专题05 阅读理解 (说明文)（天津专用）2026年高考英语二模分类汇编

专题05 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （2026·天津东丽·二模）Now, children who are recovering from a long-term illnesses in the hospital or at home may have a high-tech friend to help feel less lonely. And that friend is a robot called AV1. AV1 goes to school for a child who is homebound while recovering from a long-term illness. And the child’s school friends must help. They carry the robot between classes and place the robot on the child’s desk. A Norwegian company called No Isolation created the robot. The co-founders of No Isolation are Karen Dolva and Marius Aabel. Dolva explains how the robot AV1 works. She says from home, the child uses a tablet or phone to start the robot. Then he uses the same device to control the robot’s movements. At school, the robot becomes the eyes, ears and voice of the child. “So, it sits at the child’s desk in the classroom and the child uses a tablet or a phone to start it, control its movement with touch, and talk through it.” The student can partake in classroom activities from wherever he is recovering. The robot is equipped with speakers, microphones and cameras that make communicating easy. “It has speakers and microphones and cameras, and when the child speaks at home or in the hospital to his iPad it just comes out.” This smooth interaction helps the child keep up with lessons, join group discussions freely and even share small joys with peers in class. It well narrows the distance between their recovery place and school, letting them stay closely linked to campus life instead of being left out alone. The robot is designed to be tough. It is water proof and can take a fall from a desk without damage. Inside AV1, there is a small computer connected to 5G network. A small camera connected to a small computer could do the job. But that would not be the same. AV1 is large and looks like a human for a reason. Dolva says this is important because the robot is supposed to be a friend to the children. Hopefully AV1 will help some children feel less lonely while they are absent from class. 46．What can we know about AV1 in Para.2? A．Its function. B．Its prospect. C．Its developing history. D．Its production material. 47．What do the underlined words “partake in” in Para. 3 probably mean? A．make up for B．replace C．take part in D．design 48．What’s the advantage of the smooth interaction for the student? A．It makes the student forget the pain of recovery. B．It helps the student keep connected with campus life. C．It lets the student have more time to rest at home. D．It allows the student to make more new friends. 49．Why is AV1 designed to be human-like? A．To hold more advanced computer parts. B．To offer kids support and companionship. C．To make it tough enough against falls. D．To attract more attention in the classroom. 50．What is the best title for the text? A．The Development of Smart Robots. B．5G Network: A Trend in Education. C．How to Cure Long-term Illnesses. D．AV1: A Bridge to School Life. Passage 2 （2026·天津和平·二模）Imagine yourself sitting down to have a cheese sandwich for breakfast. You’re picking it up to take your first bite, when all of a sudden you see a face in the toast. This is how Diane Duyser started one of her days back in 1994. This cheese sandwich ended up being sold for $28,000 because Duyser was able to market it as having “mystical (神秘的)powers.” However, cognitive psychology (认知心理学) would reveal that the true power at work in this story is pareidolia (空想性错视). Pareidolia is the tendency to perceive an entity (实体) in a random object like a cloud, a mountain, or the wallpaper in your bedroom. Face Pareidolia can be specially defined as seeing face-like features in everyday objects. From banana peels to car headlights people find faces in all kinds of unexpected places. But how and why does this happen? According to Dr. Colin Palmer from the University of New South Wales, face perception is involved in understanding face pareidolia. Dr. Palmer is the lead researcher of a new study published in the journal Psychological Science. The likely reason behind this is that the brain is quick to recognize basic features that describe a human face. But face perception also includes the ability to recognize who the person is, and to read information from their face. Dr. Palmer said that these associations depend on parts of the brain that specialize in extracting (提取) this information from what the person sees. Are the mechanisms (机制) used in extracting this information in identifying a real human face also the same when a person experiences face pareidolia? Dr. Palmer and his colleagues tried to determine this. They found that repeated exposure to pareidolia faces that conveyed a specific direction of attention (for example, objects that appeared to be looking towards the left) influenced how a person perceives an object. That means the feeling of pareidolia “may be because the features of the object are activating related mechanisms in your brain,” the researchers said. In other words, the human brain processes the “fake” face the same way it processes real faces. Studies have shown that face pareidolia has also been observed among monkeys. According to Dr. Palmer, face pareidolia might be a product inherited from the primates (灵长类动物). So if a person evolved to be excellent in identifying faces, it may lead to his seeing fake faces. Dr. Palmer said their research could help scientists better understand cognitive disorders relating to facial recognition. These include prosopagnosia (脸盲症) and autism spectrum disorder (自闭症谱系障碍), in which those affected could have difficulty processing information from the faces of other people. 47．What is face pareidolia according to the passage? A．The ability to recognize real human faces quickly. B．The tendency to see face-like features in ordinary objects. C．A cognitive disorder that affects facial recognition. D．A mystical power that makes objects look like human faces. 48．What is the main purpose of Paragraph 1? A．To tell a funny story about a cheese sandwich. B．To introduce the concept of pareidolia with a real example. C．To explain why Diane Duyser sold her sandwich at a high price. D．To show the importance of cognitive psychology in daily life. 49．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Mystical powers are the key to understanding unusual visual phenomena. B．Dr. Palmer’s research investigates how the brain processes both real and fake faces. C．Pareidolia is explained through research on brain mechanisms related to face perception. D．Face pareidolia can help scientists study cognitive disorders like prosopagnosia. 50．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Only humans have the ability to experience face pareidolia. B．The brain processes “fake” faces differently from real faces. C．Face pareidolia may be a result of human evolution. D．Dr. Palmer’s research has cured people with prosopagnosia. Passage 3 （2026·天津河北·二模）Engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have developed an innovative ultrasonic (超声) system that can extract water from an atmospheric (大气层的) water harvester in just minutes. The new approach could help ease global water shortages, especially in dry regions where clean water is hard to obtain. Scientists have long explored atmospheric water harvesting, a method that collects water directly from the air, even in desert environments. The idea is promising because air contains water vapour almost everywhere. Traditional systems, however, usually depend on solar heat to release the water held by a special absorbent material. As team leader Boriskina explained, materials that are effective at capturing water are often reluctant to release it. As a result, the process can take hours, making it difficult to respond to urgent needs in water-scarce areas. To solve this problem, Boriskina brought in Ikra Shuvo, an MIT graduate student whose research focuses on ultrasound technology for wearable medical devices. Boriskina believed that combining Shuvo’s knowledge of ultrasound with the team’s experience in water-harvesting materials might lead to a faster and more practical way of recovering water. Ultrasound consists of high-frequency sound waves that can create tiny vibrations (震动) in a substance. Based on this principle, the team proposed a simple solution: use ultrasound to break the weak bonds between the captured water molecules and the material. Once those bonds are loosened, the water quickly separates and falls out as droplets. Compared with heat-based methods, this process is much faster and wastes less energy. The researchers then built an ultrasonic water-harvesting device. The system does not rely on heat, though it does require an external power source. A solar cell can power the device and also serve as a sensor, signalling when the absorbent material has reached capacity. The system is programmed to switch on automatically when enough water has been captured. Compared with heat-based methods, it is 45 times more energy-efficient, works without direct sunlight, and can operate repeatedly throughout the day to produce more water. These advantages make it suitable for remote dry regions, where it could provide a steady supply of clean water and offer a greener alternative to energy-intensive methods such as seawater desalination (脱盐). More broadly, this work highlights the value of combining ultrasound technology, materials science, and environmental engineering. Such cross-disciplinary cooperation may open up new ways to solve water shortages in some of the world’s driest regions. Ultimately, this breakthrough could one day bring clean water to millions living in arid regions. 46．What can we learn about traditional water harvesting methods according to Boriskina? A．They use waterproof materials. B．They require complex facilities. C．They are difficult to manufacture. D．They have low efficiency in water output. 47．What can be learned about Shuvo from Paragraph 3? A．He took over the project from Boriskina. B．He developed a new water-harvesting material. C．His professional knowledge led to a breakthrough in the research. D．His solid background in environmental engineering made a difference. 48．The team developed the solution by taking advantage of . A．the improved strength of materials B．ultrasound’s medical applications C．ultrasound’s physical properties D．the rapid release of water 49．The new device is suitable for remote dry regions partly because it can . A．work without direct sunlight B．store rainwater for dry seasons C．operate without external power D．produce fresh water from seawater 50．What mainly accounts for the team’s technological breakthrough? A．Pressing water demand. B．Interschool academic exchanges. C．Boriskina’s exceptional leadership. D．Integration of multiple scientific fields. 主题02 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 （2026·天津红桥·二模）Tiny microbes(微生物)are at the heart of a new agricultural technique to manage harmful greenhouse gas. Scientists have discovered how microbes can be used to turn carbon dioxide into soil-enriching limestone(石灰石)，with the help of a type of tree that grows in tropical areas, such as West Africa. Researchers have found that when the Iroko tree is grown in dry, acidic soil and treated with a combination of natural fungi(霉菌)and other bacteria, not only does the tree grow well, it also produces the mineral limestone in the soil around its root. The Iroko tree makes a mineral by combining Ca from the earth with CO2 from the atmosphere. The bacteria then create the conditions under which this mineral turns into limestone. The discovery offers a new way to lock carbon into the soil, keeping it out of the atmosphere. In addition to storing carbon in the trees, leaves and in the form of limestone, the mineral in the soil makes it more suitable for agriculture. The discovery could lead to reforestation(重新造林)projects in tropical countries, and help reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in the developing world. It has already been used in West Africa and is being tested in Bolivia, Haiti and India. The findings were made in a three-year project involving researchers from the Universities of Edinburgh, Granada, Lausanne and Delft University of Technology. The project examined several microbiological methods of locking CO2 as limestone, and the Iroko-bacteria way showed best results. Work was funded by the European Commission under the Future&Emerging Technologies (FET) scheme. Dr Bryne Ngwenya of the University of Edinburgh's School of GeoSciences, who led the research, said: "By taking advantage of this natural limestone-producing process, we have a low-tech, safe, readily employed and easily operating way to lock carbon out of the atmosphere, while improving farming conditions in tropical countries?5 46．The passage is mainly introducing . A．some useful natural fungi and bacteria B．a newly-found tree in West Africa C．a new way to deal with greenhouse gas D．the soil-enriching limestone created by scientists 47．Which of the following is True about tiny microbes? A．Most tiny microbes like living in dry, acidic soil. B．Tiny microbes get along well with the Iroko tree in special soil. C．The more greenhouse gas is, the more active tiny microbes become. D．CO2 can be broken down by natural fungi and bacteria. 48．What does the underlined word "it" in paragraph 3 probably refer to? A．Soil. B．Carbon. C．Carbon dioxide. D．Limestone. 49．According to the passage, what can we infer? A．The action of the tiny microbes can increase the oxygen in the earth. B．Researchers have done the experiment on trees in Africa for three years, C．West Africa is one of the most polluted areas all over the world. D．Researchers tend to use natural power to solve their problem. 50．According to the passage, the Iroko-bacteria method . A．has been popularized in Bolivia, Haiti and India B．can save a lot of seriously destroyed woods C．can be used to improve the farming land D．should be spread all around the world in the future Passage 2 （2026·天津河北·二模）Nature words like river, moss, and blossom are slowly disappearing from our books. However, this change in language is more than just a literary trend — it is a serious warning sign. We are facing a severe disconnection from the natural world. To prevent a complete “extinction of experience” with nature, society must move beyond simple environmental fixes and radically redesign both our urban landscapes and our early education systems. The primary cause of this disconnection is urbanisation. As cities grow, green spaces and wildlife in our neighbourhoods continue to vanish. According to a study by Professor Miles Richardson of the University of Derby, the problem is far larger than we realise. His research suggests that, to stop the decline in our connection to nature, a city might need to be ten times greener than it is today. Simple changes cannot reverse over 200 years of urbanisation and wildlife loss. If we want real change, we must first accept the massive scale of the challenge. Furthermore, the most effective way to address this crisis is through early childhood education. The connection to nature is often passed down through generations. When parents lose this bond, their children are less likely to develop it. Therefore, efforts that target only adults are often insufficient. Government initiatives must actively support early actions, such as “forest schools” for young children. Building this connection from an early age is the most reliable predictor of whether a person will value the environment as an adult. We must make nature an essential part of growing up, not just an occasional hobby. Admittedly, completely transforming our cities and education systems over the next few decades sounds like an impossible task. Critics may argue that modern life is too fast-paced for such dramatic shifts. However, this assumption is flawed. Rebuilding our relationship with nature does not require us to abandon modern civilisation. Studies show that people currently spend an average of less than five minutes a day in nature. Increasing this to just 40 minutes a day is an achievable goal for most citizens. In conclusion, the disappearance of nature words from our pages reflects a fading of nature from our hearts. We cannot afford to let the natural world become a mere abstract concept for future generations. By increasing biodiversity in our cities and bringing nature back into early education, we can secure a lasting connection to nature. The time for minor adjustments is over; the time for systemic change is now. 51．Why does the author mention disappearing nature words? A．To question modern reading habits. B．To note a passing language shift. C．To praise changes in literature. D．To signal a deeper social loss. 52．What does Professor Richardson’s study suggest about urban greening? A．Mild adjustments lack real impacts. B．Simple measures worsen urban crises. C．Modern lifestyles destroy green spaces. D．Massive efforts are needed to limit city growth. 53．Why are adult-focused efforts seen as insufficient? A．Adults resist official green programs. B．Adults rarely have an influence on family values. C．Nature learning depends on government initiative. D．Nature bonding becomes harder to pass down once adults lose it. 54．Why does the author mention the “40 minutes” daily goal? A．To prove the suggested change possible. B．To question the given research data. C．To criticise the fast modern rhythm. D．To stress the heavy life pressure. 55．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Rebuilding Our Bond with Nature B．Greening Cities for Future Generations C．Bringing Nature Back into Children’s Lives D．Understanding the Disappearance of Nature Words 主题03 人与社会——社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 （2026·天津静海·二模）Personality used to be a one-per-customer deal: like it or not, you were who you were, and lying to a pen pal was about the closest you could get to have a different ego. That was then. With the appearance of MySpace, Facebook, and other social networking sites, a second, carefully crafted identity is now available to anyone with an Internet connection. And that has psychologists wonder: just how well do these online personalities match the person sitting at the keyboard? The answer, it turns out, is pretty well. In a recent study of 133 undergraduates with Facebook profiles, University of Texas psychologist Samuel D．Gosling measured the correlation between personality tests online and off, and found — contrary to the assumption that social networking sites can’t capture one’s features — that the students represented themselves quite faithfully. Gosling surveyed the group on a standard five-point personality test, which measures extroversion (外向性), agreeableness, sense of responsibility, emotional stability, and openness to new experiences. Then he rated the same subjects based only on their Facebook profiles, which usually included photos and lists of interests, from academic majors to favorite books and movies. Gosling found a correlation between assessments in four of the five categories, with emotional stability as the only one showing no significant results across personal and online assessments. (Gosling says he was not surprised at the latter, since emotional stability is something that people are good at hiding across most media.) While extroversion showed the highest correlation, the study suggests that “openness to new experience” is perhaps better conveyed online than in person. “Facebook users don't tend to put a lot of personal information on their pages,” Gosling says, so someone who posted touching personal stories, for example, might come off as oversharing without intending to. In short, says Gosling, Facebook users aren’t generally using the site as an image buffer, a resume enhancer, or a separate self. “They just use it as a medium for social life.” 46．What is the usual assumption about social networking sites? A．They provide good study platforms. B．They contain totally fake information. C．They are friendly to various personalities. D．They couldn’t show one’s real nature. 47．What is the central focus of Samuel D．Gosling’s research on Facebook profiles and personality? A．Proving that emotional stability cannot be assessed through any online platform. B．Demonstrating that people deliberately misrepresent their personalities on social media. C．Comparing online personality presentations with offline traits to evaluate authenticity. D．Advocating for Facebook as a tool for professional resume enhancement. 48．Which showed no connection between personality tests online and off? A．Emotional stability. B．Extroversion. C．Sense of responsibility. D．Openness to new experience. 49．Why do Facebook users stay true to themselves online? A．True personality beautifies image. B．Only cheats invest in a false identity. C．The site is a medium for social life. D．Various interests can be shared there. 50．What’s the purpose of the text? A．To offer a recommendation. B．To introduce a finding. C．To defend a viewpoint. D．To present a phenomenon. 主题04 人与自然——生活与学习、 Passage 1 （2026·天津新华中学·二模）If there’s one rule that most parents cling to in the confusing, fast-changing world of kids and media, it’s “No screens before age 2.” As of today, that rule has been thrown out the window. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), which first issued that recommendation back in 1999, has extensively updated and revised its guidelines for children and adolescents to reflect new research and new habits. The new guidelines, especially for very young children, shift the focus from WHAT is on the screen to WHO else is in the room. And in doing so, they raise some intriguing points about the future of learning from media. For babies younger than 18 months, AAP still says no screens at all are the best idea—with one notable exception: Live video chat. Surveys indicate that families already popularly believe that “ Face time doesn’t count”, or at least that the benefit of virtual visits with grandparents or other relatives outweighs the potential cost of exposing babies to the laptop or smartphone. The AAP doesn’t cite positive evidence that infants actually get something out of this kind of “ conversation”, the way that they clearly do from live social interaction. But there’s some observational research that infants as young as six months old are emotionally engaged by playing live peekaboo (躲猫猫游戏) with Grandma online. For infants and toddlers (学步儿童), ages 15 months to 2 years old, there’s limited evidence from a couple of very small studies that they can learn new words from educational media, if and only if parents are watching alongside them, repeating what the video says and/ or drawing attention to what is on the screen. In other words, treating a video or an app like a picture book is the best bet. The flip side of this is that many studies have actually shown poorer language skills correlated with earlier solo viewing of “educational” videos. There’s also research that shows language delays in children who watch more TV and start watching earlier. In both cases, the problem seems to be media replacing interaction with people. For this reason, the new AAP guideline has changed from “avoid all screens under age 2” to “ avoid solo media use in this age group.” For preschoolers ages 2 to 5, there’s more evidence that they have the ability to transfer knowledge from screens to the real world, including early literacy and math. For this age group, AAP recommends no more than an hour a day of screen use. And, just as with younger children, they want care-givers to take part in screen time: “Co-view with your children, help children understand what they are seeing, and help them apply what they learn to the world around them.” 46．What do we learn about the “No screens under 2” rule? A．It has met more and more resistance from parents. B．It has proved helpful to children’s healthy growth. C．It confuses parents with regard to kids’ education. D．It has been abandoned in line with recent research. 47．What do the new AAP guidelines advocate? A．Young children should be accompanied by parents during screen time. B．Parents should be emotionally involved in their children’s upbringing. C．Young children should watch videos carefully selected by parents. D．Parents should protect their children from too much media exposure. 48．What do families think of live video chat according to surveys? A．It should not be regarded as screen time. B．It helps babies to develop their verbal skills. C．It is not as harmful as playing games on laptops. D．It is a good substitute for video viewing. 49．What do researches find about kids solo viewing educational videos? A．It arouses their interest in language learning. B．It works no better than reading picture books. C．It prevents their development of language skills. D．It helps them acquire independent learning skills. 50．What does the author say about preschoolers ages 2 to 5? A．They can understand pretty well what they see on the screen. B．They can learn on their own without much parental guidance. C．They can make use of educational videos to develop digital literacy. D．They can relate what they learn on the screen to real life situations. Passage 2 （2026·天津十二区重点学校·二模）Parents exhausted by their children may have suspected it all along. Youngsters possess greater energy levels than professional endurance athletes, scientists have discovered, meaning it is virtually impossible for the average adult to match their pace. And for mothers and fathers hoping that tiring out their little ones will ensure a good night’s sleep, be warned. Children also have an impressive recovery time, and will rebound to their best quicker than parents’ expectation. “We found the children used more of their aerobic metabolism (有氧代谢) and were therefore less tired during the high-intensity physical activities.” said Sebastien Ratel, associate professor in Exercise Physiology who completed this study. “This may explain why children appear to have the ability to play and play and play, long after adults have yielded to exhaustion.” Previous studies have shown that children do not tire as quickly as untrained adults during physical tasks and it was suggested they had energy profiles comparable to endurance athletes, but there was no evidence to prove it until now. To find it out, the researchers recruited 12 youngsters aged between nine and 11, 12untrained men and 13 male endurance athletes who were national-level professional athletes or long-distance runners and cyclists. All were asked to perform two seven second resistance sprints (负重冲刺跑), followed by one minute recovery while their aerobic energy output was measured. On a second visit they were asked to cycle as fast as they can for 30 seconds. Anaerobic exercise produces lactic acid, which causes muscle fatigue. The participants’ heart-rate, oxygen levels and lactate-removal rates were checked after the cycling tasks to see how quickly they recovered. It was found that during the cycling test, untrained adult’s power output fell by 51.8 per cent, and athletes by 41.8 per cent, but children’s only decreased by 35.2 per cent. The researchers believe the findings could help develop athletic potential in children as well as improve our comprehension of how our bodies change from childhood to adulthood. “Many parents ask about the optimal way to develop their child’s athletic potential,” said co-author Anthony Blazevich, professor in Biomechanics. “Our study shows that muscle endurance is often exceptionally robust in children, so it might be better to focus on other areas of fitness such as their sports technique, sprint speed or muscle strength. This may contribute to optimizing physical conditioning in children, so that they perform better and obtain greater enjoyment from sports.” 46．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 1 refer to? A．Children are better at many sports than most adults. B．Children have a higher energy level than most adults. C．Children recover from wounds quicker than adults. D．Children sleep better than adults when they are tired. 47．Compared to previous studies, the study by Sebastien Ratel is unique because it ________. A．found out for the first time why children were less exhausted by physical activities B．provided parents with scientific evidence for how to ensure children rest well C．showed that children could be trained to complete high-intensity sports activities D．proved for the first time that children’s endurance could be greater than athletes’ 48．What can be inferred from the data collected during the cycling test in Paragraph 5? A．Children experience less muscle fatigue than adults. B．Children have more muscle strength than adults. C．Children develop less lactic acid than adults when exercising. D．Children show better techniques than adults in sporting activities. 49．According to Anthony Blazevich, the findings of this study may help us to ________. A．enhance adults’ muscle endurance B．lift children’s aerobic metabolism level C．lower children’s decreased power output D．develop children’s athletic ability 50．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Metabolism and Maturation: The Declining trend of Human Endurance B．Beyond Adult Limits: Why Children Outperform Professional Athletes C．The Science of Child’s Play: Unlocking Youthful Energy Levels D．Rethinking Training: The Hidden Strengths of Young Athletes 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （2026·天津河西·二模）Brain-computer interfaces (接口) (BCIs), once the stuff of science fiction, are rapidly transitioning into reality. This technology, which enables direct communication between the brain and an external device, is often met with a mix of awe and unease. The popular imagination, fueled by dramatic media portrayals (画像), tends to view BCIs either as a path to superhuman abilities or as a threat to privacy and human autonomy. This polarized (两极分化的) view, however, overlooks the nuanced and profoundly human-centered potential of this emerging field. At its core, a BCI system decodes electrical signals generated by the brain. When we think, move, or even intend to move, our neurons fire in specific patterns. Electrodes, placed on the scalp (头皮) or implanted within the brain, can detect these patterns. Sophisticated algorithms (算法) then act as translators, converting this neural “language” into commands that can control a computer cursor, a robotic arm, or a speech synthesizer. The primary and most immediate application has been in the medical field, restoring lost functions. Individuals paralyzed by spinal cord (脊髓) injuries or suffering from neurodegenerative diseases like ALS have regained the ability to communicate, control their environment, and even move robotic limbs through thought alone. The true challenge and frontier of BCI research lie not merely in detection, but in achieving a perfect, two-way flow of information. Current systems are largely “one-way streets,” reading brain signals outwards. The next generation aims to be a “two-way dialogue,” where the device can also send carefully calibrated (校准的) signals back into the brain. This closed-loop system could, for instance, provide sensory feedback from a prosthetic (假肢的) hand, allowing a user to “feel” the texture and pressure of an object they are grasping. This requires moving beyond simple signal decoding to understanding the brain’s complex sensory coding — how it represents touch, temperature, and proprioception (本体感觉). This pursuit of a two-way interface naturally raises profound questions. If a device can influence neural activity, where do we draw the line between therapy and enhancement? While restoring movement to a paralyzed (瘫痪的) patient is universally seen as good, using similar technology to monitor focus or memory in a healthy individual enters an ethical (伦理的) gray area. Furthermore, the extremely private nature of neural data — a direct window into our intentions, emotions, and potentially our private thoughts — demands extremely high levels of security and ethical management. The data generated by a BCI is arguably the most personal data imaginable. Ultimately, the development of BCIs forces us to confront fundamental questions about what it means to be human. The technology does not seek to replace humanity but to extend its reach, to heal, and to deepen our connection with the world. Its success will depend not only on engineering breakthroughs but also on our collective wisdom to guide its integration into society, ensuring it strengthens human agency (能动性) rather than weakens it. 46．What is the author’s purpose of mentioning the popular imagination of BCIs in paragraph 1? A．To acknowledge the public’s creative engagement with the topic. B．To trace the evolution of BCI concepts in popular culture. C．To illustrate how media shapes public understanding of emerging tech. D．To introduce a common but one-sided view. 47．How does a basic BCI system primarily function? A．By stimulating neurons to produce targeted signals. B．By translating neural patterns into device commands. C．By implanting computers directly into human neurons. D．By using the brain to power external machines wirelessly. 48．What is the key difference between current BCIs and the next-generation ones? A．The use of more comfortable scalp electrodes versus implants. B．The shift from medical use to consumer entertainment applications. C．The ability to both read from and write signals to the brain. D．The focus on movement restoration rather than sensory feedback. 49．Why does the author discuss the “ethical gray area” in paragraph 4? A．To question the safety of using BCIs for paralyzed patients. B．To illustrate the difficulty in distinguishing restoration from enhancement. C．To emphasize the extremely private nature of neural data. D．To warn about the potential risks of too heavy reliance on BCI technology in daily life. 50．Which of the following best captures the author’s attitude towards the future of BCIs? A．Cautiously optimistic about its integration into human society. B．Deeply skeptical about its potential to replace human functions. C．Entirely confident that engineering breakthroughs will solve all issues. D．Indifferent to the philosophical questions it raises about humanity. 主题02 人与社会——社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 （2026·天津南开·二模）The belief that heat fuels aggression dates back to Aristotle, who described anger as a boiling of blood. This link persists in modern language: we speak of tempers “burning” or people being “boiling mad.” Scientifically, heat stress can release hormones (荷尔蒙) that increase temper, and societal data often shows more conflict in hotter periods. However, a recent study published in PNAS Nexus by behavioral economist Alessandra Cassar suggests that, on an interpersonal level, heat does not necessarily make us less kind or cooperative in interpersonal interactions. While some classic experiments appear to support the heat-aggression link — such as studies where drivers blew horns more in hot weather, or baseball games saw more aggression on hot days — Cassar argues the overall evidence is inconsistent. At a societal level, more crimes occur in summer, but this could be due to social factors rather than temperature directly affecting behavior. To test the individual impact, Cassar’s team designed experiments involving people from the U. S. , Mexico, Colombia, Kenya, and India. Participants played a decision-making game. They were offered a way to share a “cake” with someone else, but with a choice: they could reduce the total size of the cake just to prevent the other person from getting more. This measured a spiteful (恶意的) preference. To test heat’s effect, some played in a very hot room, while others faced a deliberately unfair game setup. Both conditions made people report feeling more annoyed. Surprisingly, however, neither heat nor unfairness made participants less generous or more likely to choose the spiteful option. Their fundamental attitudes toward fairness remained unchanged. The most significant difference the researchers found was not based on temperature or nationality, but on gender. Across cultures, men consistently showed a stronger preference for maximizing the total reward, even if the split was unequal. Women, contrarily, leaned more toward equal splits. However, in a follow-up experiment where winners could share their gains afterward, women’s competitiveness increased to match men’s. This suggests women’s lower competitiveness in standard settings is not inborn but relates to sensitivity to social outcomes. These findings challenge the simple view that. heat directly causes interpersonal violence. Cassar proposes that harsh conditions, like extreme heat, may actually encourage cooperative survival strategies rather than conflicts. The real threat from climate change, she argues, lies in its economic impact. By reducing resources and opportunities, particularly for farming communities, it may increase poverty, which in turn can lead to more social conflict. Therefore, the solution lies not in individual behavior control, but in fostering economic development, strong social institutions, and cooperation — building the “social capital” needed to face shared challenges. 46．Which is right according to Paragraph 2? A．More crimes occur in summer due to the rising temperature. B．Classic experiments fully support the heat-aggression link. C．Cassar doubts the consistency of heat-aggression evidence. D．People from all walks of life are involved in the experiment. 47．The follow-up experiment “where women’s competitiveness increased to match men’s”_______. A．proves that gender differences in psychology are meaningless B．illustrates that men are naturally less competitive than women C．suggests that context can change observed gender differences D．highlights that the design of previous experiments was imperfect 48．According to Cassar’s view, what behavior might be encouraged in a community facing extreme heat? A．Gradual independence and individualism. B．More cooperation to survive the hardship. C．Immediate violence over limited resources. D．Selfish competition for scarce resources. 49．Based on the passage, which solution would Cassar most likely support to reduce heat-related social conflict? A．Improving economic conditions to reduce poverty. B．Installing more air conditioners in public spaces. C．Teaching people temper management techniques. D．Issuing stricter regulations on crimes in hot weather. 50．The passage is most likely written for______. A．climate scientists specializing in global warming B．economists studying multiple experimental models C．students learning about ancient Greek philosophers D．general readers interested in psychology and society 主题03 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 （2026·天津北辰·二模）A drone (无人机) drops a small wooden object with three tails and a seed on the tip. It gently lands on the ground and sits there until it rains. Then, rain sinks into the wood fibers, and the tails start pushing the seed into the ground, where it will grow. The design of this incredible depth-seeking seed carrier is bio-inspired. When Erodium (a plant category) seeds land on the ground, their long tails start to straighten in the presence of dampness in the environment. This process generates a force that drives the seed into the soil, burying it in a more protected environment, ready for future growth. The new design, known as E-seeds, is the latest of many technologies presented as restoration “game-changers”. Yet, from restoration professionals’ point of view, the growing enthusiasm for shiny technologies might outshine established and practical solutions and thus shift limited financing, time and manpower from traditional approaches to such unproven innovations. This will severely weaken our ability to restore damaged ecosystems globally. The restoration of ecosystems typically begins with native vegetation (本土植物), where tree planting is costly, and direct seeding, though cheaper, is riskier as seeds may be blown off, eaten, or dried out if spread on the soil surface. Precision seeders (精量播种机), similar to those in agriculture, which open up the soil, preserve the seed at a proper depth and cover it, throw light upon what the E-seed technology should overcome. E-seeders take a page from precision seeders and therefore achieve the same result. Nonetheless, it’s unlikely that the multi-step process needed to produce E-seeds can be applied to the many billions of seeds across thousands of species we need to restore entire ecosystems. In addition, the tails of the E-seeds could easily get locked with each other, either blocking the seed delivery procedure or being released in groups rather than individually. Ecological restoration is an incredibly complex activity that goes beyond vegetation establishment. It must consider the complex and dynamic interactions between wildlife and their environments, while weighing social and economic consequences for local communities. Therefore, we must approach ecosystem restoration in a well-rounded manner and not get carried away by flashy technologies. 46．What do the designers of E-seeds learn from Erodium seeds? A．Their self-burying strategies. B．Their ability to store much water. C．Their means of landing on the ground. D．Their resistance to the external environment. 47．What may restoration professionals say about the restoration “game-changers”? A．They can cause the misdirection of resources. B．They can make the test of new innovations costly. C．They are the future of global ecosystem restoration. D．They are to replace traditional restoration techniques. 48．Why do the E-seeders copy the workings of precision seeders? A．To speed up the planting process. B．To enhance the survival rate of seeds. C．To keep accurate track of seed locations. D．To simplify the process of seed spreading. 49．From which aspect can the designers further improve E-seeds? A．The suitability for different seed species. B．The adaptability to various environments. C．The mass production and delivery approach. D．The ability to release seeds in large numbers. 50．What does the author suggest in the last paragraph? A．Ecological restoration only focuses on the recovery of native plants. B．Social and economic influences should be taken into account. C．Flashy technologies are the key to ecosystem restoration. D．Wildlife protection is more important than ecosystem restoration. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1：46．A 47．C 48．B 49．B 50．D Passage 2：47．B 48．B 49．C 50．C Passage 3：46．D 47．C 48．C 49．A 50．D 主题02 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1：46．C 47．B 48．A 49．D 50．C Passage 2：51．D 52．A 53．D 54．A 55．A 主题03 人与社会——社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1：46．D 47．C 48．A 49．C 50．B 主题04 人与自然——生活与学习、 Passage 1：46．D 47．A 48．A 49．C 50．D Passage 2：46．B 47．D 48．A 49．D 50．C 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1：46．D 47．B 48．C 49．B 50．A 主题02 人与社会——社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1：46．C 47．C 48．B 49．A 50．D 主题03 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1：46．A 47．A 48．B 49．C 50．B / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （2026·天津东丽·二模）Now, children who are recovering from a long-term illnesses in the hospital or at home may have a high-tech friend to help feel less lonely. And that friend is a robot called AV1. AV1 goes to school for a child who is homebound while recovering from a long-term illness. And the child’s school friends must help. They carry the robot between classes and place the robot on the child’s desk. A Norwegian company called No Isolation created the robot. The co-founders of No Isolation are Karen Dolva and Marius Aabel. Dolva explains how the robot AV1 works. She says from home, the child uses a tablet or phone to start the robot. Then he uses the same device to control the robot’s movements. At school, the robot becomes the eyes, ears and voice of the child. “So, it sits at the child’s desk in the classroom and the child uses a tablet or a phone to start it, control its movement with touch, and talk through it.” The student can partake in classroom activities from wherever he is recovering. The robot is equipped with speakers, microphones and cameras that make communicating easy. “It has speakers and microphones and cameras, and when the child speaks at home or in the hospital to his iPad it just comes out.” This smooth interaction helps the child keep up with lessons, join group discussions freely and even share small joys with peers in class. It well narrows the distance between their recovery place and school, letting them stay closely linked to campus life instead of being left out alone. The robot is designed to be tough. It is water proof and can take a fall from a desk without damage. Inside AV1, there is a small computer connected to 5G network. A small camera connected to a small computer could do the job. But that would not be the same. AV1 is large and looks like a human for a reason. Dolva says this is important because the robot is supposed to be a friend to the children. Hopefully AV1 will help some children feel less lonely while they are absent from class. 46．What can we know about AV1 in Para.2? A．Its function. B．Its prospect. C．Its developing history. D．Its production material. 47．What do the underlined words “partake in” in Para. 3 probably mean? A．make up for B．replace C．take part in D．design 48．What’s the advantage of the smooth interaction for the student? A．It makes the student forget the pain of recovery. B．It helps the student keep connected with campus life. C．It lets the student have more time to rest at home. D．It allows the student to make more new friends. 49．Why is AV1 designed to be human-like? A．To hold more advanced computer parts. B．To offer kids support and companionship. C．To make it tough enough against falls. D．To attract more attention in the classroom. 50．What is the best title for the text? A．The Development of Smart Robots. B．5G Network: A Trend in Education. C．How to Cure Long-term Illnesses. D．AV1: A Bridge to School Life. 【答案】46．A 47．C 48．B 49．B 50．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍一款名为 AV1 的智能机器人，它能代替长期生病居家休养的孩子到校上课，借助设备实现远程视听交流、参与课堂活动，帮助患病孩子融入校园、减少孤独感。 【解析】46．段落大意题。第二段主要介绍 AV1 由哪家公司研发、孩子如何操控机器人、机器人在学校起到的作用，即介绍它的功能。故选 A。 47．词义猜测题。根据后文课堂活动、参与小组讨论可知，partake in 意为参加、参与，等同于 take part in。故选 C。 48．细节理解题。根据第四段 “letting them stay closely linked to campus life instead of being left out alone” 可知，顺畅的互动能帮助学生与校园生活保持紧密联系。故选 B。 49．细节理解题。最后一段 “the robot is supposed to be a friend to the children” 可知，设计成人形是为了给孩子陪伴与情感支持。故选 B。 50．主旨大意题。文章核心：AV1 机器人为患病孩子搭建通往校园生活的桥梁。D 项 “AV1: A Bridge to School Life” 最贴合主旨。故选 D。 Passage 2 （2026·天津和平·二模）Imagine yourself sitting down to have a cheese sandwich for breakfast. You’re picking it up to take your first bite, when all of a sudden you see a face in the toast. This is how Diane Duyser started one of her days back in 1994. This cheese sandwich ended up being sold for $28,000 because Duyser was able to market it as having “mystical (神秘的)powers.” However, cognitive psychology (认知心理学) would reveal that the true power at work in this story is pareidolia (空想性错视). Pareidolia is the tendency to perceive an entity (实体) in a random object like a cloud, a mountain, or the wallpaper in your bedroom. Face Pareidolia can be specially defined as seeing face-like features in everyday objects. From banana peels to car headlights people find faces in all kinds of unexpected places. But how and why does this happen? According to Dr. Colin Palmer from the University of New South Wales, face perception is involved in understanding face pareidolia. Dr. Palmer is the lead researcher of a new study published in the journal Psychological Science. The likely reason behind this is that the brain is quick to recognize basic features that describe a human face. But face perception also includes the ability to recognize who the person is, and to read information from their face. Dr. Palmer said that these associations depend on parts of the brain that specialize in extracting (提取) this information from what the person sees. Are the mechanisms (机制) used in extracting this information in identifying a real human face also the same when a person experiences face pareidolia? Dr. Palmer and his colleagues tried to determine this. They found that repeated exposure to pareidolia faces that conveyed a specific direction of attention (for example, objects that appeared to be looking towards the left) influenced how a person perceives an object. That means the feeling of pareidolia “may be because the features of the object are activating related mechanisms in your brain,” the researchers said. In other words, the human brain processes the “fake” face the same way it processes real faces. Studies have shown that face pareidolia has also been observed among monkeys. According to Dr. Palmer, face pareidolia might be a product inherited from the primates (灵长类动物). So if a person evolved to be excellent in identifying faces, it may lead to his seeing fake faces. Dr. Palmer said their research could help scientists better understand cognitive disorders relating to facial recognition. These include prosopagnosia (脸盲症) and autism spectrum disorder (自闭症谱系障碍), in which those affected could have difficulty processing information from the faces of other people. 47．What is face pareidolia according to the passage? A．The ability to recognize real human faces quickly. B．The tendency to see face-like features in ordinary objects. C．A cognitive disorder that affects facial recognition. D．A mystical power that makes objects look like human faces. 48．What is the main purpose of Paragraph 1? A．To tell a funny story about a cheese sandwich. B．To introduce the concept of pareidolia with a real example. C．To explain why Diane Duyser sold her sandwich at a high price. D．To show the importance of cognitive psychology in daily life. 49．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Mystical powers are the key to understanding unusual visual phenomena. B．Dr. Palmer’s research investigates how the brain processes both real and fake faces. C．Pareidolia is explained through research on brain mechanisms related to face perception. D．Face pareidolia can help scientists study cognitive disorders like prosopagnosia. 50．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Only humans have the ability to experience face pareidolia. B．The brain processes “fake” faces differently from real faces. C．Face pareidolia may be a result of human evolution. D．Dr. Palmer’s research has cured people with prosopagnosia. 【答案】47．B 48．B 49．C 50．C 【导语】文章主要讲述了空想性错视现象通过与面部感知相关的大脑机制研究得到解释。 47．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Face Pareidolia can be specially defined as seeing face-like features in everyday objects.(空想性错视脸可特别定义为在日常物品中看到类似脸的特征。)”可知，空想性错视脸是在普通物体中看到类似脸的特征的倾向。 48．推理判断题。根据第一段“Imagine yourself sitting down to have a cheese sandwich for breakfast. You’re picking it up to take your first bite, when all of a sudden you see a face in the toast. This is how Diane Duyser started one of her days back in 1994. This cheese sandwich ended up being sold for $28,000 because Duyser was able to market it as having “mystical (神秘的)powers.” However, cognitive psychology (认知心理学) would reveal that the true power at work in this story is pareidolia (空想性错视).(试想你坐下来，准备早餐吃一份芝士三明治。正当你拿起三明治准备咬下第一口时，忽然发现吐司上浮现出一张人脸。1994年，黛安・杜伊瑟的一天，就是这样开启的。这份芝士三明治最终卖出了28000美元，只因杜伊瑟将其炒作成拥有 “神秘力量” 的物品。然而，认知心理学揭示，这件事背后真正起作用的，其实是空想性错视。)”可知，第一段通过一个真实例子介绍了空想性错视的概念。 49．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段中“According to Dr. Palmer, face pareidolia might be a product inherited from the primates (灵长类动物).(根据新南威尔士大学的科林·帕尔默博士的说法，面部感知与理解空想性错视脸有关。)”可知，文章主要讲述了空想性错视现象通过与面部感知相关的大脑机制研究得到了解释。 50．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“According to Dr. Palmer, face pareidolia might be a product inherited from the primates (灵长类动物).(根据帕尔默博士的说法，空想性错视脸可能是从灵长类动物那里继承来的产物。)”可知，空想性错视脸可能是人类进化的结果。 Passage 3 （2026·天津河北·二模）Engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have developed an innovative ultrasonic (超声) system that can extract water from an atmospheric (大气层的) water harvester in just minutes. The new approach could help ease global water shortages, especially in dry regions where clean water is hard to obtain. Scientists have long explored atmospheric water harvesting, a method that collects water directly from the air, even in desert environments. The idea is promising because air contains water vapour almost everywhere. Traditional systems, however, usually depend on solar heat to release the water held by a special absorbent material. As team leader Boriskina explained, materials that are effective at capturing water are often reluctant to release it. As a result, the process can take hours, making it difficult to respond to urgent needs in water-scarce areas. To solve this problem, Boriskina brought in Ikra Shuvo, an MIT graduate student whose research focuses on ultrasound technology for wearable medical devices. Boriskina believed that combining Shuvo’s knowledge of ultrasound with the team’s experience in water-harvesting materials might lead to a faster and more practical way of recovering water. Ultrasound consists of high-frequency sound waves that can create tiny vibrations (震动) in a substance. Based on this principle, the team proposed a simple solution: use ultrasound to break the weak bonds between the captured water molecules and the material. Once those bonds are loosened, the water quickly separates and falls out as droplets. Compared with heat-based methods, this process is much faster and wastes less energy. The researchers then built an ultrasonic water-harvesting device. The system does not rely on heat, though it does require an external power source. A solar cell can power the device and also serve as a sensor, signalling when the absorbent material has reached capacity. The system is programmed to switch on automatically when enough water has been captured. Compared with heat-based methods, it is 45 times more energy-efficient, works without direct sunlight, and can operate repeatedly throughout the day to produce more water. These advantages make it suitable for remote dry regions, where it could provide a steady supply of clean water and offer a greener alternative to energy-intensive methods such as seawater desalination (脱盐). More broadly, this work highlights the value of combining ultrasound technology, materials science, and environmental engineering. Such cross-disciplinary cooperation may open up new ways to solve water shortages in some of the world’s driest regions. Ultimately, this breakthrough could one day bring clean water to millions living in arid regions. 46．What can we learn about traditional water harvesting methods according to Boriskina? A．They use waterproof materials. B．They require complex facilities. C．They are difficult to manufacture. D．They have low efficiency in water output. 47．What can be learned about Shuvo from Paragraph 3? A．He took over the project from Boriskina. B．He developed a new water-harvesting material. C．His professional knowledge led to a breakthrough in the research. D．His solid background in environmental engineering made a difference. 48．The team developed the solution by taking advantage of . A．the improved strength of materials B．ultrasound’s medical applications C．ultrasound’s physical properties D．the rapid release of water 49．The new device is suitable for remote dry regions partly because it can . A．work without direct sunlight B．store rainwater for dry seasons C．operate without external power D．produce fresh water from seawater 50．What mainly accounts for the team’s technological breakthrough? A．Pressing water demand. B．Interschool academic exchanges. C．Boriskina’s exceptional leadership. D．Integration of multiple scientific fields. 【答案】46．D 47．C 48．C 49．A 50．D 【导语】本文主要介绍了麻省理工学院的工程师们开发了一种创新的超声波系统，能在几分钟内从大气集水器中提取水分，有望缓解全球水资源短缺问题，尤其适合偏远干旱地区。 46．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“As team leader Boriskina explained, materials that are effective at capturing water are often reluctant to release it. As a result, the process can take hours, making it difficult to respond to urgent needs in water-scarce areas. (正如团队负责人Boriskina所解释的，善于吸水的材料往往不愿意释放水分。因此，这个过程可能需要数小时，难以满足缺水地区的紧急需求。)”可知，Boriskina认为传统方法由于材料吸水易但放水难，导致取水过程耗时很长，效率低下。 47．推理判断题。根据第三段“To solve this problem, Boriskina brought in Ikra Shuvo, an MIT graduate student whose research focuses on ultrasound technology for wearable medical devices. Boriskina believed that combining Shuvo’s knowledge of ultrasound with the team’s experience in water-harvesting materials might lead to a faster and more practical way of recovering water. (为了解决这个问题，Boriskina请来了Ikra Shuvo，一位MIT研究生，其研究专注于用于可穿戴医疗设备的超声技术。Boriskina认为，将Shuvo的超声知识与团队在集水材料方面的经验相结合，可能会带来更快、更实用的取水方式。)”可知，正是Shuvo在超声波领域的专业知识促成了研究的突破。 48．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Ultrasound consists of high-frequency sound waves that can create tiny vibrations (震动) in a substance. Based on this principle, the team proposed a simple solution: use ultrasound to break the weak bonds between the captured water molecules and the material. (超声波由高频声波组成，能在物质中产生微小震动。基于这一原理，团队提出了一个简单的解决方案：利用超声波打破被捕获的水分子与材料之间的弱键。)”可知，团队是利用了超声波能够产生震动这一物理特性来开发解决方案的。 49．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Compared with heat-based methods, it is 45 times more energy-efficient, works without direct sunlight, and can operate repeatedly throughout the day to produce more water. These advantages make it suitable for remote dry regions, where it could provide a steady supply of clean water and offer a greener alternative to energy-intensive methods such as seawater desalination (脱盐). (与基于热量的方法相比，它的能源效率高出45倍，无需阳光直射即可工作，并且可以全天反复运行以产生更多水。这些优势使其适合偏远干旱地区，可为当地稳定供给洁净水源，同时相比海水淡化等高能耗制水方式，提供了一种更环保的替代方案。)”可知，新设备适合偏远干旱地区的部分原因是它无需阳光直射即可工作。 50．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“More broadly, this work highlights the value of combining ultrasound technology, materials science, and environmental engineering. Such cross-disciplinary cooperation may open up new ways to solve water shortages in some of the world’s driest regions. (从更广泛的层面来看，这项研究凸显了融合超声技术、材料科学与环境工程的价值。此类跨学科合作有望开辟新途径，缓解全球部分极度干旱地区的水资源短缺问题。)”可知，团队技术突破的主要原因是多个科学领域的融合。 主题02 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 （2026·天津红桥·二模）Tiny microbes(微生物)are at the heart of a new agricultural technique to manage harmful greenhouse gas. Scientists have discovered how microbes can be used to turn carbon dioxide into soil-enriching limestone(石灰石)，with the help of a type of tree that grows in tropical areas, such as West Africa. Researchers have found that when the Iroko tree is grown in dry, acidic soil and treated with a combination of natural fungi(霉菌)and other bacteria, not only does the tree grow well, it also produces the mineral limestone in the soil around its root. The Iroko tree makes a mineral by combining Ca from the earth with CO2 from the atmosphere. The bacteria then create the conditions under which this mineral turns into limestone. The discovery offers a new way to lock carbon into the soil, keeping it out of the atmosphere. In addition to storing carbon in the trees, leaves and in the form of limestone, the mineral in the soil makes it more suitable for agriculture. The discovery could lead to reforestation(重新造林)projects in tropical countries, and help reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in the developing world. It has already been used in West Africa and is being tested in Bolivia, Haiti and India. The findings were made in a three-year project involving researchers from the Universities of Edinburgh, Granada, Lausanne and Delft University of Technology. The project examined several microbiological methods of locking CO2 as limestone, and the Iroko-bacteria way showed best results. Work was funded by the European Commission under the Future&Emerging Technologies (FET) scheme. Dr Bryne Ngwenya of the University of Edinburgh's School of GeoSciences, who led the research, said: "By taking advantage of this natural limestone-producing process, we have a low-tech, safe, readily employed and easily operating way to lock carbon out of the atmosphere, while improving farming conditions in tropical countries?5 46．The passage is mainly introducing . A．some useful natural fungi and bacteria B．a newly-found tree in West Africa C．a new way to deal with greenhouse gas D．the soil-enriching limestone created by scientists 47．Which of the following is True about tiny microbes? A．Most tiny microbes like living in dry, acidic soil. B．Tiny microbes get along well with the Iroko tree in special soil. C．The more greenhouse gas is, the more active tiny microbes become. D．CO2 can be broken down by natural fungi and bacteria. 48．What does the underlined word "it" in paragraph 3 probably refer to? A．Soil. B．Carbon. C．Carbon dioxide. D．Limestone. 49．According to the passage, what can we infer? A．The action of the tiny microbes can increase the oxygen in the earth. B．Researchers have done the experiment on trees in Africa for three years, C．West Africa is one of the most polluted areas all over the world. D．Researchers tend to use natural power to solve their problem. 50．According to the passage, the Iroko-bacteria method . A．has been popularized in Bolivia, Haiti and India B．can save a lot of seriously destroyed woods C．can be used to improve the farming land D．should be spread all around the world in the future 【答案】46．C 47．B 48．A 49．D 50．C 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种处理温室气体的新方法。 46．主旨大意题。根据文章首句“Tiny microbes(微生物)are at the heart of a new agricultural technique to manage harmful greenhouse gas.”及结合全文。可知本文主要介绍了一种处理温室气体的新方法。故选C项。 47．细节理解题。根据第二段“Researchers have found that when the Iroko tree is grown in dry, acidic soil and treated with a combination of natural fungi(霉菌)and other bacteria, not only does the tree grow well, it also produces the mineral limestone in the soil around its root.” 研究人员发现，当伊罗科树生长在干燥、酸性的土壤中，并与天然真菌（霉菌）和其他细菌结合，不仅使树生长良好，还会在其根部周围的土壤中产生矿物石灰岩。可知在特殊的土壤中，微小的微生物与伊罗科树相处得很好。故选B项。 48．词义猜测题。根据第三段“In addition to storing carbon in the trees, leaves and in the form of limestone, the mineral in the soil makes it more suitable for agriculture.” 除了在树木、树叶和石灰石中储存碳，土壤中的矿物质使土壤更适合农业种植，可以推测此处指的便是土壤条件。故选A项。 49．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Dr Bryne Ngwenya of the University of Edinburgh's School of GeoSciences, who led the research, said: "By taking advantage of this natural limestone-producing process, we have a low-tech, safe, readily employed and easily operating way to lock carbon out of the atmosphere, while improving farming conditions in tropical countries?”及结合全文主要讲述利用树木和微生物的方法来解决问题。可推断出研究人员倾向于用自然来解决他们的问题。故选D项。 50．细节理解题。第三段“the mineral in the soil makes it more suitable for agriculture.” 除了在树木、树叶和石灰石中储存碳，土壤中的矿物质使其更适合农业。可知其可用于改善农田。故选C项。 【点睛】代词指代题要求同学们根据语境的逻辑关系、判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象，包括考查it（指动物，无生命的事物、特定的事件或人），they/them(指代人、物、事件的复数名词)，he/she等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词this，that，these，those等在文章中的指代意义，考查同学们对文章中叙述特定的人，物，事件的认知能力。解答这类题时，同学们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后临近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理清来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。例如，在第3小题中，同学们要将最后两段都读完，才能理清it指代的对象。仅凭it所在句是无法推理出其指代意义的。 Passage 2 （2026·天津河北·二模）Nature words like river, moss, and blossom are slowly disappearing from our books. However, this change in language is more than just a literary trend — it is a serious warning sign. We are facing a severe disconnection from the natural world. To prevent a complete “extinction of experience” with nature, society must move beyond simple environmental fixes and radically redesign both our urban landscapes and our early education systems. The primary cause of this disconnection is urbanisation. As cities grow, green spaces and wildlife in our neighbourhoods continue to vanish. According to a study by Professor Miles Richardson of the University of Derby, the problem is far larger than we realise. His research suggests that, to stop the decline in our connection to nature, a city might need to be ten times greener than it is today. Simple changes cannot reverse over 200 years of urbanisation and wildlife loss. If we want real change, we must first accept the massive scale of the challenge. Furthermore, the most effective way to address this crisis is through early childhood education. The connection to nature is often passed down through generations. When parents lose this bond, their children are less likely to develop it. Therefore, efforts that target only adults are often insufficient. Government initiatives must actively support early actions, such as “forest schools” for young children. Building this connection from an early age is the most reliable predictor of whether a person will value the environment as an adult. We must make nature an essential part of growing up, not just an occasional hobby. Admittedly, completely transforming our cities and education systems over the next few decades sounds like an impossible task. Critics may argue that modern life is too fast-paced for such dramatic shifts. However, this assumption is flawed. Rebuilding our relationship with nature does not require us to abandon modern civilisation. Studies show that people currently spend an average of less than five minutes a day in nature. Increasing this to just 40 minutes a day is an achievable goal for most citizens. In conclusion, the disappearance of nature words from our pages reflects a fading of nature from our hearts. We cannot afford to let the natural world become a mere abstract concept for future generations. By increasing biodiversity in our cities and bringing nature back into early education, we can secure a lasting connection to nature. The time for minor adjustments is over; the time for systemic change is now. 51．Why does the author mention disappearing nature words? A．To question modern reading habits. B．To note a passing language shift. C．To praise changes in literature. D．To signal a deeper social loss. 52．What does Professor Richardson’s study suggest about urban greening? A．Mild adjustments lack real impacts. B．Simple measures worsen urban crises. C．Modern lifestyles destroy green spaces. D．Massive efforts are needed to limit city growth. 53．Why are adult-focused efforts seen as insufficient? A．Adults resist official green programs. B．Adults rarely have an influence on family values. C．Nature learning depends on government initiative. D．Nature bonding becomes harder to pass down once adults lose it. 54．Why does the author mention the “40 minutes” daily goal? A．To prove the suggested change possible. B．To question the given research data. C．To criticise the fast modern rhythm. D．To stress the heavy life pressure. 55．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Rebuilding Our Bond with Nature B．Greening Cities for Future Generations C．Bringing Nature Back into Children’s Lives D．Understanding the Disappearance of Nature Words 【答案】51．D 52．A 53．D 54．A 55．A 【导语】文章讲述自然类词汇逐渐淡出书籍，反映出人类与自然日益疏离。城市化加剧了这一问题，仅靠小改变远远不够，需优化城市绿化、重视儿童自然教育，以可行的系统性举措重建人与自然的紧密联系。 51．推理判断题。根据第一段“However, this change in language is more than just a literary trend — it is a serious warning sign. We are facing a severe disconnection from the natural world.(然而，这种语言变化不只是文学潮流，更是一个严重的警示信号。我们正面临与自然界严重脱节的困境。)”可知，作者提及自然类词汇消失，是为了暗示更深层的社会缺失 —— 人类与自然的联结正在消退。 52．推理判断题。根据第二段“Simple changes cannot reverse over 200 years of urbanisation and wildlife loss.(简单的改变无法逆转两百多年来的城市化与野生动物流失。)”可知，理查德森教授的研究表明，温和小幅的调整产生不了实际效果，无法解决根本问题。 53．细节理解题。根据第三段“When parents lose this bond, their children are less likely to develop it. Therefore, efforts that target only adults are often insufficient.(一旦父母失去与自然的联结，孩子也很难建立这种联系。因此仅针对成年人的保护举措往往作用有限。)”可知，只面向成年人的措施效果不足，是因为成年人一旦缺失自然情怀，就很难将这种情怀传承下去。 54．推理判断题。根据第四段“However, this assumption is flawed. Rebuilding our relationship with nature does not require us to abandon modern civilisation. Studies show that people currently spend an average of less than five minutes a day in nature. Increasing this to just 40 minutes a day is an achievable goal for most citizens.(然而，这种设想是有缺陷的。重建我们与自然的关系，并不需要我们放弃现代文明。研究表明，如今人们每天置身自然的时间平均不足五分钟。对大多数人而言，将这一时间增加至每天仅40分钟，是一个可以实现的目标。)”可知，作者提出每日40分钟的目标，是为了证明重建人与自然联结的变革是切实可行的。 55．主旨大意题。通读全文特别是根据最后一段“By increasing biodiversity in our cities and bringing nature back into early education, we can secure a lasting connection to nature.(通过提升城市生物多样性、将自然重新融入早教，我们能维系与自然长久的联结。)”可知，全文围绕人类与自然日渐疏离的现状，呼吁从城市改造和早教入手，重建人与自然的纽带，所以A项“Rebuilding Our Bond with Nature(重建我们与自然的联系)”最能概括全文主旨。 主题03 人与社会——社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 （2026·天津静海·二模）Personality used to be a one-per-customer deal: like it or not, you were who you were, and lying to a pen pal was about the closest you could get to have a different ego. That was then. With the appearance of MySpace, Facebook, and other social networking sites, a second, carefully crafted identity is now available to anyone with an Internet connection. And that has psychologists wonder: just how well do these online personalities match the person sitting at the keyboard? The answer, it turns out, is pretty well. In a recent study of 133 undergraduates with Facebook profiles, University of Texas psychologist Samuel D．Gosling measured the correlation between personality tests online and off, and found — contrary to the assumption that social networking sites can’t capture one’s features — that the students represented themselves quite faithfully. Gosling surveyed the group on a standard five-point personality test, which measures extroversion (外向性), agreeableness, sense of responsibility, emotional stability, and openness to new experiences. Then he rated the same subjects based only on their Facebook profiles, which usually included photos and lists of interests, from academic majors to favorite books and movies. Gosling found a correlation between assessments in four of the five categories, with emotional stability as the only one showing no significant results across personal and online assessments. (Gosling says he was not surprised at the latter, since emotional stability is something that people are good at hiding across most media.) While extroversion showed the highest correlation, the study suggests that “openness to new experience” is perhaps better conveyed online than in person. “Facebook users don't tend to put a lot of personal information on their pages,” Gosling says, so someone who posted touching personal stories, for example, might come off as oversharing without intending to. In short, says Gosling, Facebook users aren’t generally using the site as an image buffer, a resume enhancer, or a separate self. “They just use it as a medium for social life.” 46．What is the usual assumption about social networking sites? A．They provide good study platforms. B．They contain totally fake information. C．They are friendly to various personalities. D．They couldn’t show one’s real nature. 47．What is the central focus of Samuel D．Gosling’s research on Facebook profiles and personality? A．Proving that emotional stability cannot be assessed through any online platform. B．Demonstrating that people deliberately misrepresent their personalities on social media. C．Comparing online personality presentations with offline traits to evaluate authenticity. D．Advocating for Facebook as a tool for professional resume enhancement. 48．Which showed no connection between personality tests online and off? A．Emotional stability. B．Extroversion. C．Sense of responsibility. D．Openness to new experience. 49．Why do Facebook users stay true to themselves online? A．True personality beautifies image. B．Only cheats invest in a false identity. C．The site is a medium for social life. D．Various interests can be shared there. 50．What’s the purpose of the text? A．To offer a recommendation. B．To introduce a finding. C．To defend a viewpoint. D．To present a phenomenon. 【答案】46．D 47．C 48．A 49．C 50．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了社交网络上个人性格展示与真实性格之间的关系，通过一项研究发现，社交网络上的个人资料与真实性格相当吻合，并分析了其原因。 46．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In a recent study of 133 undergraduates with Facebook profiles, University of Texas psychologist Samuel D. Gosling measured the correlation between personality tests online and off, and found — contrary to the assumption that social networking sites can’t capture one’s features — that the students represented themselves quite faithfully. (在最近一项针对133名拥有Facebook个人资料的本科生的研究中，德克萨斯大学的心理学家Samuel D. Gosling对线上和线下的性格测试之间的相关性进行了测量，并且发现——与社交网站无法捕捉一个人的特点这一假设相反——这些学生相当如实地展现了自己。)”可知，关于社交网站的普遍假设是它们无法显示一个人的真实本性。故选D项。 47．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In a recent study of 133 undergraduates with Facebook profiles, University of Texas psychologist Samuel D. Gosling measured the correlation between personality tests online and off, and found — contrary to the assumption that social networking sites can’t capture one’s features — that the students represented themselves quite faithfully. (在最近一项针对133名拥有Facebook个人资料的本科生的研究中，德克萨斯大学的心理学家Samuel D. Gosling对线上和线下的性格测试之间的相关性进行了测量，并且发现——与社交网站无法捕捉一个人的特点这一假设相反——这些学生相当如实地展现了自己。)”可知，Samuel D. Gosling对Facebook个人资料和性格的研究核心焦点是对比在线与线下性格表现，以评估真实性。故选C项。 48．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Gosling found a correlation between assessments in four of the five categories, with emotional stability as the only one showing no significant results across personal and online assessments. (Gosling发现，在五个类别中，有四个类别的评估之间存在相关性，而情绪稳定性是唯一一个在个人和在线评估中均未显示出显著结果的类别)”可知，情绪稳定性在在线和离线性格测试中没有显示出关联。故选A项。 49．细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句Gosling 所说的““They just use it as a medium for social life.” (“他们只是把它作为社交生活的一种媒介。”)”可知，Facebook用户在网上保持真实自我的原因是这个网站是社交生活的媒介。故选C项。 50．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“The answer, it turns out, is pretty well. In a recent study of 133 undergraduates with Facebook profiles, University of Texas psychologist Samuel D. Gosling measured the correlation between personality tests online and off, and found — contrary to the assumption that social networking sites can’t capture one’s features — that the students represented themselves quite faithfully. (事实证明，答案是相当吻合的。德克萨斯大学心理学家Samuel D. Gosling最近对133名拥有Facebook个人资料的本科生进行了一项研究，他测量了在线和离线性格测试之间的相关性，结果发现 —— 与社交网站无法捕捉一个人特征的假设相反 —— 学生们相当真实地展示了自己)”可知，文章的主要目的是介绍一项发现，即社交网络上的个人资料与真实性格相当吻合。故选B项。 主题04 人与自然——生活与学习、 Passage 1 （2026·天津新华中学·二模）If there’s one rule that most parents cling to in the confusing, fast-changing world of kids and media, it’s “No screens before age 2.” As of today, that rule has been thrown out the window. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), which first issued that recommendation back in 1999, has extensively updated and revised its guidelines for children and adolescents to reflect new research and new habits. The new guidelines, especially for very young children, shift the focus from WHAT is on the screen to WHO else is in the room. And in doing so, they raise some intriguing points about the future of learning from media. For babies younger than 18 months, AAP still says no screens at all are the best idea—with one notable exception: Live video chat. Surveys indicate that families already popularly believe that “ Face time doesn’t count”, or at least that the benefit of virtual visits with grandparents or other relatives outweighs the potential cost of exposing babies to the laptop or smartphone. The AAP doesn’t cite positive evidence that infants actually get something out of this kind of “ conversation”, the way that they clearly do from live social interaction. But there’s some observational research that infants as young as six months old are emotionally engaged by playing live peekaboo (躲猫猫游戏) with Grandma online. For infants and toddlers (学步儿童), ages 15 months to 2 years old, there’s limited evidence from a couple of very small studies that they can learn new words from educational media, if and only if parents are watching alongside them, repeating what the video says and/ or drawing attention to what is on the screen. In other words, treating a video or an app like a picture book is the best bet. The flip side of this is that many studies have actually shown poorer language skills correlated with earlier solo viewing of “educational” videos. There’s also research that shows language delays in children who watch more TV and start watching earlier. In both cases, the problem seems to be media replacing interaction with people. For this reason, the new AAP guideline has changed from “avoid all screens under age 2” to “ avoid solo media use in this age group.” For preschoolers ages 2 to 5, there’s more evidence that they have the ability to transfer knowledge from screens to the real world, including early literacy and math. For this age group, AAP recommends no more than an hour a day of screen use. And, just as with younger children, they want care-givers to take part in screen time: “Co-view with your children, help children understand what they are seeing, and help them apply what they learn to the world around them.” 46．What do we learn about the “No screens under 2” rule? A．It has met more and more resistance from parents. B．It has proved helpful to children’s healthy growth. C．It confuses parents with regard to kids’ education. D．It has been abandoned in line with recent research. 47．What do the new AAP guidelines advocate? A．Young children should be accompanied by parents during screen time. B．Parents should be emotionally involved in their children’s upbringing. C．Young children should watch videos carefully selected by parents. D．Parents should protect their children from too much media exposure. 48．What do families think of live video chat according to surveys? A．It should not be regarded as screen time. B．It helps babies to develop their verbal skills. C．It is not as harmful as playing games on laptops. D．It is a good substitute for video viewing. 49．What do researches find about kids solo viewing educational videos? A．It arouses their interest in language learning. B．It works no better than reading picture books. C．It prevents their development of language skills. D．It helps them acquire independent learning skills. 50．What does the author say about preschoolers ages 2 to 5? A．They can understand pretty well what they see on the screen. B．They can learn on their own without much parental guidance. C．They can make use of educational videos to develop digital literacy. D．They can relate what they learn on the screen to real life situations. 【答案】46．D 47．A 48．A 49．C 50．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是美国儿科学会(AAP)更新了关于儿童和青少年使用媒体的指南，强调家长陪同的重要性，并根据不同年龄段提出具体建议。 46．细节理解题。根据第一段“If there’s one rule that most parents stick to in the confusing, fast-changing world of kids and media, it’s“No screens before age 2.”As of today, that rule has been thrown out the window.(如果在如今这个令人困惑且瞬息万变的儿童与媒体世界中，有一条规则是大多数家长都坚持的，那就是“2岁前不看屏幕”。但时至今日，这条规则已被已被摒弃)”可知，“2岁前不看屏幕”这条规则已经被抛弃了。故选D。 47．细节理解题。根据第三段“The new guidelines, especially for very young children, shift the focus from WHAT is on the screen to WHO else is in the room.(新的指导方针，尤其是对于低龄儿童，将重点从屏幕上的内容转移到了房间里还有谁)”以及第七段中“For this reason, the new AAP guideline has changed from“avoid all screens under age 2”to“avoid solo media use in this age group.”(因此，新的美国儿科学会指南从“避免2岁以下儿童使用所有屏幕”改为“避免在这个年龄段单独使用媒体”)”可知，新的美国儿科学会指南建议幼儿在看屏幕时应该有家长陪同。故选A。 48．推理判断题。根据第四段“Surveys indicate that families already popularly believe that “ Face time doesn’t count”, or at least that the benefit of virtual visits with grandparents or other relatives outweighs the potential cost of exposing babies to the laptop or smartphone. (调查显示，家庭已经普遍认为“Facetime”不算数，或者至少认为与祖父母或其他亲戚进行虚拟访问的好处超过了让婴儿接触笔记本电脑或智能手机的潜在成本)”可知，家庭对实时视频聊天的看法是它不应该被视为屏幕时间。故选A。 49．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The flip side of this is that many studies have actually shown poorer language skills correlated with earlier solo viewing of “educational” videos. (另一方面，许多研究表明，较差的语言技能与较早单独观看“教育”视频有关)”可知，孩子独自观看教育视频阻碍了他们语言技能的发展。故选C。 50．细节理解题。根据最后一段“For preschoolers ages 2 to 5, there’s more evidence that they have the ability to transfer knowledge from screens to the real world, including early literacy and math. (对于2至5岁的学龄前儿童，有更多证据表明他们有能力将知识从屏幕转移到现实世界，包括早期识字和数学)”可知，2到5岁的学龄前儿童他们可以把在屏幕上学到的东西与现实生活联系起来。故选D。 Passage 2 （2026·天津十二区重点学校·二模）Parents exhausted by their children may have suspected it all along. Youngsters possess greater energy levels than professional endurance athletes, scientists have discovered, meaning it is virtually impossible for the average adult to match their pace. And for mothers and fathers hoping that tiring out their little ones will ensure a good night’s sleep, be warned. Children also have an impressive recovery time, and will rebound to their best quicker than parents’ expectation. “We found the children used more of their aerobic metabolism (有氧代谢) and were therefore less tired during the high-intensity physical activities.” said Sebastien Ratel, associate professor in Exercise Physiology who completed this study. “This may explain why children appear to have the ability to play and play and play, long after adults have yielded to exhaustion.” Previous studies have shown that children do not tire as quickly as untrained adults during physical tasks and it was suggested they had energy profiles comparable to endurance athletes, but there was no evidence to prove it until now. To find it out, the researchers recruited 12 youngsters aged between nine and 11, 12untrained men and 13 male endurance athletes who were national-level professional athletes or long-distance runners and cyclists. All were asked to perform two seven second resistance sprints (负重冲刺跑), followed by one minute recovery while their aerobic energy output was measured. On a second visit they were asked to cycle as fast as they can for 30 seconds. Anaerobic exercise produces lactic acid, which causes muscle fatigue. The participants’ heart-rate, oxygen levels and lactate-removal rates were checked after the cycling tasks to see how quickly they recovered. It was found that during the cycling test, untrained adult’s power output fell by 51.8 per cent, and athletes by 41.8 per cent, but children’s only decreased by 35.2 per cent. The researchers believe the findings could help develop athletic potential in children as well as improve our comprehension of how our bodies change from childhood to adulthood. “Many parents ask about the optimal way to develop their child’s athletic potential,” said co-author Anthony Blazevich, professor in Biomechanics. “Our study shows that muscle endurance is often exceptionally robust in children, so it might be better to focus on other areas of fitness such as their sports technique, sprint speed or muscle strength. This may contribute to optimizing physical conditioning in children, so that they perform better and obtain greater enjoyment from sports.” 46．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 1 refer to? A．Children are better at many sports than most adults. B．Children have a higher energy level than most adults. C．Children recover from wounds quicker than adults. D．Children sleep better than adults when they are tired. 47．Compared to previous studies, the study by Sebastien Ratel is unique because it ________. A．found out for the first time why children were less exhausted by physical activities B．provided parents with scientific evidence for how to ensure children rest well C．showed that children could be trained to complete high-intensity sports activities D．proved for the first time that children’s endurance could be greater than athletes’ 48．What can be inferred from the data collected during the cycling test in Paragraph 5? A．Children experience less muscle fatigue than adults. B．Children have more muscle strength than adults. C．Children develop less lactic acid than adults when exercising. D．Children show better techniques than adults in sporting activities. 49．According to Anthony Blazevich, the findings of this study may help us to ________. A．enhance adults’ muscle endurance B．lift children’s aerobic metabolism level C．lower children’s decreased power output D．develop children’s athletic ability 50．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Metabolism and Maturation: The Declining trend of Human Endurance B．Beyond Adult Limits: Why Children Outperform Professional Athletes C．The Science of Child’s Play: Unlocking Youthful Energy Levels D．Rethinking Training: The Hidden Strengths of Young Athletes 【答案】46．B 47．D 48．A 49．D 50．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了科学家的一项研究发现：儿童的能量水平比职业耐力运动员更高，恢复速度也更快，并详细说明了研究过程、结果以及该发现的意义。 46．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“Youngsters possess greater energy levels than professional endurance athletes, scientists have discovered, meaning it is virtually impossible for the average adult to match their pace.(科学家发现，年轻人的能量水平比专业耐力运动员还要高，这意味着普通成年人几乎不可能跟上他们的步伐。)”可知，在第一段“Parents exhausted by their children may have suspected it all along.(被孩子搞得筋疲力尽的父母可能早就怀疑过这一点。)”中的“it”指代的是第二段提到的“年轻人比大多数成年人能量水平更高”这一情况。 47．推理判断题。根据第四段“Previous studies have shown that children do not tire as quickly as untrained adults during physical tasks and it was suggested they had energy profiles comparable to endurance athletes, but there was no evidence to prove it until now.(先前的研究表明，在体力任务中，儿童不像未经训练的成年人那样容易疲劳，有人认为他们的能量状况可与耐力运动员相媲美，但直到现在才有证据证明这一点。)”以及第五段中Sebastien Ratel所做研究的内容和结果可知，Sebastien Ratel的研究独特之处在于首次通过实验数据证实了儿童在耐力方面可能超过运动员的推测。 48．推理判断题。根据第五段“On a second visit they were asked to cycle as fast as they can for 30 seconds. Anaerobic exercise produces lactic acid, which causes muscle fatigue. The participants’ heart-rate, oxygen levels and lactate-removal rates were checked after the cycling tasks to see how quickly they recovered. It was found that during the cycling test, untrained adult’s power output fell by 51.8 per cent, and athletes by 41.8 per cent, but children’s only decreased by 35.2 per cent.(第二次来访时，他们被要求以最快的速度骑自行车30秒。无氧运动会产生乳酸，导致肌肉疲劳。在骑行任务后检查参与者的心率、氧气水平和乳酸清除率，看看他们恢复得有多快。研究发现，在骑行测试中，未经训练的成年人的功率输出下降了51.8%，运动员下降了41.8%，而儿童仅下降了35.2%。)”可知，儿童在骑行测试中功率输出下降比例最小，说明儿童经历的肌肉疲劳比成年人少。 49．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The researchers believe the findings could help develop athletic potential in children as well as improve our comprehension of how our bodies change from childhood to adulthood.(研究人员认为，这些发现可能有助于开发儿童的运动潜力，并提高我们对人体从童年到成年变化的理解。)”以及Anthony Blazevich所说的话可知，该研究结果可能有助于我们开发儿童的运动能力。 50．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中的“Youngsters possess greater energy levels than professional endurance athletes, scientists have discovered, meaning it is virtually impossible for the average adult to match their pace.(科学家发现，年轻人的能量水平比专业耐力运动员还要高，这意味着普通成年人几乎不可能跟上他们的步伐。)”可知，文章主要围绕孩子能量水平高、在运动中表现好展开，介绍了相关研究及结果，C选项“The Science of Child’s Play: Unlocking Youthful Energy Levels(儿童玩耍的科学：释放年轻的能量水平)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为标题。 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （2026·天津河西·二模）Brain-computer interfaces (接口) (BCIs), once the stuff of science fiction, are rapidly transitioning into reality. This technology, which enables direct communication between the brain and an external device, is often met with a mix of awe and unease. The popular imagination, fueled by dramatic media portrayals (画像), tends to view BCIs either as a path to superhuman abilities or as a threat to privacy and human autonomy. This polarized (两极分化的) view, however, overlooks the nuanced and profoundly human-centered potential of this emerging field. At its core, a BCI system decodes electrical signals generated by the brain. When we think, move, or even intend to move, our neurons fire in specific patterns. Electrodes, placed on the scalp (头皮) or implanted within the brain, can detect these patterns. Sophisticated algorithms (算法) then act as translators, converting this neural “language” into commands that can control a computer cursor, a robotic arm, or a speech synthesizer. The primary and most immediate application has been in the medical field, restoring lost functions. Individuals paralyzed by spinal cord (脊髓) injuries or suffering from neurodegenerative diseases like ALS have regained the ability to communicate, control their environment, and even move robotic limbs through thought alone. The true challenge and frontier of BCI research lie not merely in detection, but in achieving a perfect, two-way flow of information. Current systems are largely “one-way streets,” reading brain signals outwards. The next generation aims to be a “two-way dialogue,” where the device can also send carefully calibrated (校准的) signals back into the brain. This closed-loop system could, for instance, provide sensory feedback from a prosthetic (假肢的) hand, allowing a user to “feel” the texture and pressure of an object they are grasping. This requires moving beyond simple signal decoding to understanding the brain’s complex sensory coding — how it represents touch, temperature, and proprioception (本体感觉). This pursuit of a two-way interface naturally raises profound questions. If a device can influence neural activity, where do we draw the line between therapy and enhancement? While restoring movement to a paralyzed (瘫痪的) patient is universally seen as good, using similar technology to monitor focus or memory in a healthy individual enters an ethical (伦理的) gray area. Furthermore, the extremely private nature of neural data — a direct window into our intentions, emotions, and potentially our private thoughts — demands extremely high levels of security and ethical management. The data generated by a BCI is arguably the most personal data imaginable. Ultimately, the development of BCIs forces us to confront fundamental questions about what it means to be human. The technology does not seek to replace humanity but to extend its reach, to heal, and to deepen our connection with the world. Its success will depend not only on engineering breakthroughs but also on our collective wisdom to guide its integration into society, ensuring it strengthens human agency (能动性) rather than weakens it. 46．What is the author’s purpose of mentioning the popular imagination of BCIs in paragraph 1? A．To acknowledge the public’s creative engagement with the topic. B．To trace the evolution of BCI concepts in popular culture. C．To illustrate how media shapes public understanding of emerging tech. D．To introduce a common but one-sided view. 47．How does a basic BCI system primarily function? A．By stimulating neurons to produce targeted signals. B．By translating neural patterns into device commands. C．By implanting computers directly into human neurons. D．By using the brain to power external machines wirelessly. 48．What is the key difference between current BCIs and the next-generation ones? A．The use of more comfortable scalp electrodes versus implants. B．The shift from medical use to consumer entertainment applications. C．The ability to both read from and write signals to the brain. D．The focus on movement restoration rather than sensory feedback. 49．Why does the author discuss the “ethical gray area” in paragraph 4? A．To question the safety of using BCIs for paralyzed patients. B．To illustrate the difficulty in distinguishing restoration from enhancement. C．To emphasize the extremely private nature of neural data. D．To warn about the potential risks of too heavy reliance on BCI technology in daily life. 50．Which of the following best captures the author’s attitude towards the future of BCIs? A．Cautiously optimistic about its integration into human society. B．Deeply skeptical about its potential to replace human functions. C．Entirely confident that engineering breakthroughs will solve all issues. D．Indifferent to the philosophical questions it raises about humanity. 【答案】46．D 47．B 48．C 49．B 50．A 【导语】文章主要说明了脑机接口已成现实，可解码脑信号修复人体机能，未来将实现双向信息传输，同时带来伦理与隐私难题，作者对其社会应用谨慎乐观。 46．推理判断题。根据第一段“The popular imagination, fueled by dramatic media portrayals (画像), tends to view BCIs either as a path to superhuman abilities or as a threat to privacy and human autonomy. This polarized (两极分化的) view, however, overlooks the nuanced and profoundly human-centered potential of this emerging field.(大众的想象因媒体的精彩描绘而产生了这样的印象：脑机接口要么被视为通往超凡能力的途径，要么被视为对隐私和人类自主权构成威胁。然而，这种两极对立的观点却忽略了这一新兴领域所具有的复杂且深深植根于人类本位的潜在价值)”可知，作者提及脑机接口的普遍想象的目的是介绍一种常见但片面的观点。 47．细节理解题。根据第二段“Electrodes, placed on the scalp (头皮) or implanted within the brain, can detect these patterns. Sophisticated algorithms (算法) then act as translators, converting this neural “language” into commands that can control a computer cursor, a robotic arm, or a speech synthesizer.(将电极放置在头皮上或植入大脑内部，就能检测到这些模式。随后，复杂的算法会起到翻译器的作用，将这种神经“语言”转化为能够控制电脑光标、机器人手臂或语音合成器的指令)”可知，基本的脑机接口系统主要通过将神经活动模式转化为设备指令运作。 48．细节理解题。根据第三段“Current systems are largely “one-way streets,” reading brain signals outwards. The next generation aims to be a “two-way dialogue,” where the device can also send carefully calibrated (校准的) signals back into the brain.(目前的系统基本上都是“单向通道”，即向外读取大脑信号。而下一代系统则旨在实现“双向交流”，即设备还能向大脑发送经过精心校准的信号)”可知，当前的脑机接口与下一代脑机接口之间的关键区别是具备从大脑读取信号以及向大脑发送信号的能力。 49．推理判断题。根据第四段“If a device can influence neural activity, where do we draw the line between therapy and enhancement? While restoring movement to a paralyzed (瘫痪的) patient is universally seen as good, using similar technology to monitor focus or memory in a healthy individual enters an ethical (伦理的) gray area.(如果一种设备能够影响神经活动，那么我们该如何界定治疗与增强之间的界限呢？虽然让瘫痪患者恢复行动能力在所有人看来都是好事，但利用类似的技术来监测健康个体的注意力或记忆力则会进入一个伦理上的灰色地带)”可知，作者在第4段探讨“伦理灰色地带”是为了说明区分修复与增强的难度。 50．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ultimately, the development of BCIs forces us to confront fundamental questions about what it means to be human. The technology does not seek to replace humanity but to extend its reach, to heal, and to deepen our connection with the world. Its success will depend not only on engineering breakthroughs but also on our collective wisdom to guide its integration into society, ensuring it strengthens human agency (能动性) rather than weakens it.(最终，脑机接口技术的发展促使我们不得不面对一些关于人类本质的深刻问题。该技术并非旨在取代人类，而是旨在拓展人类的能力、治愈疾病，并加深我们与世界的联系。其成功不仅取决于工程技术上的突破，还取决于我们共同的智慧来引导其融入社会，确保它增强而非削弱人类的能动性)”可知，作者对脑机接口未来融入人类社会持谨慎乐观的态度。 主题02 人与社会——社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 （2026·天津南开·二模）The belief that heat fuels aggression dates back to Aristotle, who described anger as a boiling of blood. This link persists in modern language: we speak of tempers “burning” or people being “boiling mad.” Scientifically, heat stress can release hormones (荷尔蒙) that increase temper, and societal data often shows more conflict in hotter periods. However, a recent study published in PNAS Nexus by behavioral economist Alessandra Cassar suggests that, on an interpersonal level, heat does not necessarily make us less kind or cooperative in interpersonal interactions. While some classic experiments appear to support the heat-aggression link — such as studies where drivers blew horns more in hot weather, or baseball games saw more aggression on hot days — Cassar argues the overall evidence is inconsistent. At a societal level, more crimes occur in summer, but this could be due to social factors rather than temperature directly affecting behavior. To test the individual impact, Cassar’s team designed experiments involving people from the U. S. , Mexico, Colombia, Kenya, and India. Participants played a decision-making game. They were offered a way to share a “cake” with someone else, but with a choice: they could reduce the total size of the cake just to prevent the other person from getting more. This measured a spiteful (恶意的) preference. To test heat’s effect, some played in a very hot room, while others faced a deliberately unfair game setup. Both conditions made people report feeling more annoyed. Surprisingly, however, neither heat nor unfairness made participants less generous or more likely to choose the spiteful option. Their fundamental attitudes toward fairness remained unchanged. The most significant difference the researchers found was not based on temperature or nationality, but on gender. Across cultures, men consistently showed a stronger preference for maximizing the total reward, even if the split was unequal. Women, contrarily, leaned more toward equal splits. However, in a follow-up experiment where winners could share their gains afterward, women’s competitiveness increased to match men’s. This suggests women’s lower competitiveness in standard settings is not inborn but relates to sensitivity to social outcomes. These findings challenge the simple view that. heat directly causes interpersonal violence. Cassar proposes that harsh conditions, like extreme heat, may actually encourage cooperative survival strategies rather than conflicts. The real threat from climate change, she argues, lies in its economic impact. By reducing resources and opportunities, particularly for farming communities, it may increase poverty, which in turn can lead to more social conflict. Therefore, the solution lies not in individual behavior control, but in fostering economic development, strong social institutions, and cooperation — building the “social capital” needed to face shared challenges. 46．Which is right according to Paragraph 2? A．More crimes occur in summer due to the rising temperature. B．Classic experiments fully support the heat-aggression link. C．Cassar doubts the consistency of heat-aggression evidence. D．People from all walks of life are involved in the experiment. 47．The follow-up experiment “where women’s competitiveness increased to match men’s”_______. A．proves that gender differences in psychology are meaningless B．illustrates that men are naturally less competitive than women C．suggests that context can change observed gender differences D．highlights that the design of previous experiments was imperfect 48．According to Cassar’s view, what behavior might be encouraged in a community facing extreme heat? A．Gradual independence and individualism. B．More cooperation to survive the hardship. C．Immediate violence over limited resources. D．Selfish competition for scarce resources. 49．Based on the passage, which solution would Cassar most likely support to reduce heat-related social conflict? A．Improving economic conditions to reduce poverty. B．Installing more air conditioners in public spaces. C．Teaching people temper management techniques. D．Issuing stricter regulations on crimes in hot weather. 50．The passage is most likely written for______. A．climate scientists specializing in global warming B．economists studying multiple experimental models C．students learning about ancient Greek philosophers D．general readers interested in psychology and society 【答案】46．C 47．C 48．B 49．A 50．D 【导语】本文主要介绍了行为经济学家亚历山德拉·卡萨的研究，该研究挑战了“高温会加剧攻击性”的传统观点，探讨了高温对人际互动中善意与合作行为的实际影响，以及气候变化引发社会冲突的真正原因和解决办法。 46．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“While some classic experiments appear to support the heat-aggression link--such as studies where drivers blew horns more in hot weather, or baseball games saw more aggression on hot days--Cassar argues the overall evidence is inconsistent.(虽然一些经典实验似乎支持高温与攻击性之间的关联——比如研究发现司机在炎热天气更爱按喇叭，或者棒球比赛在炎热天气会出现更多攻击性行为——但卡萨认为总体证据并不一致。)”可知，卡萨对高温与攻击性关联的证据的一致性持怀疑态度。 47．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“However, in a follow-up experiment where winners could share their gains afterward, women’s competitiveness increased to match men’s. This suggests women’s lower competitiveness in standard settings is not inborn but relates to sensitivity to social outcomes.(然而，在后续实验中，获胜者可以在之后分享他们的收益，女性的竞争力有所提升，与男性持平。这表明女性在标准环境下较低的竞争力并非天生，而是与对社会结果的敏感性有关。)”可知，后续实验中女性竞争力的变化，说明环境背景可以改变观察到的性别差异。 48．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Cassar proposes that harsh conditions, like extreme heat, may actually encourage cooperative survival strategies rather than conflicts.(卡萨提出，像极端高温这样的恶劣条件，实际上可能会鼓励合作生存策略，而不是冲突。)”可知，在面临极端高温的社区，可能会鼓励人们通过更多合作来度过难关。 49．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The real threat from climate change, she argues, lies in its economic impact. By reducing resources and opportunities, particularly for farming communities, it may increase poverty, which in turn can lead to more social conflict. Therefore, the solution lies not in individual behavior control, but in fostering economic development, strong social institutions, and cooperation--building the “social capital” needed to face shared challenges.(她认为，气候变化带来的真正威胁在于其经济影响。它会减少资源和机会，尤其是对农业社区而言，这可能会加剧贫困，进而引发更多的社会冲突。因此，解决办法不在于控制个人行为，而在于促进经济发展、建立强有力的社会机构以及开展合作 —— 构建应对共同挑战所需的 “社会资本”。)”可知，卡萨最可能支持通过改善经济条件、减少贫困来减少与高温相关的社会冲突。 50．推理判断题。本文围绕“高温与人际行为”展开，探讨了传统观点、最新研究发现、性别差异以及解决办法，内容贴近日常生活，语言通俗易懂，既涉及心理学相关知识，也关联社会现象，因此最可能是写给对心理学和社会感兴趣的普通读者。 主题03 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 （2026·天津北辰·二模）A drone (无人机) drops a small wooden object with three tails and a seed on the tip. It gently lands on the ground and sits there until it rains. Then, rain sinks into the wood fibers, and the tails start pushing the seed into the ground, where it will grow. The design of this incredible depth-seeking seed carrier is bio-inspired. When Erodium (a plant category) seeds land on the ground, their long tails start to straighten in the presence of dampness in the environment. This process generates a force that drives the seed into the soil, burying it in a more protected environment, ready for future growth. The new design, known as E-seeds, is the latest of many technologies presented as restoration “game-changers”. Yet, from restoration professionals’ point of view, the growing enthusiasm for shiny technologies might outshine established and practical solutions and thus shift limited financing, time and manpower from traditional approaches to such unproven innovations. This will severely weaken our ability to restore damaged ecosystems globally. The restoration of ecosystems typically begins with native vegetation (本土植物), where tree planting is costly, and direct seeding, though cheaper, is riskier as seeds may be blown off, eaten, or dried out if spread on the soil surface. Precision seeders (精量播种机), similar to those in agriculture, which open up the soil, preserve the seed at a proper depth and cover it, throw light upon what the E-seed technology should overcome. E-seeders take a page from precision seeders and therefore achieve the same result. Nonetheless, it’s unlikely that the multi-step process needed to produce E-seeds can be applied to the many billions of seeds across thousands of species we need to restore entire ecosystems. In addition, the tails of the E-seeds could easily get locked with each other, either blocking the seed delivery procedure or being released in groups rather than individually. Ecological restoration is an incredibly complex activity that goes beyond vegetation establishment. It must consider the complex and dynamic interactions between wildlife and their environments, while weighing social and economic consequences for local communities. Therefore, we must approach ecosystem restoration in a well-rounded manner and not get carried away by flashy technologies. 46．What do the designers of E-seeds learn from Erodium seeds? A．Their self-burying strategies. B．Their ability to store much water. C．Their means of landing on the ground. D．Their resistance to the external environment. 47．What may restoration professionals say about the restoration “game-changers”? A．They can cause the misdirection of resources. B．They can make the test of new innovations costly. C．They are the future of global ecosystem restoration. D．They are to replace traditional restoration techniques. 48．Why do the E-seeders copy the workings of precision seeders? A．To speed up the planting process. B．To enhance the survival rate of seeds. C．To keep accurate track of seed locations. D．To simplify the process of seed spreading. 49．From which aspect can the designers further improve E-seeds? A．The suitability for different seed species. B．The adaptability to various environments. C．The mass production and delivery approach. D．The ability to release seeds in large numbers. 50．What does the author suggest in the last paragraph? A．Ecological restoration only focuses on the recovery of native plants. B．Social and economic influences should be taken into account. C．Flashy technologies are the key to ecosystem restoration. D．Wildlife protection is more important than ecosystem restoration. 【答案】46．A 47．A 48．B 49．C 50．B 【导语】本文主要介绍了一种受Erodium种子启发设计的无人机播种装置E-seeds，并讨论了其在生态修复中的局限性，强调生态修复应全面考虑，不能被华而不实的技术所迷惑。 46．细节理解题。根据第二段“When Erodium seeds land on the ground, their long tails start to straighten in the presence of dampness in the environment. This process generates a force that drives the seed into the soil, burying it in a more protected environment, ready for future growth. (当Erodium种子落在地面上时，它们的长尾巴在环境潮湿的情况下开始伸直。这一过程产生一种力，将种子推入土壤中，把它埋在一个更受保护的环境中，为未来的生长做好准备。)”以及第一段提到的“The design of this incredible depth-seeking seed carrier is bio-inspired. (这款精妙的寻深式种子运载器，其设计源自生物仿生。)”可知，E-seeds设计是“bio-inspired”（仿生设计），设计师从Erodium种子那里学到了其自我埋藏的策略。 47．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Yet, from restoration professionals’ point of view, the growing enthusiasm for shiny technologies might outshine established and practical solutions and thus shift limited financing, time and manpower from traditional approaches to such unproven innovations. This will severely weaken our ability to restore damaged ecosystems globally. (然而，从生态修复专业人士的角度来看，对闪亮技术日益增长的热情可能会使成熟实用的解决方案黯然失色，从而将有限的资金、时间和人力从传统方法转移到这些未经证实的创新上。这将严重削弱我们在全球范围内修复受损生态系统的能力。)”可知，修复专业人士认为这些所谓的“游戏规则改变者”技术会导致资源（资金、时间、人力）的错误导向。 48．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Precision seeders (精量播种机), similar to those in agriculture, which open up the soil, preserve the seed at a proper depth and cover it, throw light upon what the E-seed technology should overcome. E-seeders take a page from precision seeders and therefore achieve the same result. (精量播种机与农业领域所用机型原理相近，能够翻整土地、将种子置于合适深度并完成覆土，为仿生设计的“Erodium式种子电技术需要攻克的难题提供了借鉴思路。E-seeds借鉴了精量播种机的设计原理，从而实现了同样的作业效果。)”可知，精量播种机能翻开土壤、将种子保持在适当深度并覆盖，这样能提高种子的存活率，E-seeds正是为了增强种子的存活率而借鉴其工作原理。 49．推理判断题。根据第五段“Nonetheless, it’s unlikely that the multi-step process needed to produce E-seeds can be applied to the many billions of seeds across thousands of species we need to restore entire ecosystems. In addition, the tails of the E-seeds could easily get locked with each other, either blocking the seed delivery procedure or being released in groups rather than individually. (然而，生产E-seeds所需的多步骤过程不太可能应用于我们修复整个生态系统所需的数千个物种的数十亿颗种子。此外，E-seeds的尾巴很容易相互缠绕，要么阻碍种子投递过程，要么成组释放而不是单独释放。)”可知，目前的E-seeds在生产规模（难以量产数十亿颗）和释放机制（容易缠绕，无法个体释放）上存在缺陷。因此，设计师需要进一步改进的是大规模生产和投放方式。 50．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“It must consider the complex and dynamic interactions between wildlife and their environments, while weighing social and economic consequences for local communities. Therefore, we must approach ecosystem restoration in a well-rounded manner and not get carried away by flashy technologies. (它必须考虑野生动物与其环境之间复杂而动态的相互作用，同时权衡对当地社区的社会和经济影响。因此，我们必须以全面的方式进行生态系统修复，而不要被华而不实的技术冲昏头脑。)”可知，作者在最后一段建议生态修复应全面考虑，包括社会和经济方面的影响。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $