摘要:
该初中英语知识清单系统梳理了初中阶段核心词汇,涵盖动词、名词、形容词、副词等多词性词义、固定搭配、句型应用及派生变形,搭建了从基础词义理解到用法拓展再到语境应用的递进式学习支架。
清单通过“词性分类+用法分级+关联拓展”构建知识体系,如“northern”标注方位名词变形容词规律,“die”区分“die of”(内因)与“die from”(外因)用法,培养学生语言能力与思维品质。特别设计“构词法提示”“易混词对比表”,如“changeable”拆解“change+able”构词,“alive/living/live/lively”辨析表,助力不同学生高效掌握,教师可直接用于词汇教学,提升课堂针对性。
内容正文:
wonder
v. 想知道;感到惊讶
n. 奇迹;奇观;惊奇(复数形式:wonders)
① 后接宾语从句
结构1:wonder + 疑问词(what/who/where/when/why/how)
I wonder where he lives.
我想知道他住在哪里。
结构2:wonder + if / whether(表示“是否”,用于委婉提问)
I wonder if/whether you can help me.
我想知道你是否能帮我。
② 后接“疑问词+ to do”(简单句结构)
I wonder how to do it.
我想知道怎么做这件事。
③ 固定搭配
wonder about sth.(琢磨/疑惑某事)
He wonders about his future.
他琢磨着自己的未来。
wonder at sth.(对……感到惊讶)
We all wonder at the beauty.
名词用法:
① 表示“奇迹、奇观”
固定搭配:natural wonders(自然奇观);man-made wonders(人造奇观)
The Great Wall is a wonder.
长城是一处奇观。
We visited many natural wonders during the trip.
旅行中我们参观了许多自然奇观。
② 固定句型
No wonder (that) ...(难怪……)
It’s cold. No wonder you’re wearing a coat.
天很冷,难怪你穿着外套。
in wonder(惊奇地,作状语)
She looked at me in wonder.
她惊奇地看着我。
派生变形
wonderful adj. 精彩的;绝妙的
The movie we watched yesterday was wonderful.
我们昨天看的电影很精彩。
wonderfully adv. 极好地
She sang wonderfully at the school concert.
她在学校音乐会上唱得极好。
measure
v. 测量;度量
n. 措施;办法(常考复数形式:measures)
动词用法
搭配:measure sth.(测量……)
Please measure the length of the desk.
请测量一下桌子的长度。
We need to measure how tall the tree is.
我们需要测量一下这棵树有多高。
名词用法
固定搭配:take measures/steps to do sth.(采取措施做某事)
We should take measures to protect the environment.
我们应该采取措施保护环境。
派生变形
measurement n. 测量;尺寸;度量(指“测量结果、尺寸大小”)
The measurement of the room is 5 meters wide.
这个房间的宽度测量结果是5米。
level
词性及含义
n. 水平;程度;高度
核心用法
搭配:sea level(海平面);on a high/low level(在高/低水平上);level of …(……的水平/程度)
The city is located 100 meters above sea level.
这座城市位于海拔100米处。
My level of English is improving.
我的英语水平正在提高。
depth
词性及含义
n. 深(度);纵深
核心用法
搭配:the depth of + 名词(……的深度)
The depth of this swimming pool is 2 meters.
这个游泳池的深度是2米。
Scientists are studying the depth of the ocean.
科学家们正在研究海洋的深度。
length n. 长(对应 adj. long 长的)
The length of the river is 500 kilometers.
这条河的长度是500公里。
width n. 宽(对应 adj. wide 宽的)
The width of the road is 10 meters.
这条路的宽度是10米。
height n. 高(对应 adj. high 高的)
The height of the building is 150 meters.
这座大楼的高度是150米。
dive
词性及含义
n. 潜水;(头和双臂先入水)跳水;俯冲
vi. 潜水;(头和双臂先入水)跳水;俯冲(过去式:dived 或 dove,搭配:a dive to a depth of + 数量(潜到……深度)
He made a dive to a depth of 18 metres in the sea.
他在海里潜到了18米深的地方。
动词用法
① 固定搭配
go diving(去潜水)
We plan to go diving on our holiday.
我们计划假期去潜水。
dive into(跳入……中;潜入)
The whale dived into the water to catch fish.
鲸鱼潜入水中捕鱼。
Look! The boy is diving into the swimming pool.
看!那个男孩正跳入游泳池。
② 单独作谓语
Only a few athletes can dive from such a high platform.
只有少数运动员能从这么高的跳台上跳水。
diver n. 潜水员;跳水者
They are excellent divers and have rich experience.
他们是优秀的潜水员,有着丰富的经验。
unusually
词性及含义
adv. 特别地;不寻常地
usually adv. 通常地;经常地
I usually get up at 7 o’clock in the morning.
我通常早上7点起床。
usual adj. 通常的
It’s usual for her to take a walk after dinner.
她晚饭后散步是很平常的事。
固定搭配:as usual(照旧;像往常一样)
He went to work as usual yesterday.
他昨天像往常一样去上班了。
civilization
词性及含义
n. 文明;文化;文明社会
核心用法
搭配:ancient civilizations(古代文明);Chinese civilization(中华文明)
China has a long civilization.
中国有着悠久的文明史。
We should protect ancient civilizations.
我们应该保护古代文明。
civilize v. 使文明;教化
Education helps to civilize people.
教育有助于使人文明开化。
civilized adj. 文明的;有礼貌的
We live in a civilized society.
我们生活在一个文明的社会里。
cost 相关短语
核心短语
at all costs(不惜任何代价 = at any cost = by all means)
We must protect the historical site at all costs.
我们必须不惜任何代价保护这个历史遗迹。
at the cost of(以……为代价)
He saved the boy at the cost of his own life.
他以自己的生命为代价救了那个男孩。
development
词性及含义
n. 发展;发育;成长;开发
核心用法
搭配:economic development(经济发展);
social development(社会发展);
the development of…(……的发展);
with the development of…(随着……的发展)
The country pays much attention to economic development.
这个国家非常重视经济发展。
With the development of science and technology, our life is becoming better.
随着科技的发展,我们的生活变得越来越好。
develop v. 发展;开发;培养
We need to develop a good habit of reading.
我们需要养成良好的阅读习惯。
The small town is developing quickly.
这个小镇正在快速发展。
developed adj. 发达的
She dreams of studying in a developed country.
她梦想去一个发达国家学习。
developing adj. 发展中的
China is a developing country with a large population.
中国是一个人口众多的发展中国家。
northern
词性及含义
adj. 北部的;向北的(常在名词前作定语)
She lives in the northern part of China.
她住在中国的北部地区。
方位名词变形容词规律
规律:方位名词词尾加 -ern 可构成形容词
east n. 东(方)→ eastern adj. 东部的;向东的
The eastern part of the country is very rainy.
这个国家的东部地区雨水很多。
west n. 西(方)→ western adj. 西部的;向西的
Western culture is different from Eastern culture in many ways.
西方文化在很多方面与东方文化不同。
south n. 南(方)→ southern adj. 南部的;向南的
Rice is widely grown in the southern part of China.
水稻在中国南方地区广泛种植。
northwest n. 西北(方)→ northwestern adj. 西北(方向)的
The northwestern region has a dry climate.
西北地区气候干燥。
northeast n. 东北(方)→ northeastern adj. 东北(方向)的
Harbin is a famous city in the northeastern part of China.
哈尔滨是中国东北地区的一座著名城市。
southwest n. 西南(方)→ southwestern adj. 西南(方向)的
Yunnan is located in the southwestern part of China.
云南位于中国的西南部。
southeast n. 东南(方)→ southeastern adj. 东南(方向)的
Fujian is in the southeastern part of China.
福建在中国的东南部。
survive
词性及含义
v. 生存;存活;幸存;艰难度过
核心用法
① 搭配:survive + 灾难/事故(从……中幸存下来)
He was lucky to survive the earthquake.
他很幸运在地震中幸存下来。
Only a few people survived the accident.
只有少数人在那场事故中幸存。
② 搭配:survive on …(靠……维持生存)
The homeless man survived on little food.
那个无家可归的人靠很少的食物维持生存。
派生变形
survivor n. 幸存者
Many survivors were saved by the rescue team.
许多幸存者被救援队救了出来。
survival n. 幸存;生存
The survival of the rare animals is a big problem.
珍稀动物的生存是一个大问题。
condition
词性及含义
n. ①身体状况;健康状态 ②物品状况、完好程度 ③条件 ④环境;情形(常用复数:conditions) ⑤疾病;身体病症
核心用法
① 表示“身体状况;健康状态”
搭配:be in good condition(身体好);be in poor condition(身体差)
My grandfather is in good condition though he is 80.
我爷爷虽然80岁了,但身体状况很好。
He has been in poor condition since he got sick.
自从生病后,他的身体状况一直不好。
② 表示“物品状况、完好程度”
His old car is still in good condition.
他的旧车状况仍然很好。
③ 表示“条件”
搭配:on condition that(条件是……)
I will help you on condition that you finish your homework first.
我会帮你,条件是你先完成作业。
④ 表示“环境;情形”(常用复数)
搭配:living conditions(生活条件);working conditions(工作环境)
The living conditions in the village have improved a lot.
这个村子的生活条件已经改善了很多。
The company provides good working conditions for employees.
这家公司为员工提供良好的工作环境。
⑤ 表示“疾病;身体病症”
He has a heart condition and can’t do heavy work.
他有心脏病,不能做重活。
派生变形
conditional adj. 有条件的,有前提的;n. 条件从句
His promise is conditional on our help.
他的承诺是以我们的帮助为条件的。
“If it rains, we will stay at home” is a conditional.
“如果下雨,我们就待在家里”是一个条件从句。
degree
词性及含义
n. ①度数(温度、角度) ②程度;级别 ③学位
核心用法
① 表示“度数(温度、角度)”
Today’s temperature is 30 degrees Celsius.
今天的温度是30摄氏度。
We need to draw a 90-degree angle.
我们需要画一个90度的角。
② 表示“程度;级别”
搭配:to a certain degree(在某种程度上 = in a way)
To a certain degree, his advice is helpful.
在某种程度上,他的建议是有帮助的。
③ 表示“学位”
She got a college degree last year.
她去年获得了大学学位。
changeable
词性及含义
adj. 易变的;多变的;阴晴不定的
核心用法
搭配:changeable weather(多变的天气);changeable moods(喜怒无常、情绪多变);a changeable person(善变的人)
The weather in spring is very changeable.
春天的天气非常多变。
She is a changeable person, so no one knows her real thoughts.
她是个善变的人,没人知道她真正的想法。
反义词及构词法
反义词:stable adj. 稳定的
The company has a stable development.
这家公司有着稳定的发展。
构词法:change v. 改变 + able(易……的/能够的)→ changeable 易改变的
同类构词举例 :
usable adj. 可用的
This old computer is still usable.
这台旧电脑仍然可用。
suitable adj. 合适的
This dress is suitable for the party.
这条裙子适合参加派对。
comfortable adj. 舒适的
The sofa in the living room is very comfortable.
客厅里的沙发很舒适。
valuable adj. 有价值的
This old photo is very valuable to me.
这张旧照片对我来说很有价值。
forgettable adj. 易被忘记的
It was a forgettable trip because nothing interesting happened.
那是一次容易被忘记的旅行,因为没发生什么有趣的事。
death
词性及含义
n. 死;死亡
关联同根词
dead adj. 死的
The dead tree was cut down yesterday.
那棵枯树昨天被砍倒了。
dying adj. 奄奄一息的
The doctor tried to save the dying man.
医生努力抢救那个奄奄一息的人。
deadly adj. 致命的
This kind of snake is deadly.
这种蛇有致命的毒性。
die v. 死(过去式:died)
His grandfather died last year.
他的爷爷去年去世了。
动词 die 的固定搭配
die of + 疾病/衰老/饥饿/悲伤(死于内因)
Many people died of cancer in that area.
那个地区有很多人死于癌症。
The poor man died of hunger.
那个可怜的人死于饥饿。
die from + 外伤/事故/意外(死于外因)
He died from a car accident last month.
他上个月死于一场车祸。
die out(灭绝;消失)
Dinosaurs died out millions of years ago.
恐龙在几百万年前就灭绝了。
die away(声音、风等渐渐消失)
The sound of the music died away slowly.
音乐声渐渐消失了。
die down(火势、吵闹声等逐渐平息)
The fire died down after the rain.
下雨后,火势逐渐平息了。
determined
词性及含义
adj. 下定决心的;坚定的;有毅力的
核心用法
搭配:be determined to do sth.(下定决心做某事 = make up one's mind to do sth.)
He is determined to study hard to get good grades.
他下定决心努力学习以取得好成绩。
反义词及关联同根词
反义词:undetermined adj. 犹豫不决的
She is undetermined about whether to go or stay.
她对于去还是留犹豫不决。
determine v. 决定;下定决心
He determined to start his own business.
他决定自己创业。
determination n. 决心
Her determination to succeed helped her overcome many difficulties.
她成功的决心帮助她克服了很多困难。
above
词性及含义
prep. & adv. 在……上面;超过
核心用法
① 表示“位置:在上方(不接触)”
Birds fly above the trees.
鸟在树的上方飞翔。
反义词:below(在……下方)
The river flows below the bridge.
河水在桥下流淌。
② 表示“数量、程度:超过”
The temperature today is above 10 degrees.
今天的气温在10度以上。
③ 固定搭配:above all(最重要的是;尤其)
Above all, you should be honest.
最重要的是,你应该诚实。
辨析
above:指斜上方,不垂直
The picture is hanging above the desk.
那幅画挂在桌子的斜上方。
over:指正上方、越过、覆盖
There is a lamp over the table.
桌子的正上方有一盏灯。
He jumped over the fence.
他跳过了栅栏。
the above(上面提到的人或事物)
The above are the main points of the meeting.
以上是会议的主要内容。
shoulder
词性及含义
n. 肩膀(复数:shoulders)
v. 肩负;承担
名词用法
固定搭配:shoulder to shoulder(肩并肩;齐心协力);cry on one's shoulder(向某人诉苦、依靠某人)
We stood shoulder to shoulder to face the difficulty.
我们肩并肩面对困难。
She cried on her friend’s shoulder after failing the exam.
考试失败后,她向朋友诉苦。
动词用法
搭配:shoulder the responsibility(承担责任)
As a leader, he must shoulder the responsibility.
作为领导,他必须承担起责任。
successfully
词性及含义
adv. 成功地
关联同根词
succeed v. 成功
搭配:succeed in doing sth.(成功做成某事)
He succeeded in passing the exam.
他成功通过了考试。
success n. 成功
His success came from hard work.
他的成功来自于努力工作。
successful adj. 成功的
It was a successful meeting.
那是一次成功的会议。
副词用法
搭配: They finished the project successfully.
他们成功完成了那个项目。
risk
词性及含义
n. 风险;危险
v. 冒险做
名词用法
搭配:at the risk of(冒着……的危险)
He saved the child at the risk of his own life.
他冒着生命危险救了那个孩子。
动词用法
搭配1:risk doing sth.(冒险做某事)
He risked his life to save the drowning girl.
他冒着生命危险救了那个溺水的女孩。
搭配2:risk one's life to do sth.(冒着生命危险做某事)
The firefighter risked his life to put out the fire.
消防员冒着生命危险灭火。
派生变形
risky adj. 有风险的;危险的
搭配:It's risky to do sth.(做某事很冒险)
It’s risky to walk alone at night.
晚上独自走路很冒险。
curiosity
词性及含义
n. 好奇心
核心用法
搭配:out of curiosity(出于好奇);with curiosity(好奇地)
He opened the box out of curiosity.
他出于好奇打开了那个盒子。
She looked at the strange thing with curiosity.
她好奇地看着那个奇怪的东西。
派生变形
curious adj. 好奇的
搭配:be curious about sth.(对……感到好奇)
Children are always curious about the world around them.
孩子们总是对周围的世界感到好奇。
curiously adv. 好奇地
She looked at him curiously and asked, “What are you doing?”
她好奇地看着他,问道:“你在做什么?”
ambition
词性及含义
n. 志向;抱负;野心
核心用法
搭配:achieve one's ambition(实现某人的抱负);have an ambition to do sth.(立志做某事)
He finally achieved his ambition of becoming a doctor.
他最终实现了成为一名医生的抱负。
She has an ambition to travel around the world.
她立志要环游世界。
单独作表语
His ambition is to be a scientist.
他的志向是成为一名科学家。
派生变形
ambitious adj. 有雄心的;有抱负的
She is an ambitious girl who wants to make a difference.
她是一个有抱负的女孩,想有所作为。
ambitiously adv. 雄心勃勃地
He worked ambitiously to realize his dream.
他雄心勃勃地努力实现自己的梦想。
explorer
词性及含义
n. 探险家;探索者
核心用法
搭配:an explorer of nature(自然探索者)
He is an explorer of nature who has traveled to many remote places.
他是一位自然探索者,去过很多偏远的地方。
派生变形
explore v. 探索;勘探
搭配:explore sth.(探索某物)
Scientists are exploring the deep sea.
科学家们正在探索深海。
exploration n. 探索
The exploration of space is a great challenge for humans.
太空探索对人类来说是一项巨大的挑战。
located
词性及含义
adj. 位于;坐落于
核心用法
搭配:be located in/on/at...(坐落于……)
The school is located in the centre of the city.
这所学校位于市中心。
The small village is located on a hill.
那个小村庄坐落在一座小山上。
派生变形
locate v. 找出……位置;位于
Can you locate the city on the map?
你能在地图上找出这个城市的位置吗?
location n. 位置;地点
This is a good location for a new restaurant.
这是开一家新餐厅的好地点。
attract
词性及含义
v. 吸引
核心用法
搭配:attract sb.(吸引某人);attract one’s attention(吸引某人注意力);be attracted by…(被……吸引)
The beautiful scenery attracts many visitors every year.
这美丽的风景每年吸引很多游客。
The colorful poster attracted his attention.
那张彩色的海报吸引了他的注意力。
She was attracted by the interesting story.
她被那个有趣的故事吸引了。
派生变形
attractive adj. 有吸引力的;迷人的
She is an attractive girl with a warm smile.
她是一个有着温暖笑容、很有吸引力的女孩。
attraction n. 吸引力;景点
The city has a lot of attraction for tourists.
这座城市对游客有很大的吸引力。
There are many tourist attractions in Beijing.
北京有很多旅游景点。
include
词性及含义
v. 包括;包含
核心用法
动词用法(直接接宾语)
The price includes breakfast.
这个价格包含早餐。
关联变形
including prep. 包括(后接名词/代词)
Many students, including Tom, went to the park.
很多学生,包括汤姆,都去了公园。
included adj. 被包括在内的(放在名词后,构成“名词+ included”结构)
Everyone laughed, Tom included.
所有人都笑了,汤姆也包括在内。
alive
词性及含义
adj. 活着的;有生气的(只能作表语,不能放在名词前作定语)
同类形容词辨析
alive vs. living vs. live vs. lively
alive(表语形容词,“活着的;有生气的”)
The old man is still alive.
这位老人仍然活着。
living(定语/表语形容词,“活着的;现存的”,可修饰名词)
It is a living plant.
这是一株活着的植物。
live(定语形容词,“现场直播的;活的”,常修饰节目、动物等)
We watched a live football match last night.
昨晚我们看了一场足球现场直播。
lively(定语/表语形容词,“活泼的;生动的”,可修饰人或事物)
She is a lively girl who likes singing.
她是一个喜欢唱歌的活泼女孩。
step
词性及含义
vt. 踩;踏;行走;迈步
n. ①步;步骤;措施 ②台阶,梯级
动词用法
搭配:step onto(步入,踏上);step out(出去);step into(开始做,开始介入)
I turned around quickly and stepped on his feet.
我快速转身,不小心踩到了他的脚。
He calmly stepped onto the platform.
他平静地走上讲台。
名词用法
① 表示“步;步骤;措施”
搭配:step by step(一步一步地);take a step(迈步;采取措施)
You should learn English step by step.
你应该一步一步地学习英语。
Can you tell me the next step to finish the work?
你能告诉我完成这项工作的下一步是什么吗?
② 表示“台阶,梯级”
Mind the steps outside the door.
小心门外的台阶。
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