2026年中考英语语法专题突破－名词课件

专题一 名 词 ● 知识框架图 ● 河北中考重难点突破 ● 语篇情境练 专题一 名 词 ■考点一 名词的数 名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词分单、复数两种形式，可数名词前面可以用基数词、冠词修饰，可数名词的复数前可以用 many, some, any 等修饰；不可数名词没有复数形式，不可以被基数词和不定冠词直接修饰，若表示数量可用“量词+不可数名词”，也可用 much, some, any 等修饰。 专题一 名 词 1. 可数名词单数变复数的规律 （1）规则变化 情 况 构成方法 示 例 一般情况 加-s book→books,pen→pens 以 ce, se, ze等结尾的词 加-s face→faces,prize→prizes 以元音字母加 y 结尾的词 加-s boy→boys 以 s, x, ch,sh 结尾的词 加-es brush→brushes,bus→buses, box→boxes 专题一 名 词 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的词 变y为i，再加-es city→cities, lady→ladies 以 f(e)结尾的词 变 f(e)为 ves leaf→leaves, life→lives 以辅音字母加 o 结尾的词 若表示有生命的加-es，若表示无生命的加-s tomato→tomatoes, photo→photos 续表 专题一 名 词 （2）不规则变化 构成方法 示 例 改 oo 为 ee 型 foot→feet,tooth→teeth (特例：boot→boots) 表示“某国人” 变 man 为men Englishman→Englishmen 词尾加 s German→Germans, American→Americans 元音字母变替 man→men,woman→women 专题一 名 词 单复数相同 deer→deer, sheep→sheep, fish→fish (条数) 其他形式 child→children,mouse→mice 续表 （3）复合名词变复数 复合名词的种类 变化规则 中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词/单个单词的复合名词中间有连字符或间隔的复合名词 遵循一般的名词复数变化规则。最后一个词变成复数。 如：birthday→birthdays主要的词变成复数。 如：pencil box→ pencil boxes 专题一 名 词 续表 由 man 或 woman构成的复合名词 两部分均变成复数。如：man teacher→ men teachers 归纳拓展 几种特殊的复数形式的名词 类 型 示 例 常以复数形式出现的名词 clothes 衣服 shorts 短裤 glasses 眼镜 scissors 剪刀 专题一 名 词 续表 有些以-s结尾的名词并不是复数 news 新闻 maths 数学 physics 物理 politics 政治 有些复数形式的名词表示特殊意义 manners 礼貌 goods 货物 times 时代；倍数；次数 专题一 名 词 2. 不可数名词 （1）中考常见的不可数名词 类 别 示 例 物质名词 饮食 milk 牛奶 water 水 soup 汤 tea 茶 juice 果汁 coffee 咖啡 wine 酒 bread 面包 butter 黄油 beef 牛肉 meat 肉 rice 米饭 sugar 糖 salt 盐 材料 cotton 棉；棉花 gold 金子 plastic 塑料 silk 丝绸 自然 物体 air 空气 fire 火 grass 草地 sand 沙子 soil 土壤 rain 雨 snow 雪 wind 风 light 光 专题一 名 词 续表 抽象名词 情感 joy 高兴 love 爱 peace 平静 学科 art 美术 biology 生物学 geography 地理 math 数学 概念 knowledge 知识 space 太空 environment 环境 （2）不可数名词的量化量化表达方法：数词/冠词+计量名词+ of +不可数名词常见词组：a bottle of 一瓶 a cup of 一杯 a pair of 一组/对/双 a piece of 一块/片/张 a bowl of 一碗 a glass of 一杯 专题一 名 词 3. 常见的名词修饰词 类 别 示 例 只修饰可数 名词 few, a few, several, many, a great/ good/ large number of, quite a few a few books 几本书 many books 许多书 只修饰不可 数名词 little, a little, much, a good/ great deal of, a bit of, a large/ small amount of much money 很多钱 a bit of money 一点钱 a lot of, lots of, plenty of, all, some, most, any, no, the rest of lots of people 很多人 the rest of the milk 剩 下 的牛奶 既能修饰可数名词又能修饰 不可数名词 专题一 名 词 考点追踪 1. There are a lot of different club _________ (activity) for the students to develop their talents. 2. The little boy is crying because he lost his two _________ (tooth) in his mouth. 3. The _________ (shelf) in the library need to be cleaned before the new books arrive. 4. I have looked up the word“stick” in the dictionary. It has many _________ (meaning). shelves activities teeth meanings 专题一 名 词 5. Mrs. Tang was really angry to see her son’s _________ (toy) all over the floor. 6. This morning, I had ①________________________ (一杯温牛奶) and ②____________________(五片面包) for breakfast. Then I read ③________ ______ (一点儿新闻) on my phone. Later, I helped Mom water the grass in the garden. We spent ④_____________________ (许多欢乐的时光) together, and it was a nice morning. toys a cup of warm milk five pieces of bread a little a lot of happy time news 专题一 名 词 ■考点二 名词所有格 类型 构成方法 示例 单数名词 一般在词尾加-’s Li Ming’s mother 李明的妈妈 以-s结尾的专有名词加-’s或-’ James’s/ James’ pen 詹姆斯的钢笔 复数名词 以-s结尾的加-’ my parents’ car 我父母的车 不以-s结尾的加-’s Children’s Day 儿童节 1. -’s 所有格的构成 专题一 名 词 续表 用and连接的两个并列名词 表示各自所有，则需在每个人的名字后加-’s Tom’s and Jack’s rooms 汤姆和杰克各自的房间 表示共同拥有，只需在最后一个人的名字后加-’s Tom and Jack’s room 汤姆和杰克共同的房间 2. of 所有格的构成 of 所有格常用来表示无生命的东西。如：the door of the room 房间的门 专题一 名 词 构成方法 示例 of + -’s所有格 a friend of my mother’s 我妈妈的一个朋友 of + 名词性物主代词 a notebook of mine 我的一个笔记本 3. 双重所有格的构成 专题一 名 词 考点追踪 1. The taxi driver found a foreign _________ (visitor) passport and returned it to him at once. 2. I spent two _________ (night) time making a video to take part in “I love my school” competition. 3. After learning about the _________ (winner) life experiences, everyone was deeply moved by his courage and kindness. 4. The success of the activity depends on all _________ (member) efforts. 5. This is a book of my _________ (brother). It tells us how to make friends. visitor’s nights’ winner’s members’ brother’s 专题一 名 词 ■考点三 名词填空 用所给名词的适当形式填空主要在短文填空中考查，如可数名词单数变复数、名词变形容词等。解答此类试题时，需要分析句子成分，根据设空前后的词、语义关系以及所给词的特点来确定要填哪种形式。 专题一 名 词 专题一 名 词 1. 判断可数名词填复数的方法 （1）结合上下文语境或句中对应的提示词。如：them, their （2）固定用法：many other+可数名词复数；one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数。如：among many other students (student); She is one of the most beautiful girls (girl). （3）many/ several/ those/ these/ few/ a few+可数名词复数。如：many trees (tree); several questions (question) （4）常识类：two feet, socks, glasses等。 （5）大于1的基数词+可数名词复数。如：three apples (apple) 专题一 名 词 （6）可数名词复数+and/ or+可数名词复数。如：problems and worries (worry) （7）a pair of/ all kinds of+可数名词复数。如：all kinds of candies (candy) 规 则 示 例 n. + -(n)y（尤其是一些与天气状况有关的名词） cloud→cloudy; sun→sunny n. + ful care→careful; success→successful n. + -less（构成否定意义的形容词） meaning→meaningless n. + -ous danger→dangerous 2. 名词的词性转换 （1）名词变形容词 专题一 名 词 续表 n. + -ly friend→friendly 一些以-ence结尾的名词，把-ence变为-ent confidence→confident 一些以-ance结尾的名词，把-ance变为-ant importance→important 一些表示国家的名词可在词尾加-ese、-ish或-n构成表示国籍的形容词 Japan→Japanese America→American 专题一 名 词 （2）名词变动词 规 则 示 例 n. + -en dark→darken n. + -ize/ -ise apology→apologize 特殊记 weight→weigh 专题一 名 词 （3）名词变名词 规 则 示 例 n. + -er, -ist, -(i)an表示一类人 science→scientist; music→musician n. + -ship, -hood等表示状态 friend→friendship 特殊记 French→France 专题一 名 词 考点追踪 1. When spring comes, _________ (leaf) and flowers begin to show their beauty to nature. 2. Mr. Smith offered his neighbor’s daughter a ride home on a _________ (rain) night. 3. To succeed in the exam, we need to place ______________ (confident) in an important position. 4. Yan Fengying from Anhui is a famous _________ (art). She is known to the lovers of Huangmei Opera. leaves rainy confidence artist 专题一 名 词 5. Visitors from all over the world fill the Palace Museum, hoping to learn more about _________ (China) history and culture. Chinese 专题一 名 词 专题一 名 词 Ⅰ. ［25·威海改编］ 完形填空。 Everything in the natural world works effectively (有效地). Take a 　1　 at woodpeckers (啄木鸟), for example, and you’ll understand. A woodpecker taps (轻叩) its head against wood nearly 12,000 times a day. Doing something like that all day long must hurt!Think of how you would feel if you hit your 　2　 against something hard only once. In nature, everything happens for a 　3　. Woodpeckers have long, sharp beaks which they use to make holes in trees to find tasty 　4　 inside. Their special toes allow them to hold on tightly as they bang their heads against trees. They also have a strong tail feather, which they use to keep their 　5　 while they work. But how do woodpeckers avoid brain injuries (伤害)? One of the most interesting 　6　 about woodpeckers is their tongue. It is very long — sometimes twice as long as the bird itself. The woodpecker can wrap (包) its long tongue around its brain inside its head. Each time the bird hits a 　7　 with its head, its tongue protects its brain from injury. That’s why a woodpecker can tap all day long and not get a headache. （ ）1. A. feel B. look C. taste D. smell （ ）2. A. eyes B. nose C. head D. ears （ ）3. A. choice B. decision C. plan D. reason （ ）4. A. insects B. birds C. plants D. flowers B C D A 专题一 名 词 （ ）5. A. patience B. balance C. talent D. interest （ ）6. A. letters B. answers C. things D. terms （ ）7. A. leaf B. forest C. boat D. tree B C D 专题一 名 词 Ⅱ. ［25·济宁改编］ 短文填空。 A touching video about a special classroom mailbox has become popular on TikTok. It was shared by Dawnell Ticarich, a fourth-grade 1. _________ (teach) in Utah, USA. Dawnell set up the mailbox in her classroom to better understand her 2. _________ (student) thoughts and feelings. Students can leave notes secretly about anything — happy moments, 3. _________ (worry), or questions they are too shy to ask in person. They call it the “I Wish My Teacher Knew” box. “Many kids have 4. _________ (difficult) expressing themselves,” Dawnell explains. “This gives them a safe way to be heard.” teacher students’ worries difficulty 专题一 名 词 Every day, Dawnell checks the mailbox, reads the notes carefully, and then takes 5. _________ (act). Once, a student wrote that others were making fun of her schoolbag. Dawnell talked to the class about 6. _________ (kind), sharing her own experiences to teach them that 7. _________ (word) can sometimes hurt people. Many people praised her for being a 8. ______________ (care) and creative teacher. Dawnell’s video about the mailbox has touched millions of people online. action kindness words caring/ careful 专题一 名 词 $