now drive over 500 kilometers on a single charge (充电). Yet, NEVs still face challenges. Charging an electric car takes much longer than filling a gas tank—sometimes hours! Cold weather can also reduce battery life by up to 40%. Many drivers worry about running out of power during long trips if they cannot find a charging station quickly. Although there are many challenges, progress is clear. With better technology, smarter rules, and public support, clean cars could soon replace gasoline vehicles. As one driver in California said, “My electric car saves money and protects the Earth—it’s worth every penny.” 1．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．We’ve found effective ways to deal with NEVs’ batteries. B．NEVs produce harmful smoke because of the batteries. C．NEVs can make use of different types of energies. D．People like NEVs more than gasoline cars. 2．What does “initial price” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Parking price. B．Electricity bill. C．Fuel savings. D．Starting cost. 3．What can smart tools in NEVs do? A．They can avoid some dangers on the street. B．They can charge the cars every 500 kilometers. C．They help visitors have some fun during long trips. D．They help cars drive for a longer time in cold weather. 4．What’s the best title for the passage? A．NEVs: The Winner of the Fuel War. B．NEVs: Saving Money and the Planet. C．NEVs: A Brighter Future with Challenges. D．NEVs: Smart Technology in Modern Cars. 主题03 濒危生物 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·北京大兴·期末）The last Eurasian lynxes (猞猁) in the British Isles lived a life of danger as they moved quickly away from the campfire and vicious (凶险的) dogs, and hid in holes. Because of disappearing woodlands, being short of animals for food, and hunting, lynxes started to disappear from these Islands about 1,500 years ago. But experts hope to bring the Eurasian lynxes back to Scotland one day. Wildlife conservationists (保护者) in Switzerland, Germany, France, and other countries have taken Eurasian lynxes from elsewhere in their areas and introduced them again to protected forests, allowing their populations to grow. Now they are hoping to do the same thing in Scotland. Returning the lynxes would do more than just improve the numbers of this once-endangered animal. A win for the lynxes is a win for the forest and the planet. When the Eurasian lynxes disappeared, so did the Scottish landscape. Without these lynxes and other animals hunting them, deer population increased (增加) a lot. Those animals lived on the leaves of trees and bushes for food, and soon large areas of the Scottish forest disappeared since it couldn’t grow fast enough to keep up with the deer’s wish for food. Birds and rodents that depended on shelter (庇护所) in the lower level of forest plants became food for foxes, which lynxes also hunt. Experts trying to restore (恢复) the forests have to put up fences to keep deer from eating leaves of young trees. But with lynxes hanging out in the woods, experts think these lynxes would keep deer from harming the young trees, helping the forests make a comeback. And that would have even bigger influences. The Earth is losing woodlands as people cut down trees to make room for farming, and to sell the wood for products like furniture and toilet paper. Only in a year alone, the Earth lost as many trees as would cover an area larger than Michigan. So restoring forests in places like Scotland can help provide more space for wildlife and even fight climate change. That’s because trees take in carbon dioxide (二氧化碳), which takes in the sun’s heat and warms our planet. 1．We can know from the passage that the experts are trying to ________. A．buy more lynxes from abroad to keep their populations growing B．ask people to take part in the education program of saving lynxes C．put up more fences to stop deer from eating leaves on the trees D．know about lynxes’ habits to get them used to new environment 2．According to the passage, the experts tell us that ________. A．lynxes play a role in protecting the forests and the planet B．it’s helpful to cut down trees to make room for farming C．putting up more fences can help protect lynxes from dogs D．planting trees has nothing to do with the climate change 3．What’s Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．How we keep the population of wildlife successfully. B．What the disappearance of Eurasian lynxes has led to. C．Why we provide more space for wildlife in the forests. D．When we will bring Eurasian lynxes back to Scotland. 4．What’s the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To talk about the food chain of wildlife in the forests. B．To introduce the living habits of the lynxes in Scotland. C．To ask us to take part in the program of raising lynxes. D．To show us a way to protect the forests and the planet. 主题04 其他 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·北京密云·期末）Do you like eating vegetables? Almost everybody knows that eating vegetables is good for us. But why do some people like them while others don’t? A new study has found that other people’s likes and dislikes could be a reason. According to the research, people who eat vegetables but show a clear dislike for them can influence others. People may make facial expressions when eating. How does it affect (影响) a person watching them? A team of scientists in the UK did a study. They asked more than 200 young women to watch videos of other adults eating broccoli (西兰花). The people in the videos had different expressions while eating. They would smile, seem neutral (neither happy nor sad), or look disgusted (厌恶的). The study found that when people in the videos looked disgusted while eating broccoli, people watching them began to like broccoli less. The opposite was not true, however. When someone had a smile while eating broccoli, people watching them did not like broccoli more. By watching others, humans learn which behaviors (行为) will be good for them. Scientists believe that people might avoid food that looks terrible. In this way, people can protect themselves from eating something bad or dangerous. The research focused only on adults, but the team believed that the results could also work for children. This means, if children see their parents not enjoying certain foods, including vegetables, they might not want to eat them either. Helping children to try more vegetables is meaningful. “If children are learning about vegetables at school, it’s important to encourage this interest,” says Jones. Parents can listen to their children tell what they have learned and read the handouts they bring home from school. Parents and children can also read books together. Younger children can enjoy reading stories about vegetables with parents. Older children may enjoy searching through cookbooks with parents to find new dinner ideas to cook vegetables in a tasty way. How do the behaviors of adults influence their children’s choices of food? The team hopes to understand more about it. This could help find ways to encourage children to eat healthier food. 1．According to Paragraph 2, what is the result of the study? A．People may cook the food others like. B．Children dislike eating certain vegetables. C．People may not choose the food others dislike. D．Young women are easily affected by other people. 2．What will the team probably do next? A．They will study the safety of children’s food. B．They will study the skills to produce healthy food. C．They will study the influences of parents’ behaviors. D．They will study the ways to understand children well. 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Videos Affect Choices of Food B．Studies on Vegetables Help a Lot C．Expressions Cause Possible Dangers D．Opinions on Vegetables Influence Others Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·北京丰台·期末）Coins, stones and stamps are among the many collectable items (物品). As early as 105,000 years ago, people in southern Africa collected crystals (水晶) although crystals did not exist (存在) naturally there. What drives people to collect things? One important reason is that it’s fun. No matter what else is going on in your life, if you’re a collector, you can set yourself clear goals. You can enjoy the “hunt (寻觅)” as you try to find the next item on your wish list. After that, just feel the pleasure of adding new items to your collection. You can also find joy in showing it to others. In fact, the social side of collecting is also important to its charm (魅力). Collectors often form groups and share knowledge or compete with each other. Doing so gives them a strong sense of belonging (归属). The Internet has made it easier for these kinds of groups to develop. Other collectors collect things because of nostalgia. For example, some people collect certain items from the past because they want to keep some aspects of bygone times. Think of the person collecting Ming Dynasty vases. Some items might hold personal memories. For example, some people were crazy about certain things when they were little. They might return to their childhood passions (热爱) in later life. For them, collection acts as a safety net from the adult world. It is a way to let go of the burdens (负担) of their present lives and put themselves back in their younger selves’ shoes. Some psychologists (心理学家) believe that there are even deeper reasons behind collecting. They say the habit of collecting can be caused by a lack (缺失) of loving human relationships. The collection can make up for missing connections. For some people, collecting things can also be a way to deal with existential anxieties (焦虑). In other words, the collection lives on even after the collector is gone. So, do you want to be a collector? After all, there’s a whole world of wonderful objects just waiting to be discovered, appreciated, and yes, collected. 1．The social side of collecting is important because ________. A．it allows collectors to hunt for new items B．it leads collectors to set clear goals C．it helps collectors feel included and valued D．it lets collectors develop groups quickly 2．What does the word “nostalgia” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．A passion for sharing. B．A loving feeling for the past. C．A heavy burden of life. D．An item with broken memories. 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．What Is on a Collector’s Mind? B．Why Is Collecting Things Fun? C．Who Could Be the Best Collector? D．How Could We Start Our First Collection? Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·北京丰台·期末）There’s a small, dark green room in the Manchester Art Gallery (美术馆). While people walk around in bright space, they slow down in the dark green room, sit and spend up to 15 minutes looking at the paintings-and really see them. They can also download a meditation (冥想) recording to help them.   This is a mental health (心理健康) movement the gallery has just started. In a world where various things compete strongly to catch our notice, the gallery creates a single-minded space to win back our lost attention. Museum consultant (顾问) Louise Thompson is leading the movement. She believes museums or art galleries are not just places to store and show artworks, but public spaces where people can improve their mental health.   To achieve this, people are encouraged to take notice of the objects in museums and galleries. Thompson explains that this act of taking notice is all about “being in the present moment”—a basis (基础) of mindfulness (正念). They don’t need to know anything about fine art, just pay attention to what’s in front of them. This careful and thoughtful way of looking is called mindful art viewing.   The method works well. Thompson says that visitors viewing the works in the mindful room report feeling more relaxed and focused than those seeing the same works in a traditional gallery. Thompson has seen this in action, too. “People become less stressed (有压力的),” she says. “Their body language is a bit tight when they first come in, and they are unwilling to talk to others. After 10 to 15 minutes, they change physically. Their bodies are looser, softer, and they’re talking to others.”   The result suggests that the act of slowing down and taking time to notice allows you to see the beauty and interesting aspects of something you might have written off (忽略). Otherwise, in this digital world, if you don’t fully engage (沉浸) with the moment, you will never give yourself the chance to enjoy it.   Even in an art gallery or museum without a mindfulness program, you can still enjoy the benefits (益处): find a quiet space, sit with just one picture and spend 10 to 15 minutes there. Breathe slowly and look at the details of the art, like shapes, colors, and what interests you. In the end, you’ll see how it changes your experience. 1．Why does Manchester Art Gallery create a single-minded space? A．To show valuable artworks. B．To get back our lost attention. C．To sell meditation recordings. D．To catch our immediate notice. 2．According to the passage, who is probably practicing mindfulness? A．An uneasy boy looking around. B．A stressed girl talking to herself. C．A focused man viewing a painting. D．A relaxed woman taking pictures. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Slowing down to fully engage helps visitors enjoy unnoticed beauty. B．It’s impossible to enjoy mindfulness benefits in traditional galleries. C．Mindful art viewing brings about few changes in visitors. D．Visitors joining in the movement should be great artists. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To show the benefits of mindful art viewing in galleries. B．To introduce ways to improve mental health in galleries. C．To explain why mindful art viewing can improve mental health. D．To encourage people to improve mental health by mindful art viewing. Passage 4 （24-25八年级下·北京石景山·期末）As a middle school student, you may often feel that your life is full of homework, tests, and after-school classes. You need to spend a lot of time studying subjects like math, English, science, and Chinese. Sometimes, you may feel tired or even stressed (有压力的). But at the same time, you also have hobbies—things you enjoy doing, like reading, playing basketball, drawing, or music. So how can you balance study and hobbies? First, learn to plan your time. Time is important for everyone, but there’s never enough. You can make a daily plan. Write down the time for schoolwork and the time for your hobbies. Try this idea: divide your day into small parts (like 30 minutes each) and decide what to do in each part. For example, do math from 6:00-6:30 pm and play the guitar from 7:30-8:00 pm. Second, choose hobbies that help studies. Hobbies don’t have to be completely separate (分开的) from schoolwork. Reading makes your brain stronger. Hobbies like computer coding or taking photos can help you solve problems. Similarly, joining an English drama club can improve your speaking skills while satisfying your interest in acting. Some hobbies can even improve your schoolwork! Liu Yue loves making science videos. She often records short videos to explain physics experiments, which helps her understand lessons better. “My hobby makes learning fun,” she says. Third, set clear goals for both study and hobbies. During study time, focus on finishing tasks instead of keeping checking your phone. When drawing or playing sports, fully enjoy the process without worrying about exams. Zhang Wei, a junior 3 student, shares: “I study hard from Monday to Friday so that I can play football with friends freely on weekends.” This makes him feel relaxed and motivated (有动力的). Both study and hobbies matter. Balance doesn’t mean spending equal (相同的) time on each—just use time wisely. Planning well is key to enjoying both. Try writing your weekly plan on paper. Remember, a balanced life makes you both a better learner and a happier person. 1．Which situation is most similar to Liu Yue’s hobby? A．Jack plays football daily to stay healthy. B．Lucy watches movies to kill time on weekends. C．Tom listens to music while doing his homework. D．Ben designs games to practise problem-solving skills. 2．What can we infer from Zhang Wei’s example? A．Junior 3 students have little time for hobbies. B．Balancing study and play reduces stress. C．Strict study plans lead to better grades. D．Study and hobbies need equal time. 3．What is the main idea of the passage? A．How to balance study and hobbies. B．Why hobbies are good for study. C．How to choose useful hobbies. D．Why students have much stress. Passage 5 （24-25八年级下·北京东城·期末）What is success? Is it winning a competition or getting an amazing job? Or is it cooking a dish without burning it? Well, success is basically the achievement (成就) of a goal or purpose, no matter how big or small. Success motivates (激励) us and gives us confidence. According to scientists, it is closely connected with happiness. Although success can mean reaching any kind of goal, it is often connected with achievement in our work. Of course, the media (媒体) plays a huge part in shaping this idea of success. Magazines and websites often have articles and talks about the secret to success, usually written by rich or famous people. To them, success means being fit, beautiful, and rich. Because of this, many of us believe that we must achieve something amazing to be successful. For some people, this idea of success can encourage them to reach great goals. However, others may find it hard to manage the pressure (压力), which can result in a fear (害怕) of success. You may feel this fear when you have to give a speech in public or take on a new and difficult job. It often comes with worry and even physical problems like headaches. As a result, we might do anything to avoid the situation. We might make up excuses to avoid speaking or say no to the new job. But this can stop us from moving forward in life and can make us feel even more worried. One way to deal with the fear of success is to change how we think about it. We should try to set goals that are realistic and easier to achieve. We can also work on everyday tasks that we can improve. It is helpful not to compare ourselves to others and their achievements. Instead, we should think about what we can do and how to grow those skills. Research suggests that this can help us feel happier and more motivated. Some research suggests that happy people are more likely to succeed. We might say that happiness leads to success. According to this idea, it may be more meaningful to spend time doing things that make us happy rather than worrying about what we are good at or how successful we appear. 1．Why does the author mention the media in Paragraph 2? A．To discuss why successful people are rich and famous. B．To explain how people form a common idea of success. C．To advise people to question the truth of media messages. D．To show how the media motivates people to achieve their dreams. 2．What do we know about the fear of success according to the passage? A．It can keep people from making progress in life. B．It stops people from comparing themselves to others. C．People should see it as an encouragement to succeed. D．People with it are usually not interested in achieving goals. 3．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To describe the connection between happiness and success. B．To provide suggestions on different ways to achieve success. C．To warn people of the dangers of paying too much attention to success. D．To encourage people to achieve success through small progress and happiness. Passage 6 （24-25八年级下·北京门头沟·期末） Active Listening When we talk, we expect others to listen with attention. But when someone else is speaking, are we showing them the same politeness (礼貌)? Listening well doesn’t come naturally to most people. Because most of us live in a busy world, we care about certain things and miss the rest (剩余的). This also means we often don’t really pay attention to what people are saying. One way to listen with more care and attention is to practice active listening. Active listening is focusing on what someone is communicating and giving your understanding. Active listening is not only hearing someone’s words but also taking notes of their nonverbal (非口头的) communication. Nonverbal communication can include body language, the tone (语气) and their talking speed. By practicing active listening, we can hold onto important information better and show care to others. This useful skill makes others want to talk about things with us. To get better at active listening, give the speaker your complete attention. Although this may seem clear and easy to notice (注意到) and understand, it is easier said than done. Stopping thinking about your phone and clearing your mind (头脑) of your own thoughts are the first steps. By forgetting those things that could influence you, it’s easier to give your complete attention to the speaker. Another way to practice active listening is to notice body language. Research shows that 55% of face-to-face communication is nonverbal, 38% vocal (与声音相关的) and 7% words. When someone is speaking, their body language is giving information, too. With that in mind, you can give proper replies (适当的回应) like nodding, smiling or looking at them politely. Now do you know how to listen actively? 1．What can we infer (推断出) from the passage about most people’s listening habits (习惯)? A．They always listen to others carefully. B．They usually focus on both words and nonverbal information. C．They prefer to communicate non-verbally rather than verbally. D．They often can’t listen carefully because something is distracting (分心) them. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Active listening only requires (需要) focusing on the words people say. B．Nonverbal communication takes up the largest part in face-to-face communication. C．Checking your phone while others speak helps improve active listening. D．Active listening makes others less willing to share their thoughts with you. 3．What is the writer’s purpose (目的) in writing this passage? A．To criticize (批评) people’s poor listening habits. B．To introduce the concept (概念) and ways to practice active listening C．To prove (证明) the importance of nonverbal communication. D．To compare different kinds of communication. Passage 7 （24-25八年级下·北京通州·期末） Your Digital Footprint Every time you do anything on the Internet you leave a trail (痕迹) behind you, in the same way you leave a footprint (足迹) when you walk on the sand or mud. Do you know how to take care of your digital footprints? When you go online, you leave a trail. This is just like a real footprint. It tells people where you’ve been, how long you have stayed and what you’ve been doing there. Every time you register (注册) for an online service, send an email, download a video or upload a photo, the information can be accessed (读取) and your digital footprints can be revealed (透露). It is important to be aware of your digital footprints and to be careful and sensible when you are online. There are some tips for taking care of your digital footprints. Don’t forget to log off (退出系统) when you leave a website, especially if you are using a shared computer. If you don’t, someone can easily pretend to be you! Don’t tell anyone your passwords and don’t write them down in an obvious (明显的) place. Make them more complex by using a combination (组合) of letters, numbers and punctuation marks. Tell your parents if you come across anything online that makes you upset, anxious or worried. People often use the history button and the bookmark function (功能) on their computers or mobile devices to remember their favourite websites. This is a way that they leave their digital footprints, but remember to clear the browser (浏览器) history regularly. If you want to post comments online, you don’t have to use your own name. Invent a nickname to use instead. You can also use a picture instead of a real photo. Protect your identity online. Be careful about who you share personal information with and always think twice before sharing details like your email, home address, school or phone number with someone Remember to keep safe. Don’t put too much personal information online and always think carefully before you post something. 1．The writer thinks ________. A．people leave the footprints on sand when they use computers B．nobody knows what videos you have watched online C．people can learn what you have done by following your digital trails D．your digital trail will disappear when you turn off your computer 2．When we use the computer, we should ________. A．write down the passwords in an obvious place B．use simple numbers as a password to help remember clearly C．keep quiet when we meet unpleasant things online D．often clear our browser history to keep safe online 3．Why does the writer write the passage? A．To teach people how to surf the Internet safely. B．To help people find out what websites they like best. C．To introduce why people are interested in their footprints. D．To help people remember the passwords clearly. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·北京密云·期末）People experience a flow state when they deeply pay attention to an activity that is challenging (挑战) enough to match their skills. Getting into a flow state helps people learn and further develop their skills while also increasing their enjoyment of those skills. In the 1960s, psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi noticed that many artists fell into this single-minded state while doing their creative work. His research on the topic showed that people can experience flow during different situations, including games like chess, sports like surfing or rock climbing, professional activities like performing surgery (进行手术), or creative activities like writing or painting. Time seems to pass more quickly than usual when people are in this state. He used the term “flow state” to describe this experience because many of the people he interviewed about it said the experience was like being “in flow”. The state of flow can be brought about by any experience, whether work or play, he explained, “It is the full participation of flow, rather than happiness, that makes for excellence in life”. Flow is also valuable for learning and developing skills. He noted the value of increasing challenges, and they should be just a little outside one’s skill set. This encourages the person to stay in the flow state while also helping them to learn new skills. Many people are interested in achieving flow because it can help improve performance and increase happiness. This can be different for different people. While one person may enter a flow state while gardening, another may do so while drawing or running a marathon. The key is to find an activity that the person is passionate (热情的) about and finds enjoyable. In addition, the activity must be challenging enough to need people to raise their skill levels just beyond their abilities. High challenges and high skills will result in deep involvement (参与) in the activity and create the desired flow state. However, the balance between skill level and challenge must be optimal to achieve flow. If the challenge is too high, it can lead to anxiety (焦虑); if the challenge is too low, it can lead to boredom. Today, it can be hard to ensure that one’s environment is good for flow. If noise keeps appearing, it won’t lead to a flow state. You should turn off mobile phones if you want to achieve flow. 1．What can we learn about flow state from the passage? A．People are passionate and noisy when they are in the state of flow. B．Time seems to pass more slowly than usual when people experience flow. C．People may experience flow when they keep their minds deeply on something. D．Flow state can help people protect their environment and then achieve their goals. 2．What does the third paragraph mainly tell us? A．The history of the research. B．The benefits of a flow state. C．The new challenges of a flow state. D．The difficulties of learning new skills. 3．The word “optimal” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ________. A．just right B．just new C．quite common D．quite opposite 4．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．anxiety can help people get into a flow state B．people will feel bored when the challenge is too high C．people can get into a flow state in all kinds of environments D．both high challenges and skills are necessary for a flow state 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了心理学家米哈里·契克森米哈赖提出的“心流状态”概念，阐述了其特征、触发条件及对个人技能发展和幸福感的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第1段“People experience a flow state when they deeply pay attention to an activity”和第2段“Time seems to pass more quickly than usual when people are in this state”可知，当人们全神贯注于某件事时，他们可能会体验到心流，故选C。 2．主旨大意题。第3段“It is the full participation of flow, rather than happiness, that makes for excellence in life”、“Flow is also valuable for learning and developing skills”和“This encourages the person to stay in the flow state while also helping them to learn new skills.”可知，本段核心是讲心流状态的益处。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据第5段“However, the balance between skill level and challenge must be optimal to achieve flow. If the challenge is too high, it can lead to anxiety (焦虑); if the challenge is too low, it can lead to boredom.”可知，如果挑战太高，可能会导致焦虑；如果挑战太低，会导致厌倦。由此可知，要技能水平和挑战之间的平衡必须是合适的。“optimal”指“恰到好处，刚刚好”。故选A。 4．观点态度题。根据第5段“High challenges and high skills will result in deep involvement (参与) in the activity and create the desired flow state.”可知，作者认为高挑战与高技能是心流状态的必要条件。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·北京东城·期末）Have you got a good memory (记忆；记忆力)? If you answered “yes”, then you might want to think again. Research has shown that your memory may not be as good as you think. Since our memories help us remember the past, learn from our mistakes, and shape who we are, this may not be such good news. When we describe something that has happened to us, we often change small parts of the story each time we tell it. This may happen because we want what we say to sound true, or we want the listener to see the story in a certain way—like finding it funny or feeling sorry for us—so we might make changes consciously. Later, when we tell the story again, it is likely to be quite different from what we actually experienced. Think about those times when you were with friends and you experienced something amazing, exciting, or terrible together. You can be almost certain that their memory of the event (事件) isn’t quite the same as yours, even though you shared the same experience. Sometimes we even create “false memories” according to stories we know about ourselves. We don’t actually remember these events, but after hearing these stories so many times, we begin to imagine them and turn them into memories. Also, when we tell the same memory to different people, the way we tell the story may change, and that changes the memory too. The way we tell the story becomes our memory of what happened, whether or not it truly happened that way. Our memories change over time depending on our reasons for retelling them and how we retell them. Even as we go over a memory in our heads, we are likely to make small changes to it. And if we can’t remember some of the small details, we often make them up (虚构). What’s more, we usually don’t question our memories once we have them. So the last way we remembered something becomes the memory we accept as true. So, next time someone asks whether you’re telling the truth and you believe you are—you might still be wrong! 1．What does the word “consciously” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Without knowing. B．Without thinking. C．By mistake. D．On purpose. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．People remember things as they last described them. B．People with active imagination remember things more clearly. C．People create false memories to make their stories more interesting. D．People describe a memory the same way no matter who they tell it to. 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．How Memories Get Stronger Over Time B．Why You Can’t Trust Your Own Memory C．Why Remembering Things Can Be Difficult D．How to Improve Your Memory by Telling Stories 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 【导语】本文通过科学研究揭示人类记忆的不可靠性，指出人们会无意识地修改记忆细节、产生虚假记忆，且记忆会因讲述目的和对象不同而改变，最终强调我们自以为真实的记忆可能并不准确。 1．词义猜测题。根据“we might make changes consciously”上下文可知，这里指我们会有意地（on purpose）改变故事细节以满足讲述目的。划线词所在句提到“为了让故事听起来真实或让听众以特定方式看待故事”，说明这种改变是主动行为。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“So the last way we remembered something becomes the memory we accept as true”和全文对记忆重构过程的描述可知，人们最终会将最后描述的内容当作真实记忆。故选A。 3．最佳标题题。全文通过记忆的可塑性、虚假记忆的产生、讲述方式对记忆的影响等，说明人类记忆不可靠的核心观点。选项中B项“为什么不能相信自己的记忆”最契合主题。故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·北京西城·期末）In winter, just a few degrees’ difference can turn a boring rainy day into a magical world of snow. The interest in snow is more than just happy memories of childhood days away from school. Of course, snow has its haters, but there are some powerful scientific reasons why many people love snow so much. For people who grew up having fun on snow days, snow can bring back childhood memories—that joyful surprise when another expected day of sitting in school turned into one that was instead filled with snowball fights and lovely snowmen. But there are also plenty of reasons snow seems magical to people who don’t have those happy memories. Snow can make the world quieter than usual because freshly fallen snow is porous (多孔的) and can take in sound well. And it plays even more strongly on our sense of sight. “There’s something about the clean, fresh, white snow that is very pleasing to the eye,” says psychologist Kari Leibowitz. She also points out snow reflects (反射) light in the darker months. “A lot of people have a hard time with winter darkness just as much as they do with the cold,” she says. “And so the brightening effect of the snow, I think, is really powerful.” Snow often allows people to interact with their environment differently as well. “I think the snow and the ice give us things to interact with in a sensory way that can be very playful and childlike,” Leibowitz says. “There’s so much you can do with it as related to the sense of touch.” Whether school is canceled (取消) or not, snow changes people’s daily lives. Snow may keep you from going places and doing things, which can be inconvenient and troublesome, but can also be enchanting, feeling like a welcome break from the usual. This unexpected break offers an uncommon chance for people to enjoy those moments that are often unnoticed in everyday, busy life. Leibowitz suggests developing a mindset that welcomes changing seasons, which can help people stay open to snow’s beauty. She encourages people to slow down on the long nights and cold days. “Snow can remind us to do so because when we see the snow, we know that a different season has arrived, which inspires (激励) people to make changes to accept it,” she says. 1．What do Paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly talk about? A．Snow makes people’s life harder. B．Snow allows people to get time off work. C．Snow gives people a special physical experience. D．Snow is meaningless for people with unhappy childhoods. 2．What does the word “enchanting” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Endless. B．Magical. C．Strange. D．Noticeable. 3．What does the writer most probably agree with? A．Snow causes a lot of car accidents in winter. B．Snow’s arrival means the beginning of darkness. C．People should live their lives the way they want to. D．People should be open to the changing of the seasons. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Why Does Snow Bring Childlike Joy? B．How Can We Understand Winter Days? C．The Wonderful Power of Slowing Down D．There Are More Snow Lovers Than Haters 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了雪对人们的多重影响，包括唤起童年回忆、提供独特的感官体验、改变日常生活节奏以及鼓励人们接受季节变化的心态。 1．主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“Snow can make the world quieter than usual… And it plays even more strongly on our sense of sight”以及第四段中的“ the snow and the ice give us things to interact with in a sensory way that can be very playful and childlike”可知，这两段主要描述了雪通过吸收声音、反射光线以及触觉互动等方式，为人们提供了独特的感官体验。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据“feeling like a welcome break from the usual”以及“This unexpected break offers an uncommon chance for people to enjoy those moments that are often unnoticed in everyday, busy life.”可知，这种意想不到的休息为人们提供了一个难得的机会，让他们享受那些在日常忙碌的生活中经常被忽视的时刻，所以应是形容雪带来的愉悦感，划线部分的含义是“迷人的；令人喜悦的”，B项符合。故选B。 3．观点态度题。根据“Leibowitz suggests developing a mindset that welcomes changing seasons… inspires people to make changes to accept it”可知，作者赞同以开放心态接纳季节变化。故选D。 4．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，全文围绕雪如何唤起快乐童年回忆、提供感官享受以及改变生活节奏展开，A项符合。故选A。 主题02 科学技术 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·北京昌平·期末）If you ask some students today how they’re feeling, you may hear words like “nervous” or “worried”. Schools are increasingly paying attention to students’ mental health problems and traditional counseling (咨询) services are trying very hard to keep up. In fact, here’s where things get interesting—artificial intelligence (AI) is stepping in as a game changer. Then, how exactly is AI making a difference? When students feel too nervous, instead of waiting to talk to a school counselor, they can turn to an AI-powered chatbot like Doubao or DeepSeek. These chatbots use AI to have a conversation with students and give advice for dealing with problems. Although these chatbots aren’t human, they can give students immediate comfort and encourage them to look for further help when needed. AI tools don’t just react to mental health problems—they can also predict (预测) them. Some schools are now using AI-powered mental health tools to watch students’ online behaviors, such as language use in writing and social media activity. A study at MIT’s Media Lab found that AI tools helped find students with mental health problems 40% faster than traditional self- reported assessments (评估). This means schools can act earlier and stop problems before they get worse. There’s often a fear that AI tools will replace human counselors, but in reality, they are doing the opposite—they are improving their work. AI tools help counselors by aiding with routine check-ins, marking high-risk (高风险的) students, and using collected information to make counseling talks more helpful. A 2023 Harvard School of Education study found that schools using AI-assisted counseling programs saw a 45% increase in using mental health services among students. With these tools dealing with the same and boring tasks, human counselors can have more meaningful interactions with students. AI is still developing, but its influence is huge. Experts say that by 2030, AI tools will be common in schools, as a help to human-led counseling. With schools using more of the AI tools, we’re moving toward a future where every student can get the mental health support they should have. 1．According to the passage, an AI-powered chatbot can help students by ________. A．predicting their career success B．changing their social media activity C．giving them quick mental health support D．teaching them how to find a school counselor 2．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．AI tools help human counselors work better. B．People fear that AI tools will replace human counselors. C．Students prefer talking to AI tools instead of human counselors. D．Human counselors have many meaningful interactions with AI tools. 3．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To compare AI tools with human-led counseling. B．To show AI tools are helpful in schools’ counseling. C．To give suggestions on how to make good use of AI tools. D．To encourage students to study the technology behind AI tools. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章说明了人工智能在学校心理咨询中的应用及其带来的积极影响。 1．细节理解题。根据“When students feel too nervous, instead of waiting to talk to a school counselor, they can turn to an AI-powered chatbot like Doubao or DeepSeek. These chatbots use AI to have a conversation with students and give advice for dealing with problems. Although these chatbots aren’t human, they can give students immediate comfort and encourage them to look for further help when needed.”可知，人工智能驱动的聊天机器人可以给学生提供即时的安慰，并在需要时鼓励他们寻求进一步的帮助，即给他们提供快速的心理健康支持。故选C。 2．主旨大意题。根据“There’s often a fear that AI tools will replace human counselors, but in reality, they are doing the opposite— they are improving their work. AI tools help counselors by aiding with routine check- ins, marking high-risk (高风险的) students, and using collected information to make counseling talks more helpful.”可知，本段主要介绍了人工智能工具如何帮助人类心理咨询师更好地开展工作，如进行日常检查、标记高风险学生以及利用收集的信息使咨询谈话更有帮助等。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据“In fact, here’s where things get interesting— artificial intelligence (AI) is stepping in as a game changer. Then, how exactly is AI making a difference?”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了人工智能在学校心理咨询中的应用及其带来的积极影响，包括提供即时支持、预测心理健康问题以及帮助咨询师更好地工作等。因此，作者的主要目的是展示人工智能工具在学校心理咨询中的帮助作用。故选B。 主题03 身心健康 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·北京海淀·期末）Housework is often viewed as a dull and endless chore, keeping us from more enjoyable activities. However, this seemingly simple set of tasks hides many benefits that can greatly contribute to our overall well-being. Physically, housework offers more than just light exercise. Take wringing a mop as an example. This simple act works the forearm muscles (肌肉) and increases holding strength, which is important as we age. According to The Journal of Physical Therapy Science, such muscle exercise, often performed unconsciously (无意识地) during housework, can greatly improve forearm muscle endurance (耐力). Studies suggest that regular middle-level-effort housework can be as effective as wringing a mop light weight training,particularly in building muscles in the back and shoulders. The benefits of housework to mental health are also noteworthy. Tidying a messy room can bring us a clear-headed feeling. Creating order from mess helps us feel in control. Research in The Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin found that people who spent just 15 minutes organizing their workspace had lower stress levels than those who remained in a messy place. Cooking also offers mental rewards. Focusing on chopping vegetables,measuring ingredients, and following a recipe is a form of mindfulness. Moreover, the joy of preparing and sharing a meal brings us a sense of achievement. Housework also helps with social connections and brain function.When families share chores, they communicate, cooperate, and support each other, strengthening relationships. Children learn responsibility and teamwork from an early age. Furthermore, doing housework can improve executive functions, like deciding which room to clean first or how to cook a meal step by step. These can help train the brain to stay active and organized.Research shows that doing housework at least three times a week lowers the risk of older adults’ brain problems. In short, housework is far more than a boring duty. It improves physical fitness, mental health, social connections, and brain function. By recognizing these benefits, we can view housework not as a burden (负担) but as a valuable effort for a better life. 1．According to the passage,what is a key benefit of wringing a mop? A．It builds muscle strength of the legs. B．It offers a conscious muscle exercise. C．It improves forearm muscle endurance. D．It helps to lose weight more quickly. 2．What does the writer probably agree with? A．Doing housework instead of fun things is a huge burden. B．Chopping vegetables helps reduce stress better than cleaning. C．Seeing housework as a simple duty harms family relationships. D．Tidying workspace improves sense of control and lowers stress. 3．The underlined expression “executive functions” in Paragraph 4 probably means“________.” A．the ability to make decisions and plans B．the talent to set goals to control emotions C．the ability to be active and free from stress D．the talent to lower the risk of brain problems 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To explain important research findings on housework. B．To show different opinions on doing housework tasks. C．To encourage readers to see chores in a reasonable way. D．To stress mental benefits gained from doing chores. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了做家务看似枯燥，却在身体健康、心理健康、社会交往和大脑功能等方面对我们有很多益处，呼吁人们将家务视为改善生活的有价值的努力。 1．细节理解题。根据“Take wringing a mop as an example. This simple act works the forearm muscles (肌肉) and increases holding strength, which is important as we age. According to The Journal of Physical Therapy Science, such muscle exercise, often performed unconsciously (无意识地)during housework, can greatly improve forearm muscle endurance (耐力).”可知，拧拖把能极大地提高前臂肌肉耐力，故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“Tidying a messy room can bring us a clear-headed feeling. Creating order from mess helps us feel in control. Research in The Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin found that people who spent just 15 minutes organizing their workspace had lower stress levels than those who remained in a messy place.”可知，整理工作空间能提高控制感，降低压力，故选D。 3．词义猜测题。根据“Furthermore, doing housework can improve executive functions, like deciding which room to clean first or how to cook a meal step by step.”可知，“executive functions”指的是做决定和制定计划的能力，比如决定先打扫哪个房间或如何一步步做饭，故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据“In short, housework is far more than a boring duty. It improves physical fitness, mental health, social connections, and brain function. By recognizing these benefits, we can view housework not as a burden(负担)but as a valuable effort for a better life.”可知，文章的主要目的是鼓励读者以合理的方式看待家务，故选C。 主题01 科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·北京昌平·期末）Did you know that most adults can’t remember much about their childhood? Researchers used to think it was because children don’t have a fully developed memory, but recent studies suggest something else. Researchers think there are a few things that can influence how much of our childhood we remember. There are 2 kinds of long-term memory. Both play a part in the remembering our childhood memories. As a young child, most of our memories are unconscious (无意识的) memories. An unconscious memory happens naturally and helps us perform the tasks we learned before without thinking about it, like riding a bike without thinking or singing the words to a song without even realizing it. But as we grow up, we start collecting more and more conscious memories. Have you ever made a to-do list or memorized facts for a test? Can you remember a favorite movie you’ve seen? These are examples of when you’ve formed your conscious memories. When you think of a conscious memory, you are actively bringing it into your mind and recalling that information. Once we’ve formed a memory, the best way to remember it is to talk about it! This retelling of the event reinforces our memories. You can tell someone what happened, write about it in a diary, or even record yourself retelling the experience. By doing so, you are having a better memory. On the other hand, the way parents speak to their child about an experience can also make a big difference. Parents should encourage a young child to talk about an event and pay attention to the details (细节), which means children have to give answers to open-ended questions. It is the best way to help them remember their experience. In contrast, when parents ask questions with yes-or-no answers, their children are less likely to remember the events. Some childhood memories are experiences we do many times without thinking about them, while others become stronger when we actively bring them into our mind. The more time we take to think about and share our childhood memories, the more likely those memories are to stay with us. 1．Which is an example of unconscious memories according to the passage? A．Planning a birthday party. B．Brushing teeth in a routine way. C．Memorizing facts for an important test. D．Remembering one of your favorite trips. 2．What does the word “reinforces” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Loses. B．Shares. C．Weakens. D．Develops. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Most of people’s memories are conscious memories. B．Conscious memories come into people’s mind slowly. C．Talking to parents about details is difficult for children. D．Answering open-ended questions helps children remember. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．When people have a fully developed memory. B．Why childhood memories matter to people’s future life. C．What influences how much people remember from childhood. D．How parents help children recall their childhood memories. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文探讨影响童年记忆留存的因素，介绍无意识与有意识两种长期记忆，提及复述记忆可强化，还讲父母交流方式影响孩子记忆，指出思考、分享童年记忆有助于其留存。 1．细节理解题。根据“As a young child, most of our memories are unconscious (无意识的) memories. An unconscious memory happens naturally and helps us perform the tasks we learned before without thinking about it, like riding a bike without thinking or singing the words to a song without even realizing it.”可知，日常习惯性的刷牙属于无意识记忆。故选B。 2．词义猜测题。根据“Once we’ve formed a memory, the best way to remember it is to talk about it! This retelling of the event reinforces our memos.”可知，谈论、复述事件应该是“强化”记忆，“develops”“加强；使发达”，和“reinforces”意思相近。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据“Parents should encourage a young child to talk about an event and pay attention to the details, which means children have to give answers to open-ended questions. It is the best way to help them remember their experience.”可知，回答开放性问题有助于孩子记忆。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。本文探讨影响童年记忆留存的因素。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·北京海淀·期末）Common sense means the basic understanding and knowledge that we believe most people have. This shows up in everyday situations like following traffic rules: people on foot naturally avoid stepping into traffic, while drivers seldom drive on sidewalks to ensure safety. Although common sense seems to be everywhere, do all people share commonsense beliefs about everything? And how “common” is common sense among different social groups? “We all think we share common sense,” said Professor Duncan Watts from the University of Pennsylvania. “However, we seldom make clear which of our beliefs match common sense or who else agrees with us.” To deal with the challenge of understanding common sense, Watts and his research partner, Mark Whiting, studied it on two levels. First, on an individual level, they checked how much people agreed on certain ideas and whether they knew others agreed too. Second, on a group level, they came up with the “pq common sense” framework. It’s a new way to see what percentage of people (p) agree on how many ideas (q). They tested this “pq”framework. They got 4,607 ideas from different places and asked 2,046 people. The results were surprising. Hardly any ideas were agreed on by everyone. Only a small number of ideas met the strict “perfect common sense” rule. Even when they made the rule looser (更松动的), not many ideas had a lot of agreements. What’s unique is that when they needed more ideas to be agreed on,the number of people agreeing dropped sharply. Big groups had far fewer shared ideas. The study also found that individual differences in commonsensicality (常识性) mainly relate to the ability to understand others’ thoughts. However, age, gender and other factors don’t affect it. In other words, common sense is shaped by personal views, not as “common” as we think. The researchers believe that expanding (扩大) their research worldwide would be a next step. Their further interest lies in studying common sense across various cultures and societies. They’re also interested in creating ways to measure common sense using AI systems, which could help AI better understand human contexts and develop its decision-making skills. 1．What can we learn from the passage about the study? A．Common sense has little link to individual preference. B．Everyone understands common sense in the same way. C．Commonsensicality relates to personal age and gender. D．Very few common-sense beliefs are agreed on by all. 2．What might be the researchers’ further study according to the passage? A．To create more reasonable traffic rules based on common sense. B．To explore common sense among different cultures and societies. C．To teach people to better understand others’ commonsensicality. D．To create new AI systems to develop human decision-making skills. 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Common Sense: Less Common than We Think B．The“pq”Framework: Measuring Social Beliefs C．AI &Common Sense:A New Research Direction D．Commonsensicality: Shaping Individual Differences 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕常识展开，探讨了不同社会群体中常识的“普遍性”，介绍了相关研究及其结果，指出常识并不像我们想象的那样普遍，且研究人员计划进一步在全球范围内研究不同文化和社会中的常识。 1．细节理解题。根据“The results were surprising. Hardly any ideas were agreed on by everyone. Only a small number of ideas met the strict ‘perfect common sense’ rule.”可知，几乎没有任何常识性观点能得到所有人的认同，故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“The researchers believe that expanding(扩大)their research worldwide would be a next step. Their further interest lies in studying common sense across various cultures and societies.”可知，研究人员进一步的研究可能是探索不同文化和社会中的常识，故选B。 3．最佳标题题。文章主要讲述了常识并不像我们想象的那样普遍，研究表明很少有常识性观点能得到所有人的认同，大群体共享的观点更少，最佳标题是“常识：不像我们想象的那样普遍”，故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·北京门头沟·期末）In today’s world, students are busier than ever. With heavy schoolwork, after-school activities, and sometimes even part-time jobs, many teenagers feel like they are running out of time. However, we need to take time off or have breaks from our busy lives. First, time off helps improve our mental (心理的) health. Think about the last time you studied for hours without a break. Your mind probably felt tired, and it was hard to focus. Scientists say that our brains (大脑) need rest (休息) to work well. When we take time off, we can relax and clear our minds. For example, going for a walk in nature, listening to music, or talking with friends can all help us feel better. Second, time off can boost creativity (创造力). When we walk away from our homework, we open ourselves up to new experiences and ideas. Many great inventions and works of art came from people who took time away from their daily jobs to find new things. Even if we are not artists or inventors, taking time off can help us find better ways in our studies. Some students might say, “I’m too busy to take a break. I have too much homework!” But in fact, taking short breaks can make us more productive (有效的). A study showed that students who took regular (有规律的) breaks while studying remembered more information than those who kept studying. After breaks, we can finish our work faster and with fewer mistakes. That’s because our minds need time off to grow and develop. Time off is important for building relationships (人际关系). Spending time with family and friends during breaks allows us to communicate and share experiences. These moments create memories that last a lifetime. For example, having dinner with your family or playing games with your friends can strengthen (加强) your relationships and make you feel loved and supported. In conclusion, time off is important for our well-being, creativity, productivity, and relationships. As students, we should make sure certain time for relaxation and fun. Remember, a well-rested mind is a happy and successful mind. So, next time you feel tired after a day’s work, take a deep breath, walk away from your tasks, and enjoy some time off! 1．According to the passage, what can help students feel better when they are stressed (焦虑的)? A．Going for a walk in nature. B．Doing more homework. C．Studying for hours without a break. D．Going on with the work. 2．The underlined word “boost” in Paragraph 3 probably means ________. A．reduce B．harm C．increase D．test 3．What does Paragraph 4 mainly tell us? A．Students are too busy to take breaks. B．Taking breaks can make students more productive. C．Students should study continuously to remember more. D．People can’t avoid making mistakes after breaks. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．How to Study Better B．The Importance of Time Off C．Ways to Build Relationships D．Why Students Are So Busy 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了在当今繁忙的学生生活中，适当休息的重要性，包括改善心理健康、提升创造力、提高学习效率以及加强人际关系等方面。 1．细节理解题。根据“For example, going for a walk in nature, listening to music, or talking with friends can all help us feel better.”可推知，当学生感到压力时，在自然中散步散步能帮助他们放松。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据“When we walk away from our homework, we open ourselves up to new experiences and ideas.”以及“Many great inventions and works of art came from people who took time away from their daily jobs to find new things.”可知，休息可以提高创造力，所以划线部分的含义是“提升、增加”。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据“But in fact, taking short breaks can make us more productive… A study showed that students who took regular breaks while studying remembered more information than those who kept studying.”可推知，本段主要讲“休息能提高学习效率”。故选B。 4．最佳标题题。全文围绕“休息的重要性”展开，从心理健康、创造力、效率、人际关系四方面说明其益处，B项符合。故选B。 Passage 4 （24-25八年级下·北京顺义·期末）What is your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you watched a television program? Adults seldom call back events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, just as children younger than three or four seldom remember any specific, personal experiences. It’s as if a curtain is drawn over the early years of our lives, hiding away countless precious moments. A variety of explanations have been suggested by psychologists for this “childhood amnesia”. Some proposed that the brain’s memory-forming structures aren’t fully developed in early childhood. Others thought it could be due to the lack of a sense of self-identity in young children. Now Annette Simms, a psychologist of Riverdale University, offers a new explanation for childhood amnesia. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use someone else’s spoken description of their personal experiences in order to turn their own short-term, fast-forgotten impressions of them into long-term memories. In other words, children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about them. Without this verbal reinforcement (语言强化), children cannot form permanent memories of what they have experienced. So why should personal memories depend so heavily on hearing them described? Dr. Simms presents evidence that the human mind organizes memories in that way—Children whose mothers talk with them about the day’s activities before bedtime tend to remember more of the day’s special event than those whose mothers don’t. Talking about an event in this way helps a child to remember it. And learning to organize memories as a continuous story is the key to a permanent mental “autobiography (自传)” of important life events. Dr. Simms suggests that we humans may be biologically programmed to turn our life experiences into a novel. “The key to creating this mental life story is language,” says Dr. Simms. “Children learn to talk about the past,” she says. “Talking to others about their short-term memories of the past leads to the establishment (建立) of long-term memories.” One way it does this is by helping a child to recognize that the retelling of an experience is just the experience itself, recreated in the form of words. The child learns that this “word-description” of an experience can then be stored in the memory and called back at any time. But a child’s language skills are usually not ready for this until the age of three or four, so they have no way to remember the earliest of their experiences. 1．According to the passage, how can children form long-term memories? A．They can create a story in their own ways. B．They can share their experiences with their parents. C．They can be patient to wait themselves to grow older. D．They can develop good relationships with their friends. 2．According to Dr. Simms, why can’t children form long-term memories before 3? A．Because they can’t remember their experiences. B．Because they haven’t developed enough language skills. C．Because they haven’t learned to write a novel by themselves. D．Because they can’t tell the differences between memories and experiences. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．The link between childhood memories and storytelling skills. B．How language skills improve the ability to form long-term memories. C．How verbal reinforcement helps children create long-term memories. D．The difference between short-term and long-term memories in children. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文重点讨论了语言描述如何帮助孩子将短期记忆转化为长期记忆。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“children need to learn to use someone else’s spoken description of their personal experiences in order to turn their own short-term, fast-forgotten impressions of them into long-term memories”和第三段“Children whose mothers talk with them about the day’s activities before bedtime tend to remember more of the day’s special event than those whose mothers don’t”可知，西姆斯博士认为，孩子们需要学会利用他人对自己亲身经历的口头描述，才能将自己对这些经历短暂且易忘的印象转化为长期记忆。因此孩子需要通过与父母分享经历来形成长期记忆。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据最后一段“But a child’s language skills are usually not ready for this until the age of three or four, so they have no way to remember the earliest of their experiences”可知，孩子的语言技能通常要到三、四岁时才具备这种能力，所以他们无法记住自己最早的经历。因此3岁前的孩子语言能力尚未发展完善，无法形成长期记忆。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。全文围绕“语言强化”对儿童长期记忆形成的作用展开，重点讨论了语言描述如何帮助孩子将短期记忆转化为长期记忆。故选C。 Passage 5 （24-25八年级下·北京顺义·期末）As online learning becomes more common and more and more resources are converted to digital form. Some people have suggested that public libraries should be shut down and, in their place, everyone should be given an iPad with an e-reader subscription (订阅). People who support this idea state that it will save local cities and towns money because libraries are expensive to maintain. They also believe it will encourage more people to read because they won’t have to travel to a library to get a book. They can simply click on what they want to read and read it from wherever they are. They could also access more materials because libraries won’t have to buy physical copies of books. They can simply rent out as many digital copies as they need. However, it would be a serious mistake to replace libraries with tablets (平板电脑). First, digital books and resources are associated with less learning and more problems than print resources. A study done on tablet and book reading found that people read 20~30% slower on tablets, retain 20% less information, and understand 10% less of what they read compared to people who read the same information in print. Additionally, staring too long at a screen has been shown to cause numerous physical discomfort, including dizziness, dry eyes, headaches, shoulder and back pain, muscle strain and so on. We should not add to these problems by giving people, especially young people, more reasons to look at screens. Second, it is incredibly narrow-minded to assume that the only service libraries offer is book lending. Libraries have a multitude of benefits, and many are only available if the library has a physical location. Some of these benefits include acting as a quiet study space, holding classes on a variety of topics, providing jobs, and keeping the community connected. One neighbourhood found that, after a local library instituted community events such as play times for kids and parents, job fairs for teenagers, and meeting spaces for senior citizens, over a third of residents reported feeling more connected to their community. Similarly, a survey conducted in 2015 found that nearly two-thirds of American adults feel that closing their local library would have a major impact on their community. People see libraries as a way to connect with others and get their questions answered, benefits tablets can’t offer nearly as well or as easily. While replacing libraries with tablets may seem like a simple solution, it would encourage people to spend even more time looking at digital screens, despite the countless issues surrounding them. It would also end access to many of the benefits of libraries that people have come to rely on. In many areas, libraries are such an important part of the community network that they could never be replaced by simple object. 1．What does the word “access” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Find. B．Buy. C．Need. D．Offer. 2．What can we learn from Paragraph 3? A．People can read faster on tablets than on real books. B．Reading on tablets can improve people’s memories. C．People may find more reasons to read real books. D．Overusing tablets may lead to health problems. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Tablets may replace libraries in the future. B．Reading on print books are better for learning. C．Print books can cost people more time to read. D．The main service of the library is lending books. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To compare tablets with real books. B．To stress the good points of libraries. C．To encourage people to read more books. D．To advise communities to build more libraries. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文讨论了是否应该用平板电脑和电子阅读器订阅取代公共图书馆的争议性话题。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“They could also access more materials because libraries won’t have to buy physical copies of books.”可知，他们还能获取更多资料，因为图书馆无需再购买纸质版书籍。“access”在此处指“获取/使用（数字资源）”，与选项A（Find）含义最接近。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“staring too long at a screen has been shown to cause numerous physical discomfort, including dizziness, dry eyes, headaches…”可知，过度使用平板可能导致健康问题。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“people read 20~30% slower on tablets, retain 20% less information…”及全文对纸质书和图书馆的肯定，可推知作者认为纸质书更利于学习。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。全文通过对比平板和图书馆，强调图书馆的多重社会价值（如社区连接、学习空间等），核心目的是突出图书馆的优点。故选B。 Passage 6 （24-25八年级下·北京大兴·期末）We all know that animals are better at some things than our humans, and we can usually explain why. One of the skills which many animals have is homing instinct (本能). These animals such as pigeons (鸽子), bees, salmons, frogs and cats are able to find their way home, sometimes making journeys of hundreds of kilometers back home. In our daily life, humans can make use of an animal’s homing instinct. Pigeons, for examples, have been used to carry messages or letters to the battles in times of war. Nowadays some people join in the Pigeon Association (协会) with the pigeons they have trained because they look on pigeon racing as a hobby and they even bet money on which pigeon would win in the race organized by the association. There are many interesting stories of the homing instinct at work. In the USA, a cat traveled 1,360 kilometers back to its old home after the owners moved, taking nearly a year over the journey. When we lose our kitten (小猫), we usually find her again near the house where she was born. We have a pond in the garden where the frogs come back every year. I even heard a dog which was injured by a car managed to take itself to the vet! There are other wonderful stories about the homing instinct. But how do these animals find their way home? They don’t have satellite navigation (导航) with them, they can’t read maps and, as far as we know, they can’t ask each other for directions. It seems that some animals, such as salmons, use their sense of smell to take them back to the place where they were born. Other animals such as birds and bees may use the sun, the stars and the moon to help them find their way. There is a theory (理论) that some animals have magnetic (磁的) cells in their brain which help them to find their way. As far as cats are concerned, nobody really knows how their homing instinct works and I am sure cats are never going to give away their secrets. 1．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．We have known how animals’ homing instinct works. B．Many people used to make money by flying pigeons. C．Most of the animals can go back home from far places. D．The writer tells some stories to show the animals’ ability. 2．What can we infer (推断) from the passage? A．We still need to make some secrets of nature clear. B．We must stop doing harm to the animals at once. C．We have already known everything well in nature. D．We should learn from nature and make inventions. 3．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Animals and Their Living Habits B．A Special Ability of Some Animals C．A Good Way to Protect Animals D．All Kinds of Animals in Nature 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 【导语】本文主要介绍了动物的归巢本能，通过具体事例说明某些动物具有长途返家的特殊能力，并探讨了可能的导航机制，同时指出人类对这一现象仍存在未解之谜。 【详解】1．细节理解题。 根据第2段“There are many interesting stories of the homing instinct at work…I even heard a dog which was injured by a car managed to take itself to the vet!”可知，作者通过多个故事展示动物的归巢能力。故选D。 2．推理判断题。 根据第3段“As far as cats are concerned, nobody really knows how their homing instinct works”可推断，自然界仍有许多未解之谜（如猫的导航机制）。故选A。 3．最佳标题题。 全文围绕动物归巢本能展开，列举鸽子、猫等案例并探讨原理，B项“A Special Ability of Some Animals”最能概括这一主题。故选B。 Passage 7 （24-25八年级下·北京通州·期末）Memory is important to learning, and it is a shared goal for all students to improve it. While traditional rote memorization (死记硬背) plays a role, storytelling memory methods are increasingly recognized. Storytelling is not just an art, but a science deeply connected to our brain’s functioning (运行). It has a significant impact (重大影响) on memory, deeply rooted in our history. Our ancestors (祖先) used stories to pass on wisdom, culture, and survival skills, which shaped our brains to prefer storytelling forms. When we tell a story, many brain parts are activated, especially those related to emotions, senses, and social interactions. Stories full of emotion help give off dopamine (多巴胺), which helps remember stories better. Moreover, the structured stories, with a beginning, middle, and an end, mirror how our brains organize information, making it easier to remember complex (复杂) data. Also, stories that contain relatable elements are more memorable. To create effective stories for better memory, several skills can be used. Picture the information as a vivid story, imagine characters, settings, and actions to turn it into a mental movie that is easier to recall. Adding emotional depth and personal meaning to the story can greatly improve people’s memory. And try to link them to familiar experiences. Dividing information into smaller parts can help in organization and recall. Creating a story timeline which provides a clear order of events can also raise memory performance. When describing clearly about how things look, sound, smell, taste, and feel in the story, it strengthens (加强) memory connections. If you relate the story’s content to personal experiences, it creates a stronger memory. Finally, regular repeating and reviewing of these stories can help remember the information better. Storytelling can be used in various areas. When studying for exams, turning study material into stories makes complex subjects more understandable and memorable. In language learning, using new vocabularies in storytelling makes the process more interesting. For remembering names and faces, one could associate them with stories. When mastering new skills, narrating (叙述) the learning steps as a journey may simplify (简化) the process. In conclusion, storytelling is a powerful tool for raising memory apart from traditional memorization methods. Whether for learning new subjects, professional development, or personal growth, storytelling. offers a path to a stronger memory and a more enriched learning experience. 1．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Rote memorization helps remember complex data easily. B．Many brain parts are activated when telling a story. C．Our brains prefer rote memorization when learning new words. D．Storytelling is a new learning method for people to practice. 2．Paragraph 3 is mainly about ________. A．how to create a story timeline when telling a story B．why people need to provide a clear order of events C．how to use storytelling to improve memory performance D．why describing personal experiences is important when telling stories 3．What does the word “associate” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Communicate. B．Compare. C．Agree. D．Connect. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain how storytelling improves our brain function. B．To discuss why we should link experiences to storytelling. C．To encourage people to use the storytelling methods for better memory. D．To tell the differences between rote memorization and storytelling methods. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了讲故事能激活大脑多区域、强化记忆联结，呼吁人们用故事化学习替代死记硬背，以提升记忆效率与学习体验。 1．细节理解题。根据“When we tell a story, many brain parts are activated, especially those related to emotions, senses, and social interactions”可知讲故事会激活大脑多个区域，尤其是与情感、感官和社交互动的部分。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。根据“Storytelling can be used in various areas”可知第三段主要列举了多种通过故事化技巧提升记忆力的具体方法。故选C。 3．词义猜测题。根据“For remembering names and faces, one could associate them with stories.”可知为了记住名字和面孔，人们可以将它们与故事联系起来，故划线部分意为“联系”，和选项D意义相近。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了讲故事能激活大脑多区域、强化记忆联结，呼吁人们用故事化学习替代死记硬背，以提升记忆效率与学习体验。故选C。 主题02 科学技术 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·北京石景山·期末）New Energy Vehicles (NEVs), such as electric cars, are becoming more popular around the world. They use clean energy like electricity instead of gasoline (汽油), which helps reduce air pollution and slow down climate change. However, like any new technology, NEVs come with both hopes and problems. NEVs are better for the planet. Unlike traditional cars that burn gasoline, they do not make harmful gases like carbon dioxide. For example, electric cars run on batteries (电池) and produce no smoke. This makes the air cleaner, especially in busy cities where traffic is heavy. Some NEVs even use sunlight energy, which is a type of power that never runs out. However, making NEVs is not completely clean. Digging up lithium (a material used in batteries) can harm the environment. Old batteries are also difficult to recycle and might be bad for the ground if not dealt with carefully. Scientists are trying to find better ways to reuse these batteries, but this is still a problem. NEVs can help people save money in the long term. Electricity costs less than gasoline, so drivers spend less on fuel (燃料). Governments in many countries offer lower prices or free parking to encourage people to buy NEVs. On the other hand, NEVs are expensive to buy at first. A new electric car often costs 20%～50% more than a gasoline car. Even though fuel savings help in the long run, many families cannot buy a new electric car because of the high initial price. Also, fixing or replacing batteries can be very costly. NEVs are filled with smart technology, which makes them smarter than traditional cars. Many NEVs come with modern technology like self-driving systems, parking assistants and touchscreens. They can even connect to your phone, which makes driving more convenient and fun. For example, some electric cars can stop by themselves if something or someone is in front of them. These smart tools make driving safer for drivers, passengers, and people on the street. And companies are working to make batteries last longer—some cars can now drive over 500 kilometers on a single charge (充电). Yet, NEVs still face challenges. Charging an electric car takes much longer than filling a gas tank—sometimes hours! Cold weather can also reduce battery life by up to 40%. Many drivers worry about running out of power during long trips if they cannot find a charging station quickly. Although there are many challenges, progress is clear. With better technology, smarter rules, and public support, clean cars could soon replace gasoline vehicles. As one driver in California said, “My electric car saves money and protects the Earth—it’s worth every penny.” 1．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．We’ve found effective ways to deal with NEVs’ batteries. B．NEVs produce harmful smoke because of the batteries. C．NEVs can make use of different types of energies. D．People like NEVs more than gasoline cars. 2．What does “initial price” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Parking price. B．Electricity bill. C．Fuel savings. D．Starting cost. 3．What can smart tools in NEVs do? A．They can avoid some dangers on the street. B．They can charge the cars every 500 kilometers. C．They help visitors have some fun during long trips. D．They help cars drive for a longer time in cold weather. 4．What’s the best title for the passage? A．NEVs: The Winner of the Fuel War. B．NEVs: Saving Money and the Planet. C．NEVs: A Brighter Future with Challenges. D．NEVs: Smart Technology in Modern Cars. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文主要讲述了新能源汽车的环境优势、经济性和智能技术，同时也分析了其面临的挑战。 1．细节理解题。根据“Some NEVs even use sunlight energy, which is a type of power that never runs out.”可知，NEV可以使用不同类型的能源。故选C。 2．词义猜测题。根据“A new electric car often costs 20%～50% more than a gasoline car.”和“many families cannot buy a new electric car because of the high initial price”可知，initial price指的是购买新能源汽车最初的花费，即起步成本。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据“some electric cars can stop by themselves if something or someone is in front of them. These smart tools make driving safer”可知，NEV的智能工具可以避免一些街道上的危险。故选A。 4．最佳标题题。通读全文，文章介绍了新能源汽车的优势以及面临的挑战，并提到其未来前景，因此最佳标题是“新能源汽车：充满挑战的光明未来”。故选C。 主题03 濒危生物 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·北京大兴·期末）The last Eurasian lynxes (猞猁) in the British Isles lived a life of danger as they moved quickly away from the campfire and vicious (凶险的) dogs, and hid in holes. Because of disappearing woodlands, being short of animals for food, and hunting, lynxes started to disappear from these Islands about 1,500 years ago. But experts hope to bring the Eurasian lynxes back to Scotland one day. Wildlife conservationists (保护者) in Switzerland, Germany, France, and other countries have taken Eurasian lynxes from elsewhere in their areas and introduced them again to protected forests, allowing their populations to grow. Now they are hoping to do the same thing in Scotland. Returning the lynxes would do more than just improve the numbers of this once-endangered animal. A win for the lynxes is a win for the forest and the planet. When the Eurasian lynxes disappeared, so did the Scottish landscape. Without these lynxes and other animals hunting them, deer population increased (增加) a lot. Those animals lived on the leaves of trees and bushes for food, and soon large areas of the Scottish forest disappeared since it couldn’t grow fast enough to keep up with the deer’s wish for food. Birds and rodents that depended on shelter (庇护所) in the lower level of forest plants became food for foxes, which lynxes also hunt. Experts trying to restore (恢复) the forests have to put up fences to keep deer from eating leaves of young trees. But with lynxes hanging out in the woods, experts think these lynxes would keep deer from harming the young trees, helping the forests make a comeback. And that would have even bigger influences. The Earth is losing woodlands as people cut down trees to make room for farming, and to sell the wood for products like furniture and toilet paper. Only in a year alone, the Earth lost as many trees as would cover an area larger than Michigan. So restoring forests in places like Scotland can help provide more space for wildlife and even fight climate change. That’s because trees take in carbon dioxide (二氧化碳), which takes in the sun’s heat and warms our planet. 1．We can know from the passage that the experts are trying to ________. A．buy more lynxes from abroad to keep their populations growing B．ask people to take part in the education program of saving lynxes C．put up more fences to stop deer from eating leaves on the trees D．know about lynxes’ habits to get them used to new environment 2．According to the passage, the experts tell us that ________. A．lynxes play a role in protecting the forests and the planet B．it’s helpful to cut down trees to make room for farming C．putting up more fences can help protect lynxes from dogs D．planting trees has nothing to do with the climate change 3．What’s Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．How we keep the population of wildlife successfully. B．What the disappearance of Eurasian lynxes has led to. C．Why we provide more space for wildlife in the forests. D．When we will bring Eurasian lynxes back to Scotland. 4．What’s the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To talk about the food chain of wildlife in the forests. B．To introduce the living habits of the lynxes in Scotland. C．To ask us to take part in the program of raising lynxes. D．To show us a way to protect the forests and the planet. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了专家希望通过重新引入欧亚猞猁来恢复苏格兰的森林生态平衡，并阐述了猞猁对森林和地球环境的积极影响。 1．细节理解题。根据“Experts trying to restore (恢复) the forests have to put up fences to keep deer from eating leaves of young trees.”可知，试图恢复森林的专家不得不竖起栅栏，防止鹿吃幼树的叶子。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“A win for the lynxes is a win for the forest and the planet.”及全文内容可知，猞猁对保护森林和地球环境有重要作用。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。通读本段可知，第三段主要描述猞猁消失后鹿群泛滥导致森林破坏，以及依赖森林的鸟类和啮齿动物减少的连锁反应，B项符合。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了专家希望通过重新引入欧亚猞猁来恢复苏格兰的森林生态平衡，并阐述了猞猁对森林和地球环境的积极影响，所以文章主旨是向我们展示一种保护森林和地球的方法。故选D。 主题04 其他 Passage 1 （24-25八年级下·北京密云·期末）Do you like eating vegetables? Almost everybody knows that eating vegetables is good for us. But why do some people like them while others don’t? A new study has found that other people’s likes and dislikes could be a reason. According to the research, people who eat vegetables but show a clear dislike for them can influence others. People may make facial expressions when eating. How does it affect (影响) a person watching them? A team of scientists in the UK did a study. They asked more than 200 young women to watch videos of other adults eating broccoli (西兰花). The people in the videos had different expressions while eating. They would smile, seem neutral (neither happy nor sad), or look disgusted (厌恶的). The study found that when people in the videos looked disgusted while eating broccoli, people watching them began to like broccoli less. The opposite was not true, however. When someone had a smile while eating broccoli, people watching them did not like broccoli more. By watching others, humans learn which behaviors (行为) will be good for them. Scientists believe that people might avoid food that looks terrible. In this way, people can protect themselves from eating something bad or dangerous. The research focused only on adults, but the team believed that the results could also work for children. This means, if children see their parents not enjoying certain foods, including vegetables, they might not want to eat them either. Helping children to try more vegetables is meaningful. “If children are learning about vegetables at school, it’s important to encourage this interest,” says Jones. Parents can listen to their children tell what they have learned and read the handouts they bring home from school. Parents and children can also read books together. Younger children can enjoy reading stories about vegetables with parents. Older children may enjoy searching through cookbooks with parents to find new dinner ideas to cook vegetables in a tasty way. How do the behaviors of adults influence their children’s choices of food? The team hopes to understand more about it. This could help find ways to encourage children to eat healthier food. 1．According to Paragraph 2, what is the result of the study? A．People may cook the food others like. B．Children dislike eating certain vegetables. C．People may not choose the food others dislike. D．Young women are easily affected by other people. 2．What will the team probably do next? A．They will study the safety of children’s food. B．They will study the skills to produce healthy food. C．They will study the influences of parents’ behaviors. D．They will study the ways to understand children well. 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Videos Affect Choices of Food B．Studies on Vegetables Help a Lot C．Expressions Cause Possible Dangers D．Opinions on Vegetables Influence Others 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 【知识点】对食物的喜恶、说明文 【导语】本文讲述了研究表明，人们对蔬菜的喜好会受到他人表情和行为的影响，尤其是父母的行为会影响孩子的食物选择。 1．细节理解题。根据“The study found that when people in the videos looked disgusted while eating broccoli, people watching them began to like broccoli less.”可知，当视频中的人吃西兰花时表现出厌恶的表情，观看视频的人对西兰花的喜爱程度会降低，即人们可能不会选择别人不喜欢的食物。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据“How do the behaviors of adults influence their children’s choices of food? The team hopes to understand more about it.”可知，研究团队希望进一步了解成年人的行为如何影响孩子的食物选择，因此他们下一步可能会研究父母行为的影响。故选C。 3．最佳标题题。文章主要讨论了人们对蔬菜的喜好如何受到他人表情和行为的影响，尤其是父母的行为对孩子食物选择的影响，因此最佳标题应为“对蔬菜的看法影响他人”。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25八年级下·北京丰台·期末）Coins, stones and stamps are among the many collectable items (物品). As early as 105,000 years ago, people in southern Africa collected crystals (水晶) although crystals did not exist (存在) naturally there. What drives people to collect things? One important reason is that it’s fun. No matter what else is going on in your life, if you’re a collector, you can set yourself clear goals. You can enjoy the “hunt (寻觅)” as you try to find the next item on your wish list. After that, just feel the pleasure of adding new items to your collection. You can also find joy in showing it to others. In fact, the social side of collecting is also important to its charm (魅力). Collectors often form groups and share knowledge or compete with each other. Doing so gives them a strong sense of belonging (归属). The Internet has made it easier for these kinds of groups to develop. Other collectors collect things because of nostalgia. For example, some people collect certain items from the past because they want to keep some aspects of bygone times. Think of the person collecting Ming Dynasty vases. Some items might hold personal memories. For example, some people were crazy about certain things when they were little. They might return to their childhood passions (热爱) in later life. For them, collection acts as a safety net from the adult world. It is a way to let go of the burdens (负担) of their present lives and put themselves back in their younger selves’ shoes. Some psychologists (心理学家) believe that there are even deeper reasons behind collecting. They say the habit of collecting can be caused by a lack (缺失) of loving human relationships. The collection can make up for missing connections. For some people, collecting things can also be a way to deal with existential anxieties (焦虑). In other words, the collection lives on even after the collector is gone. So, do you want to be a collector? After all, there’s a whole world of wonderful objects just waiting to be discovered, appreciated, and yes, collected. 1．The social side of collecting is important because ________. A．it allows collectors to hunt for new items B．it leads collectors to set clear goals C．it helps collectors feel included and valued D．it lets collectors develop groups quickly 2．What does the word “nostalgia” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．A passion for sharing. B．A loving feeling for the past. C．A heavy burden of life. D．An item with broken memories. 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．What Is on a Collector’s Mind? B．Why Is Collecting Things Fun? C．Who Could Be the Best Collector? D．How Could We Start Our First Collection? 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，主要探讨了人们收集物品的多种动机，包括享受乐趣、社交归属感、怀旧情感以及更深层次的心理补偿需求等。 1．细节理解题‌。根据第二段的“You can also find joy in showing it to others. In fact, the social side of collecting is also important to its charm (魅力). Collectors often form groups and share knowledge or compete with each other. Doing so gives them a strong sense of belonging (归属).”可知，社交活动通过归属感让收藏者感到被包容和重视。故选C。 2．词句猜测题‌。结合下文“collect certain items from the past”和“keep aspects of bygone times”可知，“nostalgia”指对过去的眷恋情感。故选B。 3．标题归纳题‌。通读本文可知，全文贯穿分析收藏者的心理动因，如乐趣驱动（第二段）、怀旧情感（第三段）和深层心理需求（第四段），核心聚焦收藏者的内在动机。故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25八年级下·北京丰台·期末）There’s a small, dark green room in the Manchester Art Gallery (美术馆). While people walk around in bright space, they slow down in the dark green room, sit and spend up to 15 minutes looking at the paintings-and really see them. They can also download a meditation (冥想) recording to help them.   This is a mental health (心理健康) movement the gallery has just started. In a world where various things compete strongly to catch our notice, the gallery creates a single-minded space to win back our lost attention. Museum consultant (顾问) Louise Thompson is leading the movement. She believes museums or art galleries are not just places to store and show artworks, but public spaces where people can improve their mental health.   To achieve this, people are encouraged to take notice of the objects in museums and galleries. Thompson explains that this act of taking notice is all about “being in the present moment”—a basis (基础) of mindfulness (正念). They don’t need to know anything about fine art, just pay attention to what’s in front of them. This careful and thoughtful way of looking is called mindful art viewing.   The method works well. Thompson says that visitors viewing the works in the mindful room report feeling more relaxed and focused than those seeing the same works in a traditional gallery. Thompson has seen this in action, too. “People become less stressed (有压力的),” she says. “Their body language is a bit tight when they first come in, and they are unwilling to talk to others. After 10 to 15 minutes, they change physically. Their bodies are looser, softer, and they’re talking to others.”   The result suggests that the act of slowing down and taking time to notice allows you to see the beauty and interesting aspects of something you might have written off (忽略). Otherwise, in this digital world, if you don’t fully engage (沉浸) with the moment, you will never give yourself the chance to enjoy it.   Even in an art gallery or museum without a mindfulness program, you can still enjoy the benefits (益处): find a quiet space, sit with just one picture and spend 10 to 15 minutes there. Breathe slowly and look at the details of the art, like shapes, colors, and what interests you. In the end, you’ll see how it changes your experience. 1．Why does Manchester Art Gallery create a single-minded space? A．To show valuable artworks. B．To get back our lost attention. C．To sell meditation recordings. D．To catch our immediate notice. 2．According to the passage, who is probably practicing mindfulness? A．An uneasy boy looking around. B．A stressed girl talking to herself. C．A focused man viewing a painting. D．A relaxed woman taking pictures. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Slowing down to fully engage helps visitors enjoy unnoticed beauty. B．It’s impossible to enjoy mindfulness benefits in traditional galleries. C．Mindful art viewing brings about few changes in visitors. D．Visitors joining in the movement should be great artists. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To show the benefits of mindful art viewing in galleries. B．To introduce ways to improve mental health in galleries. C．To explain why mindful art viewing can improve mental health. D．To encourage people to improve mental health by mindful art viewing. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文主要介绍了曼彻斯特美术馆为提升公众心理健康而开展的正念艺术观赏活动，阐述了其目的、方式及效果，并鼓励读者尝试以正念方式欣赏艺术。 1．细节理解题。根据“In a world where various things compete strongly to catch our notice, the gallery creates a single-minded space to win back our lost attention.”可知，曼彻斯特美术馆创造一个专注的空间是为了赢回我们失去的注意力。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Thompson explains that this act of taking notice is all about ‘being in the present moment’—a basis of mindfulness.”可知，正念的基础是“活在当下”，即专注于当前的事物。因此，一个专注地看画的人可能正在实践正念，选项C正确。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“The result suggests that the act of slowing down and taking time to notice allows you to see the beauty and interesting aspects of something you might have written off.”可知，放慢速度并全身心投入有助于游客欣赏未被注意到的美。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根本文主要介绍了曼彻斯特美术馆为提升公众心理健康而开展的正念艺术观赏活动，阐述了其目的、方式及效果，并鼓励读者尝试以正念方式欣赏艺术，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是鼓励人们通过正念艺术观赏来改善心理健康。故选D。 Passage 4 （24-25八年级下·北京石景山·期末）As a middle school student, you may often feel that your life is full of homework, tests, and after-school classes. You need to spend a lot of time studying subjects like math, English, science, and Chinese. Sometimes, you may feel tired or even stressed (有压力的). But at the same time, you also have hobbies—things you enjoy doing, like reading, playing basketball, drawing, or music. So how can you balance study and hobbies? First, learn to plan your time. Time is important for everyone, but there’s never enough. You can make a daily plan. Write down the time for schoolwork and the time for your hobbies. Try this idea: divide your day into small parts (like 30 minutes each) and decide what to do in each part. For example, do math from 6:00-6:30 pm and play the guitar from 7:30-8:00 pm. Second, choose hobbies that help studies. Hobbies don’t have to be completely separate (分开的) from schoolwork. Reading makes your brain stronger. Hobbies like computer coding or taking photos can help you solve problems. Similarly, joining an English drama club can improve your speaking skills while satisfying your interest in acting. Some hobbies can even improve your schoolwork! Liu Yue loves making science videos. She often records short videos to explain physics experiments, which helps her understand lessons better. “My hobby makes learning fun,” she says. Third, set clear goals for both study and hobbies. During study time, focus on finishing tasks instead of keeping checking your phone. When drawing or playing sports, fully enjoy the process without worrying about exams. Zhang Wei, a junior 3 student, shares: “I study hard from Monday to Friday so that I can play football with friends freely on weekends.” This makes him feel relaxed and motivated (有动力的). Both study and hobbies matter. Balance doesn’t mean spending equal (相同的) time on each—just use time wisely. Planning well is key to enjoying both. Try writing your weekly plan on paper. Remember, a balanced life makes you both a better learner and a happier person. 1．Which situation is most similar to Liu Yue’s hobby? A．Jack plays football daily to stay healthy. B．Lucy watches movies to kill time on weekends. C．Tom listens to music while doing his homework. D．Ben designs games to practise problem-solving skills. 2．What can we infer from Zhang Wei’s example? A．Junior 3 students have little time for hobbies. B．Balancing study and play reduces stress. C．Strict study plans lead to better grades. D．Study and hobbies need equal time. 3．What is the main idea of the passage? A．How to balance study and hobbies. B．Why hobbies are good for study. C．How to choose useful hobbies. D．Why students have much stress. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中学生如何平衡学习与爱好，并提供了具体建议。 1．推理判断题。根据文章“Liu Yue loves making science videos. She often records short videos to explain physics experiments, which helps her understand lessons better.”可知，Liu Yue的爱好对她的学习有帮助，选项D中“Ben设计游戏来练习解题技能”同样是爱好辅助学习的例子。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据文章“Zhang Wei...‘I study hard from Monday to Friday so that I can play football with friends freely on weekends.’ This makes him feel relaxed and motivated.”可知，Zhang Wei在上学日认真学习，在周末自由玩耍，这让他感到很放松，由此推断他的例子说明平衡学习和娱乐能缓解压力。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。全文围绕“如何平衡学习和爱好”展开，首段提出问题，后文分三点提出解决方案（时间规划、选择辅助学习的爱好、设定目标）。故选A。 Passage 5 （24-25八年级下·北京东城·期末）What is success? Is it winning a competition or getting an amazing job? Or is it cooking a dish without burning it? Well, success is basically the achievement (成就) of a goal or purpose, no matter how big or small. Success motivates (激励) us and gives us confidence. According to scientists, it is closely connected with happiness. Although success can mean reaching any kind of goal, it is often connected with achievement in our work. Of course, the media (媒体) plays a huge part in shaping this idea of success. Magazines and websites often have articles and talks about the secret to success, usually written by rich or famous people. To them, success means being fit, beautiful, and rich. Because of this, many of us believe that we must achieve something amazing to be successful. For some people, this idea of success can encourage them to reach great goals. However, others may find it hard to manage the pressure (压力), which can result in a fear (害怕) of success. You may feel this fear when you have to give a speech in public or take on a new and difficult job. It often comes with worry and even physical problems like headaches. As a result, we might do anything to avoid the situation. We might make up excuses to avoid speaking or say no to the new job. But this can stop us from moving forward in life and can make us feel even more worried. One way to deal with the fear of success is to change how we think about it. We should try to set goals that are realistic and easier to achieve. We can also work on everyday tasks that we can improve. It is helpful not to compare ourselves to others and their achievements. Instead, we should think about what we can do and how to grow those skills. Research suggests that this can help us feel happier and more motivated. Some research suggests that happy people are more likely to succeed. We might say that happiness leads to success. According to this idea, it may be more meaningful to spend time doing things that make us happy rather than worrying about what we are good at or how successful we appear. 1．Why does the author mention the media in Paragraph 2? A．To discuss why successful people are rich and famous. B．To explain how people form a common idea of success. C．To advise people to question the truth of media messages. D．To show how the media motivates people to achieve their dreams. 2．What do we know about the fear of success according to the passage? A．It can keep people from making progress in life. B．It stops people from comparing themselves to others. C．People should see it as an encouragement to succeed. D．People with it are usually not interested in achieving goals. 3．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To describe the connection between happiness and success. B．To provide suggestions on different ways to achieve success. C．To warn people of the dangers of paying too much attention to success. D．To encourage people to achieve success through small progress and happiness. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 【导语】本文主要介绍了成功以及其带来的好处。 1．细节理解题。根据“Of course, the media plays a huge part in shaping this idea of success.”可知，作者是为了解释人们如何形成对成功的共同看法。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“However, others may find it hard to manage the pressure, which can result in a fear of success. You may feel this fear when you have to give a speech in public or take on a new and difficult job. It often comes with worry and even physical problems like headaches. As a result, we might do anything to avoid the situation. We might make up excuses to avoid speaking or say no to the new job. But this can stop us from moving forward in life and can make us feel even more worried.”可知，这会阻止我们在生活中前进，让我们感到更加担忧。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据“One way to deal with the fear of success is to change how we think about it. We should try to set goals that are realistic and easier to achieve.”和“Some research suggests that happy people are more likely to succeed.”可知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是鼓励人们通过小小的进步和幸福来取得成功。故选D。 Passage 6 （24-25八年级下·北京门头沟·期末） Active Listening When we talk, we expect others to listen with attention. But when someone else is speaking, are we showing them the same politeness (礼貌)? Listening well doesn’t come naturally to most people. Because most of us live in a busy world, we care about certain things and miss the rest (剩余的). This also means we often don’t really pay attention to what people are saying. One way to listen with more care and attention is to practice active listening. Active listening is focusing on what someone is communicating and giving your understanding. Active listening is not only hearing someone’s words but also taking notes of their nonverbal (非口头的) communication. Nonverbal communication can include body language, the tone (语气) and their talking speed. By practicing active listening, we can hold onto important information better and show care to others. This useful skill makes others want to talk about things with us. To get better at active listening, give the speaker your complete attention. Although this may seem clear and easy to notice (注意到) and understand, it is easier said than done. Stopping thinking about your phone and clearing your mind (头脑) of your own thoughts are the first steps. By forgetting those things that could influence you, it’s easier to give your complete attention to the speaker. Another way to practice active listening is to notice body language. Research shows that 55% of face-to-face communication is nonverbal, 38% vocal (与声音相关的) and 7% words. When someone is speaking, their body language is giving information, too. With that in mind, you can give proper replies (适当的回应) like nodding, smiling or looking at them politely. Now do you know how to listen actively? 1．What can we infer (推断出) from the passage about most people’s listening habits (习惯)? A．They always listen to others carefully. B．They usually focus on both words and nonverbal information. C．They prefer to communicate non-verbally rather than verbally. D．They often can’t listen carefully because something is distracting (分心) them. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Active listening only requires (需要) focusing on the words people say. B．Nonverbal communication takes up the largest part in face-to-face communication. C．Checking your phone while others speak helps improve active listening. D．Active listening makes others less willing to share their thoughts with you. 3．What is the writer’s purpose (目的) in writing this passage? A．To criticize (批评) people’s poor listening habits. B．To introduce the concept (概念) and ways to practice active listening C．To prove (证明) the importance of nonverbal communication. D．To compare different kinds of communication. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了积极倾听的概念（专注于他人的交流并表达理解，包括关注非语言信息）以及练习积极倾听的方法（如全神贯注、关注肢体语言等）。 1．推理判断题。根据“Because most of us live in a busy world, we care about certain things and miss the rest. This also means we often don’t really pay attention to what people are saying.”可知，大多数人因为生活忙碌，会关注某些事情而忽略其他，导致不能认真倾听，即有事情让他们分心。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“Research shows that 55% of face-to-face communication is nonverbal, 38% vocal and 7% words.”可知，非语言交流在面对面交流中占比最大。故选B。 3． 主旨大意题。通读全文，文章先介绍了积极倾听的概念，即专注于他人的交流并表达自己的理解，还包括关注非语言信息；接着讲述了练习积极倾听的方法，如全神贯注、关注肢体语言等。因此，作者的目的是介绍积极倾听的概念和练习方法。故选B。 Passage 7 （24-25八年级下·北京通州·期末） Your Digital Footprint Every time you do anything on the Internet you leave a trail (痕迹) behind you, in the same way you leave a footprint (足迹) when you walk on the sand or mud. Do you know how to take care of your digital footprints? When you go online, you leave a trail. This is just like a real footprint. It tells people where you’ve been, how long you have stayed and what you’ve been doing there. Every time you register (注册) for an online service, send an email, download a video or upload a photo, the information can be accessed (读取) and your digital footprints can be revealed (透露). It is important to be aware of your digital footprints and to be careful and sensible when you are online. There are some tips for taking care of your digital footprints. Don’t forget to log off (退出系统) when you leave a website, especially if you are using a shared computer. If you don’t, someone can easily pretend to be you! Don’t tell anyone your passwords and don’t write them down in an obvious (明显的) place. Make them more complex by using a combination (组合) of letters, numbers and punctuation marks. Tell your parents if you come across anything online that makes you upset, anxious or worried. People often use the history button and the bookmark function (功能) on their computers or mobile devices to remember their favourite websites. This is a way that they leave their digital footprints, but remember to clear the browser (浏览器) history regularly. If you want to post comments online, you don’t have to use your own name. Invent a nickname to use instead. You can also use a picture instead of a real photo. Protect your identity online. Be careful about who you share personal information with and always think twice before sharing details like your email, home address, school or phone number with someone Remember to keep safe. Don’t put too much personal information online and always think carefully before you post something. 1．The writer thinks ________. A．people leave the footprints on sand when they use computers B．nobody knows what videos you have watched online C．people can learn what you have done by following your digital trails D．your digital trail will disappear when you turn off your computer 2．When we use the computer, we should ________. A．write down the passwords in an obvious place B．use simple numbers as a password to help remember clearly C．keep quiet when we meet unpleasant things online D．often clear our browser history to keep safe online 3．Why does the writer write the passage? A．To teach people how to surf the Internet safely. B．To help people find out what websites they like best. C．To introduce why people are interested in their footprints. D．To help people remember the passwords clearly. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 【导语】本文主要介绍了人们上网时都会留下浏览记录，而人们的上网记录能透露出他们上网的浏览内容，从而给人们的安全带来隐患，因此作者就如何安全上网给出了一些建议。 1．推理判断题。根据“When you go online, you leave a trail. This is just like a real footprint. It tells people where you’ve been, how long you have stayed and what you’ve been doing there.”可知，作者认为人们可以通过追踪你的数字足迹来了解你做了什么。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“but remember to clear the browser (浏览器) history regularly.”可知，定期清除浏览器历史记录。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据“Do you know how to take care of your digital footprints?”及通读全文内容可知，本文主要是作者就如何安全上网给出了一些建议。故选A。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $