专题2 算法基础知识与流程图绘制（课件）-浙江省（单独招生）计算机类《计算机语言基础》考纲讲练测

专题2 算法基础知识与流程图 浙江省单独招生 计算机类 《计算机语言基础》 考纲讲练测 编写说明：本专辑为浙江省（单独招生）计算机类《计算机语言基础考纲讲练测》，严格依据浙江省普通高校单独招生考试大纲（专业课）计算机类考试范围及要求编写，精准对标考纲，兼顾考点覆盖与实战应用。每套讲练测提供讲义、课件、练习三大配套教学文件，贯穿九大核心环节：考点解读、思维导图、知识梳理、背诵环节、常考题、高考真题、课堂练习、课堂小结及课后测验，形成“讲-练-测-评”闭环式教学与复习逻辑，助力考生夯实基础、突破重难点。 311066 考点解读 1.了解算法基础知识 2.掌握基本算法的设计 3.掌握流程图的绘制 思维导图 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知识梳理 算法的基本概念： 依据现有的知识和过往经验进行判断与推演,设计解决问题的思路在编程过程中,程序员按设计的思路(即算法)编写代码,将算法转换为计算机可以理解的指令 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知识梳理 设计思路 算法是为解决某一特定问题而设计的，由一组明确、有序、有限、可行的基本操作所构成的完整步骤集合。具备输入、输出、有穷性、确定性、可行性五大基本特征 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知识梳理 计算机流程图 程序流程图是算法的一种描述,简单直观,形象易懂,通过各个图形的排列与连接,表达解决问题的逻辑思路。程序流程图中一般包括左图所示 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知识梳理 三种基本控制结构 顺序结构：自上而下依次执行 选择（分支）结构：条件判断，分支执行 循环结构：重复执行，满足条件停止 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知识梳理 流程图绘制 ①　先写开始 ②　按逻辑写步骤：输入→处理→判断→输出 ③　判断必须写是 / 否两个分支 ④　最后写结束 ⑤　全部用箭头连起来 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知识梳理 turtle函数 一、画布与画笔设置 turtle.setup() — 创建画布、设置窗口大小位置 turtle.title() — 设置窗口标题 turtle.pensize() / turtle.width() — 设置画笔粗细 turtle.pencolor() — 设置画笔颜色 turtle.fillcolor() — 设置填充颜色 turtle.bgcolor() — 设置画布背景色 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知识梳理 二、移动绘制（核心） turtle.forward(d) — 向前移动指定距离 turtle.backward(d) — 向后移动指定距离 turtle.left(角度) — 向左旋转指定角度 turtle.right(角度) — 向右旋转指定角度 turtle.goto(x,y) — 移动到指定坐标位置 turtle.home() — 回到原点 (0,0)、恢复初始朝向 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知识梳理 三、画笔状态（抬笔 / 落笔） turtle.pendown() — 落笔，移动时画图 turtle.penup()— 抬笔，移动时不画图 turtle.clear() — 清空画布，画笔位置不变 turtle.reset() — 清空画布，重置画笔全部状态 四、图形填充 turtle.begin_fill() — 开始填充图形 turtle.end_fill() — 结束填充图形 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知识梳理 五、速度与隐藏 turtle.speed() — 设置绘图速度（0 最快，1~10 递增） turtle.hideturtle() — 隐藏海龟光标 turtle.showturtle() — 显示海龟光标 六、文字与圆形 turtle.circle(半径) — 绘制圆形 / 圆弧 turtle.write(内容) — 在画布上书写文字 七、程序保持 turtle.done() — 绘图结束，窗口保持不关闭 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知识梳理 turtle绘制画图 --- 长方形 import turtle turtle.forward(200) turtle.right(90) turtle.forward(100) turtle.right(90) turtle.forward(200) turtle.right(90) turtle.forward(100) turtle.right(90) turtle.done() turtle绘制画图 --- 三角形 import turtle turtle.forward(150) turtle.left(120) turtle.forward(150) turtle.left(120) turtle.forward(150) turtle.left(120) turtle.done() turtle绘制画图 --- 五边形 import turtle t.forward(108) t.left(72) t.forward(108) t.left(72) t.forward(108) t.left(72) t.forward(108) t.left(72) t.forward(108) t.left(72) 背诵环节 1.简述算法的主要特点 【答案】算法是为解决某一特定问题而设计的，由一组明确、有序、有限、可行的基本操作所构成的完整步骤集合。它具备输入、输出、有穷性、确定性、可行性五大基本特征，能够按照固定规则逐步执行，在有限的时间与步骤内，准确完成问题求解并得到确定结果，是计算机处理数据、完成任务的核心逻辑与方法。 2.关于turtle函数移动控制的函数。 【答案】turtle.forward(d)、turtle.backward(d)、turtle.left(角度)、turtle.right(角度) — 向右旋转指定角度、turtle.goto(x,y) 、turtle.home()。 3.简述三种基本控制结构。 【答案】顺序结构、选择结构、循环结构。 U2FsdGVkX18nW9FGSj7OCgRdj+mqFJSpNYcs+cIxU+5vj9S/VlldliL8ypIE4YbxWTqf5U9dpAN5bKoDpptO/JyZO5/wz8pniArRjroHSGlL0vnhD1g1134KzJCBpw+MTR0VIU9fqz7AUH7WGhr1ThPqRc88TJEUQ6h0upDkjhjcxMeCyXDTEBtd1bHJ6mpfnDXLZmIUPsK6uZtO5RUOimIkrSJtDB8nSv88CBuEAZpz4sFmJ+8Zy86B2V5IKUTvJ8IKe+O4JKDGWJDbRs6ye2WbPaUNTin/kfF06AX6MgVLMUTf/pI1pFVSXedEcklmlAOQTMcrpcjET4G8QuZkVxuu7bnlUot1c13T2TWAB73GEDov5iq9/PRMWWSNWY/n1hW6hjx2uX818buykvhWERNSt动力 传动 执行KYaMDEwkv+47aL52rDTkKQXQ05gPwK3xo5pysBsWR42xnMT1TQr4cHOYd6DTpKUfbsG3ggROJtvFPKb4DpobgNeLSwn5UwmK/sRS2pYs02jB2Ow9tN62A8RaG+QkTEy8NiFcuGxe9xLHSGByIysdIrrMN+G5f5jlFeH61vI/xT8s1URsdd+sCrZPIl5F9ntdIjiBt8kaMBPHJQgyu2Y+x2llrXgricQwlNErlvxJYP0IRxGJkABVox939xc8THnmsFChUzCN/YkjwDx0drGiJoNgyIl8WR1BQc+P3IFnOlMPwc4vibN+AUV4P/Urw== 常考题 1.下列不属于程序三种基本逻辑结构的是（ ） A.顺序结构 B.选择结构 C.循环结构 D.嵌套结构 【答案】D 【答案】C 2.绘制等边三角形时，每次应左转的角度是（ ） A.60° B.90° C.120° D.180° 单选题 U2FsdGVkX18nW9FGSj7OCgRdj+mqFJSpNYcs+cIxU+5vj9S/VlldliL8ypIE4YbxWTqf5U9dpAN5bKoDpptO/JyZO5/wz8pniArRjroHSGlL0vnhD1g1134KzJCBpw+MTR0VIU9fqz7AUH7WGhr1ThPqRc88TJEUQ6h0upDkjhjcxMeCyXDTEBtd1bHJ6mpfnDXLZmIUPsK6uZtO5RUOimIkrSJtDB8nSv88CBuEAZpz4sFmJ+8Zy86B2V5IKUTvJ8IKe+O4JKDGWJDbRs6ye2WbPaUNTin/kfF06AX6MgVLMUTf/pI1pFVSXedEcklmlAOQTMcrpcjET4G8QuZkVxuu7bnlUot1c13T2TWAB73GEDov5iq9/PRMWWSNWY/n1hW6hjx2uX818buykvhWERNSt动力 传动 执行KYaMDEwkv+47aL52rDTkKQXQ05gPwK3xo5pysBsWR42xnMT1TQr4cHOYd6DTpKUfbsG3ggROJtvFPKb4DpobgNeLSwn5UwmK/sRS2pYs02jB2Ow9tN62A8RaG+QkTEy8NiFcuGxe9xLHSGByIysdIrrMN+G5f5jlFeH61vI/xT8s1URsdd+sCrZPIl5F9ntdIjiBt8kaMBPHJQgyu2Y+x2llrXgricQwlNErlvxJYP0IRxGJkABVox939xc8THnmsFChUzCN/YkjwDx0drGiJoNgyIl8WR1BQc+P3IFnOlMPwc4vibN+AUV4P/Urw== 【答案】D 3.流程图中，表示条件判断的图形是（ ） A.圆角矩形 B.平行四边形 C.矩形 D.菱形 单选题 4.下列 turtle 命令中，用于画圆的是（ ） A.turtle.line () B.turtle.circle C.urtle.2.7 D.Python 1.0 【答案】B 常考题 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 常考题 5.判断三条边能否构成三角形，需要满足的条件是（ ） A.两边之和小于第三边 B.两边之和等于第三边 C.两边之和大于第三边 D.任意一边大于其他边 【答案】C 6、程序的三种基本逻辑结构是：顺序结构、选择结构、循环结构.（ ） 【答案】√ 7.流程图中，菱形框用来表示输入和输出（ ） 【答案】× 单选题 判断题 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 常考题 8.用 turtle 画等边三角形，每次需要左转120°。（ ） 【答案】√ 9.turtle.begin_fill() 和 turtle.end_fill() 必须成对使用才能填充颜色。（ ） 【答案】√ 10.判断三条边能否构成三角形，只需要满足一条边大于另外两条边即可。（ ） 【答案】× 判断题 高考真题 单项选择题 1.turtle 中用于开始填充颜色的命令是（） A.turtle.penup () B.turtle.begin_fill () C.turtle.end_fill () D.turtle.color () 【答案】B 2.下列属于顺序结构的程序是（ ） A. 判断三角形 B.输入半径直接画圆 C. 循环画正方形 D. 循环画螺旋线 【答案】B 高考真题 单项选择题 3.画五角星时，循环 5 次，每次应右转（ ） A.72° B. 144° C. 90° D. 60° 4.流程图中，表示输入 / 输出的图形是（ ） A. 圆角矩形 B. 平行四边形 C. 矩形 D. 菱形 【答案】C 【答案】B 高考真题 单选题、判断题 5.turtle 模块中，turtle.done() 的作用是（ ） A. 开始绘图 B.结束并保留绘图窗口 C. 提笔 D. 设置颜色 【答案】B 6.绘制正五边形时，每次应左转 72°。( ) 【答案】√ 7.程序的顺序结构是指自上而下依次执行语句。（ ） 【答案】√ 8.turtle 模块中，turtle.forward()表示海龟向后移动。（ ） 【答案】× 课堂练习 单项选择题 1.用 turtle 画等边三角形，每次应左转（ ） A. 60° B. 90° C. 120° D. 180° 【答案】C 2.画五角星时，循环 5 次，每次应右转 A. 60° B. 144° C. 72° D. 180° 【答案】B 课堂练习 单项选择题 3.以下哪个命令是让海龟前进 100 像素（ ） A. turtle.left (100) B. B.turtle.forward (100) C.turtle.forward (10) D. turtle.circle (100) 【答案】B 4.画正方形用turtle.left()时，left()里应填（ ） A.60° B. 90° C. 120° D. 180° 【答案】B 课堂练习 单项选择题 【答案】B 5.turtle.begin_fill () 的作用（ ） A. 开始画图 B. 开始填充颜色 C. 提笔 D. 落笔 6.流程图中表示 “条件判断” 的图形为（ ） A.圆角矩形 B.平行四边形 C.矩形 D.菱形 7.以下哪个命令是画圆函数（ ） A.turtle.line () B.turtle.circle () C.turtle.star () D.turtle.rect () 【答案】D 【答案】B 课堂练习 单项选择题 【答案】C 8.绘制等边三角形改进版流程图使用的是( ) A. 顺序结构 B. 选择结构 C. 循环结构 D. 嵌套结构 9.下列选项中，不属于turtle 模块功能的是（ ） A. 绘制图形 B. 设置颜色 C. 数据统计 D. 设置画笔粗细 【答案】C 10.在流程图中，表示处理、计算、赋值的图形是（ ） A. 圆角矩形 B. 平行四边形 C. 矩形 D. 菱形 【答案】C 课堂小结 一、算法的基本概念 二、计算机流程图 1.常用流程图符号 2.三种基本控制结构 3.流程图绘制 三、turtle模块 1.turtle函数 2.turtle画图 感谢观看 $