第6章 把握全局，严密推理，巧解推理判断题 讲义-2026届高考英语阅读理解满分攻略

2026届高考英语阅读理解满分攻略（全国卷） 第6章 把握全局，严密推理，巧解推理判断题 在高考英语试卷里，推理判断题是阅读理解四大题型（细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨大意）之一，每年必考且难度较大，综合性较强，常作为 “区分项” 来拉开考生分数差距。每年高考试卷中，该类题型占比稳定在 10% - 15% 之间。 推理判断题主要考查考生把握全文中心思想和归纳段落大意的能力，要求考生把握文章的结构脉络，理解文章主题和中心句，理解段落层次内在联系，并能灵活运用概念、判断、归纳和推理等逻辑思维方法，属于高层次试题，题干中常有 title, main idea, subject, deal with, tell us 和know from 等关键性的信息词。 推理判断题旨在考查考生对文章“整体”而非“局部”的理解，要求考生提炼中心思想、判断作者意图或选择最佳标题。同时，也考查考生区分主要信息与次要信息、透过现象看本质的能力，是阅读理解的“压轴题”，要求考生灵活运用多种解题方法： 1）主题句定位法：这是最高效的方法。多数议论文、说明文采用“总-分”或“总-分-总”结构。主题段常在文章的开头或结尾，简要概括文章的中心思想；主题句通常在一段的开头，再由全段展开或论述，但主题句也可出现在一段的中间或结尾，由全段展开后再进行归纳总结。 2）首尾段落串联法：若无明显主题句，就重点关注首段（引出话题）、尾段（总结结论），并结合中间各段首句，串联整合出文章核心。 3）高频词归纳法：略读全文，标记反复出现的关键词或同义词。这些高频词通常就是文章讨论的核心对象，有助于锁定主旨。 4）选项对比排除法：正确选项一般范围恰当、概括性强、涵盖全文。错误选项一般以偏概全（只提及局部细节）、过于宽泛、无中生有或偷换概念。 5）写作方法辨析法：总览全局,弄清作者的写作方法，如对比、分类、说明和议论等。 6）逻辑关系推断法：注意推理过程,把握全文的逻辑关系。要特别注意句与句、段与段之间表示某种逻辑关系的连接词（如表示因果关系、对比关系和解释说明的连接词等）。运用基础英语知识，根据不同的连词来确定句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系，并以此作为推理判断的依据。 7）中心归纳法：列出简要提纲，归纳出文章的中心思想，然后采用排除法选出正确答案。 总之，解答该类试题要从大处着眼，从小处着手，既要使零散的材料条理化，以归纳出段或篇的中心思想，还要注意将抽象的说理或叙述具体化，以确保推理的正确性和严密性。 【经典案例1】 As prices and building costs keep rising, the ‘do-it-yourself’(DIY) trend（趋势） in the US continues to grow. “We needed furniture（家具） for our living room,” says John Ross, “and we just didn’t have enough money to buy it, so we decided to try making a few tables and chairs.” John got married six months ago, and like many young people these days, they are struggling to make a home at a time when the cost of living is very high. The Rosses took a 2-week course for $280 at a night school. Now they build all their furniture and make repairs around the house. Jim Hatfield has three boys and his wife died. He has a full-time job at home as well as in a shoe making factory. Last month, he received a car repair bill for $420. “I was deeply upset about it. Now I’ve finished a car repair course, I should be able to fix the car by myself.” John and Jim are not unusual people. Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high cost of living. If you want to become a “do-it-yourselfer”, you can go to DIY classes. And for those who don’t have time to take a course, there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself. 【参考译文】 随着物价和建房成本不断上涨，美国的“自己动手”（DIY）趋势持续增长。 “我们需要客厅的家具，”约翰·罗斯说，“但我们实在没有足够的钱去买，所以决定试着自己动手做几张桌子和椅子。”约翰六个月前结婚，和如今许多年轻人一样，他们在生活成本极高的时期努力组建家庭。罗斯夫妇花280美元参加了一个夜校的两周课程。现在，他们自己制作所有家具，并自己动手修理房子。 吉姆·哈特菲尔德有三个儿子，妻子已去世。他除了在制鞋厂做全职工作外，还要在家承担全职照顾家庭的责任。上个月，他收到了一张420美元的汽车维修账单。“这让我非常沮丧。现在我已经完成了一个汽车维修课程，应该能自己修车了。” 约翰和吉姆并非个例。这个国家的大多数家庭都在尽一切努力省钱，以应对高昂的生活成本。如果你想成为“自己动手者”，可以参加DIY课程。而对于那些没时间上课的人，还有一些书籍会教你如何自己动手做事。 【阅读试题】 1. We can learn from the text that many newly married people________. A. find it hard to pay for what they need B. have to learn to make their own furniture C. take DIY courses run by the government D. seldom go to a department store to buy things 解析： 本题考查归纳概括和推理判断能力。解答该题，需要参照题干再对全文进行阅读，可迅速发现短文第二段即为主题段，该段主题句为 “and we just didn’t have enough money to buy it,”这正是选项A的含义。干扰项B、C、D所示信息文中未曾提及，故选项A为正确答案。 2. When the writer says that Jim has a full-time job at home, he means Jim_______. A. makes shoes in his home B. does extra work at night C. does his own car and home repairs D. keeps house and looks after his children 解析： 本题考查归纳概括和推理判断能力。解答该题，需要归纳如下三个要点：①他家里有三个丧母的孩子需要照顾；②他在家里有一份专职的工作；③他在制鞋厂里也有一份专职工作。 由此可知，他在家里的专职工作显然就是持家和照看孩子，故选项D为正确答案。 【经典案例2】 There are different ways in which people try to deal with the problem of energy. One way is the greater production of common energy sources（能源）, such as coal, oil and gas. The trouble with these sources, however, is that they are not renewable. Another way is energy conservation（节能）, which means using energy more efficiently（有效地）. In some very cold countries people build special houses to save energy. They place materials between the inside and the outside of the walls of the house to keep the cold out and the warmth in. The house is heated by the lights, the body heat of the people and the other equipment in it. Finally, renewable energy sources are used even though they are often expensive to develop. One form of these is geothermal energy. In certain parts of the world the temperature of the earth increases thirty degrees centigrade with each kilometer down. At six kilometers, therefore, it rises to nearly two hundred degrees. To get the heat, water is pumped（压；抽） down into the rocks and back up to the surface. Heat from the earth is already used in certain countries. 【参考译文】 人们尝试解决能源问题的方式各不相同。一种方式是增加煤炭、石油和天然气等普通能源的生产。然而，这些能源的问题在于它们不可再生。 另一种方式是节能，即更有效地利用能源。在一些非常寒冷的国家，人们建造特殊的房屋以节约能源。他们在房屋墙壁的内外之间填充材料，以抵御寒冷、保持室内温暖。房屋通过照明、人体热量以及室内其他设备来取暖。 最后，尽管开发成本往往较高，人们还是会使用可再生能源。其中一种形式是地热能。在世界某些地区，地球温度每向下延伸一公里便升高三十摄氏度。因此，在六公里深处，温度可升至近两百度。为了获取热量，人们将水泵入地下岩层，再使其循环回地表。某些国家已经在利用地热能。 【阅读试题】 3. From the text we learn that coal_______________________. A. is quite easy to produce B. is not used most efficiently C. is the most common source of energy D. could be renewed only by new technology 解析： 本题考查归纳概括和推理判断能力。解答该题可归纳出如下要点：①节能就意味着有待于提高常规能源的利用率（Another way is…，which means…）；②煤是一种常规能源（one way is …of common energy sources, such as coal…）；③煤的利用率就有待于提高，也即是它目前尚未得到最有效的利用。因此，选项B为正确答案。 4. At a place where the surface temperature is 15℃, how deep do you have to dig so as to get a temperature of 75℃? A. One km B. Two km C. Three km D. Four km 解析： 本题考查数据理解和推理判断能力。仔细阅读短文第三段及题干内容不难发现：深度每增加1km,地温就要上升30℃；而要使地温净增60℃（75℃－15℃），那么，深度就必须增加2km。故B为正确答案。 【经典案例3】 Fat on human beings is distributed in different ways. Some fat people have a large stomach and no waistline---which makes them look round, rather like apples. Others are fatter below the waist, which makes them appear pear-shaped（梨形的）. There are two types of fat: external fat (fat under the skin) and internal fat (fat inside the body wall). Doctors, who have been examining the relationship between health and fatness, have found that the ‘pears’ have less internal fat, but the ‘apples’ have more internal fat than external fat. This seems to be what causes the health problems. The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat. But unfortunately it seems that dieting（节食） simply makes an apple-shaped person into a smaller apple and a pear-shaped person into a smaller pear. At the moment there is no known way of reducing the internal rather than external fat. 【参考译文】 人体脂肪的分布方式各不相同。有些胖人大腹便便，没有腰身——这让他们看起来圆滚滚的，更像苹果。另一些人则在腰部以下更为肥胖，使他们呈现出梨形身材。 脂肪分为两种：外部脂肪（皮下脂肪）和内部脂肪（体壁内的脂肪）。研究健康与肥胖关系的医生发现，“梨形身材”的人内部脂肪较少，而“苹果形身材”的人内部脂肪多于外部脂肪。这似乎正是导致健康问题的原因。 治疗肥胖的最佳方法是减少内部脂肪。但遗憾的是，节食似乎只能让苹果形身材的人变成小一号的苹果，梨形身材的人变成小一号的梨。目前还没有已知的方法能够专门减少内部脂肪而非外部脂肪。 【阅读试题】 5. When a pear-shaped person becomes thinner, he or she loses more _________. A. internal fat than external fat B. external fat than internal fat C. fat above the waist D. fat below the waist 解析： 本题考查归纳概括和推理判断能力。解答该题，首先要仔细阅读短文第二段，这是符合该题要求的主题段，可归纳为两个要点：a梨形体的人皮下脂肪较多；b苹果形体的人体内脂肪较多。从而可以推断出梨形体的人变瘦就等于说减少了皮下脂肪。所以，正确答案为B。 【备考建议】 1. 强化结构意识：做题时，用“结构阅读法”快速给文章分段，画出思维导图，厘清脉络。 2. 建立主题句敏感度：培养寻找主题句的习惯，尤其注意那些概括性强、能统领全段的句子。 3. 主旨先行，精准定位：务必先通读全文把握主旨，再结合细节理解题分析文章。避免先读题目可能产生的偏见。 4. 专项练习与错题分析：精选高考真题，重点关注标题归纳题和文章大意题。对错题，要仔细分析干扰项为何错误，并反思自己为何选错。 5. 增加阅读广度与深度：多读科技、文化、社会现象类的文章，在泛读和精读中有意识地用一两句话概括文章大意。 - 1 - 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $