专题02 Unit 1-8语法背默及训练-2025-2026学年八年级下学期期末复习（译林版2024）

**基本信息** 聚焦初中英语核心语法，以“用法讲解-表格归纳-分层训练”构建系统方法体系，逻辑递进覆盖现在完成时、被动语态等中考高频考点，提升语言运用与思维分析能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |现在完成时|3单元含3类题型+不规则动词表|for/since用法、延续性动词转换、与一般过去时对比|从基础用法到时间状语再到时态区别，层层递进| |被动语态|3单元含主动被动转换+3种时态|一般现在/过去/将来时被动结构、by短语运用|按时态发展，结合主动被动转换规则，形成完整语态体系| |其他语法点|3单元含疑问词+不定式、must/have to等|疑问词+不定式转换、enough/too...to句型转换|聚焦句式转换与情态动词辨析，强化语法应用能力|

专题02 Unit 1-8语法背默及训练 Unit1 现在完成时(1) 一．现在完成时的用法及结构 —Have you watched the film Zero to Hero? 你看过《妈妈的神奇小子》那部电影吗? —Yes. I have watched it twice. 看过。我已经看了两遍。 —Have they given a concert in Europe? 他们在欧洲举办过演唱会了吗? —Yes, they have./No, they have not (haven't). 是的,他们举办过了。/不,他们没有。 二．动词的过去分词 (1)规则变化 方法 例词 大多数动词,在词尾直接加-ed visit→visited enjoy→enjoyed 以不发音的“e”结尾的动词,在词尾加-d love→loved move→moved 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先将y变为i,再加-ed carry→carried cry→cried 以重读闭音节结尾的动词,末尾只有一个辅音字母时,先双写该辅音字母,再加-ed stop→stopped drop→dropped (2)不规则变化 动词过去分词的不规则变化需逐一熟记,常见的不规则变化形式见下表: 动词原形 过去式 过去分词 be was/were been cut cut cut do did done eat ate eaten find found found go went gone have had had let let let make made made see saw seen 三．just、already和yet 　　当现在完成时用于表示动作已经完成并对现在有一定影响时,可分别用just、already或yet加以强调或说明。 单词 用法 例句 just 意为“刚刚”,表示动作刚刚结束,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。 I've just been out shopping.我刚才出去买东西了。 already 意为“已经”,通常用于现在完成时的肯定句中。 You have already told me that.你已经告诉我那件事了。 yet 常用于现在完成时的否定句或疑问句中,谈论尚未发生但可能发生的事。 He hasn't come yet.他还没有来。 Have you finished your homework yet?你做完家庭作业了吗? 一，用所给词的正确形式填空 1. I _______________ (lose) my keys. I can‘t open the door. 2. She _______________ (not finish) her homework yet. 3. _______________ you ever _______________ (eat) Thai food? 4. They _______________ (live) here since they were born. 5. He _______________ just _______________ (come) back from London. 6. We _______________ (know) each other for ten years. 7. _______________ Tom _______________ (see) the film yet? 8. My parents _______________ (buy) a new car recently. 9. I _______________ never _______________ (be) to the Great Wall. 10. So far, we _______________ (learn) 500 English words. 1. have lost2. hasn’t finished3. Have; eaten4. have lived5. has; come6. have known7. Has; seen8. have bought 9. have; been10. have learned 二．句型转换（一空一词） 1. He has already finished his work. (改为否定句) He ________ finished his work ________. 2. They have lived here since 2010. (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ have they lived here? 3. She has been to Beijing twice. (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ has she been to Beijing? 4. I bought the bike two years ago. (改为现在完成时) I ________ ________ the bike for two years. 5. Tom has gone to the library. (改为一般疑问句) ________ Tom ________ to the library? 1. hasn’t; yet2. How long3. How many times4. have had5. Has; gone 三．汉译英（使用现在完成时） 1. 我刚刚丢了钥匙。 2. 她从2015年起就教英语。 3. 你曾经吃过北京烤鸭吗？ 4. 他还没有回来。 5. 这是我读过的最好的书。 1. I have just lost my key. 2. She has taught English since 2015. 3. Have you ever eaten / had Peking Duck? 4. He hasn’t come back / returned yet. 5. This is the best book I have ever read. Unit2 现在完成时2 一． for和since在现在完成时中的应用 (1)在表示行为或状态从过去一直持续到现在时,通常要与表示一段时间的时间状语连用,这类状语通常由for或since引导。for后接一段时间,如for five years;而since后多接时间点,如since January 2020。 They have had the cat since they got married. 他们自结婚以来就一直养着这只猫。 They have been married for twenty years. 他们已经结婚二十年了。 (2)“since+时间点”和“for+时间段”常作现在完成时的标志。两者之间常可以进行同义转换。 Chen Xiao has dreamed of being a biologist since eight years ago.=Chen Xiao has dreamed of being a biologist for eight years.陈笑八年前就梦想成为一名生物学家。 (2)对现在完成时的时间状语进行提问时,常用how long。 How long have you been like this? 你这个样子有多久了? How long have you played tennis? 你打网球打了多长时间了? 二． 非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转换 (1)在现在完成时的句子中,表示持续的动作或状态时,常用延续性动词与表示时间段的时间状语连用。 It has rained for three hours.雨已经下了三个小时了。 (2)与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,应将非延续性动词转换为延续性动词或表示状态的短语等。 I borrowed this magazine three months ago. 我三个月前借了这本杂志。 →I have kept this magazine for three months.这本杂志我已经借来三个月了。 (3)常见的非延续性动词转换为延续性动词的情况: 非延续性动词 延续性动词 现在完成时形式 borrow keep She has kept this book for three weeks. leave be away They have been away from home for two days. arrive/reach/get/move be in/at Kitty has been in Hong Kong for a month. come/go be in/at My mum has been in Beijing for two months. begin/start be on The film has been on for an hour. stop/finish/end be over The meeting has been over for two hours. die be dead The lamb has been dead for some time. join be in/be a member of Simon has been a member of the Football Club since last year. become be How long has your sister been a teacher? open be open The shop has been open for ten hours. close be closed The market has been closed since 2010. buy have He has had this motorcycle for two years. fall asleep be asleep The dog has been asleep for several hours. catch a cold have a cold How long have you had a cold? fall ill be ill Mike has been ill for ten years. get married be married They have been married for fifteen years. get up be up They have been up for two hours. come back be back The lost cat has been back since last night. go out be out The old man has been out since last Friday. （1）joined the club two years ago. 我两年前加入的这个俱乐部。→I have been in/a member of the club for two years. 我加入这个俱乐部两年了。 （2）I bought this pop-up book about the Palace Museum one week ago. 我一周前买了这本关于故宫博物院的立体书。→I have had this pop-up book about the Palace Museum for one week. 我买来这本关于故宫博物院的立体书已经一周了。 一．用所给词的正确形式填空 1. My sister ________ (go) to the cinema. She'll be back in two hours. 2. I ________ (be) to Paris twice. It's a romantic city. 3. They ________ (be) in Japan since 2019. They like the food there. 4. He ________ (buy) a new car. Look! It's over there. 5. We ________ (know) each other for ten years. 6. She ________ (not finish) her homework yet. 7. ________ you ever ________ (eat) Thai food? 8. His father ________ (work) in this company since 2005. 9. I ________ just ________ (receive) a letter from my pen pal. 10. They ________ (live) here for a long time. 11. She ________ (be) a doctor since she graduated from university. 12. We ________ (not see) each other since last month. 13. He ________ (borrow) the book from the library yesterday. 14. I ________ (have) this phone for three years. 15. The meeting ________ (begin) ten minutes ago. 1. has gone2. have been3. have been4. has bought5. have known6. hasn’t finished7. Have; eaten8. has worked 9. have; received10. have lived11. has been12. haven’t seen13. borrowed14. have had15. began 二．句型转换 1. He has gone to Beijing. (改为否定句)He ________ ________ to Beijing. 2. They have lived here since 2010. (对划线部分提问)________ ________ have they lived here? 3. She has been to Shanghai twice. (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ ________ has she been to Shanghai? 4. I bought the bike two years ago. (改为现在完成时)I ________ ________ the bike for two years. 5. Tom has already finished his homework. (改为一般疑问句)________ Tom finished his homework ________? 6. She has been in the UK for five years. (对划线部分提问)________ ________ has she been in the UK? 7. He joined the army ten years ago. (改为现在完成时)He ________ ________ in the army for ten years. 8. The film started twenty minutes ago. (改为现在完成时) The film ________ ________ ________ for twenty minutes. 9. My grandpa died three years ago. (改为现在完成时) My grandpa ________ ________ ________ for three years. 10. We have never seen such a beautiful view. (改为肯定句) We ________ ________ seen such a beautiful view. 1. hasn't gone2. How long3. How many times4. have had5. Has; yet6. How long7. has been8. has been on 9. has been dead10. have ever 三．汉译英（10题） 1. 他去图书馆了，半小时后回来。 2. 我去过上海三次，那是个繁华的城市。 3. 她在这家公司工作五年了。 4. 你曾经吃过北京烤鸭吗？ 5. 我认识杰克自从我们上小学的时候。 6. 他们结婚二十年了，仍然很恩爱。 7. 爷爷去世三年了，我们都很想念他。 8. 我还没看完这本书，你能再等两天吗？ 9. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。 10. 他从早上八点就在等你了。 1. He has gone to the library. He will be back in half an hour. 2. I have been to Shanghai three times. It's a busy city. 3. She has worked / has been in this company for five years. 4. Have you ever eaten / had Peking Duck? 5. I have known Jack since we were in primary school. 6. They have been married for twenty years and still love each other. 7. Grandpa has been dead for three years. We all miss him. 8. I haven't finished reading this book yet. Can you wait for another two days? 9. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. 0. He has waited for you since 8 o'clock this morning. Unit3 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 （1）二者都表示过去发生的动作或情况。 时态 区别 现在完成时 强调动作的现在结果,与“现在情况”有联系 一般过去时 仅表示过去的事情,与“现在情况”没有联系 　　因此,同一个发生在过去的动作,如果要说明对目前留下的影响和结果,或只是说明从前有过这么一回事,而不指明具体发生的时间,就用现在完成时。如果要指明这件事发生在过去某一时刻,而不强调它的现在结果和影响,就用一般过去时。试比较: I have seen the film. 我看过这部电影。(说明已了解其内容) I saw the film last week. 我上星期看了这部电影。(只说明上星期看了电影) （2）时间状语对比 一般过去时（具体过去时间） 现在完成时（与现在相关的时间） yesterday（昨天） already / just（已经/刚刚） ...ago（...以前） yet（已经/还，用于否定疑问） last week / month / year（上周/上月/去年） ever / never（曾经/从未） in 1990 / in March（在1990年/在三月） recently / lately（最近） when I was...（当我...时候） since... / for...（自从.../长达...） just now（刚才） so far / up to now（到目前为止） the other day（前几天） in the past few years（在过去的几年里） （3）常见动词变化对比 动词原形 一般过去时 现在完成时 备注 go went have/has gone/been gone表未回，been表去过 see saw have/has seen eat ate have/has eaten | buy bought have/has bought know knew have/has known 延续性动词 live lived have/has lived 可延续 （4）现在完成时说明的是目前情况,所以它属于现在时态范畴,而不能和表示确定的过去时间状语连用,如yesterday,last year,last week,in 1949等。它只能与包括“此刻”在内的时间状语或不表示一个明确时间的状语连用,如already,always,ever,for two years,never,many times,now,often,this week/year,today,up to now,up to the present等。 He has always studied hard.他学习一贯努力。 We have already sent the book to her.我们已经将书给她寄去了。 I have been to the dentist's today.今天我去看过牙医。 （5）句型：It is / has been + (多久)+ since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+……+过去时间状语 如：May I borrow your book?How long may I keep the book?(这本书我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)如“狗死了一个星期了”应说成 “the dog has been dead for a week” 而不能说“the dog has died for a week”; 一．用所给词的适当形式填空 1. I ________ (see) that movie last night. 2. She ________ (not finish) her homework yet. 3. ________ you ever ________ (be) to Japan? 4. He ________ (leave) just now. 5. We ________ (live) here since 2015. 6. They ________ (buy) a new house last month. 7. ________ you ________ (eat) breakfast yet? 8. My brother ________ (join) the army in 2020. 9. I ________ (know) him for ten years. 10. The train ________ (already / arrive). 1. saw2. hasn't finished3. Have; been4. left5. have lived6. bought7. Have; eaten8. joined9. have known 10. has already arrived 二．将短暂动词改为延续性动词 例：He bought the book two weeks ago. → He has had the book for two weeks. 1. The movie started an hour ago. → The movie ________ ________ for an hour. 2. They arrived in Beijing last Monday. → They ________ ________ in Beijing since last Monday. 3. I borrowed this bike yesterday. → I ________ ________ this bike since yesterday. 4. She left home at 7:00. → She ________ ________ ________ from home for two hours. 5. He joined the army in 2020. → He ________ ________ in the army since 2020. 6. The meeting began at 9 am. → The meeting ________ ________ ________ for 30 minutes. 7. I got this computer three years ago. → I ________ ________ this computer for three years. 8. They got married last year. → They ________ ________ ________ for one year. 1. has been on2. have been3. have had4. has been away5. has been6. has been on7. have had8. have been married 三．对划线部分提问 1. I have lived here for five years. → ________ ________ ________ you ________ here? 2. He bought the phone last month. → ________ ________ he ________ the phone? 3. They have been to Paris twice. → ________ ________ ________ have they been to Paris? 4. She left ten minutes ago. → ________ ________ she ________? 5. I have had this car since 2018. → ________ ________ ________ you ________ this car? 6. We visited the museum yesterday. → ________ ________ you ________ the museum? 1. How long have; lived2. When did; buy3. How many times4. When did; leave5. How long have; had 6. When did; visit 四．翻译句子（中译英） 1. 我昨天买了一本新书。 _________________________________________________________________________ 2. 你吃过午饭了吗？——是的，我刚吃过。 _________________________________________________________________________ 3. 他自从2010年就住在这里。 ________________________________________________________________________ 4. 我从未去过长城。 ________________________________________________________________________ 5. 上周日我们去了博物馆。 _________________________________________________________________________ 6. 她已经完成了她的家庭作业。 _________________________________________________________________________ 7. 你等了多久了？——半小时了。 _________________________________________________________________________ 8. 他们去年结婚了。 _________________________________________________________________________ 1. I bought a new book yesterday. 2. Have you had lunch? Yes, I have just had it. 3. He has lived here since 2010. 4. I have never been to the Great Wall. 5. We went to the museum last Sunday. 6. She has already finished her homework. 7. How long have you waited? For half an hour. 8. They got married last year. 五．用动词的适当形式填空 1. I ________ (not see) him since last Monday. 2. They ________ (buy) a new car two days ago. 3. ________ you ever ________ (eat) Thai food? 4. She ________ (live) in London for three years when she was a child. 5. He ________ (just / come) back from work. 6. We ________ (not finish) the project yet. 7. My brother ________ (join) the army in 2018. 8. How long ________ you ________ (have) this computer? 9. She ________ (be) to Paris three times. 10. I ________ (meet) him at the party last night. 11. They ________ (be) married for 25 years. 12. He ________ (leave) just now. 13. I ________ (already / read) this book. 14. She ________ (work) in that company from 2015 to 2018. 15. We ________ (know) each other since we were kids. 1. haven't seen2. bought3. Have; eaten4. lived5. has just come6. haven't finished7. joined8. have; had9. has been 10. met11. have been12. left13. have already read14. worked15. have known 六．句型转换 1. I bought this phone last year.（改为现在完成时）→ I ________ ________ this phone for one year. 2. She has lived here for ten years.（对划线部分提问）→ ________ ________ ________ she ________ here? 3. They have already finished their work.（改为否定句）→ They ________ ________ ________ their work ________. 4. He went to Beijing yesterday.（改为现在完成时）→ He ________ ________ to Beijing. 5. This is the most interesting movie I have ever seen.（改为一般过去时） → This ________ the most interesting movie I ________ ever ________. 6. I haven't seen him for three days.（对划线部分提问）→ ________ ________ ________ you ________ seen him? 7. She left an hour ago.（改为现在完成时）→ She ________ ________ ________ for an hour. 8. They have been to the museum twice.（对划线部分提问）→ ________ ________ ________ have they been to the museum? 9. He has had this car since 2018.（改为一般过去时）→ He ________ this car ________ 2018. 10. I have never eaten such delicious food.（改为肯定句）→ I ________ ________ such delicious food. 1. have had2. How long has; lived3. haven't finished; yet4. has gone5. was; had; seen6. How long haven't; （或How long is it since you...）7. has been away8. How many times9. bought; in10. have eaten 七．改错题 1. I have visited the Great Wall last year. _________________________________________________________________________ 2. She has bought this dress for two weeks. _________________________________________________________________________ 3. They didn't finish their homework already. _________________________________________________________________________ 4. How long did you know him? _________________________________________________________________________ 5. He has gone to Beijing twice. _________________________________________________________________________ 1. I visited the Great Wall last year. 2. She has had this dress for two weeks. 3. They haven't finished their homework yet. 4. How long have you known him? 5. He has been to Beijing twice.（have gone to不能与次数连用） Unit4 疑问词加动词不定式 ①“疑问词＋不定式”结构：动词不定式前面可与疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where等连用，构成不定式短语，相当于一个宾语从句，在句子里用作主语、宾语、表语、宾补等，或者单独使用。动词decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell等常与疑问词连用。“疑问词＋不定式”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 I can’t decide where to go. (作宾语) Where to go is not decided yet. (作主语) The question is how to put it into practice. (作表语) Can you tell me how to get to Guilin Middle School? (作宾补) 单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。如： What to do next?(=What will we/you do next?) // Why go there?(=Why do we/you go there?) ②动词不定式的否定形式：“not/never+to+动词原形”，有些动词可以不用to。 1.My mother let me not do it by myself. 妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。 2.Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day. 张明要我不要整天呆在家里。 3.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking. 他的父母亲告诉他决不要在酒后开车。 ③ 动词不定式的省略：在“You’d+动词原形”、“Why not+动词原形” 、“Why don’t you+动词原形?”、“would rather+动词原形”、“Will/Would /Could you please(not)+动词原形?”句型中，动词不定式符号to常常省略。 1.You’d better get up early. 2.Why not have a picnic in the countryside this Sunday? 3.Will/Would /Could you please not open the window? It’s too cold outside. 4.I would rather stay at home. ④ 有时为了避免重复，在动词except, hope, wish, forget, want, try等，短语be glad/happy, would like, would love, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等出现与上下文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而把其他部分省略。 ---- I heard that you would go to Kunming for you summer vacation. ---- I planned to, but I have something important to do. (planned to后省略了go) ---- Would you like to come to my birthday party? ---- Yes, I’d love to. (I’d love to后省略了come) 注意点 ① 若动词不定式的动词为不及物动词，需要加上后面的介词。 e.g. Daniel did not say who to talk to about this book. I don’t know who to turn to for help when I have problems. ② 原则上说，why后不接不定式： 误：Kitty explained why to be late for school. 正：Kitty explained why she was late for school. 不过若不定式不带to，则可用why。 e.g.: Why not go there at once?　 Why argue with her?　 但这类结构通常只用于谈论现在和将来，不用于谈论过去。 误：Why not clean the room yesterday? 正：Why didn't you clean the room yesterday? (3) how用于该结构的注意点： 有些动词后接“how＋不定式”作宾语时，how可以省略： e.g.: Did you learn (how) to drive a car?　你学过开车吗？ 但是，有些动词后面接“疑问词how＋不定式”作宾语时，尽管其中的how在汉语中无需译出，但不能将how省略。 e.g.: He knows how to play the piano. He showed her how to swim. (4)“疑问词十不定式”结构可以和复合句转换。 e.g.: He asked where he would go shopping after supper. ＝He asked where to go shopping after supper. Level 1：特殊疑问词 + to do 基础填空 一．用适当的"疑问词 + to do"结构填空（what, which, who, when, where, how, whether） 1. I don't know ________ ________ (do) next. 2. Can you tell me ________ ________ (get) to the station? 3. She can't decide ________ ________ (wear) to the party. 4. We need to discuss ________ ________ (invite) to the meeting. 5. He forgot ________ ________ (meet) us. 6. I'm not sure ________ ________ (go) or stay. 7. Please show me ________ ________ (fill) in this form. 8. The problem is ________ ________ (find) a hotel. 1. what to do2. how to get3. what to wear / which one to wear4. who to invite5. when to meet6. whether to go 7. how to fill8. where to find 二．将宾语从句改为"疑问词 + to do"结构 1. I don't know what I should say.→ I don't know ________ ________ ________. 2. She asked where she could park.→ She asked ________ ________ ________. 3. He forgot how he could use the machine.→ He forgot ________ ________ ________ the machine. 4. Tell me when I should arrive.→ Tell me ________ ________ ________. 5. We haven't decided whether we will go.→ We haven't decided ________ ________ ________. 1. what to say2. where to park3. how to use4. when to arrive5. whether to go 三．将"疑问词 + to do"改为宾语从句 1. I don't know what to buy.→ I don't know ________ ________ ________ ________. 2. She asked where to stay.→ She asked ________ ________ ________ ________. 3. He forgot when to call.→ He forgot ________ ________ ________ ________. 4. Can you tell me how to do it?→ Can you tell me ________ ________ ________ ________ ________? 5. I'm not sure whether to accept.→ I'm not sure ________ ________ ________ ________. 1. what I should buy2. where she should stay3. when he should call4. how I can do it / how to do it 5. whether I should accept must& have to must, have to的基本用法 （1）must表示责任、义务或一种强制性规定，意为“必须，应该”，表示必须要做的事，其否定式mustn’t表示禁止，即不许对方做某事。 ---- May I go to the cinema, Mum? ---- Certainly. But you must be back by 11 o’clock. These books mustn’t be taken out of the reading room. You have to read them here. （2）“must be+表语”表示猜测、可能性，一般只用于肯定句中，意为“一定，肯定”，表示可能性很大，语气比may肯定，通常用于肯定句，在否定句中要用can’t，表示“不可能”。 There must be some mistakes. 肯定有一些错误。// You must be very tired. 你一定很累了。 Your mother must be waiting for you now. 你妈妈现在一定在等你 （3）回答must开头的一般疑问句，肯定回答用must，如果是否定的回答，要用needn’t或don’t have to，表示“不必”，“没有必要”的意思，不用mustn’t，因为mustn’t表示禁止或不准，意思是“一定不要”，“不应该”，“不许可”，“不准”，“禁止”。如：---- Must I finish the work before five o’clock? ---- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. （4）“have to”表示客观需要，意为“不得不、必须”，有人称、时态和数的变化，后跟动词原形。 She has to look after her little sister. 她不得不照顾她的小妹妹。 I have to do some washing. 我必须洗洗衣服。// I had to do my homework last night. 昨晚我不得不做作业。 （5）have to 的否定式和疑问式一般要借用助动词do的适当形式构成。have to 的否定式是don’t have to; has to 的否定式是doesn’t have to; had to 的否定式是didn’t have to。have to的疑问式同样也借用助动词do的相应形式构成。如：He doesn’t have to do the homework now. 他没有必要现在做作业。 ---- Do I have to go there now? 我现在就得去那儿吗？ ---- Yes, you do.（No, you don’t have to.）是的，你必须去。（不，你不必。） We didn’t have to answer the question yesterday. 昨天我们没有必要回答这个问题。 （6）must 与 have to 的区别： must 表示说话人的主观意愿；have to 一般强调客观需要，它比must更含有客观条件迫使，必须这样做的意思。如：I must do my homework first. 我必须首先做家庭作业。(主观意愿) If I buy that car, I’ll have to borrow some money. 如果我要买那辆汽车，我得借些钱。(客观需要) Level 2：must / have to 基础填空 一．用 must, mustn't, have to, has to, don't have to, doesn't have to 填空 1. You ________ smoke here. It's a hospital. 2. I ________ go now. My friends are waiting. 3. She ________ work tomorrow because it's Sunday. 4. In many countries, you ________ drive on the right. 5. We ________ be quiet. The baby is sleeping. 6. He ________ wear a uniform at his new job. 7. You ________ tell anyone. It's a secret. 8. They ________ come if they don't want to. 1. mustn't2. must3. doesn't have to4. have to5. must6. has to7. mustn't8. don't have to 二．翻译句子 1. 我不知道该说什么。 _________________________________________________________________ 2. 你能告诉我怎么去火车站吗？ _________________________________________________________________ 3. 她还没决定是否接受这份工作。 _________________________________________________________________ 4. 我们讨论了在哪里开会。 _________________________________________________________________ 5. 我忘了什么时候交作业。 _________________________________________________________________ 6. 你必须保持安静。婴儿在睡觉。（主观要求） _________________________________________________________________ 7. 我不得不每天早起赶公交车。（客观需要） _________________________________________________________________ 8. 你不必现在付钱。可以明天付。 _________________________________________________________________ 9. 这里禁止停车。 _________________________________________________________________ 10. 昨天我必须加班。（过去时） _________________________________________________________________ 1. I don't know what to say. 2. Can you tell me how to get to the train station? 3. She hasn't decided whether to accept the job. 4. We discussed where to have the meeting. 5. I forgot when to hand in the homework. 6. You must be quiet. The baby is sleeping. 7. I have to get up early every day to catch the bus. 8. You don't have to pay now. You can pay tomorrow. 9. You mustn't park here. 10. I had to work overtime yesterday. 三．用所给词的适当形式填空 1. I don't know what ________ (do) in this situation. 2. Can you tell me how ________ (get) to the airport? 3. She hasn't decided whether ________ (accept) the job offer. 4. He forgot when ________ (meet) us, so he arrived late. 5. We need to discuss where ________ (have) the party. 6. You ________ (must) smoke here. It's forbidden. 7. She ________ (have to) work late yesterday because of the deadline. 8. You ________ (not have to) come if you don't want to. 9. He ________ (must) finish the report by Friday. It's urgent. 10. In the future, we ________ (have to) find alternative energy sources. 1. to do2. to get3. to accept4. to meet5. to have6. mustn't7. had to8. don't have to9. must10. will have to Unit5 enough to的用法 “be+adj./adv.+enough to do sth.”结构常用来描述一个人的个性、品格和能力。该结构可以用so... that句型进行替换。如: He is strong enough to carry the heavy stone.=He is so strong that he can carry the heavy stone.他够强壮能搬起这块很重的石头。 enough在句中可以作状语、定语和表语。如: The house is not big enough for us.这房子对我们来说不够大。(作状语) Have you got enough money?你的钱够吗?(作定语) Six bottles should be enough.六瓶应该够了。(作表语) too... to的用法 英语中too... to结构的基本形式是“be too+adj./adv.(for sb.)+to do sth.”，意为“(对某人来说)太……而不能……”，它在形式上是肯定的，但在意义上是否定的。使用该结构时，应注意以下几点： 1. 当主语本身是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，不定式后不接宾语。此时的不定式如果是不及物动词，动词之后应加上适当的介词，这时的主语就变成了介词的宾语。如: The water in the glass is too hot to drink.杯子内的水太热了不能喝。( drink是及物动词，the water是drink的逻辑宾语) The house is too old to live in.这房子太旧了不能住( live是不及物动词，其后须接介词，the house是in的逻辑宾语) 2.当主语不是不定式的逻辑宾语，而不定式是及物动词时，动词之后要接宾语。如: The hall is too small to hold so many students. 会堂太小了不能容纳这么多学生。 3. 动词不定式之前可以带逻辑主语，表示不定式动作的执行者，常用for sb.。如: The house is too expensive for him to buy. 对他来说这房子太贵了，买不起。 4. 如果在too之前加上not或never，该结构就不再有否定的意义，意为“永/绝不……做某事”。如: Chinese is not too difficult to learn.汉语绝不难学。 One is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老。 一．用enough或too填空 1. This coffee is ________ hot to drink. I'll wait. 2. Do we have ________ chairs for everyone? 3. She's not old ________ to drive a car. 4. There are ________ many people in the room. 5. The box is light ________ for me to carry. 6. He drove ________ fast and got a ticket. 7. We don't have ________ time to finish the project. 8. This shirt is ________ small for me. I need a larger size. 9. Is the water warm ________ to swim? 10. I ate ________ much cake and felt sick. 1. too2. enough3. enough4. too5. enough6. too7. enough8. too9. enough10. too 二．句型转换 A. 将 too... to 改为 not... enough to 1. He is too young to vote.→ He ________ ________ ________ to vote. 2. The water is too cold to swim. → The water ________ ________ ________ to swim. 3. She speaks too quietly to be heard.→ She ________ ________ ________ to be heard. 4. It's too dark to see clearly.→ It ________ ________ ________ to see clearly. 5. The suitcase is too heavy for me to carry. → The suitcase ________ ________ ________ for me to carry. 1. is not old enough2. is not warm enough3. doesn't speak loudly enough4. is not light enough5. is not light enough B. 将 not... enough to 改为 too... to 6. He isn't tall enough to reach the shelf.→ He ________ ________ to reach the shelf. 7. She doesn't run fast enough to win the race.→ She ________ ________ to win the race. 8. The coffee isn't cool enough to drink.→ The coffee ________ ________ to drink. 9. He isn't strong enough to lift the weight.→ He ________ ________ to lift the weight. 10. We didn't arrive early enough to get tickets.→ We ________ ________ to get tickets. 6. is too short7. runs too slowly8. is too hot9. is too weak10. arrived too late 三．合并句子（用enough to或too to合并） 1. The boy is very strong. He can lift the box. → The boy is ________ ________ ________ lift the box. 2. The water is very cold. We cannot swim in it. → The water is ________ ________ ________ swim in. 3. She is very tall. She can reach the top shelf. → She is ________ ________ ________ reach the top shelf. 4. He ran very fast. He caught the bus. → He ran ________ ________ ________ catch the bus. 5. The coffee is very hot. I can't drink it. → The coffee is ________ ________ ________ ________ drink. 6. The movie was very boring. We left early. → The movie was ________ ________ ________ ________ stay. 7. She is very young. She can't understand this. → She is ________ ________ ________ understand this. 8. We have much time. We can visit the museum. → We have ________ ________ ________ visit the museum. 1. strong enough to2. too cold to3. tall enough to4. fast enough to5. too hot for me to6. too boring for us to 7. too young to8. enough time to 四．完成句子 1. 这个房间足够大，可以容纳50人。This room is ________ ________ ________ hold 50 people. 2. 他太累了，不能继续工作。He is ________ ________ ________ continue working. 3. 你有足够的钱买那辆车吗？Do you have ________ ________ ________ buy that car? 4. 这个问题太难了，我解决不了。This problem is ________ ________ for me to solve. 5. 她跑得不够快，跟不上我们。She doesn't run ________ ________ ________ keep up with us. 6. 箱子太轻了，一个孩子就能搬动。The box is ________ ________ for a child to carry. 7. 我们到得太晚，没看到电影开头。We arrived ________ ________ ________ see the beginning of the movie. 8. 他年龄不够大，不能喝酒。He is ________ ________ ________ drink alcohol. 1. big enough to2. too tired to3. enough money to4. too difficult5. fast enough to6. light enough 7. too late to8. not old enough to Unit6 It is+ adj. + to-infinitive（It is+形容词+动词不定式） It is+ adj. + for…+ to-infinitive 1.It is+ adj．+ to-infinitive（It is+形容词+动词不定式） “It is+形容词+动词不定式”可以用来描述行为和情境。在该句型中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。把真正的主语放在句末而用it作形式主语也是为了句子的协调，避免“头重脚轻”。该句型中的形容词是用来描述行为或情境的。 如：It is dangerous to play football in the street．在街上踢足球是危险的。 It is hard to understand what he said.要理解他的话是很难的。 2.It is+ adj.+ for…+to-infinitive “It is+形容词+for…+动词不定式”可以用来具体说明正在谈论的事情。在该句型中，it是形式主语，for后面所引导的人或物是动词不定式的逻辑主语，for sb./sth. to do sth.在英语中通常称为动词不定式的复合结构。其中的形容词用来说明不定式的特征，而不是说明人的特征或性格。用于该句型的常见形容词有：hard，difficult，easy，important, interesting, dangerous, possible, 'impossible, meaningful, comfortable, uncomfortable等。 如：It's difficult for you to pass the exam.对你来说通过这次考试是困难的。 3.It is+ adj．+ of…+ (not) to do sth．（It is＋形容词＋of…＋动词不定式） “It is+形容词+ of…+ 动词不定式”结构用来对某人的品质、性格等作出评价，其中的形容词必须是表示人的品质、性格等的形容词。it是形式主语，没有实际意义。 该结构中的sb.和(not) to do sth.有着逻辑上的主谓关系，所以该句型又可以转换成“sb.+ be+ adj.+(not) to do sth.”。用于该句型的常见形容词有：careless，careful，clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, polite, impolite, rude, selfish, generous, wise, silly, modest, proud, thoughtful等。 It's very nice of you to give me a gift. =You are very nice to give me a gift.你送给我礼物，你真好。 It is silly of you not to forgive others for their mistakes. =You are silly not to forgive others for their mistakes. 你不原谅别人的错误是愚蠢的。 一．用for或of填空 1. It is important ________ you to arrive on time. 2. It was kind ________ her to lend me money. 3. It is difficult ________ old people to learn new technology. 4. It was stupid ________ him to drive so fast. 5. It is necessary ________ everyone to have a passport to travel abroad. 6. It is generous ________ them to donate so much money. 7. It is easy ________ children to learn languages. 8. It was careless ________ you to leave the door open. 9. It is possible ________ us to finish the project by Friday. 10. It was polite ________ him to hold the door open. 1. for2. of3. for4. of5. for6. of7. for8. of9. for10. of 二．翻译句子 1. 对我们来说，保护环境很重要。 _________________________________________________________________ 2. 你帮我真是太善良了。 _________________________________________________________________ 3. 学一门新语言很难。 _________________________________________________________________ 4. 他迟到真粗心。 _________________________________________________________________ 5. 对老年人来说，使用智能手机很困难。 _________________________________________________________________ 6. 他们捐款真是太慷慨了。 _________________________________________________________________ 1. It is important for us to protect the environment. 2. It is kind of you to help me. 3. It is difficult to learn a new language. 4. It was careless of him to be late. 5. It is difficult for old people to use smartphones. 6. It is generous of them to donate money. Unit7 被动语态 1.语态：英语的语态是通过动词的形式表现出来的，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系，英语的动词有两种语态形式，即主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语动词用主动语态。如果主语是动作的对象，谓语动词用被动语态。 2.主动语态与被动语态的转化： ①将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语；②将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be＋过去分词”结构；③将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略）。 例： We visited that factory last summer. 主动语态 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 That factory was visited by us last summer 被动语态 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 本单元的重点语法是一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态。 一般现在时的被动语态 一般现在时的被动语态由“am/is/are+动词的过去分词”构成，be动词的形式取决于主语，表示“...被做。”其常用的结构如下： 肯定句：主语+am/is/are+过去分词+（by+名词/代词）. 否定句：主语+am/is/are not+过去分词+（by+名词/代词）. 一般疑问句：Am/Is/Are+主语+过去分词+（by+名词/代词）？ 特殊疑问词：疑问词+am/is/are+过去分词+（by+名词/代词）？ 注意如果不知道或没必要说明动作是由谁做的，可省略by+名词/代词。此外，用于被动语态的动词是及物动词（表状态的及物动词除外），如果用不及物动词，则要在不及物动词后带上相应的介词或副词。 Her grandmother is looked after by her.她的奶奶得到她的照顾。 I am not asked to read this passage.我没被要求读这段话。 Are these computers made in the U.S.A.这些计算机是美国制造的吗？ What is it made of？它是用什么制造的？ 点拨一般现在时的主动语态和被动语态的转换 （1）主动语态的主语变被动语态时要变成“by+主语（代词用宾格）”；主动语态的谓语动词变被动语态时要变为am/is/are+该动词的过去分词（be动词的形式取决于主语）；主动语态的宾语要变为被动语态的主语。记忆口诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。 We often use a recorder in our English class.我们常常在我们的英语课上用录音机。 A recorder is often used in our English class by us.录音机常常在英语课上被我们使用。 （2）英语中有些及物动词，诸如give和teach等，可接双宾语。把含有这些词的句子变为被动语态时，被动语态既可用人作主语，又可用物作主语。 Tom gives me a book.=Tom gives a book to me.汤姆给了我一本书。 被动语态为：A book is given to me by Tom. I am given a book by Tom. （3）一些短语，诸如break out（爆发），sell well（畅销），belong to（属于），come out（出版）等等，没有被动语态结构。 He was 29 when war broke out.战争爆发时他才29岁。 This book sells well.这本书销量好。 Which door does this key belong to?这是哪个门的钥匙? Will the book come out this week. 这本书本周出版吗？ 一般过去时的被动语态 一般过去时的被动语态结构由“was/were+过去分词”构成，was和were由主语的单复数决定，表示动作在过去的时间里被做。其常用句型如下： 肯定句：主语+was/were+动词的过去分词+其它+（by+名词/代词）. They were beaten.他们被打了。 否定句：主语+was/were+not+动词的过去分词+其它+（by+名词/代词）. This speech was not delivered by Mr He这个演讲不是何先生发表的。 一般疑问句：Was/Were+主语+动词的过去分词+其它+（by+名词/代词）? 答语：Yes，主语+was/were。No，主语+was/weren’t。 Was the song composed by a soldier? 这首歌是由一名士兵创作的吗? Yes，it was./No, it wasn’t.是的。/不是的。 特殊疑问句：疑问词+was/were+主语+动词的过去分词+其它+（by+名词/代词）？ What was it made of？它是用什么制成的？ It was made of silk. 它是用丝绸制成的。 注意一般过去时的主动语态和被动语态的转换 主动语态的主语要变为被动语态中的by+主动语态的主语（人称代词变宾格）。主动语态的谓语动词变被动语态要用was/were+动词的过去分词。主动语态的宾语要变为被动语态的主语。 That man killed two women in the morning.那个男人早上杀了两名女士。 Two women were killed by that man in the morning.两名女士早上被那个男人杀死了。 易错 感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice及使役动词let, make, have等，动词后省略to不定式，变为被动语态时，应加上不定式符合to. 例：I always see the boys play in the park. (变成被动语态) The boys are always seen to play by me in the park. 一．用所给词的适当被动形式填空 1. English ________ (speak) in many countries. 2. This house ________ (build) in 1995. 3. The letters ________ (send) yesterday. 4. Rice ________ (grow) in China. 5. The window ________ (break) by the boy last night. 6. These cars ________ (make) in Japan. 7. The meeting ________ (hold) every Monday. 8. The Great Wall ________ (visit) by millions of tourists every year. 9. The cake ________ (eat) by the children yesterday. 10. Portuguese ________ (speak) in Brazil. 1. is spoken2. was built3. were sent4. is grown5. was broken6. are made7. is held8. is visited9. was eaten10. is spoken 二．将主动语态改为被动语态 1. People speak English all over the world.→ English ________ ________ all over the world. 2. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.→ Hamlet ________ ________ by Shakespeare. 3. They clean this room every day.→ This room ________ ________ every day. 4. Someone stole my bike yesterday.→ My bike ________ ________ yesterday. 5. They grow rice in this region.→ Rice ________ ________ in this region. 6. The storm damaged many houses last night.→ Many houses ________ ________ by the storm last night. 7. The company employs 500 workers.→ 500 workers ________ ________ by the company. 8. Edison invented the light bulb.→ The light bulb ________ ________ by Edison. 1. is spoken2. was written3. is cleaned4. was stolen5. is grown6. were damaged7. are employed8. was invented 三．翻译句子 1. 这个房间每天都被打扫。 _________________________________________________________________ 2. 长城是两千多年前建造的。 _________________________________________________________________ 3. 英语在澳大利亚被使用吗？ _________________________________________________________________ 4. 这些照片是什么时候拍摄的？ _________________________________________________________________ 5. 我的手机昨天被偷了。 _________________________________________________________________ 6. 寿司在日本被广泛食用。 ________________________________________________________________ 7. 这座桥是1990年建造的。 _________________________________________________________________ 8. 这些书每周都被归还到图书馆。 _________________________________________________________________ 1. This room is cleaned every day. 2. The Great Wall was built over 2,000 years ago. 3. Is English spoken in Australia? 4. When were these photos taken? 5. My phone was stolen yesterday. 6. Sushi is widely eaten in Japan. 7. This bridge was built in 1990. 8. These books are returned to the library every week. Unit8 一般将来时的被动语态 1. 一般将来时的被动语态的常用结构如下： （1）am / is / are going to be done （be动词的单复数由主语决定），表示“打算被做...”。 （2）will be done表示“将要被做...”，will无人称限制。 这两种结构的否定式都是在be动词和will后加not； 一般疑问句结构只需把be动词和will置于句首； 特殊疑问句结构为“疑问词 + be + 主语 + going to be + 过去分词+（其它）？” “疑问词 + will + 主语 + be + 过去分词 + （其它）？” 2.该语态结构有以下两种用法： （1）表示根据计划或安排将要发生的被动性动作。 Is this work going to be done at once？这项工作将立即完成吗？ Those books won’t be published next month.那些书下个月出版不了。 When will that patient be operated on？那位病人何时要被实施手术？ （2）表示有固定性条件就有规律性被动结果。 Heated to 100℃，water will be turned into steam. 加热到100度时，水将会变成蒸汽。 If you speak in class, you will be punished by our teacher. 如果你在课堂上讲话，你将会受到我们老师的惩罚。 3.一般将来时的被动语态和主动语态的转换 主动语态的主语，变被动语态时要转换为“by +主语（代词用宾格）”结构；主动语态的谓语动词，变被动语态要用be going to / will be +“该动词的过去分词”。主动语态的宾语要变为被动语态的主语。 They will make some parts of the car in the factory. 他们将在工厂里制造车的一些配件。 Some parts of the car will be made in the factory by them.车的一些零件将在工厂里被他们制造。 一．将主动语态改为被动语态 1. They will build a new school in our town. → A new school ________ ________ ________ in our town. 2. Someone will clean the room tomorrow. → The room ________ ________ ________ tomorrow. 3. They are going to hold the meeting next Monday. → The meeting ________ ________ ________ ________ next Monday. 4. The company will launch a new product next month. → A new product ________ ________ ________ by the company next month. 5. We will send the letters tomorrow morning. → The letters ________ ________ ________ tomorrow morning. 6. They are going to announce the results tomorrow. → The results ________ ________ ________ ________ tomorrow. 7. Someone will find a solution to this problem. → A solution to this problem ________ ________ ________. 8. The government will open a new hospital next year. → A new hospital ________ ________ ________ by the government next year. 1. will be built2. will be cleaned3. is going to be held4. will be launched5. will be sent6. are going to be announced7. will be found8. will be opened 二．完成句子（根据中文提示） 1. 新桥将于明年建成。The new bridge ________ ________ ________ next year. 2. 会议明天下午3点举行。The meeting ________ ________ ________ at 3 pm tomorrow. 3. 这些信件明天早上会被寄出。These letters ________ ________ ________ tomorrow morning. 4. 问题很快就会得到解决。The problem ________ ________ ________ soon. 5. 新产品将于下个月发布。The new product ________ ________ ________ ________ next month. 6. 如果下雨，比赛将被取消。The game ________ ________ ________ if it rains. 1. will be built2. will be held / is going to be held3. will be sent4. will be solved5. will be launched / is going to be launched6. will be cancelled 三．翻译句子 1. 新机场将于2028年建成。 _________________________________________________________________ 2. 会议明天下午在会议室举行。 _________________________________________________________________ 3. 这些照片什么时候会被展示？ _________________________________________________________________ 4. 如果下雨，比赛将被取消。 _________________________________________________________________ 5. 你的车明天早上就能修好。 _________________________________________________________________ 6. 新法律将于明年生效。 _________________________________________________________________ 7. 所有信件将在今天下午寄出。 _________________________________________________________________ 8. 这个问题会在会议上讨论吗？ _________________________________________________________________ 1. The new airport will be built in 2028. 2. The meeting will be held in the conference room tomorrow afternoon. 3. When will these photos be displayed? 4. The game will be cancelled if it rains. 5. Your car will be repaired by tomorrow morning. 6. The new law will come into effect next year.（注意：come into effect无被动） 7. All the letters will be sent this afternoon. 8. Will this problem be discussed at the meeting? 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 Unit 1-8语法背默及训练 Unit1 现在完成时(1) 一．现在完成时的用法及结构 —Have you watched the film Zero to Hero? 你看过《妈妈的神奇小子》那部电影吗? —Yes. I have watched it twice. 看过。我已经看了两遍。 —Have they given a concert in Europe? 他们在欧洲举办过演唱会了吗? —Yes, they have./No, they have not (haven't). 是的,他们举办过了。/不,他们没有。 二．动词的过去分词 (1)规则变化 方法 例词 大多数动词,在词尾直接加 visit→visited enjoy→enjoyed 以不发音的“e”结尾的动词,在词尾加 love→loved move→moved 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先 carry→carried cry→cried 以重读闭音节结尾的动词,末尾只有一个辅音字母时, stop→stopped drop→dropped (2)不规则变化 动词过去分词的不规则变化需逐一熟记,常见的不规则变化形式见下表: 动词原形 过去式 过去分词 be cut do eat find go have let make see 三．just、already和yet 　　当现在完成时用于表示动作已经完成并对现在有一定影响时,可分别用just、already或yet加以强调或说明。 单词 用法 例句 just 意为“刚刚”,表示动作刚刚结束,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。 I've just been out shopping.我刚才出去买东西了。 already 意为“已经”,通常用于现在完成时的肯定句中。 You have already told me that.你已经告诉我那件事了。 yet 常用于现在完成时的否定句或疑问句中,谈论尚未发生但可能发生的事。 He hasn't come yet.他还没有来。 Have you finished your homework yet?你做完家庭作业了吗? 一，用所给词的正确形式填空 1. I _______________ (lose) my keys. I can‘t open the door. 2. She _______________ (not finish) her homework yet. 3. _______________ you ever _______________ (eat) Thai food? 4. They _______________ (live) here since they were born. 5. He _______________ just _______________ (come) back from London. 6. We _______________ (know) each other for ten years. 7. _______________ Tom _______________ (see) the film yet? 8. My parents _______________ (buy) a new car recently. 9. I _______________ never _______________ (be) to the Great Wall. 10. So far, we _______________ (learn) 500 English words. 二．句型转换（一空一词） 1. He has already finished his work. (改为否定句) He ________ finished his work ________. 2. They have lived here since 2010. (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ have they lived here? 3. She has been to Beijing twice. (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ has she been to Beijing? 4. I bought the bike two years ago. (改为现在完成时) I ________ ________ the bike for two years. 5. Tom has gone to the library. (改为一般疑问句) ________ Tom ________ to the library? 三．汉译英（使用现在完成时） 1. 我刚刚丢了钥匙。 2. 她从2015年起就教英语。 3. 你曾经吃过北京烤鸭吗？ 4. 他还没有回来。 5. 这是我读过的最好的书。 Unit2 现在完成时2 一． for和since在现在完成时中的应用 (1)在表示行为或状态从过去一直持续到现在时,通常要与表示一段时间的时间状语连用,这类状语通常由for或since引导。for后接一段时间,如for five years;而since后多接时间点,如since January 2020。 They have had the cat since they got married. 他们自结婚以来就一直养着这只猫。 They have been married for twenty years. 他们已经结婚二十年了。 (2)“since+时间点”和“for+时间段”常作现在完成时的标志。两者之间常可以进行同义转换。 Chen Xiao has dreamed of being a biologist since eight years ago.=Chen Xiao has dreamed of being a biologist for eight years.陈笑八年前就梦想成为一名生物学家。 (2)对现在完成时的时间状语进行提问时,常用how long。 How long have you been like this? 你这个样子有多久了? How long have you played tennis? 你打网球打了多长时间了? 二． 非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转换 (1)在现在完成时的句子中,表示持续的动作或状态时,常用延续性动词与表示时间段的时间状语连用。 It has rained for three hours.雨已经下了三个小时了。 (2)与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,应将非延续性动词转换为延续性动词或表示状态的短语等。 I borrowed this magazine three months ago. 我三个月前借了这本杂志。 →I have kept this magazine for three months.这本杂志我已经借来三个月了。 (3)常见的非延续性动词转换为延续性动词的情况: 非延续性动词 延续性动词 现在完成时形式 borrow She has kept this book for three weeks. leave They have been away from home for two days. arrive/reach/get/move Kitty has been in Hong Kong for a month. come/go My mum has been in Beijing for two months. begin/start The film has been on for an hour. stop/finish/end The meeting has been over for two hours. die The lamb has been dead for some time. join Simon has been a member of the Football Club since last year. become How long has your sister been a teacher? open The shop has been open for ten hours. close The market has been closed since 2010. buy He has had this motorcycle for two years. fall asleep The dog has been asleep for several hours. catch a cold How long have you had a cold? fall ill Mike has been ill for ten years. get married They have been married for fifteen years. get up They have been up for two hours. come back The lost cat has been back since last night. go out The old man has been out since last Friday. （1）joined the club two years ago. 我两年前加入的这个俱乐部。→I have been in/a member of the club for two years. 我加入这个俱乐部两年了。 （2）I bought this pop-up book about the Palace Museum one week ago. 我一周前买了这本关于故宫博物院的立体书。→I have had this pop-up book about the Palace Museum for one week. 我买来这本关于故宫博物院的立体书已经一周了。 一．用所给词的正确形式填空 1. My sister ________ (go) to the cinema. She'll be back in two hours. 2. I ________ (be) to Paris twice. It's a romantic city. 3. They ________ (be) in Japan since 2019. They like the food there. 4. He ________ (buy) a new car. Look! It's over there. 5. We ________ (know) each other for ten years. 6. She ________ (not finish) her homework yet. 7. ________ you ever ________ (eat) Thai food? 8. His father ________ (work) in this company since 2005. 9. I ________ just ________ (receive) a letter from my pen pal. 10. They ________ (live) here for a long time. 11. She ________ (be) a doctor since she graduated from university. 12. We ________ (not see) each other since last month. 13. He ________ (borrow) the book from the library yesterday. 14. I ________ (have) this phone for three years. 15. The meeting ________ (begin) ten minutes ago. 二．句型转换 1. He has gone to Beijing. (改为否定句)He ________ ________ to Beijing. 2. They have lived here since 2010. (对划线部分提问)________ ________ have they lived here? 3. She has been to Shanghai twice. (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ ________ has she been to Shanghai? 4. I bought the bike two years ago. (改为现在完成时)I ________ ________ the bike for two years. 5. Tom has already finished his homework. (改为一般疑问句)________ Tom finished his homework ________? 6. She has been in the UK for five years. (对划线部分提问)________ ________ has she been in the UK? 7. He joined the army ten years ago. (改为现在完成时)He ________ ________ in the army for ten years. 8. The film started twenty minutes ago. (改为现在完成时) The film ________ ________ ________ for twenty minutes. 9. My grandpa died three years ago. (改为现在完成时) My grandpa ________ ________ ________ for three years. 10. We have never seen such a beautiful view. (改为肯定句) We ________ ________ seen such a beautiful view. 三．汉译英（10题） 1. 他去图书馆了，半小时后回来。 2. 我去过上海三次，那是个繁华的城市。 3. 她在这家公司工作五年了。 4. 你曾经吃过北京烤鸭吗？ 5. 我认识杰克自从我们上小学的时候。 6. 他们结婚二十年了，仍然很恩爱。 7. 爷爷去世三年了，我们都很想念他。 8. 我还没看完这本书，你能再等两天吗？ 9. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。 10. 他从早上八点就在等你了。 Unit3 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 （1）二者都表示过去发生的动作或情况。 时态 区别 现在完成时 强调动作的现在结果,与“现在情况”有联系 一般过去时 仅表示过去的事情,与“现在情况”没有联系 　　因此,同一个发生在过去的动作,如果要说明对目前留下的影响和结果,或只是说明从前有过这么一回事,而不指明具体发生的时间,就用现在完成时。如果要指明这件事发生在过去某一时刻,而不强调它的现在结果和影响,就用一般过去时。试比较: I have seen the film. 我看过这部电影。(说明已了解其内容) I saw the film last week. 我上星期看了这部电影。(只说明上星期看了电影) （2）时间状语对比 一般过去时（具体过去时间） 现在完成时（与现在相关的时间） yesterday（昨天） already / just（已经/刚刚） ...ago（...以前） yet（已经/还，用于否定疑问） last week / month / year（上周/上月/去年） ever / never（曾经/从未） in 1990 / in March（在1990年/在三月） recently / lately（最近） when I was...（当我...时候） since... / for...（自从.../长达...） just now（刚才） so far / up to now（到目前为止） the other day（前几天） in the past few years（在过去的几年里） （3）常见动词变化对比 动词原形 一般过去时 现在完成时 备注 go went have/has gone/been gone表未回，been表去过 see saw have/has seen eat ate have/has eaten | buy bought have/has bought know knew have/has known 延续性动词 live lived have/has lived 可延续 （4）现在完成时说明的是目前情况,所以它属于现在时态范畴,而不能和表示确定的过去时间状语连用,如yesterday,last year,last week,in 1949等。它只能与包括“此刻”在内的时间状语或不表示一个明确时间的状语连用,如already,always,ever,for two years,never,many times,now,often,this week/year,today,up to now,up to the present等。 He has always studied hard.他学习一贯努力。 We have already sent the book to her.我们已经将书给她寄去了。 I have been to the dentist's today.今天我去看过牙医。 （5）句型：It is / has been + (多久)+ since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+……+过去时间状语 如：May I borrow your book?How long may I keep the book?(这本书我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)如“狗死了一个星期了”应说成 “the dog has been dead for a week” 而不能说“the dog has died for a week”; 一．用所给词的适当形式填空 1. I ________ (see) that movie last night. 2. She ________ (not finish) her homework yet. 3. ________ you ever ________ (be) to Japan? 4. He ________ (leave) just now. 5. We ________ (live) here since 2015. 6. They ________ (buy) a new house last month. 7. ________ you ________ (eat) breakfast yet? 8. My brother ________ (join) the army in 2020. 9. I ________ (know) him for ten years. 10. The train ________ (already / arrive). 二．将短暂动词改为延续性动词 例：He bought the book two weeks ago. → He has had the book for two weeks. 1. The movie started an hour ago. → The movie ________ ________ for an hour. 2. They arrived in Beijing last Monday. → They ________ ________ in Beijing since last Monday. 3. I borrowed this bike yesterday. → I ________ ________ this bike since yesterday. 4. She left home at 7:00. → She ________ ________ ________ from home for two hours. 5. He joined the army in 2020. → He ________ ________ in the army since 2020. 6. The meeting began at 9 am. → The meeting ________ ________ ________ for 30 minutes. 7. I got this computer three years ago. → I ________ ________ this computer for three years. 8. They got married last year. → They ________ ________ ________ for one year. 三．对划线部分提问 1. I have lived here for five years. → ________ ________ ________ you ________ here? 2. He bought the phone last month. → ________ ________ he ________ the phone? 3. They have been to Paris twice. → ________ ________ ________ have they been to Paris? 4. She left ten minutes ago. → ________ ________ she ________? 5. I have had this car since 2018. → ________ ________ ________ you ________ this car? 6. We visited the museum yesterday. → ________ ________ you ________ the museum? 四．翻译句子（中译英） 1. 我昨天买了一本新书。 _________________________________________________________________________ 2. 你吃过午饭了吗？——是的，我刚吃过。 _________________________________________________________________________ 3. 他自从2010年就住在这里。 ________________________________________________________________________ 4. 我从未去过长城。 ________________________________________________________________________ 5. 上周日我们去了博物馆。 _________________________________________________________________________ 6. 她已经完成了她的家庭作业。 _________________________________________________________________________ 7. 你等了多久了？——半小时了。 _________________________________________________________________________ 8. 他们去年结婚了。 _________________________________________________________________________ 五．用动词的适当形式填空 1. I ________ (not see) him since last Monday. 2. They ________ (buy) a new car two days ago. 3. ________ you ever ________ (eat) Thai food? 4. She ________ (live) in London for three years when she was a child. 5. He ________ (just / come) back from work. 6. We ________ (not finish) the project yet. 7. My brother ________ (join) the army in 2018. 8. How long ________ you ________ (have) this computer? 9. She ________ (be) to Paris three times. 10. I ________ (meet) him at the party last night. 11. They ________ (be) married for 25 years. 12. He ________ (leave) just now. 13. I ________ (already / read) this book. 14. She ________ (work) in that company from 2015 to 2018. 15. We ________ (know) each other since we were kids. 六．句型转换 1. I bought this phone last year.（改为现在完成时）→ I ________ ________ this phone for one year. 2. She has lived here for ten years.（对划线部分提问）→ ________ ________ ________ she ________ here? 3. They have already finished their work.（改为否定句）→ They ________ ________ ________ their work ________. 4. He went to Beijing yesterday.（改为现在完成时）→ He ________ ________ to Beijing. 5. This is the most interesting movie I have ever seen.（改为一般过去时） → This ________ the most interesting movie I ________ ever ________. 6. I haven't seen him for three days.（对划线部分提问）→ ________ ________ ________ you ________ seen him? 7. She left an hour ago.（改为现在完成时）→ She ________ ________ ________ for an hour. 8. They have been to the museum twice.（对划线部分提问）→ ________ ________ ________ have they been to the museum? 9. He has had this car since 2018.（改为一般过去时）→ He ________ this car ________ 2018. 10. I have never eaten such delicious food.（改为肯定句）→ I ________ ________ such delicious food. 七．改错题 1. I have visited the Great Wall last year. _________________________________________________________________________ 2. She has bought this dress for two weeks. _________________________________________________________________________ 3. They didn't finish their homework already. _________________________________________________________________________ 4. How long did you know him? _________________________________________________________________________ 5. He has gone to Beijing twice. _________________________________________________________________________ Unit4 疑问词加动词不定式 ①“疑问词＋不定式”结构：动词不定式前面可与疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where等连用，构成不定式短语，相当于一个宾语从句，在句子里用作主语、宾语、表语、宾补等，或者单独使用。动词decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell等常与疑问词连用。“疑问词＋不定式”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 I can’t decide where to go. (作宾语) Where to go is not decided yet. (作主语) The question is how to put it into practice. (作表语) Can you tell me how to get to Guilin Middle School? (作宾补) 单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。如： What to do next?(=What will we/you do next?) // Why go there?(=Why do we/you go there?) ②动词不定式的否定形式：“not/never+to+动词原形”，有些动词可以不用to。 1.My mother let me not do it by myself. 妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。 2.Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day. 张明要我不要整天呆在家里。 3.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking. 他的父母亲告诉他决不要在酒后开车。 ③ 动词不定式的省略：在“You’d+动词原形”、“Why not+动词原形” 、“Why don’t you+动词原形?”、“would rather+动词原形”、“Will/Would /Could you please(not)+动词原形?”句型中，动词不定式符号to常常省略。 1.You’d better get up early. 2.Why not have a picnic in the countryside this Sunday? 3.Will/Would /Could you please not open the window? It’s too cold outside. 4.I would rather stay at home. ④ 有时为了避免重复，在动词except, hope, wish, forget, want, try等，短语be glad/happy, would like, would love, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等出现与上下文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而把其他部分省略。 ---- I heard that you would go to Kunming for you summer vacation. ---- I planned to, but I have something important to do. (planned to后省略了go) ---- Would you like to come to my birthday party? ---- Yes, I’d love to. (I’d love to后省略了come) 注意点 ① 若动词不定式的动词为不及物动词，需要加上后面的介词。 e.g. Daniel did not say who to talk to about this book. I don’t know who to turn to for help when I have problems. ② 原则上说，why后不接不定式： 误：Kitty explained why to be late for school. 正：Kitty explained why she was late for school. 不过若不定式不带to，则可用why。 e.g.: Why not go there at once?　 Why argue with her?　 但这类结构通常只用于谈论现在和将来，不用于谈论过去。 误：Why not clean the room yesterday? 正：Why didn't you clean the room yesterday? (3) how用于该结构的注意点： 有些动词后接“how＋不定式”作宾语时，how可以省略： e.g.: Did you learn (how) to drive a car?　你学过开车吗？ 但是，有些动词后面接“疑问词how＋不定式”作宾语时，尽管其中的how在汉语中无需译出，但不能将how省略。 e.g.: He knows how to play the piano. He showed her how to swim. (4)“疑问词十不定式”结构可以和复合句转换。 e.g.: He asked where he would go shopping after supper. ＝He asked where to go shopping after supper. Level 1：特殊疑问词 + to do 基础填空 一．用适当的"疑问词 + to do"结构填空（what, which, who, when, where, how, whether） 1. I don't know ________ ________ (do) next. 2. Can you tell me ________ ________ (get) to the station? 3. She can't decide ________ ________ (wear) to the party. 4. We need to discuss ________ ________ (invite) to the meeting. 5. He forgot ________ ________ (meet) us. 6. I'm not sure ________ ________ (go) or stay. 7. Please show me ________ ________ (fill) in this form. 8. The problem is ________ ________ (find) a hotel. 二．将宾语从句改为"疑问词 + to do"结构 1. I don't know what I should say.→ I don't know ________ ________ ________. 2. She asked where she could park.→ She asked ________ ________ ________. 3. He forgot how he could use the machine.→ He forgot ________ ________ ________ the machine. 4. Tell me when I should arrive.→ Tell me ________ ________ ________. 5. We haven't decided whether we will go.→ We haven't decided ________ ________ ________. 三．将"疑问词 + to do"改为宾语从句 1. I don't know what to buy.→ I don't know ________ ________ ________ ________. 2. She asked where to stay.→ She asked ________ ________ ________ ________. 3. He forgot when to call.→ He forgot ________ ________ ________ ________. 4. Can you tell me how to do it?→ Can you tell me ________ ________ ________ ________ ________? 5. I'm not sure whether to accept.→ I'm not sure ________ ________ ________ ________. must& have to must, have to的基本用法 （1）must表示责任、义务或一种强制性规定，意为“必须，应该”，表示必须要做的事，其否定式mustn’t表示禁止，即不许对方做某事。 ---- May I go to the cinema, Mum? ---- Certainly. But you must be back by 11 o’clock. These books mustn’t be taken out of the reading room. You have to read them here. （2）“must be+表语”表示猜测、可能性，一般只用于肯定句中，意为“一定，肯定”，表示可能性很大，语气比may肯定，通常用于肯定句，在否定句中要用can’t，表示“不可能”。 There must be some mistakes. 肯定有一些错误。// You must be very tired. 你一定很累了。 Your mother must be waiting for you now. 你妈妈现在一定在等你 （3）回答must开头的一般疑问句，肯定回答用must，如果是否定的回答，要用needn’t或don’t have to，表示“不必”，“没有必要”的意思，不用mustn’t，因为mustn’t表示禁止或不准，意思是“一定不要”，“不应该”，“不许可”，“不准”，“禁止”。如：---- Must I finish the work before five o’clock? ---- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. （4）“have to”表示客观需要，意为“不得不、必须”，有人称、时态和数的变化，后跟动词原形。 She has to look after her little sister. 她不得不照顾她的小妹妹。 I have to do some washing. 我必须洗洗衣服。// I had to do my homework last night. 昨晚我不得不做作业。 （5）have to 的否定式和疑问式一般要借用助动词do的适当形式构成。have to 的否定式是don’t have to; has to 的否定式是doesn’t have to; had to 的否定式是didn’t have to。have to的疑问式同样也借用助动词do的相应形式构成。如：He doesn’t have to do the homework now. 他没有必要现在做作业。 ---- Do I have to go there now? 我现在就得去那儿吗？ ---- Yes, you do.（No, you don’t have to.）是的，你必须去。（不，你不必。） We didn’t have to answer the question yesterday. 昨天我们没有必要回答这个问题。 （6）must 与 have to 的区别： must 表示说话人的主观意愿；have to 一般强调客观需要，它比must更含有客观条件迫使，必须这样做的意思。如：I must do my homework first. 我必须首先做家庭作业。(主观意愿) If I buy that car, I’ll have to borrow some money. 如果我要买那辆汽车，我得借些钱。(客观需要) Level 2：must / have to 基础填空 一．用 must, mustn't, have to, has to, don't have to, doesn't have to 填空 1. You ________ smoke here. It's a hospital. 2. I ________ go now. My friends are waiting. 3. She ________ work tomorrow because it's Sunday. 4. In many countries, you ________ drive on the right. 5. We ________ be quiet. The baby is sleeping. 6. He ________ wear a uniform at his new job. 7. You ________ tell anyone. It's a secret. 8. They ________ come if they don't want to. 二．翻译句子 1. 我不知道该说什么。 _________________________________________________________________ 2. 你能告诉我怎么去火车站吗？ _________________________________________________________________ 3. 她还没决定是否接受这份工作。 _________________________________________________________________ 4. 我们讨论了在哪里开会。 _________________________________________________________________ 5. 我忘了什么时候交作业。 _________________________________________________________________ 6. 你必须保持安静。婴儿在睡觉。（主观要求） _________________________________________________________________ 7. 我不得不每天早起赶公交车。（客观需要） _________________________________________________________________ 8. 你不必现在付钱。可以明天付。 _________________________________________________________________ 9. 这里禁止停车。 _________________________________________________________________ 10. 昨天我必须加班。（过去时） _________________________________________________________________ 三．用所给词的适当形式填空 1. I don't know what ________ (do) in this situation. 2. Can you tell me how ________ (get) to the airport? 3. She hasn't decided whether ________ (accept) the job offer. 4. He forgot when ________ (meet) us, so he arrived late. 5. We need to discuss where ________ (have) the party. 6. You ________ (must) smoke here. It's forbidden. 7. She ________ (have to) work late yesterday because of the deadline. 8. You ________ (not have to) come if you don't want to. 9. He ________ (must) finish the report by Friday. It's urgent. 10. In the future, we ________ (have to) find alternative energy sources. Unit5 enough to的用法 “be+adj./adv.+enough to do sth.”结构常用来描述一个人的个性、品格和能力。该结构可以用so... that句型进行替换。如: He is strong enough to carry the heavy stone.=He is so strong that he can carry the heavy stone.他够强壮能搬起这块很重的石头。 enough在句中可以作状语、定语和表语。如: The house is not big enough for us.这房子对我们来说不够大。(作状语) Have you got enough money?你的钱够吗?(作定语) Six bottles should be enough.六瓶应该够了。(作表语) too... to的用法 英语中too... to结构的基本形式是“be too+adj./adv.(for sb.)+to do sth.”，意为“(对某人来说)太……而不能……”，它在形式上是肯定的，但在意义上是否定的。使用该结构时，应注意以下几点： 1. 当主语本身是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，不定式后不接宾语。此时的不定式如果是不及物动词，动词之后应加上适当的介词，这时的主语就变成了介词的宾语。如: The water in the glass is too hot to drink.杯子内的水太热了不能喝。( drink是及物动词，the water是drink的逻辑宾语) The house is too old to live in.这房子太旧了不能住( live是不及物动词，其后须接介词，the house是in的逻辑宾语) 2.当主语不是不定式的逻辑宾语，而不定式是及物动词时，动词之后要接宾语。如: The hall is too small to hold so many students. 会堂太小了不能容纳这么多学生。 3. 动词不定式之前可以带逻辑主语，表示不定式动作的执行者，常用for sb.。如: The house is too expensive for him to buy. 对他来说这房子太贵了，买不起。 4. 如果在too之前加上not或never，该结构就不再有否定的意义，意为“永/绝不……做某事”。如: Chinese is not too difficult to learn.汉语绝不难学。 One is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老。 一．用enough或too填空 1. This coffee is ________ hot to drink. I'll wait. 2. Do we have ________ chairs for everyone? 3. She's not old ________ to drive a car. 4. There are ________ many people in the room. 5. The box is light ________ for me to carry. 6. He drove ________ fast and got a ticket. 7. We don't have ________ time to finish the project. 8. This shirt is ________ small for me. I need a larger size. 9. Is the water warm ________ to swim? 10. I ate ________ much cake and felt sick. 二．句型转换 A. 将 too... to 改为 not... enough to 1. He is too young to vote.→ He ________ ________ ________ to vote. 2. The water is too cold to swim. → The water ________ ________ ________ to swim. 3. She speaks too quietly to be heard.→ She ________ ________ ________ to be heard. 4. It's too dark to see clearly.→ It ________ ________ ________ to see clearly. 5. The suitcase is too heavy for me to carry. → The suitcase ________ ________ ________ for me to carry. B. 将 not... enough to 改为 too... to 6. He isn't tall enough to reach the shelf.→ He ________ ________ to reach the shelf. 7. She doesn't run fast enough to win the race.→ She ________ ________ to win the race. 8. The coffee isn't cool enough to drink.→ The coffee ________ ________ to drink. 9. He isn't strong enough to lift the weight.→ He ________ ________ to lift the weight. 10. We didn't arrive early enough to get tickets.→ We ________ ________ to get tickets. 三．合并句子（用enough to或too to合并） 1. The boy is very strong. He can lift the box. → The boy is ________ ________ ________ lift the box. 2. The water is very cold. We cannot swim in it. → The water is ________ ________ ________ swim in. 3. She is very tall. She can reach the top shelf. → She is ________ ________ ________ reach the top shelf. 4. He ran very fast. He caught the bus. → He ran ________ ________ ________ catch the bus. 5. The coffee is very hot. I can't drink it. → The coffee is ________ ________ ________ ________ drink. 6. The movie was very boring. We left early. → The movie was ________ ________ ________ ________ stay. 7. She is very young. She can't understand this. → She is ________ ________ ________ understand this. 8. We have much time. We can visit the museum. → We have ________ ________ ________ visit the museum. 四．完成句子 1. 这个房间足够大，可以容纳50人。This room is ________ ________ ________ hold 50 people. 2. 他太累了，不能继续工作。He is ________ ________ ________ continue working. 3. 你有足够的钱买那辆车吗？Do you have ________ ________ ________ buy that car? 4. 这个问题太难了，我解决不了。This problem is ________ ________ for me to solve. 5. 她跑得不够快，跟不上我们。She doesn't run ________ ________ ________ keep up with us. 6. 箱子太轻了，一个孩子就能搬动。The box is ________ ________ for a child to carry. 7. 我们到得太晚，没看到电影开头。We arrived ________ ________ ________ see the beginning of the movie. 8. 他年龄不够大，不能喝酒。He is ________ ________ ________ drink alcohol. Unit6 It is+ adj. + to-infinitive（It is+形容词+动词不定式） It is+ adj. + for…+ to-infinitive 1.It is+ adj．+ to-infinitive（It is+形容词+动词不定式） “It is+形容词+动词不定式”可以用来描述行为和情境。在该句型中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。把真正的主语放在句末而用it作形式主语也是为了句子的协调，避免“头重脚轻”。该句型中的形容词是用来描述行为或情境的。 如：It is dangerous to play football in the street．在街上踢足球是危险的。 It is hard to understand what he said.要理解他的话是很难的。 2.It is+ adj.+ for…+to-infinitive “It is+形容词+for…+动词不定式”可以用来具体说明正在谈论的事情。在该句型中，it是形式主语，for后面所引导的人或物是动词不定式的逻辑主语，for sb./sth. to do sth.在英语中通常称为动词不定式的复合结构。其中的形容词用来说明不定式的特征，而不是说明人的特征或性格。用于该句型的常见形容词有：hard，difficult，easy，important, interesting, dangerous, possible, 'impossible, meaningful, comfortable, uncomfortable等。 如：It's difficult for you to pass the exam.对你来说通过这次考试是困难的。 3.It is+ adj．+ of…+ (not) to do sth．（It is＋形容词＋of…＋动词不定式） “It is+形容词+ of…+ 动词不定式”结构用来对某人的品质、性格等作出评价，其中的形容词必须是表示人的品质、性格等的形容词。it是形式主语，没有实际意义。 该结构中的sb.和(not) to do sth.有着逻辑上的主谓关系，所以该句型又可以转换成“sb.+ be+ adj.+(not) to do sth.”。用于该句型的常见形容词有：careless，careful，clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, polite, impolite, rude, selfish, generous, wise, silly, modest, proud, thoughtful等。 It's very nice of you to give me a gift. =You are very nice to give me a gift.你送给我礼物，你真好。 It is silly of you not to forgive others for their mistakes. =You are silly not to forgive others for their mistakes. 你不原谅别人的错误是愚蠢的。 一．用for或of填空 1. It is important ________ you to arrive on time. 2. It was kind ________ her to lend me money. 3. It is difficult ________ old people to learn new technology. 4. It was stupid ________ him to drive so fast. 5. It is necessary ________ everyone to have a passport to travel abroad. 6. It is generous ________ them to donate so much money. 7. It is easy ________ children to learn languages. 8. It was careless ________ you to leave the door open. 9. It is possible ________ us to finish the project by Friday. 10. It was polite ________ him to hold the door open. 二．翻译句子 1. 对我们来说，保护环境很重要。 _________________________________________________________________ 2. 你帮我真是太善良了。 _________________________________________________________________ 3. 学一门新语言很难。 _________________________________________________________________ 4. 他迟到真粗心。 _________________________________________________________________ 5. 对老年人来说，使用智能手机很困难。 _________________________________________________________________ 6. 他们捐款真是太慷慨了。 _________________________________________________________________ Unit7 被动语态 1.语态：英语的语态是通过动词的形式表现出来的，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系，英语的动词有两种语态形式，即主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语动词用主动语态。如果主语是动作的对象，谓语动词用被动语态。 2.主动语态与被动语态的转化： ①将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语；②将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be＋过去分词”结构；③将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略）。 例： We visited that factory last summer. 主动语态 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 That factory was visited by us last summer 被动语态 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 本单元的重点语法是一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态。 一般现在时的被动语态 一般现在时的被动语态由“am/is/are+动词的过去分词”构成，be动词的形式取决于主语，表示“...被做。”其常用的结构如下： 肯定句：主语+am/is/are+过去分词+（by+名词/代词）. 否定句：主语+am/is/are not+过去分词+（by+名词/代词）. 一般疑问句：Am/Is/Are+主语+过去分词+（by+名词/代词）？ 特殊疑问词：疑问词+am/is/are+过去分词+（by+名词/代词）？ 注意如果不知道或没必要说明动作是由谁做的，可省略by+名词/代词。此外，用于被动语态的动词是及物动词（表状态的及物动词除外），如果用不及物动词，则要在不及物动词后带上相应的介词或副词。 Her grandmother is looked after by her.她的奶奶得到她的照顾。 I am not asked to read this passage.我没被要求读这段话。 Are these computers made in the U.S.A.这些计算机是美国制造的吗？ What is it made of？它是用什么制造的？ 点拨一般现在时的主动语态和被动语态的转换 （1）主动语态的主语变被动语态时要变成“by+主语（代词用宾格）”；主动语态的谓语动词变被动语态时要变为am/is/are+该动词的过去分词（be动词的形式取决于主语）；主动语态的宾语要变为被动语态的主语。记忆口诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。 We often use a recorder in our English class.我们常常在我们的英语课上用录音机。 A recorder is often used in our English class by us.录音机常常在英语课上被我们使用。 （2）英语中有些及物动词，诸如give和teach等，可接双宾语。把含有这些词的句子变为被动语态时，被动语态既可用人作主语，又可用物作主语。 Tom gives me a book.=Tom gives a book to me.汤姆给了我一本书。 被动语态为：A book is given to me by Tom. I am given a book by Tom. （3）一些短语，诸如break out（爆发），sell well（畅销），belong to（属于），come out（出版）等等，没有被动语态结构。 He was 29 when war broke out.战争爆发时他才29岁。 This book sells well.这本书销量好。 Which door does this key belong to?这是哪个门的钥匙? Will the book come out this week. 这本书本周出版吗？ 一般过去时的被动语态 一般过去时的被动语态结构由“was/were+过去分词”构成，was和were由主语的单复数决定，表示动作在过去的时间里被做。其常用句型如下： 肯定句：主语+was/were+动词的过去分词+其它+（by+名词/代词）. They were beaten.他们被打了。 否定句：主语+was/were+not+动词的过去分词+其它+（by+名词/代词）. This speech was not delivered by Mr He这个演讲不是何先生发表的。 一般疑问句：Was/Were+主语+动词的过去分词+其它+（by+名词/代词）? 答语：Yes，主语+was/were。No，主语+was/weren’t。 Was the song composed by a soldier? 这首歌是由一名士兵创作的吗? Yes，it was./No, it wasn’t.是的。/不是的。 特殊疑问句：疑问词+was/were+主语+动词的过去分词+其它+（by+名词/代词）？ What was it made of？它是用什么制成的？ It was made of silk. 它是用丝绸制成的。 注意一般过去时的主动语态和被动语态的转换 主动语态的主语要变为被动语态中的by+主动语态的主语（人称代词变宾格）。主动语态的谓语动词变被动语态要用was/were+动词的过去分词。主动语态的宾语要变为被动语态的主语。 That man killed two women in the morning.那个男人早上杀了两名女士。 Two women were killed by that man in the morning.两名女士早上被那个男人杀死了。 易错 感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice及使役动词let, make, have等，动词后省略to不定式，变为被动语态时，应加上不定式符合to. 例：I always see the boys play in the park. (变成被动语态) The boys are always seen to play by me in the park. 一．用所给词的适当被动形式填空 1. English ________ (speak) in many countries. 2. This house ________ (build) in 1995. 3. The letters ________ (send) yesterday. 4. Rice ________ (grow) in China. 5. The window ________ (break) by the boy last night. 6. These cars ________ (make) in Japan. 7. The meeting ________ (hold) every Monday. 8. The Great Wall ________ (visit) by millions of tourists every year. 9. The cake ________ (eat) by the children yesterday. 10. Portuguese ________ (speak) in Brazil. 二．将主动语态改为被动语态 1. People speak English all over the world.→ English ________ ________ all over the world. 2. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.→ Hamlet ________ ________ by Shakespeare. 3. They clean this room every day.→ This room ________ ________ every day. 4. Someone stole my bike yesterday.→ My bike ________ ________ yesterday. 5. They grow rice in this region.→ Rice ________ ________ in this region. 6. The storm damaged many houses last night.→ Many houses ________ ________ by the storm last night. 7. The company employs 500 workers.→ 500 workers ________ ________ by the company. 8. Edison invented the light bulb.→ The light bulb ________ ________ by Edison. 三．翻译句子 1. 这个房间每天都被打扫。 _________________________________________________________________ 2. 长城是两千多年前建造的。 _________________________________________________________________ 3. 英语在澳大利亚被使用吗？ _________________________________________________________________ 4. 这些照片是什么时候拍摄的？ _________________________________________________________________ 5. 我的手机昨天被偷了。 _________________________________________________________________ 6. 寿司在日本被广泛食用。 ________________________________________________________________ 7. 这座桥是1990年建造的。 _________________________________________________________________ 8. 这些书每周都被归还到图书馆。 _________________________________________________________________ Unit8 一般将来时的被动语态 1. 一般将来时的被动语态的常用结构如下： （1）am / is / are going to be done （be动词的单复数由主语决定），表示“打算被做...”。 （2）will be done表示“将要被做...”，will无人称限制。 这两种结构的否定式都是在be动词和will后加not； 一般疑问句结构只需把be动词和will置于句首； 特殊疑问句结构为“疑问词 + be + 主语 + going to be + 过去分词+（其它）？” “疑问词 + will + 主语 + be + 过去分词 + （其它）？” 2.该语态结构有以下两种用法： （1）表示根据计划或安排将要发生的被动性动作。 Is this work going to be done at once？这项工作将立即完成吗？ Those books won’t be published next month.那些书下个月出版不了。 When will that patient be operated on？那位病人何时要被实施手术？ （2）表示有固定性条件就有规律性被动结果。 Heated to 100℃，water will be turned into steam. 加热到100度时，水将会变成蒸汽。 If you speak in class, you will be punished by our teacher. 如果你在课堂上讲话，你将会受到我们老师的惩罚。 3.一般将来时的被动语态和主动语态的转换 主动语态的主语，变被动语态时要转换为“by +主语（代词用宾格）”结构；主动语态的谓语动词，变被动语态要用be going to / will be +“该动词的过去分词”。主动语态的宾语要变为被动语态的主语。 They will make some parts of the car in the factory. 他们将在工厂里制造车的一些配件。 Some parts of the car will be made in the factory by them.车的一些零件将在工厂里被他们制造。 一．将主动语态改为被动语态 1. They will build a new school in our town. → A new school ________ ________ ________ in our town. 2. Someone will clean the room tomorrow. → The room ________ ________ ________ tomorrow. 3. They are going to hold the meeting next Monday. → The meeting ________ ________ ________ ________ next Monday. 4. The company will launch a new product next month. → A new product ________ ________ ________ by the company next month. 5. We will send the letters tomorrow morning. → The letters ________ ________ ________ tomorrow morning. 6. They are going to announce the results tomorrow. → The results ________ ________ ________ ________ tomorrow. 7. Someone will find a solution to this problem. → A solution to this problem ________ ________ ________. 8. The government will open a new hospital next year. → A new hospital ________ ________ ________ by the government next year. 二．完成句子（根据中文提示） 1. 新桥将于明年建成。The new bridge ________ ________ ________ next year. 2. 会议明天下午3点举行。The meeting ________ ________ ________ at 3 pm tomorrow. 3. 这些信件明天早上会被寄出。These letters ________ ________ ________ tomorrow morning. 4. 问题很快就会得到解决。The problem ________ ________ ________ soon. 5. 新产品将于下个月发布。The new product ________ ________ ________ ________ next month. 6. 如果下雨，比赛将被取消。The game ________ ________ ________ if it rains. 三．翻译句子 1. 新机场将于2028年建成。 _________________________________________________________________ 2. 会议明天下午在会议室举行。 _________________________________________________________________ 3. 这些照片什么时候会被展示？ _________________________________________________________________ 4. 如果下雨，比赛将被取消。 _________________________________________________________________ 5. 你的车明天早上就能修好。 _________________________________________________________________ 6. 新法律将于明年生效。 _________________________________________________________________ 7. 所有信件将在今天下午寄出。 _________________________________________________________________ 8. 这个问题会在会议上讨论吗？ _________________________________________________________________ 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $