专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（期末真题汇编，河南专用）高二英语下学期

**基本信息** 本试卷为高二英语期末说明文阅读理解汇编，涵盖人与社会、自我、自然三大主题，精选社会热点（如AI错误、社交媒体视频）、科技前沿（3D打印机器人、农业光伏）、文化传承（筷子文化）等真实素材，通过细节理解与推理题考查语言能力与思维品质，适配期末复习需求。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解（选择题）|每篇4题（共15篇，60题）|社会现象（如短视频营销）、科技（如锂-二氧化碳电池）、文化（筷子使用礼仪）、自然（古树消失、火星海洋）等，考查细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测|素材时代性强（如TMT技术、量子磁感受），问题设计层次分明（基础信息到深层逻辑），贴合高考真题对真实语境与思维能力的考查趋势|

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·河南信阳固始县永和高中联考·期末) When I came back from Quanzhou in the evening, my younger brother kept making a fuss. My mother sighed and said that she had come across a video before, in which several post-2010s children were interviewed and asked about their views on post-1980s mothers. These children unanimously said that post-1980s mothers were too nagging and feudal. My mother felt that these children were really unreasonable, just like ungrateful wretches. In my opinion, this is just a video set up by capital. First, they interview some post-2010s children, then select those whose views fit the image of unfilial children, edit them into a video, and post it online to gain traffic. Doing this can not only help the marketing accounts get traffic, but also provide a platform for these parents to vent their indignation. It’s simply killing two birds with one stone, and both sides are willing. Those poor post-2010s children are not only ruthlessly slandered, but also sentenced to “death” by these marketing accounts, being stereotyped from ignorant kids into unforgivable problem teenagers. The selected children may have just casually made a childish complaint, such as “Mom always doesn’t let me play with my phone” or “She always nags me about being picky with food”, but these words are edited into “accusing their mothers of being feudal”. Outside the camera, they might hug their mothers to act coquettishly and share interesting things at school in the next second. However, in the narrative of marketing accounts, these real children are simplified into “unreasonable ungrateful wretches”, while post-1980s mothers are portrayed as “wronged victims”. These two identities are forced into an opposing framework, stimulating the family emotions that are most likely to resonate. Marketing accounts know very well that what they want is not the truth, but the “sense of being offended” that can make parents in front of the screen instantly identify with.​ 1．What does the author think about how the views of post-2010s children in the video are formed? A．They are guided by professional interview teams​ B．They are created by capital through selection and editing​ C．They truly reflect their opinions on their mothers ​ D．They are drawn after long-term thinking by the children​ 2．What is the main purpose of marketing accounts in posting such videos?​ A．To promote communication and understanding between parents and children​ B．To help parents understand their children’s true thoughts​ C．To educate children to be grateful to their parents​ D．To gain traffic and provide a platform for parents to vent​ 3．What kind of real performance of the children is mentioned in the article?​ A．Always being dissatisfied and critical of their mothers​ B．Interacting intimately with their mothers off-camera​ C．Long-term thinking that their mothers are feudal​ D．Deliberately speaking ill of their mothers in front of the camera​ 4．Into what kind of framework do marketing accounts force post-2010s children and post-1980s mothers?​ A．A framework of harmonious coexistence​ B．A framework of mutual understanding​ C．An opposing framework​ D．A framework of equal communication​ Passage 2 (24-25高二下·河南项城第三高级中学·期末) Chopsticks, or kuaizi, appeared over 3,000 years ago in ancient China. They were first used for cooking and serving, not as an eating tool. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that chopsticks came into use for eating. Today, bamboo and wood chopsticks are the most popular ones in Chinese homes. Chinese chopsticks are usually about 26 centimeters long and 1.2 centimeters wide. It is believed that chopsticks should be part of a girl’s downy (嫁妆) because the sound of kuaizi is like that of the words for “soon” and “son”. It’s still a popular good wish in China. According to modern science, the long-term use of chopsticks makes one’s fingers move quickly. That is good for people’s health. The culture of using chopsticks has spread to many other Asian countries. In Japan, people celebrate August 4 as Chopsticks Day every year. There are rules to follow when using chopsticks. Chinese people don’t usually beat their bowls or point at others with chopsticks. In most cases, they won’t start eating until the elderly move chopsticks, and they will put chopsticks down gently after they finish eating. As an old saying goes, “A chopstick can be broken easily. Ten pairs of chopsticks held together are hard to break.” For thousands of years, Chinese people have loved chopsticks not only because they are easy to use but also because they show the spirit (精神) of the Chinese people. 1．What can we learn about chopsticks in Paragraph 1? A．People usually make chopsticks out of plastics. B．People first used chopsticks as a cooking tool. C．Chopsticks were used for eating 3,000 years ago. D．Few people could use chopsticks in ancient China. 2．Why is the use of chopsticks good for our health? A．Because they make eating easier. B．Because they have a magical power. C．Because they practice people’s fingers. D．Because they are made out of modern science. 3．Which is the right way to use chopsticks? A．Put chopsticks down gently. B．Beat the bowl with chopsticks. C．Use chopsticks to point at others. D．Move chopsticks before the elderly. 4．Which part of the newspaper is the article probably from? A．Science B．Health C．Fashion D．Culture 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·河南天立教育·期末) Choosing the Right Resolution (决定) Millions of Americans began 2014 with the same resolution they started 2013 with, a goal of losing weight. However, setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake. To reach our goal of losing weight — the output, we need to control what we eat — the input (输入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to construct goals. The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input. Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: “I’ll stop having desert for lunch,” or “I’ll walk every day for 20 minutes.” Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome. Recently a new science behind incentives (激励), including in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based on output, like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect on output. Fryer’s conclusion was that the intensives for inputs might be more effective because do not know how to do better on exam, aside from general rules like “study harder.” Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a well-set task over which they have much more control. As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. And it’s easier to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do. If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a cafe, for example. This is a well-specified action-based goal for which you can measure your success easily. Spending less money isn’t a goal because it’s too general. Similarly, if you want to spend more time with your family, don’t stop with this general wish. Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday. In the long run, these new goals could become a habit. 1．The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because . A．it is hard to achieve for most Americans B．it is focused too much on the result C．it is dependent on too many things D．it is based on actionable decisions 2．In Roland Fryer’s research, some students did better than the others because . A．they obeyed all the general rules B．they paid more attention to exams C．they were motivated by their classmates D．they were rewarded for reading some books 3．According to the writer, which of the following statements is a good goal? A．“I’ll give up dessert.” B．“I’ll study harder.” C．“I’ll cut down my expense” D．“I’ll spend more time with my family” 4．The writer strongly believes that we should . A．develop good habits and focus on the outcome B．be optimistic about final goals and stick to them C．pick specific actions that can be turned into good habits D．set ambitious goals that can balance the input and output Passage 2 (24-25高二下·河南天立教育·期末) When Thomas Edison hit a wall with his inventions, he would nap in an armchair while holding a steel ball. As he started to fall asleep and his muscles relaxed, the ball would strike the floor, waking him with insights into his problems. Or so the story goes. Thomas Edison was somewhat right. Now, more than 100 years later, scientists have repeated the trick in a lab, revealing that the famous inventor was on to something. People following his recipe tripled their chances of solving a math problem. The trick was to wake up in the transition between sleep and wakefulness, just before deep sleep. In this transitional period, we are not quite awake, but also not deeply asleep. It can be as short as a minute and occurs right when we start to doze off. Researchers recruited more than 100 easy sleepers, each of whom was given a math test with a hidden rule for the answer. By recording brain activity, they found that those who napped and were interrupted during the first phase of sleep were three times better at finding the hidden key to the problem than those who remained awake. The creative effect happened even for people who spent just 15 seconds in the first sleep stage. But the trick didn’t work for those who reached later stages of sleep. “Our findings suggest there is a creative sweet spot during sleep onset,” says author Delphine Oudiette, a sleep researcher at the Paris Brain Institute. “It is a small window which can disappear if you wake up too early or sleep too deep.” The study team also identified a brain activity pattern linked to the creativity-boosting phase: moderate levels of brain waves at a slow frequency known as alpha, associated with relaxation, and low levels of delta waves, a hallmark of deep sleep. Oudiette says researchers can now focus on this brain signature when investigating the neural mechanisms (神经机制) of creative problem-solving. The team has already planned an experiment to help people reach a creative zone by monitoring their brain waves in real time.“ Edison was great”, Oudiette says, “and now we have a lot more to explore.” 1．What does the underlined phrase “was on to something” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Discovered the truth. B．Was absorbed in math puzzles. C．Started the experiment. D．Was engaged in laboratory work. 2．According to the research, the trick of promoting creativity lies in ________. A．gaining adequate deep sleep B．discovering the hidden rules of problems C．following Edison’s life style D．waking up right after nodding off to sleep 3．Why did the researchers record brain activity of the sleepers? A．To evaluate their sleep efficiency. B．To measure their amount of sleep. C．To assess their levels of intelligence. D．To compare their creative thinking abilities. 4．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Supporting evidence for the research results. B．Potential application of the research findings C．A further explanation of the research methods. D．A reasonable doubt about the research process. Passage 3 (24-25高二下·河南郸城县第一高级中学·期末) In January in Monterrey, Mexico, Iván Venzor was one of only a few people in the world to see a Jupiter-sized planet crossing in front of a distant star. It happened too fast to see by eye—just a second-long flicker of light—but Venzor's backyard telescope(望远镜) recorded the data, allowing him to confirm the event with researchers. “I'm having dinner with my family, and I'm trying to discover a new kind of planet in the backyard, ” said Venzor, who loves watching stars and planets in space. “It's effortless. ” Venzor is part of a growing global group using smart telescopes made by the French company called Unistellar. These small, Wi-Fi-connected telescopes are in over 15, 000 locations across six continents. They have helped discover hundreds of space objects, including stars and planets. By watching from different places, the global group can help scientists learn an object's size, shape, and path. “The network is the coolest citizen science project I've ever seen, ” said Jon Vandegriff, a space scientist. But the telescopes can cost up to $4, 000 each, making them inaccessible to many people. So Unistellar has gifted telescopes to universities and science clubs around the world to expand（扩展） the network's reach. For those interested in contributing to research, Unistellar also sends out a list of space objects that can be seen in different locations each month. People can select their object of interest, and press a button that directs an app to point the telescope at the target location and record a video of the passing object. They can also use the telescope to take still photos of their favorite stars. Now Unistellar is working on making the system smarter using AI and hopes to add more telescopes in underrepresented places like Africa and South America. That would be good news for researchers and hobbyists alike. “On your own, you can do only so much in space exploration, ” said Frank Marchis, Unistellar's Chief Scientific Officer. “By working together, we can do amazing things. ” 1．What did Venzor do through the telescope in January? A．He observed a new planet. B．He watched the planet Jupiter. C．He performed an experiment. D．He took a still picture of a star. 2．What can we infer about the global group? A．It just explores small-sized stars. B．It is a great helper for scientists. C．It has 15, 000 members in France. D．It is a Mexican-based organization. 3．What is a problem about the telescopes produced by Unistellar? A．They are out of date. B．They are subject to an app. C．They are too costly. D．They are difficult to operate. 4．What does the company plan to do next? A．Share its findings with scientists in Africa. B．Send its staff to underrepresented places. C．Make efforts to put AI tools under control. D．Get more people involved in the network. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·河南天立教育·期末) Do you know that the oldest tree is a 5, 000-year old bristlecone pine (狐尾松) located in the forests of Nevada? Unfortunately, many of these precious old-growth trees are starting to disappear from our planet. The term old-growth refers to trees that are 150 years or older. This means that many of the trees on the Earth today are younger, smaller, and have shorter lifespans. As the Earth’s temperature warms up due to climate change, it is having unintended effects on the world’s forests. When temperatures rise, trees close their pores (气孔) to prevent the loss of moisture, and this, in turn, slows down the process of photosynthesis (光合作用). As a result, these trees are shorter and grow slowly, as well as have a high deathrate. Climate change also increases the possibility of droughts and wildfires. After wildfires, it takes a while for the forest ecosystems to recover, and in some cases, the forests are lost permanently. Trees that are stressed are also susceptible (易受影响的) to attacks by bacteria (细菌). Finally, humans have changed the forest landscape through logging (伐木). There are some who claim that increased greenhouse gas emission is helping trees grow faster because CO2, is needed for photosynthesis. While some younger trees may benefit from this, we are seeing significantly more loss of forests than gain. Old-growth forests are a storehouse of carbon, and when they die, the stored CO2, is released into the air worsening the greenhouse effect. Older forests have higher biodiversity, which is beneficial as each organism has a role to play and there is a wide variety of species. As these forests disappear, species that once called them “home” are forced to relocate, affecting the biodiversity of those ecosystems. Unfortunately, some endangered species are unable to adapt and go extinct. With trees dying continuously, will future generations miss out on the wonders of forests? 1．What is the main idea of the second paragraph? A．Why bacteria may attack old trees. B．What leads to the rising temperatures. C．Why old-growth forests are disappearing. D．How global warming causes natural disasters. 2．What does the underlined word “them” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Species. B．Older forests. C．Organisms. D．Roles organisms play. 3．The last sentence of the text is actually____________. A．a doubt B．a warning C．a blame D．a suggestion 4．What is the author’s purpose of writing this text? A．To urge people to reduce gas emission. B．To explain the greenhouse effect on trees. C．To introduce the process of photosynthesis. D．To call on people to protect old-growth trees. Passage 2 (24-25高二下·河南项城第三高级中学·期末) A study by Zhengzhou University found that 65% of sparrows (麻雀) in cities now use plastic waste to build nests. The research team first collection from 15 parks across Henan Province. Researchers studied 200 bird nests in 10 cities for three years, recording materials used each season. They discovered that birds collect plastic bags, bottle caps and even face masks, replacing natural materials like twigs (细枝) and leaves. Over 80% of plastic came from food packaging. Why do birds make this change? Dr. Wang, the team leader, explains, “Plastic is light and lasts longer. In our survey, each bird needs 20~30 twigs daily, but cities only provide 10~15.” However, this adaptation brings danger. Lab tests show plastic materials make nests hotter by 3~5℃. Eggs in plastic nests had 18% lower survival rate (生存率). To prove this, scientists built two types of nests: one with plastic and the other with natural materials. They placed them in a controlled lab environment. Special tools checked temperatures every 30 minutes. The plastic nests reached 38℃ at noon, while natural nests stayed at 33℃. The experiment was repeated 50 times with the same results. During the experiment, researchers noticed an interesting pattern. About 30% of sparrows mixed plastic with plants. These “half-plastic” nests were 2℃ cooler than full-plastic ones. This suggests birds might be learning to balance convenience and safety. Scientists suggest providing clean twigs in parks. In Luoyang Wangcheng Park, workers put fresh branches near lakes twice a week. After six months, plastic nests dropped by 40%. Students also made 500 artificial (人工的) twigs from rice straw (稻秆). These small actions help create safer homes for wildlife. 1．How does the writer lead into the topic? A．By asking a question. B．By presenting a research result. C．By telling a story. D．By making a comparison. 2．What did scientists do to compare plastic and natural nests? A．They followed sparrows for three years. B．They built two types of nests and checked temperatures with special tools. C．They collected 200 plastic bottles in cities. D．They surveyed tree numbers in 10 parks. 3．What does the underlined word “adaptation” mean in the text? A．竞争 B．保护 C．适应 D．破坏 4．Which paragraph answers the question “What solution is suggested?” A．Paragraph 2. B．Paragraph 3. C．Paragraph 4. D．Paragraph 5. Passage 3 (24-25高二下·河南三门峡渑池县渑池县第二高级中学·期末) Agrivoltaics (农业光伏) is the practice of using the same land for farming and producing solar energy. This practice often involves placing solar panels (太阳能板) over farmland. The word “agrivoltaics” is a combination of “agriculture” and “photovoltaics”. Agriculture refers to farming while photovoltaics describes technology that makes electricity from sunlight. Solar panels are one example. Solar farms use solar panels to create clean energy. But these farms take up a lot of land. Farms that grow crops and raise livestock, such as sheep and cows, occupy a lot of land as well. Agrivoltaics saves space by allowing farmers to get electricity and food from the same land. Research has shown that adding solar panels to farms can actually help crops. Leafy crops, such as lettuces and some herbs, grow well in the shade of the solar panels. The plants can also benefit from the increased soil moisture (水分) in partially shaded ground. Agrivoltaics may benefit livestock, too. For example, farmers might allow sheep to eat grass under solar panels. This would give them relief from the hot sun in the summer. Other agrivoltaics projects focus on appealing to pollinators (传粉昆虫). For example, planting wildflowers under solar panels can attract butterflies, bees and other insects. These tiny helpers can then pollinate nearby crops. No single agrivoltaics technique works everywhere. Squash (a kind of vegetable), for example, generally need direct sunlight. So they don’t grow well under solar panels. Even lower light crops may have trouble growing well in agrivoltaics setups. For example, the shade from solar panels helps keep the soil moisture. On some farms, this comes as a benefit. But it may also increase the risk of some plant diseases. And water pouring off the panels during a rainstorm may overwater some plants. Researchers today are exploring how to minimize these and other challenges. They are also finding ways to help farmers improve the harvest of their crops to the greatest degree and produce as much electricity as possible from the same land. 1．What is a function of agrivoltaics? A．Sparing enough land to feed livestock. B．Reducing the cost of solar energy production. C．Improving traditional farming methods with solar panels. D．Maximizing land use for both farming and energy production. 2．What does paragraph 3 focus on? A．The benefits of agrivoltaics for crops and animals. B．The challenges of growing crops under solar panels. C．The types of crops that grow best under solar panels. D．The comparisons between traditional farming and agrivoltaics. 3．Why are squash mentioned in the text? A．To explain that agrivoltaics has limitations. B．To display that plants should have enough sunlight. C．To emphasize the role of soil moisture in crop selection. D．To show that agrivoltaics is beneficial to vegetable growth. 4．What are researchers currently doing regarding agrivoltaics? A．They are building solar panels that take up less space. B．They are improving crops suitable to grow under solar panels. C．They are trying to maximize the production of crops and energy. D．They are teaching farmers how to make proper use of solar panels. Passage 4 (24-25高二下·河南商丘九师联盟·期末) A group of 58 milu deer, also known as Pere David’s deer, has successfully adapted to Qilihai Wetland in Tianjin’s Ninghe District after a 16-hour relocation from Jiangsu Province on March 19. This marks a significant step in restoring the species to its native habitat, where records show milu deer thrived over 3,000 years ago. Once plentiful in Qilihai, milu populations declined sharply due to wetland degradation. To stop this loss, Ninghe launched conservation efforts in 2011 by introducing 10 deer from Beijing. Through careful raising, their numbers grew to 34, with two more from Jiangsu last year. The latest relocation of 58 deer, selected for health and genetic diversity from a group of nearly 1,000 in Jiangsu, aims to strengthen the population’s ability to survive challenges. Five deer now wear satellite collars for long-term behavior tracking. Qilihai’s comeback as a milu habitat matches up with broader ecological restoration. Since 2017, 20 billion yuan has been invested to restore the wetland, including relocating nearby industries and adding more wildlife. Over 220,000 fish and shrimp were released in 2023 to support migratory (迁徙的) birds, contributing to a doubling of annual bird visitors — from 250,000 to 500,000 — and a rise in bird species from 182 to 258. Rare species like the Oriental stork and Eurasian spoonbill have reappeared. “The wetland’ s plants provide ideal food for milu,” said Yu Zenghui, a Qilihai adviser. Experts predict annual births of at least 10 babies, ensuring population growth. Meanwhile, funds raised through eco-friendly initiatives, such as a charity fish sale generating 1.8 million yuan, directly support conservation. Tian Xiujing, director of Qilihai’s administrative committee, outlined plans to transform the area into a global model for wetland restoration, an international bird home, and a coastal wetland education center. With 162 wild plant species now recorded, Qilihai’s recovery highlights China’s commitment to balancing biodiversity and sustainable development. 1．The underlined word “thrived” in paragraph 1 probably means ______. A．lived and multiplied successfully B．faced extinction C．adapted quickly D．survived with difficulty 2．What is one specific measure taken to restore Qilihai Wetland since 2017? A．Buying international birds. B．Refusing to sell fish. C．Relocating nearby industries. D．Introducing 10 deer from Beijing. 3．Why does the author mention Oriental stork and Eurasian spoonbill? A．To highlight the need for further investment. B．To prove the effectiveness of satellite tracking. C．To compare their population changes with milu deer. D．To show the wetland’s improved ecological conditions. 4．What can we learn from paragraph 4? A．Charity fish sales failed to raise funds. B．Milu deer will overpopulate Qilihai Wetland. C．The deer population is expected to grow stably. D．The wetland’s food supply is insufficient for milu. 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·河南信阳商城县观庙高中等多校联考·期末) Humans have always been creating security systems to deal with the sorts of mistakes humans commonly make. Now, humanity is rapidly integrating a totally different kind of mistake-maker into society: artificial intelligence (AI). Technologies like large language models (LLMs) can perform many cognitive (认知的) tasks traditionally fulfilled by humans, but they make plenty of mistakes. Unlike human mistakes, AI errors lack patterns and usually show invisibility even when they are incorrect. This situation indicates two possible areas of research. The first is to engineer LLMs that make more human-like mistakes. The second is to build new mistake-correcting systems that deal with the specific sorts of mistakes that LLMs tend to make. We already have some tools to lead LLMs to act in more human-like ways and the tools perform far better than we expected. Many of these arise from the field of “alignment” research, which aims to make models act in accordance with the goals and motivations of their human developers. One example is the technique that was arguably responsible for the breakthrough success of an app: reinforcement (强化) learning with human feedback. In this method, an AI model is rewarded for producing responses that get a thumbs-up from human evaluators. When it comes to catching AI mistakes, some of the systems that we use to prevent human mistakes will help. To an extent, forcing LLMs to double-check their own work can help prevent errors. But LLMs can also make up seemingly reasonable, but truly ridiculous explanations for their flights from reason. In addition, other mistake reduction systems for AI are also unlike anything we use for humans. Because machines can’t get tired or frustrated in the way that humans do, it can help to ask an LLM the same question repeatedly in slightly different ways and then combine its multiple responses. These differences highlight the need for new, custom-made correction mechanisms (机制) that match the unique nature of AI-ensuring these technologies can be safely and reliably integrated into human societies. 1．How are AI mistakes different from human mistakes? A．They are not easy to detect. B．They follow predictable patterns. C．They tend to be in larger numbers. D．They are not related to cognitive tasks. 2．What does the author want to stress about the tools for leading the behavior of LLMs? A．They have certain positive effects. B．Their application hasn’t been popular. C．They need further training for human evaluators’ rewards. D．Their goals have not met the original intentions of human developers. 3．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．AI mistakes are easier to fix than human errors. B．Humans require tailored solutions for AI errors. C．AI is able to copy any systems we use for humans. D．Systems for correcting human mistakes can prevent LLMs mistakes fully. 4．What is the the best title for the text? A．Why Is AI Always Right? B．When Do Human Errors Increase? C．Adapting to AI Error Patterns D．Making AI Mistakes Manageable Passage 2 (24-25高二下·河南信阳商城县观庙高中等多校联考·期末) Scientists at the University of Surrey have made a breakthrough in batteries that not only store more energy but help tackle greenhouse gas emissions. Lithium-CO2 “breathing” batteries release power while capturing carbon dioxide, offering a better alternative that may one day outperform today’s lithium-ion batteries. Until now, Lithium-CO2 batteries have faced setbacks in efficiency-wearing out quickly and relying on expensive rare materials. However, researchers from Surrey have found a way to overcome these issues by using a low-cost catalyst (催化剂) called CPM. Using computer modelling and lab experiments, tests showed this simple change allowed the battery to store considerably more energy, charge with far less power and run for over 100 cycles. Dr Gadkari, co-author of the study, said, “One of the biggest challenges with these batteries is something called ‘overpotential’ - the extra energy needed to get the reaction going. You can think of it like cycling uphill before you can coast. CPM flattens that hill, meaning the battery loses far less energy during each charge and discharge.” To understand why the CPM worked so well, researchers used two approaches. First, they took apart the battery after charging and discharging to study the chemical changes inside, finding that lithium carbonate, the chemical substances formed when the battery absorbs CO2, could be reliably built up and removed-an essential feature for long-term use. They then turned to computer modelling using density functional theory (DFT) to explore how the reactions unfold on the material surface. Results showed how the CPM’s stable, holey structure offered the ideal surface for key chemical reactions. “What’s exciting about this discovery is that it combines strong performance with simplicity. We’ve shown it’s possible to build efficient lithium-CO2 batteries in large numbers using affordable, expandable materials no rare metals required,” said Dr Gadkari. If commercialised, these batteries could help cut emissions from vehicles and industrial sources. Scientists even imagine they could operate on Mars, where the atmosphere is 95% CO2. The discovery opens new doors for developing even better low-cost, easy-to-make battery materials and marks a milestone step toward real-world applications. 1．What advantage does the new battery have over other batteries based on the first paragraph? A．It’s lighter. B．It’s more user-friendly. C．It’s greener. D．It’s more cost-effective. 2．What does Dr Gadkari want to clarify by referring to “cycling uphill”? A．A natural phenomenon. B．A technical term. C．An experimental stage. D．A theoretical design. 3．How did researchers confirm the effectiveness of CPM besides using modelling? A．By testing its performance on Mars. B．By assessing its durability via DFT. C．By observing reactions in the battery. D．By analyzing lithium carbonate’ structure. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph about the new battery? A．It is promising for mass production. B．It is convenient to make and recycle C．Its efficiency relies on rare earth elements. D．Its use has reshaped the battery industry. Passage 3 (24-25高二下·河南商丘九师联盟·期末) A fully soft, 3D-printed robot that operates without any electronics has been developed by engineers at the University of California, San Diego. Led by mechanical engineer Yichen Zhai, the team created an insect-inspired robot with six flexible legs that moves completely using air from a container. Remarkably, the entire robot is printed as one single piece from plastic, a process taking about two and a half days. Unlike conventional robots needing electricity, this innovation relies on air pressure. Because of this design, the robot is waterproof, as demonstrated when it successfully walked through beach shallows during testing. The six-legged design provides excellent stability on rough surfaces. When moving, three legs step while the other three remain grounded, preventing the robot from tipping over easily. Perla Maiolino, a soft robotics expert at the University of Oxford, finds the design “quite interesting”, highlighting its unique single-material, single-piece construction unlike typical multi-part constructed robots. This electronics-free approach holds significant promise for future applications. Such robots could potentially work in dangerous environments where electronics fail or pose risks, such as underwater, in mines, or even in space. They represent a step towards free-standing robots usable in tough conditions without power wires. However, the current model has limitations. Its speed is only about 4 centimeters per second — faster than a snail but slower than a turtle — and it can only operate for 80 seconds on an air container. It also moves only in a straight line and cannot yet turn or avoid barriers. Zhai’s team is actively working on a faster version and aims to develop a turning system, potentially using controlled airflow to move around like a simple self-driving device. While not yet ready for demanding tasks, Zhai emphasizes the robot’s current accessibility. “The robot is like a toy,” be says. Being cheaply and easily 3D printable means “If people love it, they can make it. That’s enough.” 1．What is a key feature of the robot? A．It requires complex tools to build. B．It is printed as a single plastic piece. C．It has electronic sensors for movement. D．It uses multiple materials for flexibility. 2．What is Perla Maiolino’s attitude towards the robot’s design? A．Doubtful. B．Unconcerned. C．Critical. D．Positive. 3．What aspect of the robot is expected to be improved in future research? A．Its structural complexity. B．Its ability to avoid barriers. C．Its data processing capacity. D．Its use of electronic parts. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．A 3D-Printed Robot with Four Legs B．The Advantages of Air-Powered Robots C．The Speed and Limitations of a Soft Robot D．An Air-Powered Robot Without Electronics Passage 4 (24-25高二下·河南信阳·期末) Described in Nature Communications, a new approach called the Toxic (有毒的) Male Technique (TMT) works by genetically engineering male insects to produce insect-specific poisonous proteins in their body, which have little effect on themselves. But when these males mate with females, the proteins are passed on, greatly reducing the duration of life of females and their ability to spread diseases. Disease-carrying insects pose a growing threat to global health and agriculture, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of infections, and costing billions in health care and crop damage annually. In mosquitoes like Anopheles gambiae, only the females bite and spread diseases such as malaria, dengue, Zika and yellow fever. Pesticides (农药) face declining effectiveness due to resistance and have caused harm to non-target species and ecosystems. Genetic bio-control has appeared as a hopeful choice. Current techniques like the Sterile (不育的) Insect Technique (SIT) or insects carrying deadly genes work by releasing large numbers of sterile or genetically engineered males to mate with the wild females. While these mated females produce no descendant insects or only male descendants, they continue to blood-feed and spread diseases until they die naturally meaning populations of biting females only decrease when the next generation emerges. By immediately reducing the biting female population, the TMT offers significant advantages over competing genetic bio-control methods. Laboratory tests using fruit flies showed that females mated with TMT males had their life length shortened by 37%-64% compared to those mated with unengineered males. Computer models predict that applying the TMT to Aedes aegypti, a mosquito species primarily responsible for spreading dengue and Zika, could reduce blood-feeding rates by 40% to 60% compared to current methods. The current study was conducted in Associate Professor Maciej Maselko’s lab and the proof of concept for this approach for lowering the populations of troublesome species. “We provides still need to apply it to mosquitoes and conduct thorough safety testing to ensure there are no risks to humans or other non-target species,” says Maselko. 1．What can be learned about the TMT? A．It is based on traditional techniques. B．It poses a real threat to male insects. C．It is replacing pesticides worldwide. D．It offers hope against harmful insects. 2．What makes the TMT different from the SIT? A．The reason it was created. B．The way it functions. C．The popularity it has achieved. D．The insect it targets. 3．What do the data in paragraph 4 imply? A．The challenges facing the TMT. B．The decrease in insect populations. C．The huge potential of the TMT. D．The great power of computer models. 4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text? A．To call for a prohibition on chemical pesticides. B．To introduce a new genetic bio-control approach. C．To discuss the history of insect-killing techniques. D．To highlight the dangers of disease-carrying insects. 主题02 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·河南三门峡渑池县渑池县第二高级中学·期末) Data obtained from China’s Zhurong rover (探测器) indicate that the ocean — known as Deuteronilus — would have existed roughly 3.5 to 4 billion years ago, a time when Mars had a thicker atmosphere and warmer climate. According to scientists, hidden underneath the red planet is evidence that there were once sandy beaches and a sizeable ocean on it. The rover, which operated from May 2021 to May 2022, travelled about 1.9 km on the planet, and detected materials with properties similar to sand around 10 m — 35 m below the surface. The sand-like material all sloped (倾斜) in the same direction and at an angle, similar to beaches on Earth, and spanned about 1.5 km, researchers said. These Earth-like features led researchers to investigate whether they were truly formed by ancient waves. The study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on Monday, said these beaches would have been the result of long-term impacts of waves and tides, similar to how such forces shaped Earth’s landscapes. The discovery could be crucial in finding out if Mars’s surface supported living organisms. “Shorelines are great locations to look for evidence of past life,” co-author of the study, Michael Manga of the University of California, Berkeley, said. “It’s thought that the earliest life on Earth began at locations like this, near the interface of air and shallow water.” To confirm this hypothesis, the team systematically ruled out alternative explanations. According to Benjamin Cardenas, fellow co-author and Penn State geoscientist, researchers were able to rule out that the structures detected by the rover were ancient rivers or sand dunes (沙丘). “Beaches simply fit the observations best,” he said. “Dunes tend to come in groups, and these groups produce characteristic patterns not present in these deposits (沉积物)… We also considered ancient rivers, but we rejected that theory for similar reasons based on the patterns we saw in the deposits.” 1．What did the Zhurong rover’s data reveal about Mars? A．Its surface was once covered with sand. B．It witnessed ups and downs in life forms. C．It had a large ocean billions of years ago. D．Its atmosphere experienced significant changes. 2．What can be inferred about Martian beaches? A．They sloped at varied angles. B．They were found on the surface of Mars. C．They must have held rich organisms at a certain period. D．They might have experienced similar processes to those on Earth. 3．What does the underlined word “hypothesis” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Discovery. B．Assumption. C．Approach. D．Principle. 4．What’s the researchers’ attitude towards the “ancient rivers” explanation? A．Negative. B．Supportive. C．Tolerant. D．Mixed. Passage 2 (24-25高二下·河南许昌·期末) An asteroid (小行星) struck Earth 66 million years ago, causing a disaster that wiped out roughly 75 percent of known fossil species virtually overnight. However, many frogs survived. “The high resilience (适应力) of frogs to the mass extinction has been a mystery,” says Chinese Academy of Sciences biologist Anderson Feijó. But now he may have found an answer: The frogs that survived the worst day on Earth may have not been too big, nor too small, but just the right size. But why would being not too big or not too small make such a large difference? Study coauthor Catharina Karlsson notes that medium-sized frogs fared better during the disaster, and through time, than extreme-sized frogs. Very small frog species can absorb water fast, but they also dry out quicker in hotter climates, the researchers point out, while larger frogs can hold on to water better but take longer to rehydrate (补水) if they dry out. If a habitat’s climate rapidly changes, then frogs at either end of the size scale will face new challenges, while medium-sized frogs will hit a sweet spot: They are able to absorb water fast enough while also holding on to it. The researchers didn’t just look at the disaster that struck 66 million years ago, though. They surveyed fossil frog records ranging from about 220 million years ago until the present to check the pattern. “From local to global scales, as well as through evolutionary history, medium-sized frogs seem more resilient to climate changes and are the only ones found in more extreme environments,” Feijó says. In a world where humans are quickly changing the global climate, these results may give conservationists clues as to which frog species might be most at risk. A little more than 50 percent of very small or very large frog species will be in a “risk area” by 2100, almost four times as many at present, the researchers conclude. Even though many frog species have ways to cope with dry habitats, the climate is likely to shift too quickly to allow extreme-sized species to adapt. 1．What puzzled Anderson Feijó? A．What species became extinct 66 million years ago. B．When Earth was struck by the asteroid. C．Why frogs survived the mass extinction. D．How frogs prepared for the disaster. 2．What does the underlined part “hit a sweet spot” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Develop new skills. B．Be at an advantage. C．Do just the opposite. D．Be in the air. 3．What does paragraph 3 mainly stress? A．It is tough to carry out the study. B．The study conclusion is credible. C．Frogs also follow “Survival of the fittest”. D．Environmental stress impacts frogs little. 4．What is the significance of the study? A．It provides conservationists with ways to save frogs. B．It reminds people of the severity of climate change. C．It identifies climate-threatened frog species. D．It predicts global weather patterns. Passage 3 (24-25高二下·河南许昌·期末) In the Wasatch Mountains of the western US on the slopes above a spring-fed lake, there stands a single giant organism that provides an entire ecosystem, Pando, a 108-acre stand of aspen clones (颤杨克隆体). Although it looks like a woodland of individual trees with striking white bark and small leaves, Pando is actually 47,000 genetically identical stems (树干) that arise from an interconnected root network. Pando has been around for thousands of years. Its longevity means a whole ecosystem of 68 plant species and many animals have been supported under its shade. Although Pando is protected by the US National Forest Service, it is in danger of disappearing due to several factors. Deer cause one of the biggest worries. Wolves once kept them in check, but their number is now much larger because of the loss of these predators (捕食者). Deer also tend to gather in Pando as the protection the woodland receives means they are not in danger of being hunted there. As older trees die or fall down, light reaches the woodland floor which stimulates new clonal stems to start growing, but when these animals eat the tops off newly forming stems, they die. This means in large areas of Pando there is little new growth. Besides, older stems in Pando are also being affected by diseases. Pando arose after the last ice age had passed and has dealt with a largely stable climate ever since. But now climate change threatens the size of the tree. Aspen stands have been struggling with climate change-related pressures, such as reduced water supply and warmer weather earlier in the year, making it harder for trees to form new leaves, which have led to declines in coverage. Despite every cause for concern, there is hope as scientists are helping us unlock the secrets to Pando’s resilience (适应力), while conservation groups are working to protect this tree and its associated ecosystem. And a new conservation group called the Friends of Pando aims to make the tree accessible to virtually everyone through 360 video recordings. 1．What do we know about Pando? A．It is a group of genetically identical aspen trees. B．It is an organism made up of aspen clones. C．It is an ecosystem of 68 plant species. D．It is a wildlife reserve. 2．What is the main reason deer make a threat to Pando? A．They consume new growth in the woodland. B．They spread diseases among new clonal stems. C．They compete with dying trees for water resources. D．They attract wolves which damage the ecosystem there. 3．What has climate change brought to Pando? A．Its loss of habitat. B．Its lack of resilience. C．The reduction of its range. D．The decline of its ice cover. 4．Why does the Friends of Pando post videos of Pando? A．To attract visitors. B．To study its ecosystem. C．To unite conservation groups. D．To gather support for its protection. Passage 4 (24-25高二下·河南安阳滑县部分学校·期末) Antarctica, known for its massive ice sheets, is also home to many volcanoes. Although most of these volcanoes are dormant, scientists think they could become active again as the surrounding ice melts. This happened before, after the last ice age, between 12,000 and 7,000 years ago, when volcanic activity increased by two to six times as glaciers melted. Today, human-caused climate change is creating a new period of warming. While scientists once thought Antarctica would be less affected by global warming, the region is now showing clear signs of change, including unusual heat waves and significant ice loss. As the ice melts, it reduces pressure on the volcanoes below, which could lead to eruptions, much like the act of opening a bottle of fizzy drink (碳酸饮料). Antarctica has over 130 known volcanoes, many hidden under the ice, but some are still active. Mount Erebus is the tallest active volcano there and has been erupting for decades. If more volcanoes become active due to ice loss, it could create a cycle where volcanic activity speeds up ice melting. This happens because volcanic ash makes the surface darker, causing it to absorb more heat. Scientists worry that if under-ice volcanoes erupt, they could help break up the ice sheet in West Antarctica, making large pieces of ice fall into the ocean and raise sea levels. The volcanic activity would also release more greenhouse gases, making Earth warmer and leading to more ice loss, which could trigger more volcanic eruptions. However, scientists are careful about making predictions. As Virginie Pinel, a volcano expert, explains, “Volcanic systems develop over hundreds of thousands of years, while climate change happens over decades. We don’t have enough experience to fully understand the changes happening in volcanic activity.” Still, studying these changes helps scientists better understand what makes volcanic eruptions happen, such as a real-world experiment. The research continues as scientists work to predict how these complex systems might interact in the future. 1．Why does the author mention the last ice age? A．To show past ice melt caused eruptions. B．To prove current warming is unusual. C．To compare volcanic activity across periods. D．To explain the cycle of climate change. 2．How does volcanic ash affect ice melting? A．It reflects sunlight. B．It causes heat absorption. C．It increases ice thickness. D．It releases greenhouse gases. 3．What does the underlined word “trigger” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Reduce. B．Prevent. C．Cause. D．Delay. 4．What do scientists emphasize about volcanic systems and climate change? A．They operate on different timelines. B．Their interaction is predictable. C．Volcanic activity speed up climate change. D．Climate change has little impact on volcanoes. Passage 5 (24-25高二下·河南安阳滑县部分学校·期末) When you consider a salmon or a pigeon, your first thought is probably not about quantum mechanics (量子力学) and yet, that’s precisely what the evidence suggests: these animals exploit some of the most advanced science currently understood by humans in their everyday lives. According to a new paper, they’re doing so in ways that push at the very limits of quantum physics. The performance of a magnetic (有磁性的) sensor depends on three things: its volume, sensitivity, and measurement time. The smaller the sensor, the more sensitive the magnet. However, when devices get too small, they enter the quantum world. This brings both advantages and challenges in magnetometry (磁测量): the tiny scale reduces noise and increases sensitivity, but it also makes the system delicate, as quantum states can be easily disturbed. Even in the quantum world, there’s a limit on how small you can go. Both theoretically and experimentally, the limit for magnetic sensitivity is set at Planck’s constant — an incredibly small value. Biologists have long known that many animals can sense magnetic fields — it’s how birds navigate, how foxes hunt, and how dogs find their way around. “During the last six decades scientists have considered several biophysical mechanisms explaining biological magnetoreception (磁感受作用),” explains a statement from the University of Crete, but they are not yet fully understood. Researchers Kominis and Gkoudinakis decided to work backwards, using known physical laws to understand these mechanisms. Their results showed that some proposed mechanisms for biological magnetoreception would be operating right at the quantum limit — like a TV operating with the highest possible resolution. The findings suggest we shouldn’t feel discouraged about coming second to animals in this ability. Now that we better understand how they do it, we might be able to improve our own lab-based magnetic sensors. As Kominis told Physics magazine, “If scientists want to make the most sensitive measurements, we have to go quantum. Modeling biological magnetic sensors can guide such quantum engineering.” 1．What does the evidence suggest about animals? A．They know quantum mechanics. B．They use quantum mechanics in life. C．They can explain quantum physics. D．They are not related to quantum mechanics. 2．What is the main challenge faced by quantum magnetometry? A．Lack of research data. B．High cost of production. C．Easily disturbed quantum states. D．Low sensitivity in measurement. 3．What approach did Kominis and Gkoudinakis take to study biological magnetoreception? A．Observing bird navigation. B．Creating quantum experiments. C．Analyzing animal movement data. D．Using known physical laws backward. 4．What could be the future focus of quantum engineering? A．Exploring new animals’ behaviors. B．Developing biological theories. C．Reducing the size of sensors. D．Copying biological magnetic sensors. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·河南信阳固始县永和高中联考·期末) When I came back from Quanzhou in the evening, my younger brother kept making a fuss. My mother sighed and said that she had come across a video before, in which several post-2010s children were interviewed and asked about their views on post-1980s mothers. These children unanimously said that post-1980s mothers were too nagging and feudal. My mother felt that these children were really unreasonable, just like ungrateful wretches. In my opinion, this is just a video set up by capital. First, they interview some post-2010s children, then select those whose views fit the image of unfilial children, edit them into a video, and post it online to gain traffic. Doing this can not only help the marketing accounts get traffic, but also provide a platform for these parents to vent their indignation. It’s simply killing two birds with one stone, and both sides are willing. Those poor post-2010s children are not only ruthlessly slandered, but also sentenced to “death” by these marketing accounts, being stereotyped from ignorant kids into unforgivable problem teenagers. The selected children may have just casually made a childish complaint, such as “Mom always doesn’t let me play with my phone” or “She always nags me about being picky with food”, but these words are edited into “accusing their mothers of being feudal”. Outside the camera, they might hug their mothers to act coquettishly and share interesting things at school in the next second. However, in the narrative of marketing accounts, these real children are simplified into “unreasonable ungrateful wretches”, while post-1980s mothers are portrayed as “wronged victims”. These two identities are forced into an opposing framework, stimulating the family emotions that are most likely to resonate. Marketing accounts know very well that what they want is not the truth, but the “sense of being offended” that can make parents in front of the screen instantly identify with.​ 1．What does the author think about how the views of post-2010s children in the video are formed? A．They are guided by professional interview teams​ B．They are created by capital through selection and editing​ C．They truly reflect their opinions on their mothers ​ D．They are drawn after long-term thinking by the children​ 2．What is the main purpose of marketing accounts in posting such videos?​ A．To promote communication and understanding between parents and children​ B．To help parents understand their children’s true thoughts​ C．To educate children to be grateful to their parents​ D．To gain traffic and provide a platform for parents to vent​ 3．What kind of real performance of the children is mentioned in the article?​ A．Always being dissatisfied and critical of their mothers​ B．Interacting intimately with their mothers off-camera​ C．Long-term thinking that their mothers are feudal​ D．Deliberately speaking ill of their mothers in front of the camera​ 4．Into what kind of framework do marketing accounts force post-2010s children and post-1980s mothers?​ A．A framework of harmonious coexistence​ B．A framework of mutual understanding​ C．An opposing framework​ D．A framework of equal communication​ 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要批判资本通过剪辑视频制造亲子对立以获取流量的现象。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“First, they interview some post-2010s children, then select those whose views fit the image of unfilial children, edit them into a video, and post it online to gain traffic.(首先，他们采访一些10后的孩子，然后挑选出那些观点符合“不孝子女”形象的言论，将它们编辑成视频，发布到网上以获取流量)”可知，作者认为视频中10后孩子的观点是资本通过挑选和编辑创造出来的。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Doing this can not only help the marketing accounts get traffic, but also provide a platform for these parents to vent their indignation.(这样做不仅可以帮助营销账号获得流量，还可以为这些家长提供一个发泄不满的平台)”可知，营销账号发布此类视频的主要目的是获取流量并为家长提供发泄平台。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Outside the camera, they might hug their mothers to act coquettishly and share interesting things at school in the next second.(在镜头外，他们可能会立刻撒娇地抱住妈妈，分享学校里有趣的事情)”可知，文章提到孩子们在镜头外的真实表现是与母亲亲密互动。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, in the narrative of marketing accounts, these real children are simplified into “unreasonable ungrateful wretches”, while post-1980s mothers are portrayed as “wronged victims”. These two identities are forced into an opposing framework, stimulating the family emotions that are most likely to resonate.(然而，在营销账号的叙事中，这些真实的孩子被简化为“无理取闹的不孝子”，而80后母亲则被描绘成“受委屈的受害者”。这两种身份被强行塞进了一个对立的框架中，激发了最容易引起共鸣的家庭情感)”可知，营销账号将10后孩子和80后母亲强行塞进了一个对立的框架中。故选C。 Passage 2 (24-25高二下·河南项城第三高级中学·期末) Chopsticks, or kuaizi, appeared over 3,000 years ago in ancient China. They were first used for cooking and serving, not as an eating tool. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that chopsticks came into use for eating. Today, bamboo and wood chopsticks are the most popular ones in Chinese homes. Chinese chopsticks are usually about 26 centimeters long and 1.2 centimeters wide. It is believed that chopsticks should be part of a girl’s downy (嫁妆) because the sound of kuaizi is like that of the words for “soon” and “son”. It’s still a popular good wish in China. According to modern science, the long-term use of chopsticks makes one’s fingers move quickly. That is good for people’s health. The culture of using chopsticks has spread to many other Asian countries. In Japan, people celebrate August 4 as Chopsticks Day every year. There are rules to follow when using chopsticks. Chinese people don’t usually beat their bowls or point at others with chopsticks. In most cases, they won’t start eating until the elderly move chopsticks, and they will put chopsticks down gently after they finish eating. As an old saying goes, “A chopstick can be broken easily. Ten pairs of chopsticks held together are hard to break.” For thousands of years, Chinese people have loved chopsticks not only because they are easy to use but also because they show the spirit (精神) of the Chinese people. 1．What can we learn about chopsticks in Paragraph 1? A．People usually make chopsticks out of plastics. B．People first used chopsticks as a cooking tool. C．Chopsticks were used for eating 3,000 years ago. D．Few people could use chopsticks in ancient China. 2．Why is the use of chopsticks good for our health? A．Because they make eating easier. B．Because they have a magical power. C．Because they practice people’s fingers. D．Because they are made out of modern science. 3．Which is the right way to use chopsticks? A．Put chopsticks down gently. B．Beat the bowl with chopsticks. C．Use chopsticks to point at others. D．Move chopsticks before the elderly. 4．Which part of the newspaper is the article probably from? A．Science B．Health C．Fashion D．Culture 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了筷子的历史、长度寓意、对健康的益处、使用礼仪及所体现的中华民族精神。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“They were first used for cooking and serving, not as an eating tool. (它们最初被用于烹饪和上菜，而不是作为进食工具)”可知，人们最初使用筷子是将其作为烹饪工具。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“According to modern science, the long-term use of chopsticks makes one’s fingers move quickly. That is good for people’s health. (根据现代科学，长期使用筷子能使人的手指快速移动。这对人们的健康有好处)”可知，使用筷子可以让手指快速移动，因此对我们的健康有好处。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“In most cases, they won’t start eating until the elderly move chopsticks, and they will put chopsticks down gently after they finish eating. (在大多数情况下，他们要等老人动筷子后才开始吃饭，吃完饭后会轻轻放下筷子)”可知，吃完饭后把筷子轻轻放下是使用筷子的正确方法。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Chopsticks, or kuaizi, appeared over 3,000 years ago in ancient China. They were first used for cooking and serving, not as an eating tool. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that chopsticks came into use for eating. Today, bamboo and wood chopsticks are the most popular ones in Chinese homes.(Chopsticks，或称筷子，出现在3000多年前的中国古代。它们最初被用来做饭和上菜，而不是作为一种食用工具。直到明朝，筷子才被用来吃饭。如今，竹筷和木筷是中国家庭中最流行的筷子)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了中国筷子的历史和蕴含的文化精神，由此可推测文章可能来自报纸的文化版块。故选D。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·河南天立教育·期末) Choosing the Right Resolution (决定) Millions of Americans began 2014 with the same resolution they started 2013 with, a goal of losing weight. However, setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake. To reach our goal of losing weight — the output, we need to control what we eat — the input (输入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to construct goals. The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input. Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: “I’ll stop having desert for lunch,” or “I’ll walk every day for 20 minutes.” Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome. Recently a new science behind incentives (激励), including in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based on output, like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect on output. Fryer’s conclusion was that the intensives for inputs might be more effective because do not know how to do better on exam, aside from general rules like “study harder.” Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a well-set task over which they have much more control. As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. And it’s easier to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do. If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a cafe, for example. This is a well-specified action-based goal for which you can measure your success easily. Spending less money isn’t a goal because it’s too general. Similarly, if you want to spend more time with your family, don’t stop with this general wish. Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday. In the long run, these new goals could become a habit. 1．The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because . A．it is hard to achieve for most Americans B．it is focused too much on the result C．it is dependent on too many things D．it is based on actionable decisions 2．In Roland Fryer’s research, some students did better than the others because . A．they obeyed all the general rules B．they paid more attention to exams C．they were motivated by their classmates D．they were rewarded for reading some books 3．According to the writer, which of the following statements is a good goal? A．“I’ll give up dessert.” B．“I’ll study harder.” C．“I’ll cut down my expense” D．“I’ll spend more time with my family” 4．The writer strongly believes that we should . A．develop good habits and focus on the outcome B．be optimistic about final goals and stick to them C．pick specific actions that can be turned into good habits D．set ambitious goals that can balance the input and output 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章举例说明在我们制定目标的时候，应选择可以变成好习惯的具体行动，而不要过于笼统地注重结果。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“To reach our goal of losing weight—the output, we need to control what we eat—the input (输入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to construct goals. (为了达到减肥的目标——输出，我们需要控制我们的饮食——输入。也就是说，我们倾向于关心输出，而不是控制输入。这不是一种构建目标的好方法。)”和“Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome. (创建一个专注于明确输入的目标可能比专注于结果更有效。)”可知，作者认为把减肥作为一个目标是错误的，因为过于注重结果。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based on output, like results on exams. (例如，研究人员Roland Fryer想看看什么能最有效地激励孩子在学校表现得更好。在某些情况下，他根据输入给学生奖励，比如阅读某些书籍，而在其他情况下，奖励是基于输出，比如考试成绩。)”可知，在Roland Fryer的研究中，因为有些学生读了一些书而得到了奖励，所以他们比其他人做得更好。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: “I’ll stop having desert for lunch ” or “I’ll walk every day for 20 minutes.” Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.(与其下定决心减肥，不如尝试一个切实可行的决心：“我午饭不再吃甜点”或“我每天步行20分钟”。制定一个专注于明确输入的目标可能比专注于结果更有效)”及第三段“Fryer’s conclusion was that the intensives for inputs might be more effective because students do not know how to do better on exam aside from general rules like “study harder.” Reading certain books on the other hand is a well-set task over which they have much more control.(弗莱尔的结论是，强化输入可能更有效，因为学生不知道如何在考试中取得更好的成绩，除了像“更努力地学习”这样的一般规则。另一方面，阅读某些书籍是一项很好的任务，他们有更多的控制权)”及文章倒数第二段“If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a cafe for example. This is a well-specified action-based goal for which you can measure your success easily. Spending less money isn’t a goal because it’s too general. Similarly if you want to spend more time with your family don’t stop with this general wish. Think bout an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to like a family movie night every Wednesday.(如果你想减少开支，一个很好的目标是早上在家里煮咖啡，而不是去咖啡馆。这是一个明确的基于行动的目标，你可以很容易地衡量你的成功。少花钱不是一个目标，因为它太笼统了。同样，如果你想花更多的时间和你的家人在一起，不要止步于这个笼统的愿望。想一个可行的习惯，你可以采纳并坚持，比如每周三的家庭电影之夜。)”可知，作者认为比较具体可行的，注重过程的目标是好的目标，笼统泛泛，只注重结果的目标不是好目标，在四个选项中A项“我将放弃甜食”是具体的目标，其他都是笼统的目标。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Similarly, if you want to spend more time with your family, don’t stop with this general wish. Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday. (同样，如果你想花更多的时间和家人在一起，不要止步于这个普遍的愿望。想一个你可以养成并坚持的可行习惯，比如每周三全家一起看电影。)”可知，作者建议我们应该选择可以变成好习惯的具体行动。故选C项。 Passage 2 (24-25高二下·河南天立教育·期末) When Thomas Edison hit a wall with his inventions, he would nap in an armchair while holding a steel ball. As he started to fall asleep and his muscles relaxed, the ball would strike the floor, waking him with insights into his problems. Or so the story goes. Thomas Edison was somewhat right. Now, more than 100 years later, scientists have repeated the trick in a lab, revealing that the famous inventor was on to something. People following his recipe tripled their chances of solving a math problem. The trick was to wake up in the transition between sleep and wakefulness, just before deep sleep. In this transitional period, we are not quite awake, but also not deeply asleep. It can be as short as a minute and occurs right when we start to doze off. Researchers recruited more than 100 easy sleepers, each of whom was given a math test with a hidden rule for the answer. By recording brain activity, they found that those who napped and were interrupted during the first phase of sleep were three times better at finding the hidden key to the problem than those who remained awake. The creative effect happened even for people who spent just 15 seconds in the first sleep stage. But the trick didn’t work for those who reached later stages of sleep. “Our findings suggest there is a creative sweet spot during sleep onset,” says author Delphine Oudiette, a sleep researcher at the Paris Brain Institute. “It is a small window which can disappear if you wake up too early or sleep too deep.” The study team also identified a brain activity pattern linked to the creativity-boosting phase: moderate levels of brain waves at a slow frequency known as alpha, associated with relaxation, and low levels of delta waves, a hallmark of deep sleep. Oudiette says researchers can now focus on this brain signature when investigating the neural mechanisms (神经机制) of creative problem-solving. The team has already planned an experiment to help people reach a creative zone by monitoring their brain waves in real time.“ Edison was great”, Oudiette says, “and now we have a lot more to explore.” 1．What does the underlined phrase “was on to something” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Discovered the truth. B．Was absorbed in math puzzles. C．Started the experiment. D．Was engaged in laboratory work. 2．According to the research, the trick of promoting creativity lies in ________. A．gaining adequate deep sleep B．discovering the hidden rules of problems C．following Edison’s life style D．waking up right after nodding off to sleep 3．Why did the researchers record brain activity of the sleepers? A．To evaluate their sleep efficiency. B．To measure their amount of sleep. C．To assess their levels of intelligence. D．To compare their creative thinking abilities. 4．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Supporting evidence for the research results. B．Potential application of the research findings C．A further explanation of the research methods. D．A reasonable doubt about the research process. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了研究人员通过复现爱迪生的方法发现，在打盹后马上醒来能促进人的创造力。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Thomas Edison was somewhat right. Now, more than 100 years later, scientists have repeated the trick in a lab, revealing that the famous inventor was on to something. People following his recipe tripled their chances of solving a math problem. (托马斯·爱迪生多少是对的。现在，100多年后，科学家们在实验室里重复了这个把戏，揭示出这位著名的发明家was on to something。按照他的方法，人们解决数学问题的几率增加了三倍)”可推知，前面说科学家们重复了这个把戏，后又说按照他的方法，人们解决数学问题的几率增加了三倍，所以此处表示爱迪生确实找到了一种方法。由此推知，划线词组was on to something和Discovered the truth.(发现了真相)意思相近。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The trick was to wake up in the transition between sleep and wakefulness, just before deep sleep. In this transitional period, we are not quite awake, but also not deeply asleep. It can be as short as a minute and occurs right when we start to doze off.(诀窍是在睡眠和清醒之间的过渡阶段醒来，就在深度睡眠之前。在这个过渡时期，我们不是完全清醒，但也不是深睡。它可能只有一分钟，就发生在我们开始打瞌睡的时候)”以及第三段中“By recording brain activity, they found that those who napped and were interrupted during the first phase of sleep were three times better at finding the hidden key to the problem than those who remained awake.(通过记录大脑活动，他们发现那些在睡眠第一阶段被打断的人在找到问题隐藏的关键方面比那些保持清醒的人好三倍)”以及第四段中“The creative effect happened even for people who spent just 15 seconds in the first sleep stage. But the trick didn’t work for those who reached later stages of sleep. (即使在第一阶段只睡了15秒的人也会产生创造性的效果。但这个把戏对进入睡眠后期的人不起作用)”可知，促进创造力的诀窍在于在打盹后马上醒来。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“By recording brain activity, they found that those who napped and were interrupted during the first phase of sleep were three times better at finding the hidden key to the problem than those who remained awake.(通过记录大脑活动，他们发现那些在睡眠第一阶段被打断的人在找到问题隐藏的关键方面比那些保持清醒的人好三倍)”可知，研究人员记录睡眠者的大脑活动是为了比较他们的创造性思维能力。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第五段中“The study team also identified a brain activity pattern linked to the creativity-boosting phase: moderate levels of brain waves at a slow frequency known as alpha, associated with relaxation, and low levels of delta waves, a hallmark of deep sleep. Oudiette says researchers can now focus on this brain signature when investigating the neural mechanisms of creative problem-solving. The team has already planned an experiment to help people reach a creative zone by monitoring their brain waves in real time.(研究团队还发现了一种与创造力提升阶段相关的大脑活动模式：与放松有关的被称为α的中等水平的慢频率脑电波，以及深度睡眠的标志——低水平的δ波。Oudiette说，当研究创造性解决问题的神经机制时，研究人员现在可以专注于这种大脑信号。该团队已经计划进行一项实验，通过实时监测人们的脑电波，帮助人们进入创造性区域)”可知，第五段主要讲了研究成果的潜在应用，能帮助人们进入创造性区域。故选B项。 Passage 3 (24-25高二下·河南郸城县第一高级中学·期末) In January in Monterrey, Mexico, Iván Venzor was one of only a few people in the world to see a Jupiter-sized planet crossing in front of a distant star. It happened too fast to see by eye—just a second-long flicker of light—but Venzor's backyard telescope(望远镜) recorded the data, allowing him to confirm the event with researchers. “I'm having dinner with my family, and I'm trying to discover a new kind of planet in the backyard, ” said Venzor, who loves watching stars and planets in space. “It's effortless. ” Venzor is part of a growing global group using smart telescopes made by the French company called Unistellar. These small, Wi-Fi-connected telescopes are in over 15, 000 locations across six continents. They have helped discover hundreds of space objects, including stars and planets. By watching from different places, the global group can help scientists learn an object's size, shape, and path. “The network is the coolest citizen science project I've ever seen, ” said Jon Vandegriff, a space scientist. But the telescopes can cost up to $4, 000 each, making them inaccessible to many people. So Unistellar has gifted telescopes to universities and science clubs around the world to expand（扩展） the network's reach. For those interested in contributing to research, Unistellar also sends out a list of space objects that can be seen in different locations each month. People can select their object of interest, and press a button that directs an app to point the telescope at the target location and record a video of the passing object. They can also use the telescope to take still photos of their favorite stars. Now Unistellar is working on making the system smarter using AI and hopes to add more telescopes in underrepresented places like Africa and South America. That would be good news for researchers and hobbyists alike. “On your own, you can do only so much in space exploration, ” said Frank Marchis, Unistellar's Chief Scientific Officer. “By working together, we can do amazing things. ” 1．What did Venzor do through the telescope in January? A．He observed a new planet. B．He watched the planet Jupiter. C．He performed an experiment. D．He took a still picture of a star. 2．What can we infer about the global group? A．It just explores small-sized stars. B．It is a great helper for scientists. C．It has 15, 000 members in France. D．It is a Mexican-based organization. 3．What is a problem about the telescopes produced by Unistellar? A．They are out of date. B．They are subject to an app. C．They are too costly. D．They are difficult to operate. 4．What does the company plan to do next? A．Share its findings with scientists in Africa. B．Send its staff to underrepresented places. C．Make efforts to put AI tools under control. D．Get more people involved in the network. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Unistellar公司推出的智能望远镜通过全球用户协作助力天文观测和公民科学的发展。 【详解】41．细节理解题。根据第一段“In January in Monterrey, Mexico, Iván Venzor was one of only a few people in the world to see a Jupiter - sized planet crossing in front of a distant star.(1 月，在墨西哥蒙特雷，伊万・文佐尔是世界上为数不多的看到一颗木星大小的行星从一颗遥远恒星前穿过的人之一)” 可知，1 月文佐尔通过望远镜观测到了一颗新行星。故选A。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“By watching from different places, the global group can help scientists learn an object's size, shape, and path.(通过从不同地点进行观测，这个全球团体可以帮助科学家了解一个天体的大小、形状和运行轨道)” 可知，这个全球团体对科学家来说是一个很好的帮手。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“But the telescopes can cost up to $4,000 each, making them inaccessible to many people.(但每台望远镜的价格可能高达 4000 美元，这使得许多人无法购买)” 可知，Unistellar 公司生产的望远镜的问题是价格太高。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Now Unistellar is working on making the system smarter using AI and hopes to add more telescopes in underrepresented places like Africa and South America. That would be good news for researchers and hobbyists alike. “On your own, you can do only so much in space exploration, ” said Frank Marchis, Unistellar's Chief Scientific Officer. “By working together, we can do amazing things. ”(如今，尤尼斯特拉尔（Unistellar）公司正致力于利用人工智能让该系统变得更智能，并希望在非洲和南美洲等关注较少的地区增设更多望远镜。这对研究人员和天文爱好者而言，都将是个好消息。尤尼斯特拉尔公司的首席科学官弗兰克・马尔希斯（Frank Marchis）表示：“仅凭个人之力，在太空探索中能做的十分有限。但通过合作，我们就能创造非凡成就)” 可知，公司计划让更多人参与到这个网络中来。故选D。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·河南天立教育·期末) Do you know that the oldest tree is a 5, 000-year old bristlecone pine (狐尾松) located in the forests of Nevada? Unfortunately, many of these precious old-growth trees are starting to disappear from our planet. The term old-growth refers to trees that are 150 years or older. This means that many of the trees on the Earth today are younger, smaller, and have shorter lifespans. As the Earth’s temperature warms up due to climate change, it is having unintended effects on the world’s forests. When temperatures rise, trees close their pores (气孔) to prevent the loss of moisture, and this, in turn, slows down the process of photosynthesis (光合作用). As a result, these trees are shorter and grow slowly, as well as have a high deathrate. Climate change also increases the possibility of droughts and wildfires. After wildfires, it takes a while for the forest ecosystems to recover, and in some cases, the forests are lost permanently. Trees that are stressed are also susceptible (易受影响的) to attacks by bacteria (细菌). Finally, humans have changed the forest landscape through logging (伐木). There are some who claim that increased greenhouse gas emission is helping trees grow faster because CO2, is needed for photosynthesis. While some younger trees may benefit from this, we are seeing significantly more loss of forests than gain. Old-growth forests are a storehouse of carbon, and when they die, the stored CO2, is released into the air worsening the greenhouse effect. Older forests have higher biodiversity, which is beneficial as each organism has a role to play and there is a wide variety of species. As these forests disappear, species that once called them “home” are forced to relocate, affecting the biodiversity of those ecosystems. Unfortunately, some endangered species are unable to adapt and go extinct. With trees dying continuously, will future generations miss out on the wonders of forests? 1．What is the main idea of the second paragraph? A．Why bacteria may attack old trees. B．What leads to the rising temperatures. C．Why old-growth forests are disappearing. D．How global warming causes natural disasters. 2．What does the underlined word “them” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Species. B．Older forests. C．Organisms. D．Roles organisms play. 3．The last sentence of the text is actually____________. A．a doubt B．a warning C．a blame D．a suggestion 4．What is the author’s purpose of writing this text? A．To urge people to reduce gas emission. B．To explain the greenhouse effect on trees. C．To introduce the process of photosynthesis. D．To call on people to protect old-growth trees. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了古树正在消失，今天地球上的许多树木都更年轻，更小，寿命更短。文章解释了为什么古老森林正在消失以及古老森林的重要性。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“As the Earth’s temperature warms up due to climate change, it is having unintended effects on the world’s forests. When temperatures rise, trees close their pores (气孔) to prevent the loss of moisture, and this, in turn, slows down the process of photosynthesis (光合作用). As a result, these trees are shorter and grow slowly, as well as have a high deathrate. Climate change also increases the possibility of droughts and wildfires. After wildfires, it takes a while for the forest ecosystems to recover, and in some cases, the forests are lost permanently. Trees that are stressed are also susceptible (易受影响的) to attacks by bacteria (细菌). Finally, humans have changed the forest landscape through logging (伐木). (由于气候变化导致地球温度升高，这对世界森林产生了意想不到的影响。当温度升高时，树木会关闭气孔以防止水分流失，而这反过来又会减缓光合作用的过程。因此，这些树较矮，生长缓慢，死亡率也很高。气候变化也增加了干旱和野火的可能性。野火过后，森林生态系统需要一段时间才能恢复，在某些情况下，森林会永久消失。受到压力的树木也容易受到细菌的攻击。最后，人类通过伐木改变了森林景观)”可知，第二段的主旨是为什么古老森林正在消失。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Older forests have higher biodiversity, which is beneficial as each organism has a role to play and there is a wide variety of species.(古老森林具有更高的生物多样性，这是有益的，因为每种生物都可以发挥作用，而且此处物种种类繁多)”可知古老森林是许多物种的家园，以及划线词所在句“As these forests disappear, species that once called them “home” are forced to relocate, affecting the biodiversity of those ecosystems”可知，随着古老森林的消失，曾经把古老森林称为“家园”的物种被迫搬迁，影响了这些生态系统的生物多样性。故划线词指的是“古老森林”。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“With trees dying continuously, will future generations miss out on the wonders of forests?(随着树木的不断死亡，子孙后代会错过森林的奇观吗？)”结合文章主要说明了古树正在消失，今天地球上的许多树木都更年轻，更小，寿命更短。文章解释了为什么古老森林正在消失以及古老森林的重要性。可推知，作者通过文章最后一句反问来警告人们失去古树的后果。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Unfortunately, many of these precious old-growth trees are starting to disappear from our planet.(不幸的是，许多珍贵的古树正开始从我们的星球上消失。)”和倒数第二段“Old-growth forests are a storehouse of carbon, and when they die, the stored CO2, is released into the air worsening the greenhouse effect.(古老森林是碳的仓库，当它们死亡时，储存的二氧化碳被释放到空气中，加剧了温室效应)”结合文章主要说明了古树正在消失，今天地球上的许多树木都更年轻，更小，寿命更短。文章解释了为什么古老森林正在消失以及古老森林的重要性。可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是呼吁人们保护古树。故选D。 Passage 2 (24-25高二下·河南项城第三高级中学·期末) A study by Zhengzhou University found that 65% of sparrows (麻雀) in cities now use plastic waste to build nests. The research team first collection from 15 parks across Henan Province. Researchers studied 200 bird nests in 10 cities for three years, recording materials used each season. They discovered that birds collect plastic bags, bottle caps and even face masks, replacing natural materials like twigs (细枝) and leaves. Over 80% of plastic came from food packaging. Why do birds make this change? Dr. Wang, the team leader, explains, “Plastic is light and lasts longer. In our survey, each bird needs 20~30 twigs daily, but cities only provide 10~15.” However, this adaptation brings danger. Lab tests show plastic materials make nests hotter by 3~5℃. Eggs in plastic nests had 18% lower survival rate (生存率). To prove this, scientists built two types of nests: one with plastic and the other with natural materials. They placed them in a controlled lab environment. Special tools checked temperatures every 30 minutes. The plastic nests reached 38℃ at noon, while natural nests stayed at 33℃. The experiment was repeated 50 times with the same results. During the experiment, researchers noticed an interesting pattern. About 30% of sparrows mixed plastic with plants. These “half-plastic” nests were 2℃ cooler than full-plastic ones. This suggests birds might be learning to balance convenience and safety. Scientists suggest providing clean twigs in parks. In Luoyang Wangcheng Park, workers put fresh branches near lakes twice a week. After six months, plastic nests dropped by 40%. Students also made 500 artificial (人工的) twigs from rice straw (稻秆). These small actions help create safer homes for wildlife. 1．How does the writer lead into the topic? A．By asking a question. B．By presenting a research result. C．By telling a story. D．By making a comparison. 2．What did scientists do to compare plastic and natural nests? A．They followed sparrows for three years. B．They built two types of nests and checked temperatures with special tools. C．They collected 200 plastic bottles in cities. D．They surveyed tree numbers in 10 parks. 3．What does the underlined word “adaptation” mean in the text? A．竞争 B．保护 C．适应 D．破坏 4．Which paragraph answers the question “What solution is suggested?” A．Paragraph 2. B．Paragraph 3. C．Paragraph 4. D．Paragraph 5. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了郑州大学的一项研究发现，城市中65%的麻雀用塑料垃圾筑巢，阐述了麻雀用塑料筑巢的原因、塑料巢带来的危害，科学家为此做的实验，以及提出的解决办法，如在公园提供干净细枝等。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“A study by Zhengzhou University found that 65% of sparrows (麻雀) in cities now use plastic waste to build nests. (郑州大学的一项研究发现，城市中65%的麻雀现在使用塑料垃圾筑巢)”可知，作者开篇通过呈现一项研究结果引出话题。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“To prove this, scientists built two types of nests: one with plastic and the other with natural materials. They placed them in a controlled lab environment. Special tools checked temperatures every 30 minutes. (为了证明这一点，科学家们建造了两种类型的巢穴：一种是用塑料，另一种是用天然材料。他们把它们放在可控的实验室环境中。特殊工具每30分钟检查一次温度)”可知，科学家建造两种鸟巢并用特殊工具检测温度来对比塑料巢和天然巢。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Why do birds make this change? Dr. Wang, the team leader, explains, “Plastic is light and lasts longer. In our survey, each bird needs 20~30 twigs daily, but cities only provide 10~15.” (为什么鸟类会做出这种改变？团队负责人王博士解释说：“塑料很轻，而且更耐用。在我们的调查中，每只鸟每天需要20~30根细枝，但城市只提供10~15根。”)”以及“However, this adaptation brings danger. (然而，这种adaptation带来了危险)”可知，麻雀因城市细枝供应不足等原因开始用塑料筑巢，这种行为是对环境变化的一种适应，结合语境可知“adaptation”意思是“适应”。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“Scientists suggest providing clean twigs in parks. (科学家建议在公园里提供干净的细枝)”以及后文提到的在洛阳王城公园采取的措施和学生们制作的人工细枝可知，第五段提出了应对麻雀用塑料筑巢问题的解决办法，回答了“提出了什么解决方案？”这个问题。故选D。 Passage 3 (24-25高二下·河南三门峡渑池县渑池县第二高级中学·期末) Agrivoltaics (农业光伏) is the practice of using the same land for farming and producing solar energy. This practice often involves placing solar panels (太阳能板) over farmland. The word “agrivoltaics” is a combination of “agriculture” and “photovoltaics”. Agriculture refers to farming while photovoltaics describes technology that makes electricity from sunlight. Solar panels are one example. Solar farms use solar panels to create clean energy. But these farms take up a lot of land. Farms that grow crops and raise livestock, such as sheep and cows, occupy a lot of land as well. Agrivoltaics saves space by allowing farmers to get electricity and food from the same land. Research has shown that adding solar panels to farms can actually help crops. Leafy crops, such as lettuces and some herbs, grow well in the shade of the solar panels. The plants can also benefit from the increased soil moisture (水分) in partially shaded ground. Agrivoltaics may benefit livestock, too. For example, farmers might allow sheep to eat grass under solar panels. This would give them relief from the hot sun in the summer. Other agrivoltaics projects focus on appealing to pollinators (传粉昆虫). For example, planting wildflowers under solar panels can attract butterflies, bees and other insects. These tiny helpers can then pollinate nearby crops. No single agrivoltaics technique works everywhere. Squash (a kind of vegetable), for example, generally need direct sunlight. So they don’t grow well under solar panels. Even lower light crops may have trouble growing well in agrivoltaics setups. For example, the shade from solar panels helps keep the soil moisture. On some farms, this comes as a benefit. But it may also increase the risk of some plant diseases. And water pouring off the panels during a rainstorm may overwater some plants. Researchers today are exploring how to minimize these and other challenges. They are also finding ways to help farmers improve the harvest of their crops to the greatest degree and produce as much electricity as possible from the same land. 1．What is a function of agrivoltaics? A．Sparing enough land to feed livestock. B．Reducing the cost of solar energy production. C．Improving traditional farming methods with solar panels. D．Maximizing land use for both farming and energy production. 2．What does paragraph 3 focus on? A．The benefits of agrivoltaics for crops and animals. B．The challenges of growing crops under solar panels. C．The types of crops that grow best under solar panels. D．The comparisons between traditional farming and agrivoltaics. 3．Why are squash mentioned in the text? A．To explain that agrivoltaics has limitations. B．To display that plants should have enough sunlight. C．To emphasize the role of soil moisture in crop selection. D．To show that agrivoltaics is beneficial to vegetable growth. 4．What are researchers currently doing regarding agrivoltaics? A．They are building solar panels that take up less space. B．They are improving crops suitable to grow under solar panels. C．They are trying to maximize the production of crops and energy. D．They are teaching farmers how to make proper use of solar panels. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了农业光伏的概念、优势、具体应用及当前面临的挑战。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Agrivoltaics saves space by allowing farmers to get electricity and food from the same land.(农业光伏通过允许农民从同一块土地上获得电力和食物来节省空间。)”可知，农业光伏的一个功能是最大化土地利用，实现同时进行农业生产和能源生产。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Research has shown that adding solar panels to farms can actually help crops. Leafy crops, such as lettuces and some herbs, grow well in the shade of the solar panels. The plants can also benefit from the increased soil moisture (水分) in partially shaded ground. Agrivoltaics may benefit livestock, too. For example, farmers might allow sheep to eat grass under solar panels. This would give them relief from the hot sun in the summer.(研究表明，在农场安装太阳能电池板实际上可以帮助作物生长。绿叶作物，如生菜和一些草本植物，在太阳能电池板的阴影下生长良好。植物还可以从部分遮荫的土壤中增加的土壤水分中受益。农业发电对牲畜也有好处。例如，农民可能会让羊在太阳能电池板下吃草。这将使他们在夏天免受炎热的太阳的伤害。)”可知，本段主要是介绍农场上的太阳能电池板可以在某些方面使植物和动物都受益。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Squash (a kind of vegetable), for example, generally need direct sunlight. So they don’t grow well under solar panels.(例如，南瓜（一种蔬菜）通常需要阳光直射。所以它们在太阳能电池板下生长不好。)”并结合本段的“No single agrivoltaics technique works everywhere.(没有一种单一的农业光伏技术适用于所有地方。)”可知，举南瓜的例子是为了说明并非所有作物都适合农业光伏这种模式，即农业光伏存在局限性。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Researchers today are exploring how to minimize these and other challenges. They are also finding ways to help farmers improve the harvest of their crops to the greatest degree and produce as much electricity as possible from the same land.(如今，研究人员正在探索如何将这些和其他挑战最小化。他们也在寻找方法，帮助农民最大程度地提高庄稼的收成，并从同样的土地上生产尽可能多的电力。)”可知，研究人员正在探索如何减少挑战，并找到方法帮助农民最大限度提高作物产量，同时尽可能多地发电，也就是试图最大化作物和能源的生产。故选C。 Passage 4 (24-25高二下·河南商丘九师联盟·期末) A group of 58 milu deer, also known as Pere David’s deer, has successfully adapted to Qilihai Wetland in Tianjin’s Ninghe District after a 16-hour relocation from Jiangsu Province on March 19. This marks a significant step in restoring the species to its native habitat, where records show milu deer thrived over 3,000 years ago. Once plentiful in Qilihai, milu populations declined sharply due to wetland degradation. To stop this loss, Ninghe launched conservation efforts in 2011 by introducing 10 deer from Beijing. Through careful raising, their numbers grew to 34, with two more from Jiangsu last year. The latest relocation of 58 deer, selected for health and genetic diversity from a group of nearly 1,000 in Jiangsu, aims to strengthen the population’s ability to survive challenges. Five deer now wear satellite collars for long-term behavior tracking. Qilihai’s comeback as a milu habitat matches up with broader ecological restoration. Since 2017, 20 billion yuan has been invested to restore the wetland, including relocating nearby industries and adding more wildlife. Over 220,000 fish and shrimp were released in 2023 to support migratory (迁徙的) birds, contributing to a doubling of annual bird visitors — from 250,000 to 500,000 — and a rise in bird species from 182 to 258. Rare species like the Oriental stork and Eurasian spoonbill have reappeared. “The wetland’ s plants provide ideal food for milu,” said Yu Zenghui, a Qilihai adviser. Experts predict annual births of at least 10 babies, ensuring population growth. Meanwhile, funds raised through eco-friendly initiatives, such as a charity fish sale generating 1.8 million yuan, directly support conservation. Tian Xiujing, director of Qilihai’s administrative committee, outlined plans to transform the area into a global model for wetland restoration, an international bird home, and a coastal wetland education center. With 162 wild plant species now recorded, Qilihai’s recovery highlights China’s commitment to balancing biodiversity and sustainable development. 1．The underlined word “thrived” in paragraph 1 probably means ______. A．lived and multiplied successfully B．faced extinction C．adapted quickly D．survived with difficulty 2．What is one specific measure taken to restore Qilihai Wetland since 2017? A．Buying international birds. B．Refusing to sell fish. C．Relocating nearby industries. D．Introducing 10 deer from Beijing. 3．Why does the author mention Oriental stork and Eurasian spoonbill? A．To highlight the need for further investment. B．To prove the effectiveness of satellite tracking. C．To compare their population changes with milu deer. D．To show the wetland’s improved ecological conditions. 4．What can we learn from paragraph 4? A．Charity fish sales failed to raise funds. B．Milu deer will overpopulate Qilihai Wetland. C．The deer population is expected to grow stably. D．The wetland’s food supply is insufficient for milu. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了58只麋鹿从江苏迁到天津七里海湿地后成功适应环境，同时七里海通过生态修复投资、引入野生动物等措施实现湿地生态复苏，展现了中国在生物多样性保护与可持续发展上的努力。 【详解】1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“This marks a significant step in restoring the species to its native habitat, where records show milu deer thrived over 3,000 years ago.(这标志着该物种回归其原生栖息地的重要一步，据记录显示，在那里（七里海湿地）麋鹿在3000多年前就thrived)”及第二段“Once plentiful in Qilihai, milu populations declined sharply due to wetland degradation.(七里海曾经有丰富的麋鹿，但由于湿地退化，麋鹿种群急剧减少)”可知，三千多年前，麋鹿在其原生栖息地的状态是比较好的，划线词含义同A选项相近，A选项“lived and multiplied successfully”意思是“成功生存并繁衍”，符合麋鹿在原生栖息地状态良好的描述。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Since 2017, 20 billion yuan has been invested to restore the wetland, including relocating nearby industries and adding more wildlife.(自2017年以来，已投入200亿元用于湿地的修复工作，其中包括迁移周边的产业以及增加更多的野生动植物种类)”可知，自2017年以来，为恢复七里海湿地采取的措施包括搬迁附近的产业。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Qilihai’s comeback as a milu habitat matches up with broader ecological restoration. Since 2017, 20 billion yuan has been invested to restore the wetland, including relocating nearby industries and adding more wildlife. Over 220,000 fish and shrimp were released in 2023 to support migratory (迁徙的) birds, contributing to a doubling of annual bird visitors — from 250,000 to 500,000 — and a rise in bird species from 182 to 258. Rare species like the Oriental stork and Eurasian spoonbill have reappeared.(七里海作为麋鹿栖息地的回归，与更广泛的生态修复相契合。自2017年以来，已投入200亿元用于湿地修复，包括迁移周边产业和增加更多野生动物。2023年投放了超过22万尾鱼虾以支持候鸟，使年度观鸟人数翻倍（从25万增至50万），鸟类种类也从182种增加到258种。东方白鹳和白琵鹭等珍稀物种已重新出现)”可知，作者提及这些鸟类是为了说明湿地生态环境得到了改善。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“Experts predict annual births of at least 10 babies, ensuring population growth.(专家预测每年至少会有10名麋鹿幼崽出生，这将确保数量的增长)”可知，麋鹿数量预计会稳定增长。故选C。 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·河南信阳商城县观庙高中等多校联考·期末) Humans have always been creating security systems to deal with the sorts of mistakes humans commonly make. Now, humanity is rapidly integrating a totally different kind of mistake-maker into society: artificial intelligence (AI). Technologies like large language models (LLMs) can perform many cognitive (认知的) tasks traditionally fulfilled by humans, but they make plenty of mistakes. Unlike human mistakes, AI errors lack patterns and usually show invisibility even when they are incorrect. This situation indicates two possible areas of research. The first is to engineer LLMs that make more human-like mistakes. The second is to build new mistake-correcting systems that deal with the specific sorts of mistakes that LLMs tend to make. We already have some tools to lead LLMs to act in more human-like ways and the tools perform far better than we expected. Many of these arise from the field of “alignment” research, which aims to make models act in accordance with the goals and motivations of their human developers. One example is the technique that was arguably responsible for the breakthrough success of an app: reinforcement (强化) learning with human feedback. In this method, an AI model is rewarded for producing responses that get a thumbs-up from human evaluators. When it comes to catching AI mistakes, some of the systems that we use to prevent human mistakes will help. To an extent, forcing LLMs to double-check their own work can help prevent errors. But LLMs can also make up seemingly reasonable, but truly ridiculous explanations for their flights from reason. In addition, other mistake reduction systems for AI are also unlike anything we use for humans. Because machines can’t get tired or frustrated in the way that humans do, it can help to ask an LLM the same question repeatedly in slightly different ways and then combine its multiple responses. These differences highlight the need for new, custom-made correction mechanisms (机制) that match the unique nature of AI-ensuring these technologies can be safely and reliably integrated into human societies. 1．How are AI mistakes different from human mistakes? A．They are not easy to detect. B．They follow predictable patterns. C．They tend to be in larger numbers. D．They are not related to cognitive tasks. 2．What does the author want to stress about the tools for leading the behavior of LLMs? A．They have certain positive effects. B．Their application hasn’t been popular. C．They need further training for human evaluators’ rewards. D．Their goals have not met the original intentions of human developers. 3．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．AI mistakes are easier to fix than human errors. B．Humans require tailored solutions for AI errors. C．AI is able to copy any systems we use for humans. D．Systems for correcting human mistakes can prevent LLMs mistakes fully. 4．What is the the best title for the text? A．Why Is AI Always Right? B．When Do Human Errors Increase? C．Adapting to AI Error Patterns D．Making AI Mistakes Manageable 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了AI的犯错机制以及应对的方法。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段末句“Unlike human mistakes, AI errors lack patterns and usually show invisibility even when they are incorrect.(与人类的错误不同，人工智能的错误缺乏规律，即便出错也往往难以察觉)”可知，人工智能的错误不太容易被发现。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“We already have some tools to lead LLMs to act in more human-like ways and the tools perform far better than we expected.(我们已经有一些工具能让大型语言模型以更像人类的方式行事，而且这些工具的表现远远超出了我们的预期)”和“One example is the technique that was arguably responsible for the breakthrough success of an app: reinforcement learning with human feedback.(一个例子是某种技术，这种技术或许正是某款应用程序取得突破性成功的关键所在：结合人类反馈的强化学习)”可推断，AI有着积极的作用。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据末段末句“These differences highlight the need for new, custom-made correction mechanisms that match the unique nature of AI-ensuring these technologies can be safely and reliably integrated into human societies.(这些差异凸显了需要建立全新的、定制化的纠正机制，以适应人工智能的独特特性——从而确保这些技术能够安全、可靠地融入人类社会之中)”可推断对于AI的错误，人类需要量身定制解决方案。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据首段末句“Now, humanity is rapidly integrating a totally different kind of mistake-maker into society: artificial intelligence (如今，人类正迅速将一种截然不同的“错误制造者”引入社会：那就是人工智能)以及末段末句“These differences highlight the need for new, custom-made correction mechanisms that match the unique nature of AI-ensuring these technologies can be safely and reliably integrated into human societies.(这些差异凸显了需要建立全新的、定制化的纠正机制，以适应人工智能的独特特性——从而确保这些技术能够安全、可靠地融入人类社会之中)”，可知本文主要介绍了AI出现的问题及纠正机制，选项D表示“让人工智能犯错变得可控”，适合作文章标题。故选D项。 Passage 2 (24-25高二下·河南信阳商城县观庙高中等多校联考·期末) Scientists at the University of Surrey have made a breakthrough in batteries that not only store more energy but help tackle greenhouse gas emissions. Lithium-CO2 “breathing” batteries release power while capturing carbon dioxide, offering a better alternative that may one day outperform today’s lithium-ion batteries. Until now, Lithium-CO2 batteries have faced setbacks in efficiency-wearing out quickly and relying on expensive rare materials. However, researchers from Surrey have found a way to overcome these issues by using a low-cost catalyst (催化剂) called CPM. Using computer modelling and lab experiments, tests showed this simple change allowed the battery to store considerably more energy, charge with far less power and run for over 100 cycles. Dr Gadkari, co-author of the study, said, “One of the biggest challenges with these batteries is something called ‘overpotential’ - the extra energy needed to get the reaction going. You can think of it like cycling uphill before you can coast. CPM flattens that hill, meaning the battery loses far less energy during each charge and discharge.” To understand why the CPM worked so well, researchers used two approaches. First, they took apart the battery after charging and discharging to study the chemical changes inside, finding that lithium carbonate, the chemical substances formed when the battery absorbs CO2, could be reliably built up and removed-an essential feature for long-term use. They then turned to computer modelling using density functional theory (DFT) to explore how the reactions unfold on the material surface. Results showed how the CPM’s stable, holey structure offered the ideal surface for key chemical reactions. “What’s exciting about this discovery is that it combines strong performance with simplicity. We’ve shown it’s possible to build efficient lithium-CO2 batteries in large numbers using affordable, expandable materials no rare metals required,” said Dr Gadkari. If commercialised, these batteries could help cut emissions from vehicles and industrial sources. Scientists even imagine they could operate on Mars, where the atmosphere is 95% CO2. The discovery opens new doors for developing even better low-cost, easy-to-make battery materials and marks a milestone step toward real-world applications. 1．What advantage does the new battery have over other batteries based on the first paragraph? A．It’s lighter. B．It’s more user-friendly. C．It’s greener. D．It’s more cost-effective. 2．What does Dr Gadkari want to clarify by referring to “cycling uphill”? A．A natural phenomenon. B．A technical term. C．An experimental stage. D．A theoretical design. 3．How did researchers confirm the effectiveness of CPM besides using modelling? A．By testing its performance on Mars. B．By assessing its durability via DFT. C．By observing reactions in the battery. D．By analyzing lithium carbonate’ structure. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph about the new battery? A．It is promising for mass production. B．It is convenient to make and recycle C．Its efficiency relies on rare earth elements. D．Its use has reshaped the battery industry. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了萨里大学科学家在电池领域取得突破，研发出的锂 - 二氧化碳“呼吸”电池不仅储能更多，还能助力应对温室气体排放。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Scientists at the University of Surrey have made a breakthrough in batteries that not only store more energy but help tackle greenhouse gas emissions. Lithium - CO₂ “breathing” batteries release power while capturing carbon dioxide, offering a better alternative that may one day outperform today’s lithium - ion batteries.(萨里大学的科学家在电池领域取得了突破，这种电池不仅能储存更多能量，还能帮助应对温室气体排放。锂 - 二氧化碳“呼吸”电池在释放电能的同时捕获二氧化碳，提供了一种更好的选择，也许有一天会超越如今的锂离子电池)”可知，新电池相较于其他电池更环保，能捕获二氧化碳应对温室气体排放。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Dr Gadkari, co- author of the study, said, “One of the biggest challenges with these batteries is something called ‘overpotential’ - the extra energy needed to get the reaction going. You can think of it like cycling uphill before you can coast. CPM flattens that hill, meaning the battery loses far less energy during each charge and discharge.”(该研究的合著者加德卡里博士说：“这些电池最大的挑战之一是一种叫做“过电位”的东西——使反应发生所需的额外能量。你可以把它想象成在滑行之前要先骑车爬坡。CPM把那座“坡”变平了，这意味着电池在每次充电和放电过程中损失的能量要少得多”)”可知，加德卡里博士通过“骑车爬坡”来解释“过电位”这个专业术语。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“To understand why the CPM worked so well, researchers used two approaches. First, they took apart the battery after charging and discharging to study the chemical changes inside, finding that lithium carbonate, the chemical substances formed when the battery absorbs CO₂, could be reliably built up and removed - an essential feature for long - term use.(为了弄清楚为什么CPM效果如此之好，研究人员使用了两种方法。首先，他们在电池充电和放电后将其拆开，研究内部的化学变化，发现电池吸收二氧化碳时形成的化学物质碳酸锂能够可靠地生成和去除——这是长期使用的一个基本特征)”可知，除了使用建模，研究人员还通过观察电池内部的反应来证实CPM的有效性。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““What’s exciting about this discovery is that it combines strong performance with simplicity. We’ve shown it’s possible to build efficient lithium-CO2 batteries in large numbers using affordable, expandable materials no rare metals required,” said Dr Gadkari. If commercialised, these batteries could help cut emissions from vehicles and industrial sources.(加德卡里博士说：“这个发现令人兴奋的地方在于它将强大的性能与简易性结合在了一起。我们已经证明，可以使用价格合理、可扩展的材料大量制造高效的锂 - 二氧化碳电池，无需稀有金属”如果商业化，这些电池可以帮助减少车辆和工业源的排放)”可知，新电池有望大规模生产。故选A项。 Passage 3 (24-25高二下·河南商丘九师联盟·期末) A fully soft, 3D-printed robot that operates without any electronics has been developed by engineers at the University of California, San Diego. Led by mechanical engineer Yichen Zhai, the team created an insect-inspired robot with six flexible legs that moves completely using air from a container. Remarkably, the entire robot is printed as one single piece from plastic, a process taking about two and a half days. Unlike conventional robots needing electricity, this innovation relies on air pressure. Because of this design, the robot is waterproof, as demonstrated when it successfully walked through beach shallows during testing. The six-legged design provides excellent stability on rough surfaces. When moving, three legs step while the other three remain grounded, preventing the robot from tipping over easily. Perla Maiolino, a soft robotics expert at the University of Oxford, finds the design “quite interesting”, highlighting its unique single-material, single-piece construction unlike typical multi-part constructed robots. This electronics-free approach holds significant promise for future applications. Such robots could potentially work in dangerous environments where electronics fail or pose risks, such as underwater, in mines, or even in space. They represent a step towards free-standing robots usable in tough conditions without power wires. However, the current model has limitations. Its speed is only about 4 centimeters per second — faster than a snail but slower than a turtle — and it can only operate for 80 seconds on an air container. It also moves only in a straight line and cannot yet turn or avoid barriers. Zhai’s team is actively working on a faster version and aims to develop a turning system, potentially using controlled airflow to move around like a simple self-driving device. While not yet ready for demanding tasks, Zhai emphasizes the robot’s current accessibility. “The robot is like a toy,” be says. Being cheaply and easily 3D printable means “If people love it, they can make it. That’s enough.” 1．What is a key feature of the robot? A．It requires complex tools to build. B．It is printed as a single plastic piece. C．It has electronic sensors for movement. D．It uses multiple materials for flexibility. 2．What is Perla Maiolino’s attitude towards the robot’s design? A．Doubtful. B．Unconcerned. C．Critical. D．Positive. 3．What aspect of the robot is expected to be improved in future research? A．Its structural complexity. B．Its ability to avoid barriers. C．Its data processing capacity. D．Its use of electronic parts. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．A 3D-Printed Robot with Four Legs B．The Advantages of Air-Powered Robots C．The Speed and Limitations of a Soft Robot D．An Air-Powered Robot Without Electronics 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，介绍了加州大学圣地亚哥分校工程师研发的一款全柔软、3D打印且无需电子设备的机器人。它以空气为动力，整体由塑料一次性打印而成，虽有防水、稳定性好等优势，但也存在速度慢、只能直线移动等局限，团队正致力于改进。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“Remarkably, the entire robot is printed as one single piece from plastic, a process taking about two and a half days.(值得注意的是，整个机器人是用塑料一体打印出来的，这个过程大约需要两天半的时间)”可知，这款机器人的一个关键特征是它由塑料一体打印而成。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Perla Maiolino, a soft robotics expert at the University of Oxford, finds the design “quite interesting”, highlighting its unique single-material, single-piece construction unlike typical multi-part constructed robots.(牛津大学的软体机器人专家Perla Maiolino认为这种设计“相当有趣”，并强调了它独特的单一材料、整体构造，这与典型的多部件组装机器人不同)”可推知，Perla Maiolino对这款机器人的设计是持积极态度的。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段中“It also moves only in a straight line and cannot yet turn or avoid barriers. Zhai’s team is actively working on a faster version and aims to develop a turning system, potentially using controlled airflow to move around like a simple self-driving device.(它也只能直线移动，还不能转弯或避开障碍物。翟的团队正积极研发更快的版本，并计划开发转向系统，有可能利用可控气流使其像简单的自动驾驶设备一样移动)”可知，翟的团队正积极研发更快的版本，并计划开发转向系统，由此推断，未来研究有望改进机器人避开障碍物的能力。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是文章第一段“A fully soft, 3D-printed robot that operates without any electronics has been developed by engineers at the University of California, San Diego. Led by mechanical engineer Yichen Zhai, the team created an insect-inspired robot with six flexible legs that moves completely using air from a container. Remarkably, the entire robot is printed as one single piece from plastic, a process taking about two and a half days.(加州大学圣地亚哥分校的工程师们研发出了一款全软体、3D打印的机器人，它无需任何电子设备即可运行。在机械工程师翟逸辰的带领下，该团队制造出了一款受昆虫启发的机器人，它拥有六条灵活的腿，完全依靠容器中的空气来移动。值得注意的是，整个机器人是用塑料一体打印出来的，这个过程大约需要两天半的时间)”可知，全文围绕这款无需电子设备、以空气为动力的 3D 打印机器人展开，主要介绍了一种无需电子装置的气压驱动机器人。D项“An Air-Powered Robot Without Electronics(无电子设备的气压驱动机器人)”准确概括文章主旨，是文章的最佳标题，故选D项。 Passage 4 (24-25高二下·河南信阳·期末) Described in Nature Communications, a new approach called the Toxic (有毒的) Male Technique (TMT) works by genetically engineering male insects to produce insect-specific poisonous proteins in their body, which have little effect on themselves. But when these males mate with females, the proteins are passed on, greatly reducing the duration of life of females and their ability to spread diseases. Disease-carrying insects pose a growing threat to global health and agriculture, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of infections, and costing billions in health care and crop damage annually. In mosquitoes like Anopheles gambiae, only the females bite and spread diseases such as malaria, dengue, Zika and yellow fever. Pesticides (农药) face declining effectiveness due to resistance and have caused harm to non-target species and ecosystems. Genetic bio-control has appeared as a hopeful choice. Current techniques like the Sterile (不育的) Insect Technique (SIT) or insects carrying deadly genes work by releasing large numbers of sterile or genetically engineered males to mate with the wild females. While these mated females produce no descendant insects or only male descendants, they continue to blood-feed and spread diseases until they die naturally meaning populations of biting females only decrease when the next generation emerges. By immediately reducing the biting female population, the TMT offers significant advantages over competing genetic bio-control methods. Laboratory tests using fruit flies showed that females mated with TMT males had their life length shortened by 37%-64% compared to those mated with unengineered males. Computer models predict that applying the TMT to Aedes aegypti, a mosquito species primarily responsible for spreading dengue and Zika, could reduce blood-feeding rates by 40% to 60% compared to current methods. The current study was conducted in Associate Professor Maciej Maselko’s lab and the proof of concept for this approach for lowering the populations of troublesome species. “We provides still need to apply it to mosquitoes and conduct thorough safety testing to ensure there are no risks to humans or other non-target species,” says Maselko. 1．What can be learned about the TMT? A．It is based on traditional techniques. B．It poses a real threat to male insects. C．It is replacing pesticides worldwide. D．It offers hope against harmful insects. 2．What makes the TMT different from the SIT? A．The reason it was created. B．The way it functions. C．The popularity it has achieved. D．The insect it targets. 3．What do the data in paragraph 4 imply? A．The challenges facing the TMT. B．The decrease in insect populations. C．The huge potential of the TMT. D．The great power of computer models. 4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text? A．To call for a prohibition on chemical pesticides. B．To introduce a new genetic bio-control approach. C．To discuss the history of insect-killing techniques. D．To highlight the dangers of disease-carrying insects. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种名为“有毒雄性技术（TMT）”的新型基因生物防治方法及其优势和应用前景。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Described in Nature Communications, a new approach called the Toxic (有毒的) Male Technique (TMT) works by genetically engineering male insects to produce insect-specific poisonous proteins in their body, which have little effect on themselves. But when these males mate with females, the proteins are passed on, greatly reducing the duration of life of females and their ability to spread diseases.(《自然通讯》杂志上描述了一种名为“有毒雄性技术（TMT）”的新方法，该方法通过基因工程使雄性昆虫体内产生对昆虫特有的有毒蛋白质，这些蛋白质对它们自身几乎没有影响。但是当这些雄性与雌性交配时，蛋白质会传递下去，大大缩短雌性的寿命和传播疾病的能力)”以及第三段中“Genetic bio-control has appeared as a hopeful choice.(基因生物防治已成为一个有希望的选择)”可知，TMT为对抗有害昆虫提供了希望。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Current techniques like the Sterile (不育的) Insect Technique (SIT) or insects carrying deadly genes work by releasing large numbers of sterile or genetically engineered males to mate with the wild females. While these mated females produce no descendant insects or only male descendants, they continue to blood-feed and spread diseases until they die naturally meaning populations of biting females only decrease when the next generation emerges.(目前的技术，如绝育昆虫技术（SIT）或携带致命基因的昆虫，通过释放大量绝育或基因工程改造的雄性与野生雌性交配。虽然这些交配后的雌性不会产生后代昆虫或只产生雄性后代，但它们会继续吸血并传播疾病，直到自然死亡，这意味着叮咬的雌性数量只有在下一代出现时才会减少)”以及“By immediately reducing the biting female population, the TMT offers significant advantages over competing genetic bio-control methods.(通过立即减少叮咬雌性的数量，TMT相比其他竞争性的基因生物控制方法具有显著优势)”可知，TMT与SIT的不同之处在于它的作用方式。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Laboratory tests using fruit flies showed that females mated with TMT males had their life length shortened by 37%-64% compared to those mated with unengineered males. Computer models predict that applying the TMT to Aedes aegypti, a mosquito species primarily responsible for spreading dengue and Zika, could reduce blood-feeding rates by 40% to 60% compared to current methods.(使用果蝇进行的实验室测试表明，与未改造的雄性交配的雌性相比，与TMT雄性交配的雌性寿命缩短了37%-64%。计算机模型预测，与目前的方法相比，将TMT应用于主要传播登革热和寨卡病毒的埃及伊蚊，可使吸血率降低40%至60%)”可推知，第4段中的数据暗示了TMT的巨大潜力。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Described in Nature Communications, a new approach called the Toxic (有毒的) Male Technique (TMT) works by genetically engineering male insects to produce insect-specific poisonous proteins in their body, which have little effect on themselves. But when these males mate with females, the proteins are passed on, greatly reducing the duration of life of females and their ability to spread diseases.(《自然通讯》杂志上描述了一种名为“有毒雄性技术（TMT）”的新方法，该方法通过基因工程使雄性昆虫体内产生对昆虫特有的有毒蛋白质，这些蛋白质对它们自身几乎没有影响。但是当这些雄性与雌性交配时，蛋白质会传递下去，大大缩短雌性的寿命和传播疾病的能力)”结合文章主要介绍了一种名为“有毒雄性技术（TMT）”的新方法，该方法通过基因工程使雄性昆虫体内产生对昆虫特有的有毒蛋白质，从而缩短与它们交配的雌性昆虫的寿命和传播疾病的能力。可推知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是介绍一种新的基因生物控制方法。故选B。 主题02 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二下·河南三门峡渑池县渑池县第二高级中学·期末) Data obtained from China’s Zhurong rover (探测器) indicate that the ocean — known as Deuteronilus — would have existed roughly 3.5 to 4 billion years ago, a time when Mars had a thicker atmosphere and warmer climate. According to scientists, hidden underneath the red planet is evidence that there were once sandy beaches and a sizeable ocean on it. The rover, which operated from May 2021 to May 2022, travelled about 1.9 km on the planet, and detected materials with properties similar to sand around 10 m — 35 m below the surface. The sand-like material all sloped (倾斜) in the same direction and at an angle, similar to beaches on Earth, and spanned about 1.5 km, researchers said. These Earth-like features led researchers to investigate whether they were truly formed by ancient waves. The study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on Monday, said these beaches would have been the result of long-term impacts of waves and tides, similar to how such forces shaped Earth’s landscapes. The discovery could be crucial in finding out if Mars’s surface supported living organisms. “Shorelines are great locations to look for evidence of past life,” co-author of the study, Michael Manga of the University of California, Berkeley, said. “It’s thought that the earliest life on Earth began at locations like this, near the interface of air and shallow water.” To confirm this hypothesis, the team systematically ruled out alternative explanations. According to Benjamin Cardenas, fellow co-author and Penn State geoscientist, researchers were able to rule out that the structures detected by the rover were ancient rivers or sand dunes (沙丘). “Beaches simply fit the observations best,” he said. “Dunes tend to come in groups, and these groups produce characteristic patterns not present in these deposits (沉积物)… We also considered ancient rivers, but we rejected that theory for similar reasons based on the patterns we saw in the deposits.” 1．What did the Zhurong rover’s data reveal about Mars? A．Its surface was once covered with sand. B．It witnessed ups and downs in life forms. C．It had a large ocean billions of years ago. D．Its atmosphere experienced significant changes. 2．What can be inferred about Martian beaches? A．They sloped at varied angles. B．They were found on the surface of Mars. C．They must have held rich organisms at a certain period. D．They might have experienced similar processes to those on Earth. 3．What does the underlined word “hypothesis” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Discovery. B．Assumption. C．Approach. D．Principle. 4．What’s the researchers’ attitude towards the “ancient rivers” explanation? A．Negative. B．Supportive. C．Tolerant. D．Mixed. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了根据“祝融号”火星车的探测数据，研究者指出火星上的海滩可能是波浪和潮汐长期作用的结果，并排除了其他地质解释，这表明火星在35亿至40亿年前可能曾存在大型海洋。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Data obtained from China’s Zhurong rover (探测器) indicate that the ocean — known as Deuteronilus — would have existed roughly 3.5 to 4 billion years ago (中国“祝融号”探测器获取的数据表明，这片被称为Deuteronilus的海洋可能存在于约35亿至40亿年前)”可知，“祝融号”探测器的数据揭示了火星在数十亿年前曾有一个大型海洋。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“These Earth-like features led researchers to investigate whether they were truly formed by ancient waves. (这些类似地球的特征促使研究者们调查它们是否真的由古代波浪形成)”和第三段中“The study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on Monday, said these beaches would have been the result of long-term impacts of waves and tides, similar to how such forces shaped Earth’s landscapes. (这份发表于周一《美国国家科学院院刊》的研究指出，这些火星海滩很可能是波浪和潮汐长期作用的结果，其形成过程与地球上类似地质力量塑造地貌的方式相似)”可知，这些火星海滩表现出类似地球的特征，且与地球上波浪和潮汐一类力量塑造地貌的方式相似，由此可推断火星海滩可能经历了与地球上相似的过程。故选D项。 3．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“The study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on Monday, said these beaches would have been the result of long-term impacts of waves and tides, similar to how such forces shaped Earth’s landscapes. (这份发表于周一《美国国家科学院院刊》的研究指出，这些火星海滩很可能是波浪和潮汐长期作用的结果，其形成过程与地球上类似地质力量塑造地貌的方式相似)”和下文“the team systematically ruled out alternative explanations (研究团队系统地排除了其他可能的解释)”可知，研究团队排除其他解释是为了验证上文提到的“火星沙滩由波浪和潮汐形成”的假设，画线词意为“假设，猜想”。A. Discovery发现；B. Assumption假设；C. Approach方法；D. Principle原理。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Benjamin Cardenas所说的话“We also considered ancient rivers, but we rejected that theory for similar reasons based on the patterns we saw in the deposits. (我们也考虑了古代河流的可能性，但根据沉积物的特征，我们基于类似的原因否定了这一理论)”可知，研究者否定了“古代河流”的解释，因此态度是否定的。故选A项。 Passage 2 (24-25高二下·河南许昌·期末) An asteroid (小行星) struck Earth 66 million years ago, causing a disaster that wiped out roughly 75 percent of known fossil species virtually overnight. However, many frogs survived. “The high resilience (适应力) of frogs to the mass extinction has been a mystery,” says Chinese Academy of Sciences biologist Anderson Feijó. But now he may have found an answer: The frogs that survived the worst day on Earth may have not been too big, nor too small, but just the right size. But why would being not too big or not too small make such a large difference? Study coauthor Catharina Karlsson notes that medium-sized frogs fared better during the disaster, and through time, than extreme-sized frogs. Very small frog species can absorb water fast, but they also dry out quicker in hotter climates, the researchers point out, while larger frogs can hold on to water better but take longer to rehydrate (补水) if they dry out. If a habitat’s climate rapidly changes, then frogs at either end of the size scale will face new challenges, while medium-sized frogs will hit a sweet spot: They are able to absorb water fast enough while also holding on to it. The researchers didn’t just look at the disaster that struck 66 million years ago, though. They surveyed fossil frog records ranging from about 220 million years ago until the present to check the pattern. “From local to global scales, as well as through evolutionary history, medium-sized frogs seem more resilient to climate changes and are the only ones found in more extreme environments,” Feijó says. In a world where humans are quickly changing the global climate, these results may give conservationists clues as to which frog species might be most at risk. A little more than 50 percent of very small or very large frog species will be in a “risk area” by 2100, almost four times as many at present, the researchers conclude. Even though many frog species have ways to cope with dry habitats, the climate is likely to shift too quickly to allow extreme-sized species to adapt. 1．What puzzled Anderson Feijó? A．What species became extinct 66 million years ago. B．When Earth was struck by the asteroid. C．Why frogs survived the mass extinction. D．How frogs prepared for the disaster. 2．What does the underlined part “hit a sweet spot” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Develop new skills. B．Be at an advantage. C．Do just the opposite. D．Be in the air. 3．What does paragraph 3 mainly stress? A．It is tough to carry out the study. B．The study conclusion is credible. C．Frogs also follow “Survival of the fittest”. D．Environmental stress impacts frogs little. 4．What is the significance of the study? A．It provides conservationists with ways to save frogs. B．It reminds people of the severity of climate change. C．It identifies climate-threatened frog species. D．It predicts global weather patterns. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现，中等体型青蛙因在水分吸收和保持上更适应气候变化，在6600万年前大灭绝及演化中更具韧性，这对当今青蛙保护有启示。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段““The high resilience (适应力) of frogs to the mass extinction has been a mystery,” says Chinese Academy of Sciences biologist Anderson Feijó.(中国科学院生物学家安德森·费乔表示：“青蛙在大规模灭绝事件中的强大适应能力一直是个谜。”)”可知，让安德森·费霍感到困惑的是为什么青蛙能在大规模灭绝事件中幸存下来。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“If a habitat’s climate rapidly changes, then frogs at either end of the size scale will face new challenges, while medium-sized frogs will (如果一个栖息地的气候迅速变化，那么体型两端的青蛙都会面临新的挑战，而中等体型的青蛙……)”以及后文“They are able to absorb water fast enough while also holding on to it.(它们能够迅速吸收水分，同时又能很好地保持水分不流失)”可知，中等体型的青蛙能够迅速吸收水分，同时又能很好地保持水分不流失，说明了它们出于一种优势地位，故划线词意思是“处于优势地位”。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The researchers didn’t just look at the disaster that struck 66 million years ago, though. They surveyed fossil frog records ranging from about 220 million years ago until the present to check the pattern. “From local to global scales, as well as through evolutionary history, medium-sized frogs seem more resilient to climate changes and are the only ones found in more extreme environments,” Feijó says.(研究人员并非仅仅关注6600万年前发生的那场灾难。他们还调查了从约2.2亿年前到现在的青蛙化石记录，以探究这种模式。“从局部到全球的范围，以及从进化史的角度来看，中型青蛙似乎更能适应气候变化，并且是唯一能在极端环境中生存的种类。”费霍伊说道)”可知，第三段说明了研究方法的全面，强调了该研究结论是可靠的。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“In a world where humans are quickly changing the global climate, these results may give conservationists clues as to which frog species might be most at risk.(在这样一个人类正在迅速改变全球气候的世界上，这些研究结果或许能为环保人士提供一些线索，帮助他们确定哪些蛙类物种面临的风险最大)”可知，这项研究有助于确定受气候变化威胁的蛙类物种。故选C。 Passage 3 (24-25高二下·河南许昌·期末) In the Wasatch Mountains of the western US on the slopes above a spring-fed lake, there stands a single giant organism that provides an entire ecosystem, Pando, a 108-acre stand of aspen clones (颤杨克隆体). Although it looks like a woodland of individual trees with striking white bark and small leaves, Pando is actually 47,000 genetically identical stems (树干) that arise from an interconnected root network. Pando has been around for thousands of years. Its longevity means a whole ecosystem of 68 plant species and many animals have been supported under its shade. Although Pando is protected by the US National Forest Service, it is in danger of disappearing due to several factors. Deer cause one of the biggest worries. Wolves once kept them in check, but their number is now much larger because of the loss of these predators (捕食者). Deer also tend to gather in Pando as the protection the woodland receives means they are not in danger of being hunted there. As older trees die or fall down, light reaches the woodland floor which stimulates new clonal stems to start growing, but when these animals eat the tops off newly forming stems, they die. This means in large areas of Pando there is little new growth. Besides, older stems in Pando are also being affected by diseases. Pando arose after the last ice age had passed and has dealt with a largely stable climate ever since. But now climate change threatens the size of the tree. Aspen stands have been struggling with climate change-related pressures, such as reduced water supply and warmer weather earlier in the year, making it harder for trees to form new leaves, which have led to declines in coverage. Despite every cause for concern, there is hope as scientists are helping us unlock the secrets to Pando’s resilience (适应力), while conservation groups are working to protect this tree and its associated ecosystem. And a new conservation group called the Friends of Pando aims to make the tree accessible to virtually everyone through 360 video recordings. 1．What do we know about Pando? A．It is a group of genetically identical aspen trees. B．It is an organism made up of aspen clones. C．It is an ecosystem of 68 plant species. D．It is a wildlife reserve. 2．What is the main reason deer make a threat to Pando? A．They consume new growth in the woodland. B．They spread diseases among new clonal stems. C．They compete with dying trees for water resources. D．They attract wolves which damage the ecosystem there. 3．What has climate change brought to Pando? A．Its loss of habitat. B．Its lack of resilience. C．The reduction of its range. D．The decline of its ice cover. 4．Why does the Friends of Pando post videos of Pando? A．To attract visitors. B．To study its ecosystem. C．To unite conservation groups. D．To gather support for its protection. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍美国西部瓦萨奇山脉中由颤杨克隆体构成的巨大生物体潘多（Pando），它支撑起一整个生态系统，但如今因鹿的破坏、疾病以及气候变化等因素面临消失危险，同时也提及一些保护举措和希望。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“there stands a single giant organism that provides an entire ecosystem, Pando, a 108 - acre stand of aspen clones (颤杨克隆体).(那里矗立着一个单一的巨大生物体，它提供了一整个生态系统，潘多，一片108英亩的颤杨克隆体林)”以及第二段中的“Pando is actually 47,000 genetically identical stems (树干) that arise from an interconnected root network.(潘多实际上是47000根基因相同的树干，它们从一个相互连接的根系网络中生长出来)”可知，潘多是由颤杨克隆体组成的生物体。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Deer also tend to gather in Pando as the protection the woodland receives means they are not in danger of being hunted there. As older trees die or fall down, light reaches the woodland floor which stimulates new clonal stems to start growing, but when these animals eat the tops off newly forming stems, they die. This means in large areas of Pando there is little new growth.(鹿也往往会聚集在潘多，因为这片林地受到保护，这意味着它们在那里不会面临被猎杀的危险。随着老树死亡或倒下，光线照射到林地地面，刺激新的克隆树干开始生长，但当这些动物吃掉新形成树干的顶部时，树干就会死亡。这意味着在潘多的大片区域几乎没有新的生长)”可知，鹿对潘多构成威胁的主要原因是它们吃掉林地中的新生长部分。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“But now climate change threatens the size of the tree. Aspen stands have been struggling with climate change - related pressures, such as reduced water supply and warmer weather earlier in the year, making it harder for trees to form new leaves, which have led to declines in coverage.(但现在气候变化威胁着这棵‘树’的规模。颤杨林一直在应对与气候变化相关的压力，如供水减少和年初天气变暖，这使得树木更难长出新叶，导致覆盖面积下降)”可知，气候变化导致潘多的覆盖范围缩小。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“And a new conservation group called the Friends of Pando aims to make the tree accessible to virtually everyone through 360 video recordings.(一个名为‘潘多之友’的新保护组织旨在通过360度视频记录让几乎每个人都能了解这棵‘树’)”可知，“潘多之友”发布潘多的视频是为了让更多人了解它，从而为保护它争取支持。故选D项。 Passage 4 (24-25高二下·河南安阳滑县部分学校·期末) Antarctica, known for its massive ice sheets, is also home to many volcanoes. Although most of these volcanoes are dormant, scientists think they could become active again as the surrounding ice melts. This happened before, after the last ice age, between 12,000 and 7,000 years ago, when volcanic activity increased by two to six times as glaciers melted. Today, human-caused climate change is creating a new period of warming. While scientists once thought Antarctica would be less affected by global warming, the region is now showing clear signs of change, including unusual heat waves and significant ice loss. As the ice melts, it reduces pressure on the volcanoes below, which could lead to eruptions, much like the act of opening a bottle of fizzy drink (碳酸饮料). Antarctica has over 130 known volcanoes, many hidden under the ice, but some are still active. Mount Erebus is the tallest active volcano there and has been erupting for decades. If more volcanoes become active due to ice loss, it could create a cycle where volcanic activity speeds up ice melting. This happens because volcanic ash makes the surface darker, causing it to absorb more heat. Scientists worry that if under-ice volcanoes erupt, they could help break up the ice sheet in West Antarctica, making large pieces of ice fall into the ocean and raise sea levels. The volcanic activity would also release more greenhouse gases, making Earth warmer and leading to more ice loss, which could trigger more volcanic eruptions. However, scientists are careful about making predictions. As Virginie Pinel, a volcano expert, explains, “Volcanic systems develop over hundreds of thousands of years, while climate change happens over decades. We don’t have enough experience to fully understand the changes happening in volcanic activity.” Still, studying these changes helps scientists better understand what makes volcanic eruptions happen, such as a real-world experiment. The research continues as scientists work to predict how these complex systems might interact in the future. 1．Why does the author mention the last ice age? A．To show past ice melt caused eruptions. B．To prove current warming is unusual. C．To compare volcanic activity across periods. D．To explain the cycle of climate change. 2．How does volcanic ash affect ice melting? A．It reflects sunlight. B．It causes heat absorption. C．It increases ice thickness. D．It releases greenhouse gases. 3．What does the underlined word “trigger” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Reduce. B．Prevent. C．Cause. D．Delay. 4．What do scientists emphasize about volcanic systems and climate change? A．They operate on different timelines. B．Their interaction is predictable. C．Volcanic activity speed up climate change. D．Climate change has little impact on volcanoes. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了南极火山因气候变暖、冰层融化可能活跃及引发的连锁反应与科学担忧。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“This happened before, after the last ice age, between 12,000 and 7,000 years ago, when volcanic activity increased by two to six times as glaciers melted.(这种情况以前发生过，在上一个冰河时代之后，也就是12000到7000年前，当时随着冰川融化，火山活动增加了两到六倍)”可推知，作者提到上一个冰河时代是为了说明过去冰层融化曾导致火山活动增加，即过去的冰层融化引发了火山喷发。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“This happens because volcanic ash makes the surface darker, causing it to absorb more heat.(这是因为火山灰使表面变暗，导致其吸收更多热量)”可知，火山灰会使冰面吸收更多热量，从而加速冰层融化。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“The volcanic activity would also release more greenhouse gases, making Earth warmer and leading to more ice loss, which could trigger more volcanic eruptions.(火山活动还会释放更多温室气体，使地球变暖，导致更多冰层流失，这可能会trigger更多火山喷发)”可知，冰川融化会引发火山爆发，而火山爆发释放的温室气体又会加剧冰川融化，进而引发更多火山爆发，形成恶性循环，因此“trigger”意为“引发”，与“Cause”意思相近。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“As Virginie Pinel, a volcano expert, explains, “Volcanic systems develop over hundreds of thousands of years, while climate change happens over decades. We don’t have enough experience to fully understand the changes happening in volcanic activity.”(正如火山专家弗吉妮·皮内尔解释的那样：“火山系统的发展需要数十万年，而气候变化则发生在几十年内。我们没有足够的经验来完全理解火山活动中发生的变化。”)”可知，火山系统的发展历经数十万年，而气候变化在几十年内就会发生，说明它们的运行时间线不同。故选A项。 Passage 5 (24-25高二下·河南安阳滑县部分学校·期末) When you consider a salmon or a pigeon, your first thought is probably not about quantum mechanics (量子力学) and yet, that’s precisely what the evidence suggests: these animals exploit some of the most advanced science currently understood by humans in their everyday lives. According to a new paper, they’re doing so in ways that push at the very limits of quantum physics. The performance of a magnetic (有磁性的) sensor depends on three things: its volume, sensitivity, and measurement time. The smaller the sensor, the more sensitive the magnet. However, when devices get too small, they enter the quantum world. This brings both advantages and challenges in magnetometry (磁测量): the tiny scale reduces noise and increases sensitivity, but it also makes the system delicate, as quantum states can be easily disturbed. Even in the quantum world, there’s a limit on how small you can go. Both theoretically and experimentally, the limit for magnetic sensitivity is set at Planck’s constant — an incredibly small value. Biologists have long known that many animals can sense magnetic fields — it’s how birds navigate, how foxes hunt, and how dogs find their way around. “During the last six decades scientists have considered several biophysical mechanisms explaining biological magnetoreception (磁感受作用),” explains a statement from the University of Crete, but they are not yet fully understood. Researchers Kominis and Gkoudinakis decided to work backwards, using known physical laws to understand these mechanisms. Their results showed that some proposed mechanisms for biological magnetoreception would be operating right at the quantum limit — like a TV operating with the highest possible resolution. The findings suggest we shouldn’t feel discouraged about coming second to animals in this ability. Now that we better understand how they do it, we might be able to improve our own lab-based magnetic sensors. As Kominis told Physics magazine, “If scientists want to make the most sensitive measurements, we have to go quantum. Modeling biological magnetic sensors can guide such quantum engineering.” 1．What does the evidence suggest about animals? A．They know quantum mechanics. B．They use quantum mechanics in life. C．They can explain quantum physics. D．They are not related to quantum mechanics. 2．What is the main challenge faced by quantum magnetometry? A．Lack of research data. B．High cost of production. C．Easily disturbed quantum states. D．Low sensitivity in measurement. 3．What approach did Kominis and Gkoudinakis take to study biological magnetoreception? A．Observing bird navigation. B．Creating quantum experiments. C．Analyzing animal movement data. D．Using known physical laws backward. 4．What could be the future focus of quantum engineering? A．Exploring new animals’ behaviors. B．Developing biological theories. C．Reducing the size of sensors. D．Copying biological magnetic sensors. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍动物在日常生活中利用量子力学，科学家通过已知物理定律反向研究生物磁感受机制，发现其接近量子极限，这可能为量子工程中改进磁传感器提供指导。 1． 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When you consider a salmon or a pigeon, your first thought is probably not about quantum mechanics (量子力学) and yet, that’s precisely what the evidence suggests: these animals exploit some of the most advanced science currently understood by humans in their everyday lives. (当你考虑鲑鱼或鸽子时，你的第一个想法可能不是关于量子力学，然而，这正是证据所表明的：这些动物在日常生活中利用了人类目前所理解的一些最先进的科学。)”可知，证据表明动物在生活中利用了量子力学。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“This brings both advantages and challenges in magnetometry (磁测量): the tiny scale reduces noise and increases sensitivity, but it also makes the system delicate, as quantum states can be easily disturbed.(这给磁力测量带来了优势和挑战：微小的尺度降低了噪声，提高了灵敏度，但也使系统变得脆弱，因为量子态很容易受到干扰。)”可知，量子磁测量面临的主要挑战是量子态易受干扰。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Researchers Kominis and Gkoudinakis decided to work backwards, using known physical laws to understand these mechanisms.(研究人员Kominis和Gkoudinakis决定逆向工作，使用已知的物理定律来理解这些机制。)”可知，他们采用反向利用已知物理定律的方法研究生物磁感受机制。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Modeling biological magnetic sensors can guide such quantum engineering.(对生物磁传感器进行建模可以指导这种量子工程。)”可推知，量子工程未来可能聚焦于模仿生物磁传感器。故选D项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 答案版 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1：1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C Passage 2：1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1：1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C Passage 2：1．A 2．D 3．D 4．B Passage 3：1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1：1．C 2．B 3．B 4．D Passage 2：1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D Passage 3：1．D 2．A 3．A 4．C Passage 4：1．A 2．C 3．D 4．C 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1：1．A 2．A 3．B 4．D Passage 2：1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A Passage 3：1．B 2．D 3．B 4．D Passage 4：1．D 2．B 3．C 4．B 主题02 人与自然 Passage 1：1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A Passage 2：1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C Passage 3：1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D Passage 4：1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A Passage 5：1．B 2．C 3．D 4．D / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $