专题1 第3讲 知晓阅读理解4大文体（课件PPT）-【满分思维】2026年高考二轮专题复习·英语

该高中英语高考复习课件聚焦阅读理解四大文体，依据高考评价体系梳理了应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文的核心考查要求，结合近五年新课标卷真题统计，明确细节理解占45%、推理判断占30%的高频考点分布，归纳出“题干定位”“结构分析”等常考题型的答题框架。 课件亮点在于“文体特征+真题精析+素养提升”的备考路径，如以2024新课标Ⅰ卷应用文为例，详解“先题后文”策略培养语言能力，通过说明文“问题解决模型”训练思维品质。特设“易错点警示”和“答题模板”，助力学生掌握得分技巧，教师可据此实施针对性复习，高效提升备考质量。

第3讲　知晓阅读理解4大文体 文体1　应用文 文体2　记叙文 目 录 索 引 文体3　说明文 文体4　议论文 文体1　应用文 体裁解读 应用文包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍、新闻报道等,形式多样,题材各异(如图示、表格等),措辞简洁明了,直截了当,其目的是向读者传输信息。 [典例](2024新课标Ⅰ卷,A) HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM Help restore and protect Marin’s natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge.We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive(侵入的) plant removal,winter planting,and seed collection.Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys. GROUPS Groups of 5 or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance.Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form. AGE,SKILLS,WHAT TO BRING Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15. Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form.Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed. We’ll be working rain or shine.Wear clothes that can get dirty.Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary. Bring a personal water bottle,sunscreen,and lunch. No experience necessary.Training and tools will be provided.Fulfills(满足) community service requirements. UPCOMING EVENTS Time Meeting Location Sunday,Jan.15 10:00 am-1:00 pm Battery Alexander Trailhead Sunday,Jan.22 10:00 am-2:30 pm Stinson Beach Parking Lot Sunday,Jan.29 9:30 am-2:30 pm Coyote Ridge Trailhead 21.What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team? A.To discover mineral resources. B.To develop new wildlife parks. C.To protect the local ecosystem. D.To conduct biological research. 22.What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team? A.5.　　　 B.10.　　　 C.15.　　　 D.18. 23.What are the volunteers expected to do? A.Bring their own tools. B.Work even in bad weather. C.Wear a team uniform. D.Do at least three projects. ▶语篇解读 本文是一篇应用文。作者介绍了一个生物栖息地修复工作队的工作内容和招募志愿者的相关信息和要求。 ▶篇章结构 ▶思路点拨 21.根据第一段的“Help restore and protect Marin’s natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge.”可知,Habitat Restoration Team的目的是帮助恢复和保护马林的一些自然区,也就是保护当地的生态系统。故选 　　　项。  22.根据AGE,SKILLS,WHAT TO BRING 下面列出的“Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.”和“Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed.”可知,最低年龄限制为10岁。故选　　　项。  23.根据AGE,SKILLS,WHAT TO BRING 下面列出的第三条“We’ll be working rain or shine.Wear clothes that can get dirty.Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.”可知,不管下雨天还是晴天,志愿者都要工作。故选　　　项。  C B B 课堂应用 A(2024浙江1月卷,A) Tom Sawyer Play Is an Adventure A 35-minute hand-clapping,foot-stomping musical version of a Mark Twain favorite returns with this Tall Stacks festival. “Tom Sawyer:A River Adventure” has all the good stuff,including the fence painting,the graveyard,the island and the cave.It is adapted by Joe McDonough,with music by David Kisor.That’s the local stage writing team that creates many of the Children’s Theatre of Cincinnati’s original musicals, along with the holiday family musicals at Ensemble Theatre. This year Nathan Turner of Burlington is Tom Sawyer,and Robbie McMath of Fort Mitchell is Huck Finn. Turner,a 10th-grader at School for Creative and Performing Arts,is a familiar presence on Cincinnati’s stages.He is a star actor of Children’s Theatre,having played leading roles in “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “The Wizard of Oz”,and is fresh from Jersey Production “Ragtime”. McMath is a junior at Beechwood High School.He was in the cast of “Tom Sawyer” when it was first performed and is a Children’s Theatre regular, with five shows to his credit.This summer he attended Kentucky’s Governor’s School for the Arts in Musical Theatre. Note to teachers:Children’s Theatre has a study guide demonstrating how math and science can be taught through “Tom Sawyer”.For downloadable lessons,visit the official website of Children’s Theatre. 【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍由马克·吐温的作品所改编的音乐剧《汤姆·索亚:河上历险记》。 1.Who wrote the music for “Tom Sawyer:A River Adventure”? A.David Kisor.　　 B.Joe McDonough. C.Nathan Turner. D.Robbie McMath. √ 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It is adapted by Joe McDonough,with music by David Kisor.”可知,本剧是由大卫·基索作曲的。 2.What can we learn about the two actors? A.They study in the same school. B.They worked together in “Ragtime”. C.They are experienced on stage. D.They became friends ten years ago. √ 推理判断题。根据第四段可知,Turner经常出现在辛辛那提的舞台上,是儿童剧院的明星演员,曾在《断头谷的传说》和《绿野仙踪》中担任主角;根据第五段中的“McMath is a junior at Beechwood High School.He was in the cast of ‘Tom Sawyer’ when it was first performed and is a Children’s Theatre regular,with five shows to his credit.”可知,McMath也是儿童剧院的老演员;综合以上信息可知,这两位演员在舞台上经验丰富。 3.What does Children’s Theatre provide for teachers? A.Research funding. B.Training opportunities. C.Technical support. D.Educational resources. √ 细节理解题。根据最后一段可知,儿童剧院为教师提供了一份学习指南,展示如何通过《汤姆·索亚》教授数学和科学,可通过儿童剧院的网站下载课程;由此可知,儿童剧院为教师提供了教育资源。 B(2024新课标Ⅱ卷,A) Choice of Walks for Beginner and Experienced Walkers The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a great opportunity for the beginner,experienced or advanced walker to enjoy the challenges of Carlow’s mountain hikes or the peace of its woodland walks. Walk 1-The Natural World With environmentalist Éanna Lamhna as the guide,this walk promises to be an informative tour.Walkers are sure to learn lots about the habitats and natural world of the Blackstairs. Date and Time:Saturday,1st October,at 9:00 Start Point:Scratoes Bridge Walk Duration:6 hours Walk 2-Introduction to Hillwalking Emmanuel Chappard,an experienced guide,has a passion for making the great outdoors accessible to all.This mountain walk provides an insight into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure you get the most from future walking trips. Date and Time:Sunday,2nd October,at 9:00 Start Point:Deerpark Car Park Walk Duration:5 hours Walk 3-Moonlight Under the Stars Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone. Breathtaking views of the lowlands of Carlow can be enjoyed in the presence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs.A torch(手电筒) along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark.Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate. Date and Time:Saturday,1st October,at 18:30 Start Point:The Town Hall Walk Duration:3 hours Walk 4-Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest This informative walk led by Richard Smyth introduces you to the basic principles of photography in the wild.Bring along your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest path. Date and Time:Sunday,2nd October,at 11:45 Start Point:Kilbrannish Forest Recreation Area Walk Duration:1.5 hours 【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。卡洛秋季徒步节提供不同难度的徒步活动,适合初学者和有经验的徒步者,包括自然探索、山地技能学习、夜间徒步和森林摄影。 4.Which walk takes the shortest time? A.The Natural World. B.Introduction to Hillwalking. C.Moonlight Under the Stars. D.Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest. √ 细节理解题。根据“Walk 1-The Natural World”中的“Walk Duration:6 hours”;“Walk 2-Introduction to Hillwalking”中的“Walk Duration:5 hours”; “Walk 3-Moonlight Under the Stars”中的“Walk Duration:3 hours”以及“Walk 4-Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest”中的“Walk Duration:1.5 hours”可知,Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest用时最短。 5.What are participants in Walk 3 required to do? A.Wear proper clothes. B.Join a walking club. C.Get special permits. D.Bring a survival guide. √ 细节理解题。根据“Walk 3-Moonlight Under the Stars”中的“A torch along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark.”可知,Walk 3的参与者需要穿着合适的衣服并携带手电筒。 6.What do the four walks have in common? A.They involve difficult climbing. B.They are for experienced walkers. C.They share the same start point. D.They are scheduled for the weekend. √ 细节理解题。通读全文可知,Walk 1和Walk 3在周六进行,而 Walk 2和Walk 4在周日进行。因此文中徒步活动的共同点是都被安排在周末。 文体2　记叙文 体裁解读 记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容,以记叙和描写为主要表达方式的文章。一篇记叙文,无论长短都应该是一个完全独立的事实,描写人物、地点、事件和发生过程,表达作者的某种情感。 [典例](2024新课标Ⅰ卷,B) “I am not crazy,” says Dr.William Farber,shortly after performing acupuncture(针灸) on a rabbit.“I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive,it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh.He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians(兽医) now practicing “holistic”medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture,chiropractic(按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber,a graduate of Colorado State University,started out as a more conventional veterinarian.He became interested in alterative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain.He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief.Then he tried acupuncture,an ancient Chinese practice,and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.So,after studying the techniques for a couple of years,he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack,Tindale says,she was prepared to put him to sleep,but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse,Nappy,“moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time,and if the past is any indication,he may be right:Since 1982,membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says.“I will do anything to help an animal.That’s my job.” 24.What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him? A.He’s odd.　　　　 B.He’s strict. C.He’s brave. D.He’s rude. 25.Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? A.He was trained in it at university. B.He was inspired by another veterinarian. C.He benefited from it as a patient. D.He wanted to save money for pet owners. 26.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A.Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B.The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C.Examples of rare animal diseases. D.The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 27.Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A.To prove Farber’s point. B.To emphasize its importance. C.To praise veterinarians. D.To advocate animal protection. ▶语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。兽医William Farber奉行中西医结合的整体医学疗法,融合西方传统疗法与东方针灸、按摩等疗法,通过个人经历和治疗案例,展示了整体医学疗法在兽医实践中的应用并取得了良好疗效。 ▶篇章结构 ▶思路点拨 24.根据第一段中的“I am not crazy”和“If he seems a little defensive,it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.”可知,William Farber的一些同事嘲笑他不同寻常的治疗方法,他极力辩解“我没有疯”。由此可知,他的一些同事认为他很怪异,故选 　　　项。  25.根据第二段最后三句可知,William Farber通过中医针灸治疗并取得很好的疗效。他受到启发,经过多年的研习之后,他决定把中医和西医结合起来给自己的“病人”——宠物,进行治疗。故选　　　项。  A C 26.作者在第三段列举了两个具体的治疗案例及其疗效,这说明整体医学疗法对于动物治疗是有效的。故选　　　项。  27.根据最后一段可知,William Farber相信他的治疗方法将会随着时间的推移而越来越受欢迎。自1982年以来,美国整体医疗兽医协会会员人数的增加也印证了这一观点。故选　　　项。  D A 课堂应用 A(2024浙江1月卷,B) When was the last time you used a telephone box?I mean to make an actual phone call—not to shelter from the rain.Ages ago,right?The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was...2006.I was conducting auditions (试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London.Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing,I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”. As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets,the door swung shut behind me.Suddenly I was locked outside.My mobile phone was inside, but luckily there was a telephone box across the street.So,I called Directory Assistance,got put through to our landlady’s managing agent,and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived. As it has been many years since I last used one,I should hardly be surprised that there are no longer any public telephones near my house.The last one standing has just been turned into a “mini community library”:any passer-by can “borrow” a book from its shelves,and return it later,or replace it with another title from their own collection. For a few months after the “library” opened,I didn’t bother taking a look, as I had assumed that it would be stuffed full of cheesy love stories.Then I noticed folk conducting spring cleans dropping boxes of voluminous books on various subjects there.And these books were free.This unbeatable price point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying.And I’ve discovered some great books! If I ever get trapped outside my house again,my local telephone box will, sadly,no longer be able to connect me with my keys.But it can certainly keep me entertained while I wait for my wife to rescue me. 【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。随着手机的普及,电话亭渐渐地被人们遗忘,作者家附近的最后一个电话亭被改造成了“迷你图书馆”,作者偶然发现那里有很多不错的免费书籍,这让作者觉得很棒。 1.What does the word “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer to? A.The play.　　　 B.The shared house. C.The sofa. D.The telephone box. √ 词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“...in my tiny old shared house in London.”及“...I spread some throws...‘young professional’.”可知,此处是指使“我”的合租房看起来更“年轻专业”一点,所以it代指“合租房”。 2.Why did the author use the telephone box in 2006? A.To place an urgent call. B.To put up a notice. C.To shelter from the rain. D.To hold an audition. √ 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“So,I called Directory Assistance,got put through to our landlady’s managing agent,and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived.”可知,作者在2006年使用电话亭是为了拨打紧急电话。 3.What do we know about the “mini community library”? A.It provides phone service for free. B.Anyone can contribute to its collection. C.It is popular among young readers. D.Books must be returned within a month. √ 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The last one standing has just been turned into a ‘mini community library’:any passer-by can ‘borrow’ a book from its shelves,and return it later,or replace it with another title from their own collection.”可知,任何人都可以为“迷你社区图书馆”捐赠图书。 4.Why did the author start to use the “library”? A.He wanted to borrow some love stories. B.He was encouraged by a close neighbour. C.He found there were excellent free books. D.He thought it was an ideal place for reading. √ 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“This unbeatable price point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying.And I’ve discovered some great books!”可知,作者发现“迷你图书馆”里有很多免费的很棒的书,所以开始使用。 B(2023全国乙卷,B) Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape(风景)can be quite a challenge,mainly because the corn state lacks geographical variation. Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar,either farm fields or highways,sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes. To make some of my landscape shots,I have travelled up to four hours away to shoot within 10-minute time frame.I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way. Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography.I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment I am attempting to photograph.I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment. One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil’s Lake,Wisconsin,to climb the purple quartz(石英) rock around the lake.After we found a crazy-looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks,we decided to photograph the scene at sunset.The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background.We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset.However,we did not mark the route(路线)so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely.Once we found the place,it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time.Still,looking back on the photos,they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely. 【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者不畏艰险,拍摄出高质量的风景照的故事。 5.How does the author deal with the challenge as a landscape photographer in the Midwest? A.By teaming up with other photographers. B.By shooting in the countryside or state parks. C.By studying the geographical conditions. D.By creating settings in the corn fields. √ 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“To make some of my landscape shots,I have travelled up to four hours away to shoot within 10-minute time frame.I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way.”可知,为了拍摄一些风景照片,作者经常和几个朋友一起去州立公园或乡村探险,沿途拍照。故选B项。 6.What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author? A.Proper time management. B.Good shooting techniques. C.Adventurous spirit. D.Distinctive styles. √ 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography.”可知,作者认为,成功拍照的关键在于,在正确的时间出现在正确的地点,即适当的时间管理。故选A项。 7.What can we infer from the author’s trip with friends to Devil’s Lake? A.They went crazy with the purple quartz rock. B.They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset. C.They reached the shooting spot later than expected. D.They had problems with their equipment. √ 推理判断题。根据最后一段第五句“However,we did not mark the route so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely.”可知,作者他们险些错过了日落,即到达拍摄地点比预计的晚了一些。故选C项。 8.How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake? A.Amusing. B.Satisfying. C.Encouraging. D.Comforting. √ 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Still,looking back on the photos,they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.”可知,尽管作者认为还有些缺憾,但照片拍得还是不错的,作者对此感到很满意。故选B项。 文体3　说明文 体裁解读 说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段,具体描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术的文章,旨在让读者了解信息。 (一)实验研究与报告 [结构模型] [典例] (2023新课标Ⅱ卷,D) As cities balloon with growth,access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.If you’re lucky,there might be a pocket park near where you live,but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park.They surveyed several hundred park-goers,asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.The researchers then examined these submissions,coding(编码)experiences into different categories. For example,one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions,a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge.After the coding of all submissions,half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors.These include encountering wildlife,walking along the edge of water,and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language,which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.For example,the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park.Back downtown during a workday,they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.And for that to happen,we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn,a senior author of the study. 32.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A.Pocket parks are now popular. B.Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C.Many cities are overpopulated. D.People enjoy living close to nature. 33.Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A.To compare different types of park-goers. B.To explain why the park attracts tourists. C.To analyze the main features of the park. D.To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 34.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A.Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B.Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C.The same nature experience takes different forms. D.The nature language enhances work performance. 35.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A.Language study. B.Environmental conservation. C.Public education. D.Intercultural communication. ▶语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。作者通过对一项新的研究结果及其过程的描述,向读者介绍了与大自然互动对人类健康的重要性,同时也指出要保护大自然。 ▶篇章结构 根据实验研究与报告说明文的结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下: ▶思路点拨 32.考查研究背景。 根据第一段中的“access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find”以及“it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild”可知,在城市里很难接触大自然。故　　　项正确。  33.考查研究方法。根据第四段第一句话“Across the 320 submissions,a pattern of categories...began to emerge.”可知,研究人员这样做是为了从访客的总结材料中找出类别规律。故　　　项正确。  B D 34.考查研究的意义。根据第五段所举的例子“the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying...a fountain on their lunch break”可知,年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行,在工作日可以沿着喷泉散步,用不同的形式去体验自然,即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。故　　　项正确。  35.考查主题的升华。根据最后一段Kahn的话“And for that to happen,we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it”可知,人们在与大自然互动以前需要保护自然,故　　　项正确。   C B (二)新发明/新技术 [结构模型1] [结构模型2] [典例](2025浙江1月卷,C) A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide.Referred to as matrix planting,this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden,and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools,it’s based on an elegantly simple principle:to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War Ⅱ in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly(模块化).In a matrix garden,plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground,forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style,adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form,including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.Beautiful year-round,they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail,from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural.While matrix gardens appear wild,they are carefully planned,with cultural needs the first consideration.Led by the concept of “right plant,right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil,sun and weather conditions,and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet.With human inputs dramatically reduced,the garden’s ecology can develop well.Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens:fertilizer, dividing,regular watering.Compared to traditional garden plots,they increase carbon absorption,reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28.What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A.Running out of. B.Keeping away from. C.Putting up with. D.Taking advantage of. 29.Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A.To control weeds in large gardens. B.To bring in foreign species of plants. C.To conserve soil and water resources. D.To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30.Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A.Traditional.　　　 B.Odd-looking. C.Tasteful. D.Well-protected. 31.Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A.The future of gardening is WILD B.Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C.Matrix gardens need more CARE D.Old garden plots work WONDERS ▶语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型园艺设计方法——矩阵种植。 ▶篇章结构 根据介绍新兴技术的文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下: ▶思路点拨 28.根据上文“Referred to as matrix planting,this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden,and even some of the designing.”可知,矩阵种植是让大自然自身承接更多的工作;结合常识和画线词所在句“Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools,it’s based on an elegantly simple principle:to garden more like nature does.”中“to garden more like nature does”可推知,要像大自然那样进行园艺种植,让大自然自身承接更多的工作,就不需要使用化肥和电动工具。所以画线词“Eschewing”的意思是“避开、远离”,与“Keeping away from”同义。故选　　　项。  B 29.根据第二段中“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War Ⅱ in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.”可知,引入矩阵种植的想法是为了开发低维护成本的公园绿地。故选　　　项。  30.根据第三段中“Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style,adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form,including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.”可知,Piet Oudolf的花园有艺术气息,很有品位。故选 　　　项。  D C 31.通读全文,根据第一段中“Referred to as matrix planting,this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden,and even some of the designing.Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools,it’s based on an elegantly simple principle:to garden more like nature does.”和最后一段中“With human inputs dramatically reduced,the garden’s ecology can develop well.Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens:fertilizer,dividing,regular watering.Compared to traditional garden plots,they increase carbon absorption,reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.”可知,文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种新型园艺设计方法,它让花园更接近自然、野生的状态,未来园艺可能会朝着这种更自然、野生的方向发展。故选　　　项。  A (三)问题解决 [结构模型] [典例](2024新课标Ⅰ卷,D) In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records.Today,most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos,videos,and other digital records.Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area,a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,”said Barnabas Daru,who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本),and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change,I wanted to know:Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants,insects,birds,and animals,Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差) data,like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.Moreover,these data are biased and favor certain regions,time periods,and species.This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained.“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of observational data,biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32.What do we know about the records of species collected now? A.They are becoming outdated. B.They are mostly in electronic form. C.They are limited in number. D.They are used for public exhibition. 33.What does Daru’s study focus on? A.Threatened species. B.Physical specimens. C.Observational data. D.Mobile applications. 34.What has led to the biases according to the study? A.Mistakes in data analysis. B.Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C.Improper way of sampling. D.Unreliable data collection devices. 35.What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A.Review data from certain areas. B.Hire experts to check the records. C.Confirm the identity of the users. D.Give guidance to citizen scientists. ▶语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现,数字生物多样性记录存在偏差,建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 ▶篇章结构 根据问题解决类的文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下: ▶思路点拨 32.根据第一段中“Today,most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos,videos,and other digital records.”可知,现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选　　　项。  33.根据第二段中“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本),and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change,I wanted to know:Are they usable?”和第四段可知,Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据,即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选　　　项。  B C 34.根据第四段以及第五段中“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.”可知,导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选　　　项。  35.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of observational data,biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”可知,Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选　　　项。  C D (四)社会发展新现象 [结构模型] [典例](2023新课标Ⅰ卷,D) On March 7,1907,the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors,those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate,and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together,they cancel each other out,resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors,then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons,people’s errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折) on this classic phenomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.For instance,the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates?Did they follow those least willing to change their minds?This happened some of the time,but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently,the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow,these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain,the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A.The methods of estimation. B.The underlying logic of the effect. C.The causes of people’s errors. D.The design of Galton’s experiment. 33.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if 　　　.  A.the crowds were relatively small B.there were occasional underestimates C.individuals did not communicate D.estimates were not fully independent 34.What did the follow-up study focus on? A.The size of the groups. B.The dominant members. C.The discussion process. D.The individual estimates. 35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A.Unclear.　　　　 B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Approving. ▶语篇解读 本文是说明文,主题语境为社会热点问题,主要介绍了“群体智慧”效应——多人对同一个对象的评估会有偏差,但平均起来会更准确。 ▶篇章结构 根据社会发展新现象类的文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下: ▶思路点拨 32.本段首先点明人们所犯的错误是不一样的,然后具体说明往往有的人高估,有的人低估,但是当足够多的评估平均起来时,评估相互抵消,会产生一个更加准确的评估结果,但是如果人们的错误相互影响,评估的准确率就会下降。因此,第二段主要讲述了“群体智慧”效应的潜在逻辑(underlying logic)。故选　　　项。  B 33.根据题干关键词Navajas’ study和the average accuracy could increase可定位到第三段第二句。根据“when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals”可知,如果人群被进一步划分成允许进行讨论的小组(允许讨论的话,评估就不是完全独立的了),评估的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。故选　　　项。  D 34.根据题干关键词the follow-up study可定位到第四段。根据“In a follow-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.”可知,在后续的研究中,研究者努力更好地理解小组成员在讨论过程中做了什么。故选 　　　项。  35.根据最后一段可知,作者认为,尽管这项研究具有局限性,但是对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推断出,作者对这项研究持赞成(Approving)态度。故选　　　项。  C D (五)社会发展与变迁 [结构模型] [典例](2025全国一卷,C) While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years,transport studies also show declines in pedestrian(行人) mobility, especially among young children.Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school,so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these.In their new book Movement:How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives,they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago.Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere.Some communities fought back.Most famously,a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway,Jane Jacobs called on her mayor(市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live,and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread,the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through,but we fail to account for the true costs.Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities?The authors of Movement have it right:it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 28.What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A.Cars often get stuck on the road. B.Traffic accidents occur frequently. C.People walk less and drive more. D.Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 29.What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A.Keep their cities livable. B.Promote cultural diversity. C.Help the needy families. D.Make expressways accessible. 30.What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A.They boosted the sales of cars. B.They turned out largely ineffective. C.They won government support. D.They advocated building new parks. 31.What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Why the Rush?　　B.What’s Next? C.Where to Stay? D.Who to Blame? ▶语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降,尤其是儿童步行减少的现象,并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能,重视城市宜居性。 ▶篇章结构 根据社会发展与变迁类文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下: ▶思路点拨 28.根据文章第一段可知,作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选　　　项。  29.推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Most famously,a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway,Jane Jacobs called on her mayor(市长) to champion ‘New York as a decent place to live,and not just rush through.’”可推知,加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选　　　项。  C A 30.根据文章倒数第二段中“Although these campaigns were widespread,the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.”可推知,20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的抗争活动未能阻止汽车发展,基本上没有效果。故选　　　项。  31.通读全文,并根据文章最后一段中“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through,but we fail to account for the true costs.Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities?”可推知,本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象,故选　　　项。  B A 课堂应用 A(2025全国二卷,C) When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants,she didn’t have high hopes for it.But the opposite happened:She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone.In the past year,Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants.Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr.Melinda Knuth,a researcher from the University of Florida.“People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating,” she says.“Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol,the stress hormone(激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth.“This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults.Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants,don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it.“Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant.Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning.Be invested in taking care of it,but if it dies,go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究,说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响,以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 1.How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A.It faced tough competition. B.It suffered a great loss. C.It got lots of financial support. D.It went surprisingly well. √ 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants,she didn’t have high hopes for it.But the opposite happened:She was flooded,shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone.”可知,Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时,并没有抱太大希望,但实际情况是订单很多,生意出奇地好。故选D项。 2.What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A.They appeal more to students. B.They purify the environment. C.They raise the cortisol level. D.They enhance productivity. √ 细节理解题。根据第三段可知,Knuth的研究发现,接触植物的学生学业表现更好,成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高,病假率降低,因此,“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。 3.What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A.The necessity of social skills. B.The meaning of sustainability. C.The importance of repeated efforts. D.The value of professional opinions. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“‘Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant.Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning.Be invested in taking care of it,but if it dies,go get another one,’ Detrinidad says.”可知,Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的,重要的是持续努力。由此推断,她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。 √ 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Time to Replace Houseplants B.Plants Boost Your Mood C.Tips on Choosing Houseplants D.Plants Brighten Your Home √ 主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起,第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率,第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood(植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨,适合作为文章的标题。故选B项。 B(2022全国乙卷,D) The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate,the first official data on the policy has shown. First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖).It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar,putting them at a higher risk of the disease. Initially the sugar tax was expected to make ￡520m a year for the Treasury.However,data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount.At present it is expected to generate ￡240m for the year ending in April 2019,which will go to school sports. It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge,according to Treasury figures.Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import,depending on the sugar content. However,some high sugar brands,like Classic Coca Cola,have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers.Fruit juices,milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax,as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year. Today’s figures,according to one government official,show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools.Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance,and the industry is playing its part. 【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。英国从2016年开始对软饮料制造商征收“糖税”,这个做法是为了确保儿童的身体健康。事实证明,截至目前,该政策已经卓有成效。 5.Why was the sugar tax introduced? A.To collect money for schools. B.To improve the quality of drinks. C.To protect children’s health. D.To encourage research in education. √ 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知,向制造商征收“糖税”的目的是帮助减少儿童肥胖问题,也就是为了保护儿童健康。故选C项。 6.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax? A.They turned to overseas markets. B.They raised the prices of their products. C.They cut down on their production. D.They reduced their products’ sugar content. √ 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知,一些饮料制造商为了避免缴纳“糖税”,设法减少饮料的含糖量。故选D项。 7.From which of the following is the sugar tax collected? A.Most alcoholic drinks.　 B.Milk-based drinks. C.Fruit juices. D.Classic Coke. √ 细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知,A、B、C三项都是免税的,只有经典可乐接受了要缴纳“糖税”这件事。故选D项。 8.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy? A.It is a short-sighted decision. B.It is a success story. C.It benefits manufacturers. D.It upsets customers. √ 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,推行“糖税”迫使一些软饮料制造商减少了产品中糖的含量,而缴纳的税费被用于增加学校的体育设施和为学生提供更加健康的饮食。由此推断,这种做法非常成功。故选B项。 文体4　议论文 体裁解读 议论文,也叫说理文,是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法,来确定其观点的正确或错误,树立或否定某种主张。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。论点是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅;论据是支撑论点的材料;论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。 (一) 事理阐释 [结构模型] [典例](2024浙江1月卷,D) The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat,selected by the child,was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat,they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats,but by our computers,phones,and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world,and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we’ve reshaped the world around us,dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories,we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago,and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor,so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.Therefore,just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption,we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption,resisting the temptation of mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 32.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test? A.Take an examination alone. B.Show respect for the researchers. C.Share their treats with others. D.Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 33.According to paragraph 3,there is a mismatch between 　　　.  A.the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 34.What does the author suggest readers do? A.Absorb new information readily. B.Be selective information consumers. C.Use diverse information sources. D.Protect the information environment. 35.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A.Eat Less,Read More B.The Bitter Truth About Early Humans C.The Later,the Better D.The Marshmallow Test for Grownups ▶语篇解读 本文是议论文。文章首段介绍了心理学经典实验——棉花糖实验,然后提出论点——成年人每天都在面对“棉花糖实验”,受到大量信息的诱惑,接下来分析了其原因并给出了建议。 ▶篇章结构 根据事理阐释类论说文的文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下: ▶思路点拨 32.根据题干关键词get a second treat可定位到第一段。根据“if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat,they would be given a second treat”可知,如果孩子们等15分钟再吃糖果,就可以再得到一颗糖果。故选　　　项。  33.第三段最后一句中的“this mismatch”提示,mismatch所指代的内容应该在上文。根据“our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world”以及“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us”可知,当今世界已被改变,我们可以轻易获取各种食物。再结合“we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago”可知,我们的大脑还和数千年前一样。由此可以推知,这种不匹配是当今社会丰富的食物供应和我们未改变的大脑间的不匹配。故选　　　项。 D C 34.根据最后一段中的“we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption,resisting the temptation of the mental ‘junk food’ in order to manage our time most effectively”可知,作者建议我们慎重考虑我们的信息消费,抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑,以便最有效地管理时间。也就是说,作者建议读者做认真选择的(selective)信息消费者。故选　　　项。  35.通读文章可知,文章首段用心理学经典实验——棉花糖实验引入话题,在第二段提出论点——成年人每天都在面对类似的“棉花糖实验”,即受到大量信息的诱惑,第三、四段分析了其原因并给出了建议。由此可知,本文主要介绍了成年人面对的“棉花糖实验”。因此,　　　项最适合作文章标题。 B D (二)书评 [结构模型] [典例](2024新课标Ⅱ卷,D) Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives,we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future,and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution(变革). In the wrong hands,such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code(代码) that powers AI but,thankfully,Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which,by the close,will make you feel almost as smart as AI.  As we soon come to learn from AI by Design,AI is already super-smart and will become more capable,moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence.From there,Campbell says,will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence.This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now—several decades before these developments are expected to take place.She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence,or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it.She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity.We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out.Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation,will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all,and if you only read one book on the subject,this is it. 32.What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A.If read by someone poorly educated. B.If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C.If written by someone less competent. D.If translated by someone unacademic. 33.What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A.It is packed with complex codes. B.It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C.It provides step-by-step instructions. D.It is intended for AI professionals. 34.What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A.Observe existing regulations on it. B.Reconsider expert opinions about it. C.Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D.Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 35.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A.To recommend a book on AI. B.To give a brief account of AI history. C.To clarify the definition of AI. D.To honor an outstanding AI expert. ▶语篇解读 本文介绍了Catriona Campbell的新书《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》分析了当前人工智能的发展趋势和未来的AI革命,呼吁人们共同面对,携手共进。 ▶篇章结构 根据书评类文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下: ▶思路点拨 32.根据第二段画线短语后的“but”及“thankfully”可知前后语意转折,前句应该是假设一位不是Campbell的作者,与后句中丰富经验的作者进行对比。故选　　　项。  33.根据第二段中“She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative”可知,本书实用、易理解,和B项中的down-to-earth相符,故选 　　　项。  C B 34.第三段最后一句中,Campbell建议必须保持对人工智能的控制。第四段指出,Campbell期望科技公司和世界领导人与当前正在开发它的所有专家保持一致,并表示人类处在历史的“转折点”,必须立即采取行动,以防止面临灭绝级别的事件。这表明了她呼吁人们共同努力来控制人工智能的发展,以避免潜在的灾难。C项中的keep it under control同义替换文中的 keep control of artificial intelligence。故选　　　项。  35.本文通过介绍作者的背景,对书中主要论点和观点进行简要阐述,最后进行总结,在最后一段强调了本文的写作目的,即强烈推荐本书。故选 　　　项。  C A 课堂应用 A(2024九省联考,C) In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People,Dale Carnegie wrote:“I have come to the conclusion that there is only one way to get the best of an argument — and that is to avoid it.” This distaste for arguments is common,but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes problems for our personal and social lives — and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights,which is how we often think of them.Like physical fights,verbal(言语的) fights can leave both sides bloodied.Even when you win,you end up no better off.You would be feeling almost as bad if arguments were even just competitions—like,say,tennis tournaments.Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner comes out from all who entered.Everybody else loses.This kind of thinking explains why so many people try to avoid arguments. However,there are ways to win an argument every time.When you state your position,formulate(阐述) an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good.When you talk with someone who takes a stand,ask them to give you a reason for their view and spell out their argument fully.Assess its strength and weakness.Raise objections (异议) and listen carefully to their replies.This method will require effort,but practice will make you better at it.  These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about what divides people,learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them.If we readjust our view of arguments — from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain respect and understanding from each other—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument. 【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文,作者阐述了争论的意义和赢得争论的方法。 1.What is the author’s attitude toward Carnegie’s understanding of argument? A.Critical.　 B.Supportive. C.Tolerant. D.Uncertain. √ 推理判断题。第一段作者提到卡耐基看待争论的态度是:赢得争论的唯一办法就是避免争论,接着作者说道“This distaste for arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes problems”,即作者认为厌恶争论(或避免争论)是源自对争论有错误的看法,并在第二段分析了这种错误看法,即若把争论看作是打架或竞争,结果只能是两败俱伤,没有赢家。由此可知,作者对卡耐基对争论的看法是批判性的,A项正确。 2.Why do many people try to avoid arguments? A.They lack debating skills. B.They may feel bad even if they win. C.They fear being ignored. D.They are not confident of themselves. √ 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Like physical fights,verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied.Even when you win,you end up no better off.You would be feeling almost as bad if arguments were even just competitions”可知,作者认为把争论看作是打架或竞争的结果是两败俱伤,再结合第二段最后一句“This kind of thinking explains why so many people try to avoid arguments.”可知,很多人尽量避免争论是因为即使赢了也会有糟糕的感受,故B项正确。 3.What does the underlined phrase “spell out” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A.Defend. B.Explain. C.Conclude. D.Repeat. √ 词句猜测题。根据画线词前面的and可知,spell out their argument与ask them to give you a reason for their view是并列关系,spell out的意思与give a reason的意思接近或顺承give a reason的意思,再结合画线词后面的“Assess its strength and weakness.Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.”以及最后一段尤其是其中的关键词a reasoned exchange可知,双方的交流方式是各自给出自己的观点和理由,然后倾听对方的观点和理由,由此推断spell out的意思与explain最接近。 4.What is the key to “winning” an argument according to the author? A.Sense of logic. B.Solid supporting evidence. C.Proper manners. D.Understanding from both sides. √ 细节理解题。根据最后一段尤其是最后一句“If we readjust our view of arguments — from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain respect and understanding from each other — then we change the very nature of what it means to ‘win’ an argument.”可知,获得彼此的尊重和理解是“赢得”争论的关键,故D项是正确答案。 B(2024全国甲卷,D) “I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor.It was my junior year of undergraduate,and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature.I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot,and I was heartbroken with the ending.Prof.Gracie,with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not.He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters,endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome.Of course,I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver,but the ending they got did make the most sense for them. This was an aha moment for me,and I never thought about endings the same way again.From then on,if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy,I’d pick up a love romance.If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess,I’d pick up a mystery(悬疑小说).One where I kind of knew what was going to happen,historical fiction.Choosing what to read became easier. But writing the end—that’s hard.It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers.You have to balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable,but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere,one that fits what’s right for the characters. That’s why this issue(期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing.If it’s short stories,Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing.Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work. This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be—that’s up to you and the story you’re telling—but it might provide what you need to get there. 【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。本文的作者从自己的阅读体验出发,认识到结局应适合角色而非仅追求快乐,这对写作结局有重要启示。 5.Why did the author go to Prof.Gracie? A.To discuss a novel. B.To submit a book report. C.To argue for a writer. D.To ask for a reading list. √ 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“I didn’t like the ending”可知,作者跟教授说自己不喜欢一本小说的结尾。结合第一段第三句可知,作者刚刚读完《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》这本小说,其结尾令人心碎。由此推测,作者是为了和教授探讨一本小说。 6.What did the author realize after seeing Prof.Gracie? A.Writing is a matter of personal preferences. B.Readers are often carried away by characters. C.Each type of literature has its unique ending. D.A story which begins well will end well. √ 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This was an aha moment for me,and I never thought about endings the same way again.”以及下文所罗列出来的不同文学作品的不同结尾可知,作者意识到每种类型的文学作品都有其独特的结尾。 7.What is expected of a good ending? A.It satisfies readers’ taste. B.It fits with the story development. C.It is usually positive. D.It is open for imagination. √ 细节理解题。根据第三段的第三句“You have to balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable,but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere,one that fits what’s right for the characters.”可知,一个好的结尾不能显得突兀,必须符合人物的设定,必须与故事的发展相匹配。 8.Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims? A.To give examples of great novelists. B.To stress the theme of this issue. C.To encourage writing for the magazine. D.To recommend their new books. √ 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing.Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.”可知,这两位作家都提出了关于如何写出最佳结尾的建议——这与本期杂志的主题相关。由此推测,本文作者提到这两位作家的目的是强调本期杂志的主题。 $