专题05 阅读理解（说明文）（浙江专用）2026年高考英语二模分类汇编

专题05 阅读理解（说明文） Passage 1 （2026·浙江温州·二模）Why does “bouba” sound round and “kiki” sound spiky (尖锐的)? This perception, known as “bouba-kiki” effect, is reliable all over the world, and for at least a century, scientists have considered it a clue to the origin of language, theorizing that maybe our ancestors built their first words upon these associations between sound and shape. But a new study published in Science adds an unexpected finding: baby chickens make these same pairings, suggesting that the link to human language may not be so unique. The study was led by Maria Loconsole, a comparative psychologist at the University of Padua. She and her colleagues placed chicks in front of two panels: one featured a flowerlike shape with gently rounded curves; the other had a spiky shape like a cartoon explosion. They then played recordings of humans saying either “bouba” or “kiki” and observed the birds’ behavior. When the chicks heard “bouba,” 80 percent of them approached the round shape first and spent an average of more than three minutes exploring it compared with an average of just under one minute spent exploring the spiky shape. When the chicks heard “kiki,” the opposite occurred. One long-standing theory that these associations are inspired by the shape your mouth makes when you say each word can now be ruled out, since the chicks showed the effect despite being unable to speak. Instead the “bouba-kiki” effect may originate from the physical properties of objects themselves. When round objects hit the ground or roll, they typically produce more continuous, low-frequency sounds than spiky ones. A built-in grasp of those dynamics, linking sight and sound, could help newborn animals quickly make sense of their environment, possibly to locate food or avoid predators (食肉动物). The “bouba-kiki” effect may have played a role in the emergence of language. But for chickens, this same tendency seems to serve a more evolutionary purpose. “Even if language is unique to humans,” Loconsole says, “that doesn’t mean that it comes from an ability that is unique to humans.” 1．What does the new study focus on? A．The origin of human language. B．Sound-shape connections in chicks. C．Animals’ recognition of shapes. D．Brain-behavior relationships of birds. 2．In what way do the chicks respond differently to the two sounds? A．Sound localization. B．Reaction speed. C．Exploration preference. D．Matching accuracy. 3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about concerning the effect? A．Its historical context. B．Its potential application. C．Its overlooked limitation. D．Its possible explanation. 4．What does Loconsole say about the effect? A．It originated in birds. B．It shows evolutionary tendency. C．It’s shared across species. D．It’s vital to language emergence. Passage 2 （2026·浙江宁波·二模）The ocean may appear boundless. It’s easy to imagine that fish and other ocean creatures swim freely without restriction. That assumption, however, is mistaken. According to ecologist Karissa Lear, many ocean species stick to specific habitats and seldom go beyond them. This habit can cause unexpectedly big problems, especially when human-built structures get in the way. Take, for example, the green sawfish living near the mouth of the Ashburton River in Western Australia. In 2017, a large structure was built by the shore, stretching about 550 yards into the sea. As Lear had feared, the construction did harm the critically endangered green sawfish — they were unable to pass around the barrier. To Lear, this discovery supported a surprising new idea that ocean animals, much like land species, need a helping hand getting around human-built structures. On land, wildlife crossings are becoming more common. Green bridges, for instance, help bears and elk avoid a road in Canada’s Banff National Park. In 2022, a wildlife crossing in Washington State was used more than 5,000 times by animals such as deer and coyotes. Although the bridges are already popular on land, Lear says little attention has been paid to the idea of wildlife crossings designed to help ocean animals get around safely. For ocean animals, too many barriers can cut them off from important feeding sites. Overly limited movement can lead to the development of isolated groups that are more likely to go extinct. With more large structures planned for the Ashburton River area, Lear says the cumulative (累积的) effect of multiple barriers is a real concern for the green sawfish’s future. As the climate continues to change, paying attention to the needs of ocean animals is important. Many are moving farther north, and they need suitable habitats to move through. To address this, we can create crossings through human-built structures or protect habitats along their migration routes. As we continue to engineer the ocean, such efforts could go a long way toward protecting ocean life. 1．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By detailing research findings. B．By describing a natural scene. C．By addressing public concerns. D．By challenging a common belief. 2．What effect did the structure near the Ashburton River have? A．It provided a new habitat for ocean life. B．It blocked the path of the green sawfish. C．It attracted more new species to the area. D．It drove the green sawfish into deep waters. 3．What does Lear imply about wildlife crossings? A．They have reduced road accidents on land. B．They will replace ocean barriers eventually. C．They have destroyed land animals’ habitats. D．They are urgently needed for ocean animals. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Wildlife Crossings: From Land to Sea B．When Ocean Life Is in Danger C．The Sawfish That Lost Their Way Home D．Ocean Structures: No Harm Done Passage 3 （2026·浙江宁波·二模）The grammar school boy from Stratford-Upon-Avon has made headlines again after a groundbreaking study showed that Shakespeare does benefit children’s literacy and emotional development, but only if they can act him out. The study found that a drama-based approach to teaching Shakespeare broadened children’s vocabulary, improved the quality of their writing, and enhanced their emotional understanding. “The way actors work makes a big difference to how children use language and how they think about themselves,” said Jacqui O’Hanlon, lead researcher of the study. The random trial involved hundreds of Year 5 pupils (aged nine and ten) at 45 state primary schools. The children were divided into a target group and a control group. Both groups read a passage from Romeo and Juliet and were asked to write a letter as Romeo after being separated from Juliet. Before writing, the target group took part in a 30-minute drama-based activity, while the control group did not. It was shown that pupils in the target group drew on a wider vocabulary, used more complicated or rarer words, and wrote at greater length. They also appeared more comfortable writing in role. While pupils in the control group imagined how they themselves would react to being separated from a loved one, children in the target group put themselves in Romeo’s shoes and expressed that character’s emotion. O’Hanlon said she had been most surprised by the emotional understanding evident in the children’s writing, and that they showed deeper empathy and expressed emotions more vividly. “It is probably related to the drama-based process, where you are used to trying to think and feel as the character,” she added. But could the results be reproduced with any old dramatists? O’Hanlon said more research would be needed but suggested that Shakespeare’s use of 20,000 words, compared with the everyday 2,000 words, gave a massive expansion of language into children’s lives, which was combined with children using their whole bodies to bring words to life. 1．What does the study encourage children to do? A．Perform Shakespeare’s works. B．Write their own original plays. C．Learn Shakespeare’s lines by heart. D．Watch professional acting on stage. 2．Which aspect of the study does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．Its procedure. B．Its background. C．Its purpose. D．Its significance. 3．What impressed O’Hanlon most about the target group’s writing? A．Passage fluency. B．Emotional depth. C．Word complexity. D．Plot imagination. 4．What can be learned from the text? A．Practice makes perfect. B．Learning by doing works best. C．Reading makes a full man. D．Words are the voice of the mind. Passage 4 （2026·浙江绍兴·二模）When spring arrives, keeping warm becomes less of an issue. However, scientists remind us it is not just a seasonal necessity — heat is also a valuable energy resource that can be stored. Researchers at Kaunas University of Technology (KTU) have discovered an innovative solution beneath our feet: using soil as an efficient thermal energy(热能) storage system. KTU professor Dr Tadas Ždankus and his team have been investigating how the ground can serve as a medium for heat storage. At the core of their research is a ground-based heat accumulator that would store left energy underground and make it available when demand peaks. Initially, the team explored how to use wind energy to produce heat via a hydraulic system (液压系统). They found that so-called hydraulic losses, typically seen as inefficiencies, were actually generating usable heat.However, part of heat was lost before reaching buildings. The question became how to not only decrease heat loss but also store it. To test this idea, the researchers conducted experiments using an artificial heat source placed in surface soil layers. They measured how heat spreads and persists in the ground. In one test, when the soil was heated to the boiling point, it caused a phase change (相变), in which liquid water becomes vapor.“Phase change can be an efficient way. We noticed a sharp temperature rise wherever the vapour flow reached. This means the energy is moving and can be controlled.” says Prof. Ždankus. Once the possibility of underground heat storage was confirmed, researchers began exploring its practical applications. They developed a pilot model ground energy cell to study how heat spread through soil. The year-long measurements revealed the soil beneath buildings could passively store heat, making use of the natural downward flow of heat from buildings into the ground. To put these ground-based storage systems into widespread use, researchers are now developing scaled-down pilot models and refining heat distribution control methods.“Our immediate goal is to integrate existing solutions into a system that can benefit both industry and residential sectors.” Ždankus concludes. 1．What is the main goal of the KTU research project? A．To reduce winter heating costs. B．To capture thermal energy from soil. C．To store underground heat for later use. D．To promote hydraulic system efficiency. 2．What can be inferred from paragraphs 3-4? A．Phase change makes heat control possible. B．Hydraulic losses can be avoided by heat transfer. C．Vapour flow contributes to big temperature drops. D．Heat production poses a great challenge to experts. 3．What are researchers doing for the practical use of the systems? A．Building large-scale industrial heating systems. B．Developing test models with improved control. C．Applying the technology to residential sectors. D．Reducing the energy consumption of buildings. 4．Which of the following would be the suitable title for the text? A．From Wind to Warmth: an Unexpected Path B．Future System: Uniting Industry and Home Heating C．A New Discovery: Turning Hydraulic Loss into Gain D．The Ground Beneath: A New Frontier in Heat Storage Passage 5 （2026·浙江台州·二模）Have you ever found someone copying your gestures or facial expressions during a conversation? This is the Chameleon (变色龙) Effect, the nonconscious mimicry (模仿) of others’ behaviors. Just like a chameleon integrates into its environment, people unconsciously mimic others’ gestures, mannerisms or accents to build connections and smooth interactions, which is a common yet easily overlooked human trait. Psychologists John Bargh and Tanya Chartrand proved the Chameleon Effect in a 1999 experiment. They asked 78 participants to talk with experimenters during a personality test. To avoid conscious mimicry, researchers used photos as a distraction during conversations. The results showed participants unconsciously increased face touching by 20% and foot movement by 50% to match the experimenters. Another part found people who were mimicked rated the experimenters more positively, showing mimicry boosts likability. The Chameleon Effect stems from two main reasons. It is rooted in human empathy — people mimic others to share feelings and build emotional bonds. It also evolved as a survival trait: fitting in with a group helps people gain support and avoid danger. In daily life, this explains why couples or close friends gradually adopt similar speech habits or gestures. This effect also appears in speech and social settings. People may unconsciously pick up others’ accents or phrases after long interactions. For example, a football player once accidentally used a French accent during an interview after living in France for months, a typical display of the effect. However, excessive mimicry may make people lose their sense of self. Such over-mimicry can lead to confusion about one’s true personality. Overall, the Chameleon Effect is a positive social tool that promotes connection and empathy. It helps reduce social tension and build trust between people. While it helps people integrate into groups, balancing mimicry with self-identity is crucial to avoiding losing oneself in social interactions. With this awareness, people can use the effect wisely while preserving their own uniqueness. 1．Which of the following is an example of the “Chameleon Effect”? A．A girl copies her deskmate’s movements. B．A driver follows a policeman’s directions. C．An applicant learns the judge’s expressions by heart. D．An assistant practices a foreigner’s tones on purpose. 2．What can be inferred about the “Chameleon Effect” from paragraph 2? A．Personality changes with conscious mimicry. B．Likability increases mimicry in conversations. C．People mimic others to gain group acceptance. D．Mimicry arouses shared feelings between couples. 3．What is the downside of excessive mimicry? A．The loss of self-identity. B．An end to true connection. C．The failure of mutual trust. D．A decrease in social tension. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the “Chameleon Effect”? A．Doubtful. B．Critical. C．Dismissive. D．Cautious. Passage 6 （2026·浙江温州·二模）The room looks like your typical office: white walls, low ceilings, gray carpet worn thin from years of foot traffic. But for this vacant (空着的) office outside Dupont Circle in Washington, D．C．, real estate developers see potential. Cities across the U.S. are struggling with two problems: too much empty office space and not enough housing. Nationally, office vacancy rates reached roughly 20% in 2024, after years of employees working from home. At the same time, the national housing shortage is in the millions. Cities like D．C．, are now betting that by turning empty offices into homes, one crisis can help solve the other. A project in D．C．, which broke ground last month, is the largest such conversion (转化) in the city to date. The overall structure of the buildings will remain the same, but with major additions: a lighter-colored exterior will replace the gray concrete from the 1960s, and old inefficient windows will be replaced by larger ones that let in more light per unit. Plans include luxuries such as a pool and a dog park, with projected rent around $4,000 per month. Yet 60 units will be set aside as affordable housing. “We would love to do more,” says Matt Pestronk, the president of a development company, “but unfortunately, almost all capital seeks a return. This was as much as we could afford to do.” “The scale of the shortage far outpaces what conversions can provide.” says Tracy Loh, a fellow at the Brookings Institution who studies adaptive reuse of old buildings. But she argues that these projects still matter, “It does kill two birds with one stone, in terms of providing some housing supply.” And it tends to create housing in central, transit-accessible areas that are in high demand. The decline of manufacturing (制造业) in the late 20th century offers a glimpse of what comes next. When shifts happen in the economy and society, the built environment must change to match contemporary demand. Just as empty factory floors became trendy apartments, today’s empty office spaces are turning into stylish kitchens and bedrooms. 1．What are cities like DC trying to do? A．Repurpose empty offices. B．Tear down unused buildings. C．Build housing in suburbs. D．Encourage working from home. 2．What can be inferred about the project in paragraph 3? A．It requires structural changes. B．It targets low-income families. C．It is funded by the government. D．It balances profit and social needs. 3．What does Tracy Loh think of the conversion? A．Realistic. B．Far-reaching. C．Demanding. D．Short-sighted. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Cities Are Caught in Crisis B．Housing Demand Is Crying for More C．Offices Are Becoming Homes D．Manufacturing Is Gaining a Second Life Passage 7 （2026·浙江金华·二模）In 1993, more than 700 people were sickened (and four died) after eating at a fast-food restaurant chain. It took investigators 39 days to determine that the illnesses were connected and more than a month to find the thing that was making people sick: hamburgers contaminated (污染) with E. coli. Food safety experts and other scientists knew there had to be a faster way to detect and link outbreaks. They determined that if public health laboratories could each conduct the same kind of DNA analysis on bacteria and then share the data, dots could be connected and outbreaks could be identified sooner. And so, PulseNet was born. Launched in 1996, PulseNet, developed in partnership with APHL, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), other federal partners and four state public health labs, is a national laboratory network that analyzes a pathogen’s (病原体) unique DNA fingerprint. The resulting data are published to a national database. Microbiologists and epidemiologists from around the country can access the database and determine if there are similarities that indicate cases are related and even share a common source of infection. PulseNet enables investigators to identify eight illness-causing pathogens and discover outbreak clusters (组) in near real-time. Investigations that used to take weeks, for example, can now take only days. That quick turnaround time is essential to saving lives. CDC reports that in the 30 years since PulseNet has been in action, over 1 billion pounds of contaminated food have been recalled and an estimated 270,000 foodborne illnesses associated with three common illness-causing bacteria — Salmonella, E. coli and Listeria — have been prevented. By developing new technologies such as PulseNet 2.0, the newly launched data analysis platform, PulseNet continues to enhance its ability to detect and prevent additional illnesses. In celebration of PulseNet’s milestone birthday, we rounded up stories illustrating the enormous impact the network has had on disease monitoring and outbreak detection. Read on to learn how each one emphasizes PulseNet’s vital contribution to human, animal and environmental health. 1．What does the author want to show by telling the fast-food chain outbreak? A．Food safety was a top priority. B．Illness detection was inefficient. C．Fast food required stricter regulation. D．Public health was a challenging issue. 2．What can PulseNet do? A．Identify rare bacteria. B．Cure certain diseases. C．Collect patients’ fingerprints. D．Conduct DNA analysis on bacteria. 3．What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about concerning PulseNet? A．Its features. B．Its contributions. C．Its future plans. D．Its working principles. 4．What is the purpose of this text? A．To explain the birth of PulseNet. B．To introduce a laboratory network. C．To collect stories for an anniversary. D．To show the progress of food safety tools. Passage 8 （2026·浙江金华·二模）Inspiration for Zeynep Demirbas’ research struck during a chat with a friend. That friend, a psychologist, said some health insurance companies were pushing the use of artificial intelligence, such as ChatGPT, for mental health. The idea: AI might be less costly and easier to access than human therapists (治疗专家). That worried Zeynep, 14. She knew that ChatGPT often gave wrong answers or agreed with incorrect statements. Could this type of AI, known as a large language model — or LLM — really be trusted with our mental health? To find out, she tested whether several LLMs could detect stress in human text. She gave the models a dataset of more than 3,500 posts. Human raters had been asked to label each one as containing stress or not. Then Zeynep asked the models to identify which posts showed stress. To judge how well the models did, Zeynep calculated something called an F1-score for each one. This score considers how many stress-containing posts the models accurately spotted. It also accounts for how often the models missed cases of stress and how often they mislabeled posts as showing stress. An LLM specifically designed for mental health did the best. It scored about 82 percent. ChatGPT scored only about 74 percent. ChatGPT performing badly was “really surprising”, Zeynep says. It did even worse than the “random-forest” model, which is “supposed to be a very simple and old technique. So I just put it in as a baseline,” Zeynep says. “That was very interesting — how something so small and simple was able to beat an LLM like ChatGPT that used millions of parameters (参数) and had so much coding go into it.” “We should be mindful with AI,” Zeynep says. “That doesn’t mean that LLMs are bad, because they’re for general use. They’re not necessarily meant for mental health.” Her data led her to conclude that LLMs should not be replacing human therapists. Instead, these models might help identify people who are struggling and refer them to a mental health professional. 1．What worried Zeynep when chatting with a friend? A．AI is applied to mental health. B．Human therapists charge high fees. C．AI is developing at an alarming rate. D．Health insurance companies face challenges. 2．Why were the human raters asked to label the posts? A．To assess the reliability of the posts. B．To figure out the F1-scores of different LLMs. C．To provide a reference standard for LLM testing. D．To assess human raters’ accuracy in detecting stress. 3．Why does Zeynep mention the random-forest model? A．To erase doubts about old models. B．To compare simple and complex models. C．To illustrate the urgent need for more parameters. D．To show the poor performance of LLMs in the test. 4．What does Zeynep mean in the last paragraph? A．LLMs are generally useless in most fields. B．Humans are responsible for improving AI. C．LLMs need more training in identifying mental struggles. D．Humans still play a dominant role in addressing mental issues. Passage 9 （2026·浙江嘉兴·二模）At any bus stop or while waiting in line, most people will have their heads down scrolling (滚屏) on their phones. But studies suggest if you resist that urge and let your mind wander instead, there could be some serious benefits. We actually spend nearly half our waking time daydreaming, but it isn’t always pleasant. A study found people even preferred electric shocks to being alone with their thoughts. This explains why we automatically reach for phones during downtime Social psychology professor Erin Westgate compares mindless scrolling to “brain candy” — momentarily pleasurable but lacking in meaning. She adds human achievements largely come from higher-order thinking. So next time you have a few minutes free, put away your phone and let your mind wander. Many people fear boredom, but this fear is often overblown. In a 2022 study, people predicted they would hate 20 minutes alone doing nothing, yet afterward reported greater enjoyment than expected. According to researcher Kou Murayama, the ability to mentally wander — to reflect on past experiences, and consider others’ viewpoints — is a distinctly human capacity that boosts learning and helps understand others. Mind-wandering is also key to problem-solving. People often find solutions better after unfocused thinking than intentional effort alone, especially during routine tasks like driving or showering. Even when people are not actively thinking, their brains remain active in a so-called default mode (默认模式), allowing ideas to connect in new ways. It’s especially helpful for complex problems. Beyond cognitive (认知的) benefits, daydreaming also boosts social and emotional connections. A study found imagining pleasant interactions with loved ones made people feel closer. Social daydreaming allows individuals to practice conversations, reflect on past interactions, and prepare for future social situations. As psychologist Poerio says, our ability to mentally “time travel” helps us better handle the social world. Murayama says he now tries to resist checking his phone during short waits and let his thoughts wander. He finds simply entertaining oneself mentally can be both satisfying and meaningful. 1．Why does Erin Westgate compare mindless scrolling to “brain candy”? A．It does harm to people’s health. B．It helps people to avoid boredom. C．It replaces deep thinking in daily life. D．It brings quick but shallow enjoyment. 2．What is the 2022 study used to demonstrate? A．Phone addiction is avoidable. B．Daydreaming is undervalued. C．Being alone promotes learning. D．Self-reflection defines humans. 3．What does the default mode suggest? A．Unfocused thinking fuels creativity. B．Intentional effort brings new ideas. C．Complex tasks require active minds. D．Routines involve little brain activity. 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Maintain Focus in the Digital Age B．Discover the Joy of Being Truly Alone C．Unlock the Power of Your Wandering Mind D．Explore Secret Benefits of Social Daydreaming Passage 10 （2026·浙江绍兴·二模）Middle age has become a critical breaking point in the US. Those born in the 1960s and early 1970s report higher level of loneliness and depression, along with declining memory and physical strength — an unusual trend when compared with other wealthy nations, where midlife health and well-being have improved, especially inNordic Europe. To figure out the root cause, Arizona State University psychologist Frank J. Infurna and his colleagues analyzed survey data from 17 countries. They concluded that America’s real midlife crisis stems from balancing work, finances, family and health amid weakening social supports, rather than personal lifestyle choices. Their findings, published in Current Directions in Psychological Science, point to multiple contributing factors and offer directions for change. Family policy differences mark a key gap between the US and Europe. European countries have increased family welfare expenditure (支出) since the early 2000s, while US spending has stayed largely unchanged, lacking cash transfers, parental leave support and funded childcare. This leaves US middle-aged adults, who balance work, child-raising and elder care, facing steadily rising loneliness across generations. Healthcare affordability and income inequality worsen the situation. The US spends the most on healthcare globally, yet individuals face limited access and high out-of-pocket costs, leading to stress, anxiety and medical debt. Income inequality has also grown in the US, unlike in Europe, and is linked to poorer health and greater loneliness, as it restricts education, employment and social service access. Cultural patterns and weak social safety nets also contribute to the issue. Americans move frequently and live far from extended families, weakening social ties. Later US generations also face financial insecurity, while Europe’s stronger safety nets protect its middle-aged population. Notably, education is losing its protective power: despite higher educational attainment, US middle-aged adults show episodic memory decline, weakened by ongoing stress and health risks. The researchers stress these outcomes are not unavoidable. Personal social engagement can lessen stress, but individual efforts are insufficient — strong policy-backed safety nets are essential to reverse the troubling midlife health trends in the US. 1．What led to America’s midlife crisis according to Infurna’s research? A．Close living space but loose social bonds. B．Heavy life pressures but weak social supports. C．Insufficient education and unfair work opportunities. D．Unhealthy lifestyle and limited access to medical care. 2．What is a major difference in family policies between the US and Europe? A．Europe has cared less about social ties. B．The US has adjusted cash transfer policies. C．The US has broadened parental leave support. D．Europe has increased family benefits spending. 3．What conclusion can be drawn about US healthcare from the text? A．People lack accessible and affordable care. B．It lays emphasis on people’s mental health. C．The government cuts down healthcare spending. D．Medical debt is people’s biggest financial burden. 4．What is the key to the solution of US midlife crisis? A．Individual social involvement. B．Experts’ long-term professional guidance. C．Gradual transformation of cultural patterns. D．Strong government-supported social protections. Passage 11 （2026·浙江杭州·二模）In recent years, consumers have increasingly sought “clean-label” foods — products made with natural ingredients. This trend has driven scientists to search for safe, natural preservatives. They have turned their attention to a part of the cashew nut (腰果) that is often thrown away — the shell. From it, they extract Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) and find that it contains special natural substances that can fight bacteria and prevent decay (变质). While this dark liquid has been studied for use in industries like paint and medicine, its potential for preserving food had not been fully explored until now. The scientists designed a careful experiment to test whether CNSL could help preserve beef, one of the most widely consumed meats globally. They applied the liquid to beef samples at different concentrations. Some meat was left untreated as controls. The samples were then stored under different conditions — some at room temperature and others in refrigeration — for two weeks. During storage, a detailed microbiological evaluation was conducted to quantify total viable (活菌) counts and specific spoilage organisms, including Pseudomonas spp., Clostridium spp., and Proteus spp. Physicochemical analyses monitored changes in pH and water activity, while bacteria growth was assessed during storage at room temperature. The scientists discovered that the CNSL-treated meat showed significantly less bacterial growth than untreated meat. The effect was strongest at higher concentrations, with a 2.0% solution providing excellent protection while maintaining meat quality. Even at room temperature, it effectively delayed the meat’s souring process and reduced bacteria growth, helping the beef stay fresh-looking longer. The researchers note that further studies are needed to understand whether the liquid affects the taste and texture of the beef, and how it might be combined with modern packaging for even better results. Still, this study opens a window into nature’s own way of keeping food fresh — hidden inside a humble cashew shell. 1．Why are scientists studying cashew nut shells? A．To reduce waste in the food industry. B．To improve the taste of processed foods. C．To find natural alternatives to artificial preservatives. D．To develop new industrial materials for paint and medicine. 2．What was the primary focus of the microbiological evaluation? A．The variety of cashew species. B．The safety of refrigerated beef. C．The changes in pH and water activity. D．The effectiveness of CNSL against bacteria. 3．What does the experiment suggest about CNSL? A．It can improve meat quality over time. B．It performs best at room temperature. C．It speeds up the meat’s souring process. D．Its concentration and the storage life are closely related. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the future of CNSL? A．Fully convinced. B．Cautiously optimistic. C．Hesitant and doubtful. D．Neutral and objective. Passage 12 （2026·浙江杭州·二模）Are we about to use Gene Editing Technology to grow wings? Will we all be uploading our brains to the Amazon cloud? If you love science and engineering, sci-fi is the place you turn to imagine the answers. The problem is that many people are getting the wrong messages from these visions of tomorrow. There are two main ways that people misread sci-fi. Let’s start with the simpler one, known as the Torment Nexus Problem. Coined in a 2021 tweet, it refers to a situation in which people read or watch a sci-fi story but focus on its futuristic tech — which, in the original stories, is often the very source of human suffering — rather than the story’s actual point. As a result, you get billionaire Peter Thiel co-founding a company called Palantir, named after the fantasy tech of the “seeing stones” in The Lord of the Rings that drive their users to evil and madness. Palantir’s products have recently been used in airstrikes on Gaza. The author J. R. R. Tolkien would not be amused. The second major way people misread science fiction could be called the Blueprint Problem. Essentially, it’s the mistaken idea that sci-fi provides an exact model for what is coming next and if we copy what happens in sci-fi, we will arrive in a glorious future. The Blueprint Problem inspired a lot of early space programmes in the 1950s, which prioritised putting humans into space rather than exploring it remotely with robotic spacecraft. We were told AI would become our obedient servants and brilliant experts in so much sci-fi over the past century, making robocops and holographic (全息的) doctors seem inevitable — but they aren’t. Science fiction isn’t a map or a prescription. Instead, it is a world view, a way of approaching problems with the underlying assumption that things don’t have to be the way they are. The future isn’t predetermined; it’s a process, and people are actively shaping it. 1．The mention of “Palantir” serves to show that __________. A．Tolkien’s work has inspired real-world evil B．name-choosing is vital for a company’s image C．sci-fi serves as a practical guide for inventors D．the sci-fi story’s true message often goes unnoticed 2．What is the “Blueprint Problem” as described in paragraph 3? A．Having robots take over human jobs. B．Viewing sci-fi as a perfect future model. C．Expecting authors to engineer real tech. D．Favoring robots over astronauts in space. 3．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Sci-fi exposes the essence of things. B．Sci-fi is a rigid guide for future planning. C．Sci-fi is a mindset for re-examining reality. D．Sci-fi predicts specific technological outcomes. 4．What can be a suitable title for the passage? A．The Misreading Traps of Sci-Fi B．The Hidden Dangers of Sci-Fi C．The Moral Dilemmas in Sci-Fi D．The Technological Fantasies of Sci-Fi Passage 13 （2026·浙江宁波·二模）Despite decades of medical advances, detecting health-related molecule (分子) still relies on bodily liquids like blood, requiring blood draws from most patients, especially people with diabetes who need frequent finger pricks. However, researchers from the University of Chicago have developed a portable device named ABLE, which collects and detects molecules in the air. This 4×8-inch device is a potential game-changer for medicine and public health. Detecting molecules in the air has long fallen behind liquid detection, mainly because target particles (微粒) are extremely dilute — there may be only one in a trillion. To solve this problem, the team turned air into liquid. The device draws in air, adds water vapor with a humidifier, and cools it to turn air into small drops. These drops trap particles and slide into a small container, making detection easy with common tools used for liquid analysis. Early tests proved its effectiveness. It caught easily evaporated (挥发的) coffee vapor, detected glucose in breath, identified E. coli in the air, and found signs of inflammation (炎症) in mice with unhealthy gut bacteria. Obviously, it solved the problem of capturing molecules that evaporate easily — a major worry during the device’s development. The device was first inspired by the need for non-invasive tests for premature babies in ICUs. These fragile babies are likely to have health problems, and repeated blood tests may put them in danger. Doctors hope the device can track health signs without taking blood, protecting these high-risk patients. It also shows promise for diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease, though the related breath signs first need to be recorded. The team plans to improve and make it smaller to create a wearable device for daily use. Besides medical uses, this achievement may open the door to new physics research on air impurities and state changes of matter. As a new tool for detecting air chemistry, ABLE fills the space between air and liquid molecule analysis, creating possibilities for various new developments in healthcare and science. 1．Why did the researchers develop ABLE? A．To change medicine and public health. B．To take the place of blood tests in hospitals. C．To reduce finger pricks for patients with diabetes. D．To identify health molecules without liquid samples. 2．What can we infer about ABLE? A．It is small and wearable for daily use. B．It has overcome a key technical challenge. C．It has proved useful for newly born babies. D．It diagnoses inflammatory bowel disease easily. 3．Who will least likely benefit from ABLE? A．A chemist. B．A psychologist. C．A physician. D．A physicist. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Tool for Bodily Liquid Analysis. B．A Tool for Airborne Particle Capture. C．A Device for Air Molecule Detection. D．A Device for Non-Invasive Health Checks. Passage 14 （2026·浙江·二模）When you’re learning a new language, there are a lot of things to remember: spelling rules, grammar rules, punctuation rules… the list is endless. But there’s something that can help you: mnemonics [pronounced “nemonics”]. Mnemonics are techniques to help you remember things. There are a variety of them, including rhymes, spelling acronyms and sentence mnemonics. Rhymes are a great way to remember things. The sounds, unusual words and rhythm of them help you recall ideas. Do you know when Columbus sailed to America? There’s a rhyme to help you which goes like this, “In fourteen-hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.” Most people who’ve heard that never forget it! Spelling acronyms involve creating a sentence based on the letters of a target word. For example, the following sentence can help you with the spelling of the word “because”, “Big elephants can always understand small elephants”. Notice how the first letter of each word in the sentence spells out the word “because”. And if you can’t remember the spelling of the word “mnemonics”, use this one “Mike never eats meat or nuts in case he’s sick”! Sentence mnemonics are also useful. The following can help you with the difference between the words “principal” and “principle”, “A principal is your pal at school, and a principle is a belief or rule.” Or this one to help you remember the difference in spelling between “deserts” (such as the Sahara) and “desserts” (such as Tiramisu), “A dessert has two sugars so it’s sweeter, but a desert only has one.” [The two “sugars” mentioned in the sentence refer to the two s’s in the word “dessert”.] You can learn grammar rules with sentence mnemonics too. For example, this one can help you with the position of adjectives, “Adjectives come before nouns just as ‘A’ comes before ‘N’.” And this one can help you learn about the use of apostrophes (撇号), “Apostrophes show possession.” Mnemonics can help a lot with language learning. Why not try inventing a few of your own! 1．What are mnemonics in the passage? A．Professional tool books. B．Specific language model. C．Language learning strategies. D．Different language rules. 2．Why is the rhyme about Columbus mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To compare rhymes with other techniques. B．To show how rhymes make facts memorable. C．To prove that Columbus was a great explorer. D．To explain the importance of historical events. 3．Which of the following is an example of a sentence mnemonic? A．“In 1066, the Normans did fix” rhymes the year of the Norman Conquest. B．“George’s elderly old grandfather rode a pig home yesterday” helps spell “geography”. C．“My very educated mother just served us noodles” helps remember the order of planets. D．“A stationery store sells paper, while a stationary car doesn’t move” differentiates words. 4．Which of the following would the author probably agree with about inventing mnemonics? A．It requires special training. B．It does not take much time or effort. C．It is something readers can try themselves. D．Language teachers should use it in class. Passage 1 （2026·浙江宁波·二模）Consumers rely on various ways to pay daily expenses. The problem is that they tend to spend more with cashless payment methods in comparison to cash. This striking cashless effect has recently been confirmed by researchers from the University of Adelaide. Led by PhD Student Lachlan Schomburgk, the research team analysed 71 published and unpublished studies from 17 countries, including data from more than 11,000 unique participants. They’ve found that cashless payments lead people to spend more on status-signalling goods like jewellery, while this effect is notably absent in acts of donation or tipping. “Through this meta-analysis, we identified key factors that make the cashless effect stronger or weaker, which individual studies could not find. By doing this, we uncovered new key understandings that had often been overlooked by other researchers in individual studies.” Schomburgk explains. The findings indicate that consumers should be mindful of how they pay for goods or services, as this helps them spend less, especially critical in the current cost-of-living crisis. To avoid overspending, they’re advised to carry cash instead of cards whenever possible as a self-control method. When using cash, they count and hand over notes and coins, making spending more noticeable. If nothing is physically handed over, it’s easy to lose track of how much is spent. The study also provides useful insights for businesses and policymakers. “Businesses should know failing to accept the cashless revolution might unintentionally be jeopardising profit potential,” Schomburgk says. “And policymakers should communicate to individuals unfamiliar with cashless payments, such as people who don’t have bank accounts, about the possibility of cashless methods to lead to overspending.” Schomburgk stresses a need for urgent in-depth studies of new payment methods, as research on their specific impacts remains limited due to their novelty. Studying these methods is vital to keep pace with the evolving payment ecosystem and deepen understanding of modern consumers’ spending habits. 1．What has the study found about the cashless effect? A．It exists in acts of donation. B．It weakens with more cash use. C．It links to the living cost crisis. D．It works in specific consumption. 2．Why did the team adopt the meta-analysis? A．To solve the overspending problem. B．To compare cash and cashless payments. C．To confirm factors causing the effect. D．To break the limitations of single studies. 3．What does the underlined word “jeopardising” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Risking. B．Preserving. C．Shifting. D．Boosting. 4．What can be inferred about new payments according to Schomburgk? A．They need to be popularized. B．They are developing rapidly. C．They should be further studied. D．They will affect spending habits. Passage 2 （2026·浙江·二模）Swindale Beck meanders (蜿蜒) through fields, farmland and valleys. However, not long ago, the river took a far more straight course. A healthy river should be winding, free flowing and filled with wildlife. The ideal river is “very dynamic, messy and chaotic”, says Glen Swainson, a manager of RSPB．In Britain, however, 97% of rivers are broken up by artificial barriers. And for centuries rivers have been slowly artificially straightened to stop water from flooding and spilling onto farmland and houses. But removing a river’s natural meanders has, in fact, achieved the opposite effect. Instead, it has disrupted the flow of rivers and destroyed water habitats, water quality and heightened flood risk. As the poor health of Europe’s rivers and streams continues to make news, communities are turning towards natural solutions to restore their rivers. According to Tom Hayek, a natural flood management specialist, adding meanders into rivers has two benefits — it changes both the volume and the speed of water. Firstly, it decreases what’s known as flow conveyance. “When the length of the river is increased, you spread water over a wider area. This allows more water to sit up in the headwaters.” The second impact is on speed. Put simply, the more structure you add to the shape of a river, the slower the water will move down it. If it’s straight, water will “fly” through, says Hayek. When the flow of water is slowed, it creates deeper pools for fish to gather and rest. With meanders added to Swindale Beck, the results were astonishing, says Annabel Rushton, a visitor experience manager. “Within three months of that river being re-wiggled, the salmon (鲑鱼) were spawning (产卵) in that one kilometre area for the first time in over150 years,” she says. Scientists have also noted an increase in fish gathering. Then, there were the knock-on effects. Water-loving plants returned, providing cover for young fish to feed and hide. 1．Why were many rivers in Britain artificially straightened in the past? A．To increase the natural flow of rivers. B．To improve water habitats for wildlife. C．To create barriers for flood management. D．To protect people and land from floods. 2．What problem may be caused by removing a river’s meanders? A．Lower water levels.B．Poorer farming land.C．Worse water quality. D．Drier wildlife habitats. 3．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The benefits of adding meanders. B．The impacts of straightening rivers. C．The examples of controlling floods. D．The needs of increasing water speed. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Nature conservation is often a long game. B．Species co-exist and function as a whole. C．Eco-recovery can happen at a high speed. D．Bio-diversity relies on human intervention. Passage 3 （2026·浙江·二模）For decades, horror enthusiasts have been broadly perceived as cold, unfeeling individuals who get pleasure from witnessing suffering. Critics and even some academics have labeled them as adrenaline (肾上腺素) addicts lacking empathy, suggesting that their interest in films like Saw stems from psychological deficiency. However, recent research challenges these long-held assumptions, proposing a more detailed and complex understanding of why people are drawn to horror. The claim that horror fans must lack empathy has been supported by some early studies. Yet, a closer examination reveals methodological flaws: mixing up the enjoyment of cruelty with a general interest in horror narratives. When such flawed studies are ruled out, the supposed link between low empathy and horror enjoyment disappears. And, recently, more reliable research confirms that horror fans show no less empathy or compassion than others; on some measures, they even score higher. Another popular theory suggests that horror fans are simply chasing an adrenaline rush. While this may be true for some enthusiasts, newer studies unfold a more complex picture. Researchers have identified different types of fans: some are indeed “adrenaline junkies”, but others, termed “white knucklers”, use horror to confront and overcome personal fears. A third group, “dark copers”, finds an emotional release in fictional horror, using it to process real-life difficulties. Beyond these motivations, a key personality trait driving horror fandom is “morbid curiosity”—a natural desire to learn about threatening or death-related subjects. This curiosity may be beneficial. Studies indicate that individuals with higher morbid curiosity are often better prepared for real-life crises and show greater resilience during stressful times. Horror fans, it seems, may be practising emotional regulation when they play with their fears through scary entertainment. The evidence paints a picture of horror fans being empathetic, curious and psychologically sophisticated. horror is a testament to human adaptability and our remarkable capacity to find meaning, connection and even growth in the face of our deepest fears. Recognising this not only helps us understand horror fans more accurately, but also illuminates something profound about human nature itself. 1．What does the underlined word “deficiency” mean in paragraph 1? A．Weakness. B．Strength. C．Curiosity. D．Misunderstanding. 2．What led to the results of early studies? A．The limited sample size of participants. B．The confusion of vital key concepts. C．The ignorance of horror-cruelty connections. D．The adoption of outdated methodology. 3．What can we infer about people with higher morbid curiosity? A．They may lack emotional regulation skills. B．They may be more adaptable to challenges. C．They may become more sensitive to adversity. D．They may be more exposed to real-life crises. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Dismissing Myths: The Truth about horror Fans B．horror Films: Impact on Audience Empathy C．horror enthusiasts: Living Proof of Empathy Loss D．Morbid Curiosity: The Ultimate Goal of horror Passage 4 （2026·浙江丽水·二模）Near the Dominican Republic’s coast, tiny lab-grown “coral babies” are attached to spider-like metal structures in underwater nurseries. This is the assisted coral fertilization program led by local marine protection group Fundemar, offering a glimmer of hope for the world’s declining coral reefs. The technology is critically important amid severe reef degradation. Seventy percent of the Dominican Republic’s coral reefs now have less than 5% coral cover. Climate change not only kills corals directly through warming oceans but also significantly reduces the natural reproduction chances of surviving individuals. “What was once normal in coral reefs is no longer possible for many species,” noted Andreina Valdez, a biologist at Fundemar. Assisted fertilization fills this gap by artificially facilitating gamete fusion (配子融合) . The implementation follows a precise process. Each year, a few days after the full moon at dusk, corals release millions of eggs and sperm. Fundemar’s team collects these gametes, performs artificial fertilization in the lab, and nurtures the larvae (幼体) until they are robust enough for transplantation to reefs. Though only 1% of the 2. 5 million embryos cultivated annually survive in the wild, this rate still outperforms natural reproduction on degraded reefs. It holds distinct advantages over the non-sexual reproduction used in the past. Non-sexual reproduction involves transplanting fragments of healthy corals, which is faster but produces genetically identical clones vulnerable to mass disease outbreaks. In contrast, assisted sexual reproduction creates genetically diverse individuals, significantly lowering the risk of widespread die-offs. Originating in Australia, the technology has now expanded across the Caribbean, with projects in Mexico, Curaçao, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica. However, a fundamental challenge remains: climate change. UNESCO data shows oceans are warming twice as fast as 20 years ago, increasing coral bleaching risks. Expert Mark Eakin stated, “You can’t conserve something if you don’t have it. So these programs are helping to expand the population that’s out there.” Yet he urgently warns, “Without tackling the 800-pound gorilla of climate change, much restoration work could be wiped out.” But, for Fundemar, current efforts matter, “We are investing immense effort to protect what we love, and we trust many around the world are doing the same. ” 1．What is the purpose of the first paragraph? A．To explain the reason of coral decline. B．To advocate for coral protection. C．To present a coral conservation project. D．To highlight coral’s economic value. 2．What does the underlined phrase “this gap” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．The challenge of climate change. B．The lack of funding for marine research. C．The absence of underwater nurseries. D．The failure of natural coral reproduction. 3．What is the primary advantage of assisted fertilization? A．Faster growth. B．Wide-spread application. C．Genetic diversity. D．Lower disease-resistance. 4．What is Mark Eakin’s attitude toward assisted fertilization? A．Entirely supportive. B．Clearly indifferent. C．Strongly opposed. D．Cautiously hopeful. Passage 5 （2026·浙江·二模）Many high achievers in science and technology fields carry a secret fear. Despite their excellent grades and awards, they worry that others will soon discover they do not truly belong. They feel like frauds. In their minds, their success is not due to talent or hard work. Instead, they believe it is just luck or good timing. This psychological pattern is known as “impostorism.” It is different from low self-esteem. Even with clear proof of ability, these individuals doubt themselves constantly. Recent research by Jiyun Elizabeth Shin from Binghamton University shows how common this feeling is. Her study found that nearly all women in graduate STEM programs experience impostor feelings. The number is even higher for women of color. These women feel like intellectual cheats. They think people overestimate their intelligence. They live in fear of being exposed as incompetent and undeserving of their positions. Why does success feel like luck? Impostorism changes how people view their achievements. They cannot accept that they earned their success. Instead, they credit outside factors. This makes them worry that they cannot repeat their success. For women in STEM, negative stereotypes make this worse. Society often wrongly suggests that women lack natural ability in these fields. When few women are seen in leadership roles, it reinforces the doubt. This makes it harder for them to believe in their own skills. The consequences of these feelings are serious. Shin’s research links impostorism to poor mental health and burnout. It also leads many to consider dropping out of their programs. A fixed mindset, which believes ability cannot change, makes things worse. If people think they cannot grow, any failure seems to prove they were never good enough. However, adopting a flexible view of ability can help reduce these fears. Although many high achievers suffer in silence, talking about it matters. Keeping these feelings secret increases stress and isolation. Open conversations can be a powerful step toward healing. While more research is needed to find the best solutions, social support is already known to help. By sharing their stories, women in STEM can realize they are not alone. This connection may protect their emotional well-being and encourage them to stay in their chosen fields. 1．What is the main characteristic of people suffering from impostorism? A．They lack actual professional skills. B．They attribute success to external chances. C．They suffer from severe depression daily. D．They refuse to accept any form of awards. 2．Why do negative stereotypes affect women in STEM more deeply? A．They prevent women from entering universities. B．They suggest women rely only on luck for jobs. C．They make it hard to accept personal achievements. D．They force women to hide their true intelligence. 3．What can be inferred about a “fixed mindset” from the text? A．It helps people avoid taking unnecessary risks. B．It encourages people to seek social support actively. C．It turns small failures into proof of incompetence. D．It guarantees high achievements in scientific fields. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A．To call for more financial support for researchers. B．To emphasize the value of open communication. C．To criticize the current education system strictly. D．To list all the symptoms of mental health issues. Passage 6 （2026·浙江·二模）A recent study from the University of California San Diego reveals a surprising factor affecting global crop stability: the original source of rainfall. Published in Nature Sustainability, the research tracks atmospheric moisture back to where it first evaporated, whether from oceans or land surfaces like soil, lakes, and forests. Sunlight heats these surfaces, turning water into vapor that rises and eventually returns as rain. While ocean-derived moisture often travels across continents in large weather systems, land-based moisture, known as recycled rainfall, fuels more localized storms. The study finds that the balance between ocean and land moisture strongly influences regional drought risk and farm productivity. ‌“Our work changes how we view drought risk,” said Yan Jiang, the study’s lead author. ‌“It is not just about the amount of rain, but where that rain comes from.” Using nearly 20 years of satellite data, researchers discovered that when more than one-third of precipitation originates from land, croplands become significantly more vulnerable to drought. Ocean-driven systems usually bring heavier, consistent rain, whereas land-driven systems produce lighter, less predictable showers. This makes crops especially weak during critical growth stages when water is most needed. The research highlights two high-risk areas: the U.S. Midwest and tropical East Africa. In the Midwest, frequent droughts may be worsened by a reliance on land-sourced moisture. When soil dries out, evaporation decreases, leading to less future rain — a self-reinforcing cycle known as a ‌“rainfall feedback loop.” Since this region supplies much of the world’s grain, such disruptions affect global food markets. Farmers there may need to focus on saving soil moisture and improving irrigation efficiency to break this cycle. East Africa faces a different challenge. Rapid expansion of farmland and loss of nearby rainforests threaten the very moisture sources that sustain local rainfall. ‌“Farmers are clearing forests to grow crops, but those forests help generate the rain the crops need,” Jiang explained. If these moisture sources disappear, local food security will be at greater risk. However, smarter land management, such as conserving forests, can still protect rainfall patterns. Ultimately, the study emphasizes that forests act as natural rainmakers. By releasing water vapor through transpiration, they help form clouds that rain over surrounding fields. Protecting these ecosystems is not just about biodiversity; it is essential for sustaining agriculture. This new framework links land use decisions with rainfall patterns, offering a vital tool for climate-smart planning and drought resilience in a changing world. 1．What makes crops more likely to suffer from drought according to the study? A．The total amount of annual rainfall. B．The distance moisture travels from oceans. C．A high proportion of rain coming from land. D．The speed at which water evaporates from soil. 2．What can be inferred about the ‌“rainfall feedback loop” in the Midwest? A．It helps farmers predict weather changes accurately. B．It creates a cycle where dry land leads to less rain. C．It increases the consistency of ocean-driven storms. D．It reduces the need for irrigation in grain production. 3．What is the main conflict facing farmers in East Africa? A．They lack technology to track satellite data. B．They must choose between growing crops and preserving rain sources. C．They rely too heavily on ocean-derived moisture for farming. D．They are forced to move their farms to coastal regions. 4．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning forests in the last paragraph? A．To argue for stopping all agricultural expansion. B．To explain how biodiversity protects animal habitats. C．To highlight the role of ecosystems in maintaining rainfall. D．To suggest replacing forests with more efficient irrigation systems. Passage 7 （2026·浙江嘉兴·二模）Owning a smartphone before age 13 may harm mental health in early adulthood, according to a global study of over 100,000 young people. Published in a respected journal, the research found that adults aged 18 to 24 who received their first phone at 12 or younger were more likely to experience suicidal thoughts, aggression, and a detachment from reality. They also showed poorer emotional control and lower self-worth compared to those who got phones later. These negative effects are largely linked to early access to social media, which increases risks of cyberbullying, sleep problems, and weakened family bonds. Dr. Tara Thiagarajan, lead author of the study, warns that early smartphone use causes a profound shift in mental wellbeing. She notes that symptoms like aggression and detachment are often missed by standard mental health checks but can have serious consequences for society as they become more common in younger generations. The study used a special tool called the Mind Health Quotient (MHQ) to measure wellbeing. Results showed that MHQ scores dropped significantly the younger a child was when they got their first phone. For instance, scores averaged 30 for those who started at 13 but fell to just 1 for those who started at age five. The percentage of young people struggling with severe symptoms rose notably, especially among females. This pattern was consistent across different cultures and regions, suggesting a critical period of vulnerability during childhood. While the study does not prove direct causation, the scale of potential harm is too great to ignore. Researchers urge policymakers to take precautionary actions similar to regulations on alcohol and tobacco. Recommendations include restricting smartphone access for children under 13, mandating digital literacy education in schools, and holding technology companies accountable for age violations. Several countries have already begun limiting phone use in schools, with some reports showing improved student focus. In conclusion, while smartphones offer opportunities for connection and learning, early exposure to AI-driven digital environments appears to compromise the developing mind. Experts argue that waiting for absolute proof of harm might mean missing the chance to prevent it. Protecting mental health during these critical developmental years requires joint efforts from parents, schools, and governments to ensure a healthier future for the next generation. 1．What is a major consequence of owning a smartphone before age 13 mentioned in the text? A．Improved academic performance in high school. B．Increased risks of aggression and suicidal thoughts. C．Better ability to manage face-to-face interactions. D．Stronger relationships with family members in adulthood. 2．Why does Dr. Thiagarajan emphasize the need for new policy measures? A．Because current laws strictly ban all smartphone use for children. B．Because standard mental health checks often miss specific symptoms. C．Because technology companies have already solved the cyberbullying issue. D．Because the study proves smartphones directly cause all mental diseases. 3．What can be inferred from the data about the Mind Health Quotient (MHQ) scores? A．Scores remain stable regardless of the age of first smartphone ownership. B．Males are more affected by early smartphone use than females globally. C．Earlier ownership correlates with a sharper decline in mental wellbeing scores. D．The MHQ tool is only effective in measuring physical health issues. 4．What is the authors’ attitude towards waiting for further research before taking action? A．Supportive, as more data is needed to confirm the findings. B．Indifferent, since the problem affects only a small group of people. C．Critical, believing delay could miss the chance for prevention. D．Optimistic, thinking the market will naturally solve the issue. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解（说明文） Passage 1 （2026·浙江温州·二模）Why does “bouba” sound round and “kiki” sound spiky (尖锐的)? This perception, known as “bouba-kiki” effect, is reliable all over the world, and for at least a century, scientists have considered it a clue to the origin of language, theorizing that maybe our ancestors built their first words upon these associations between sound and shape. But a new study published in Science adds an unexpected finding: baby chickens make these same pairings, suggesting that the link to human language may not be so unique. The study was led by Maria Loconsole, a comparative psychologist at the University of Padua. She and her colleagues placed chicks in front of two panels: one featured a flowerlike shape with gently rounded curves; the other had a spiky shape like a cartoon explosion. They then played recordings of humans saying either “bouba” or “kiki” and observed the birds’ behavior. When the chicks heard “bouba,” 80 percent of them approached the round shape first and spent an average of more than three minutes exploring it compared with an average of just under one minute spent exploring the spiky shape. When the chicks heard “kiki,” the opposite occurred. One long-standing theory that these associations are inspired by the shape your mouth makes when you say each word can now be ruled out, since the chicks showed the effect despite being unable to speak. Instead the “bouba-kiki” effect may originate from the physical properties of objects themselves. When round objects hit the ground or roll, they typically produce more continuous, low-frequency sounds than spiky ones. A built-in grasp of those dynamics, linking sight and sound, could help newborn animals quickly make sense of their environment, possibly to locate food or avoid predators (食肉动物). The “bouba-kiki” effect may have played a role in the emergence of language. But for chickens, this same tendency seems to serve a more evolutionary purpose. “Even if language is unique to humans,” Loconsole says, “that doesn’t mean that it comes from an ability that is unique to humans.” 1．What does the new study focus on? A．The origin of human language. B．Sound-shape connections in chicks. C．Animals’ recognition of shapes. D．Brain-behavior relationships of birds. 2．In what way do the chicks respond differently to the two sounds? A．Sound localization. B．Reaction speed. C．Exploration preference. D．Matching accuracy. 3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about concerning the effect? A．Its historical context. B．Its potential application. C．Its overlooked limitation. D．Its possible explanation. 4．What does Loconsole say about the effect? A．It originated in birds. B．It shows evolutionary tendency. C．It’s shared across species. D．It’s vital to language emergence. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了“bouba-kiki”效应，即人们会将“bouba”与圆润形状、“kiki”与尖锐形状联系起来；一项新研究发现雏鸡也存在这种音形关联现象，并提出该效应可能源于物体物理属性，同时说明这种能力并非人类独有。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But a new study published in Science adds an unexpected finding: baby chickens make these same pairings, suggesting that the link to human language may not be so unique.(但发表在《科学》杂志上的一项新研究有了意外发现：雏鸡也会做出同样的配对，这表明这种与人类语言的关联可能并非人类独有。)”以及第二段对雏鸡实验的描述可知，这项新研究关注的是雏鸡身上的声音与形状的关联。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“When the chicks heard ‘bouba,’ 80 percent of them approached the round shape first and spent an average of more than three minutes exploring it compared with an average of just under one minute spent exploring the spiky shape. When the chicks heard ‘kiki,’ the opposite occurred.(当雏鸡听到‘bouba’时，80%会先靠近圆润形状，平均花三分多钟探索它，而探索尖锐形状的时间平均不到一分钟。听到‘kiki’时则相反。)”可知，雏鸡对两种声音的不同反应体现在探索偏好上。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“One long-standing theory that these associations are inspired by the shape your mouth makes when you say each word can now be ruled out, since the chicks showed the effect despite being unable to speak. Instead the “bouba-kiki” effect may originate from the physical properties of objects themselves.(一种长期存在的理论认为，这些关联是由你说每个单词时嘴巴的形状引起的，现在可以排除这种说法，因为小鸡尽管不会说话，但还是表现出了这种效果。相反，“bouba-kiki”效应可能源于物体本身的物理特性。)”可知，本段主要是对该效应产生的原因给出可能的解释。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Even if language is unique to humans,” Loconsole says, “that doesn’t mean that it comes from an ability that is unique to humans.”(洛康索莱说：“即使语言是人类独有的，这也并不意味着它源自一种人类独有的能力。”)”可知，她认为这种音形关联能力在不同物种间是共有的。故选C。 Passage 2 （2026·浙江宁波·二模）The ocean may appear boundless. It’s easy to imagine that fish and other ocean creatures swim freely without restriction. That assumption, however, is mistaken. According to ecologist Karissa Lear, many ocean species stick to specific habitats and seldom go beyond them. This habit can cause unexpectedly big problems, especially when human-built structures get in the way. Take, for example, the green sawfish living near the mouth of the Ashburton River in Western Australia. In 2017, a large structure was built by the shore, stretching about 550 yards into the sea. As Lear had feared, the construction did harm the critically endangered green sawfish — they were unable to pass around the barrier. To Lear, this discovery supported a surprising new idea that ocean animals, much like land species, need a helping hand getting around human-built structures. On land, wildlife crossings are becoming more common. Green bridges, for instance, help bears and elk avoid a road in Canada’s Banff National Park. In 2022, a wildlife crossing in Washington State was used more than 5,000 times by animals such as deer and coyotes. Although the bridges are already popular on land, Lear says little attention has been paid to the idea of wildlife crossings designed to help ocean animals get around safely. For ocean animals, too many barriers can cut them off from important feeding sites. Overly limited movement can lead to the development of isolated groups that are more likely to go extinct. With more large structures planned for the Ashburton River area, Lear says the cumulative (累积的) effect of multiple barriers is a real concern for the green sawfish’s future. As the climate continues to change, paying attention to the needs of ocean animals is important. Many are moving farther north, and they need suitable habitats to move through. To address this, we can create crossings through human-built structures or protect habitats along their migration routes. As we continue to engineer the ocean, such efforts could go a long way toward protecting ocean life. 1．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By detailing research findings. B．By describing a natural scene. C．By addressing public concerns. D．By challenging a common belief. 2．What effect did the structure near the Ashburton River have? A．It provided a new habitat for ocean life. B．It blocked the path of the green sawfish. C．It attracted more new species to the area. D．It drove the green sawfish into deep waters. 3．What does Lear imply about wildlife crossings? A．They have reduced road accidents on land. B．They will replace ocean barriers eventually. C．They have destroyed land animals’ habitats. D．They are urgently needed for ocean animals. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Wildlife Crossings: From Land to Sea B．When Ocean Life Is in Danger C．The Sawfish That Lost Their Way Home D．Ocean Structures: No Harm Done 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了海洋动物因人类建造的结构面临生存障碍，呼吁建立海洋动物通道以保护其生存。 1．推理判断题。 根据第一段中“The ocean may appear boundless. It’s easy to imagine that fish and other ocean creatures swim freely without restriction. That assumption, however, is mistaken.(海洋似乎无边无际。人们很容易想象鱼类和其他海洋生物可以不受限制地自由游动。然而，这种假设是错误的)”可知，作者通过挑战一个普遍的观念来引出问题。故选D。 2．细节理解题。 根据第二段中“As Lear had feared, the construction did harm the critically endangered green sawfish — they were unable to pass around the barrier.(正如Lear所担心的那样，这项工程确实对极度濒危的绿锯鳐造成了伤害——它们无法绕过障碍物)”可知，阿什伯顿河附近的结构阻挡了绿锯鳐的路径。故选B。 3．推理判断题。 根据第三段中“Although the bridges are already popular on land, Lear says little attention has been paid to the idea of wildlife crossings designed to help ocean animals get around safely.(尽管这种桥梁在陆地上已经很受欢迎，但Lear表示，专门为帮助海洋动物安全通行而设计的野生动物通道却很少受到关注)”以及第四段中“With more large structures planned for the Ashburton River area, Lear says the cumulative (累积的) effect of multiple barriers is a real concern for the green sawfish’s future.(随着阿什伯顿河地区计划建造更多的大型建筑，Lear表示，多重障碍的累积效应确实令人担忧绿锯鳐的未来)”可推知，Lear暗示海洋动物迫切需要野生动物通道。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。 根据第三段中“On land, wildlife crossings are becoming more common.(在陆地上，野生动物通道越来越普遍)”、最后一段中“To address this, we can create crossings through human-built structures or protect habitats along their migration routes.(为了解决这个问题，我们可以在人类建造的结构中建立通道，或者保护它们迁徙路线上的栖息地)”以及结合全文可知，本文主要介绍了海洋动物因人类建造的结构面临生存障碍，呼吁建立海洋动物通道以保护其生存。由此可知，A选项“野生动物通道：从陆地到海洋”最适合作为文章标题。故选A。 Passage 3 （2026·浙江宁波·二模）The grammar school boy from Stratford-Upon-Avon has made headlines again after a groundbreaking study showed that Shakespeare does benefit children’s literacy and emotional development, but only if they can act him out. The study found that a drama-based approach to teaching Shakespeare broadened children’s vocabulary, improved the quality of their writing, and enhanced their emotional understanding. “The way actors work makes a big difference to how children use language and how they think about themselves,” said Jacqui O’Hanlon, lead researcher of the study. The random trial involved hundreds of Year 5 pupils (aged nine and ten) at 45 state primary schools. The children were divided into a target group and a control group. Both groups read a passage from Romeo and Juliet and were asked to write a letter as Romeo after being separated from Juliet. Before writing, the target group took part in a 30-minute drama-based activity, while the control group did not. It was shown that pupils in the target group drew on a wider vocabulary, used more complicated or rarer words, and wrote at greater length. They also appeared more comfortable writing in role. While pupils in the control group imagined how they themselves would react to being separated from a loved one, children in the target group put themselves in Romeo’s shoes and expressed that character’s emotion. O’Hanlon said she had been most surprised by the emotional understanding evident in the children’s writing, and that they showed deeper empathy and expressed emotions more vividly. “It is probably related to the drama-based process, where you are used to trying to think and feel as the character,” she added. But could the results be reproduced with any old dramatists? O’Hanlon said more research would be needed but suggested that Shakespeare’s use of 20,000 words, compared with the everyday 2,000 words, gave a massive expansion of language into children’s lives, which was combined with children using their whole bodies to bring words to life. 1．What does the study encourage children to do? A．Perform Shakespeare’s works. B．Write their own original plays. C．Learn Shakespeare’s lines by heart. D．Watch professional acting on stage. 2．Which aspect of the study does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．Its procedure. B．Its background. C．Its purpose. D．Its significance. 3．What impressed O’Hanlon most about the target group’s writing? A．Passage fluency. B．Emotional depth. C．Word complexity. D．Plot imagination. 4．What can be learned from the text? A．Practice makes perfect. B．Learning by doing works best. C．Reading makes a full man. D．Words are the voice of the mind. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项研究表明，通过戏剧方式教授莎士比亚作品能提升孩子的读写能力和情感理解力。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The grammar school boy from Stratford-Upon-Avon has made headlines again after a groundbreaking study showed that Shakespeare does benefit children’s literacy and emotional development, but only if they can act him out.(这位来自埃文河畔斯特拉特福德的文法学校男生再次成为头条新闻，此前一项突破性的研究表明，莎士比亚确实有益于儿童的读写能力和情感发展，但前提是他们能把他演出来)”以及第二段中“The study found that a drama-based approach to teaching Shakespeare broadened children’s vocabulary, improved the quality of their writing, and enhanced their emotional understanding.(研究发现，以戏剧为基础的莎士比亚教学方法拓宽了孩子们的词汇量，提高了他们的写作质量，增强了他们的情感理解力)”可知，这项研究鼓励孩子们表演莎士比亚的作品。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段中“The random trial involved hundreds of Year 5 pupils (aged nine and ten) at 45 state primary schools. The children were divided into a target group and a control group. Both groups read a passage from Romeo and Juliet and were asked to write a letter as Romeo after being separated from Juliet. Before writing, the target group took part in a 30-minute drama-based activity, while the control group did not.(这项随机试验涉及45所公立小学的数百名五年级学生（9岁和2岁）。孩子们被分为目标组和对照组。两组都阅读了《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中的一段，并被要求以罗密欧的身份写一封信，讲述与朱丽叶分离后的感受。在写作之前，目标组参加了一个30分钟的以戏剧为基础的活动，而对照组没有)”可知，本段介绍了研究的参与对象、分组方式与具体实验步骤，即介绍了研究的过程。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“O’Hanlon said she had been most surprised by the emotional understanding evident in the children’s writing, and that they showed deeper empathy and expressed emotions more vividly.(O’Hanlon说，最让她惊讶的是孩子们写作中表现出的情感理解力，他们表现出更深的同理心，更生动地表达情感)”可知，O’Hanlon对目标组写作印象最深刻的是情感深度。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The study found that a drama-based approach to teaching Shakespeare broadened children’s vocabulary, improved the quality of their writing, and enhanced their emotional understanding.(研究发现，以戏剧为基础的莎士比亚教学方法拓宽了孩子们的词汇量，提高了他们的写作质量，增强了他们的情感理解力)”以及倒数第二段中““It is probably related to the drama-based process, where you are used to trying to think and feel as the character,” she added.(她补充道：“这可能与基于戏剧的过程有关，在这个过程中，你习惯于像角色一样思考和感受。”)”可推知，通过戏剧表演实践学习莎士比亚效果显著，体现“在实践中学习效果最佳”。故选B。 Passage 4 （2026·浙江绍兴·二模）When spring arrives, keeping warm becomes less of an issue. However, scientists remind us it is not just a seasonal necessity — heat is also a valuable energy resource that can be stored. Researchers at Kaunas University of Technology (KTU) have discovered an innovative solution beneath our feet: using soil as an efficient thermal energy(热能) storage system. KTU professor Dr Tadas Ždankus and his team have been investigating how the ground can serve as a medium for heat storage. At the core of their research is a ground-based heat accumulator that would store left energy underground and make it available when demand peaks. Initially, the team explored how to use wind energy to produce heat via a hydraulic system (液压系统). They found that so-called hydraulic losses, typically seen as inefficiencies, were actually generating usable heat.However, part of heat was lost before reaching buildings. The question became how to not only decrease heat loss but also store it. To test this idea, the researchers conducted experiments using an artificial heat source placed in surface soil layers. They measured how heat spreads and persists in the ground. In one test, when the soil was heated to the boiling point, it caused a phase change (相变), in which liquid water becomes vapor.“Phase change can be an efficient way. We noticed a sharp temperature rise wherever the vapour flow reached. This means the energy is moving and can be controlled.” says Prof. Ždankus. Once the possibility of underground heat storage was confirmed, researchers began exploring its practical applications. They developed a pilot model ground energy cell to study how heat spread through soil. The year-long measurements revealed the soil beneath buildings could passively store heat, making use of the natural downward flow of heat from buildings into the ground. To put these ground-based storage systems into widespread use, researchers are now developing scaled-down pilot models and refining heat distribution control methods.“Our immediate goal is to integrate existing solutions into a system that can benefit both industry and residential sectors.” Ždankus concludes. 1．What is the main goal of the KTU research project? A．To reduce winter heating costs. B．To capture thermal energy from soil. C．To store underground heat for later use. D．To promote hydraulic system efficiency. 2．What can be inferred from paragraphs 3-4? A．Phase change makes heat control possible. B．Hydraulic losses can be avoided by heat transfer. C．Vapour flow contributes to big temperature drops. D．Heat production poses a great challenge to experts. 3．What are researchers doing for the practical use of the systems? A．Building large-scale industrial heating systems. B．Developing test models with improved control. C．Applying the technology to residential sectors. D．Reducing the energy consumption of buildings. 4．Which of the following would be the suitable title for the text? A．From Wind to Warmth: an Unexpected Path B．Future System: Uniting Industry and Home Heating C．A New Discovery: Turning Hydraulic Loss into Gain D．The Ground Beneath: A New Frontier in Heat Storage 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了考纳斯理工大学 (KTU)的研究人员发现可以利用土壤作为高效的热能储存系统，介绍了该研究的背景、过程、实际应用以及未来的发展方向。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“At the core of their research is a ground-based heat accumulator that would store left energy underground and make it available when demand peaks. (他们研究的核心是一个基于地面的热蓄能器，它可以将剩余的能量储存在地下，并在需求高峰时提供能量。)”可知，KTU研究项目的主要目标是将地下的热量储存起来以备后用。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“In one test, when the soil was heated to the boiling point, it caused a phase change (相变), in which liquid water becomes vapor. “Phase change can be an efficient way. We noticed a sharp temperature rise wherever the vapour flow reached. This means the energy is moving and can be controlled.” says Prof. Ždankus. (在一次测试中，当土壤被加热到沸点时，会引起相变，即液态水变成蒸汽。“相变可以是一种有效的方式。我们注意到，蒸汽流到达的任何地方，温度都会急剧上升。这意味着能量在移动，是可以控制的。”Ždankus教授说。)”可知，相变使热量控制成为可能。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“To put these ground-based storage systems into widespread use, researchers are now developing scaled-down pilot models and refining heat distribution control methods. (为了使这些基于地面的存储系统得到广泛应用，研究人员目前正在开发缩小的试点模型，并改进热量分配控制方法。)”可知，研究人员正在开发具有改进控制的测试模型，以实现该系统的实际应用。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Researchers at Kaunas University of Technology (KTU) have discovered an innovative solution beneath our feet: using soil as an efficient thermal energy (热能) storage system. (考纳斯理工大学 (KTU)的研究人员在我们脚下发现了一个创新的解决方案：利用土壤作为高效的热能储存系统。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了研究人员发现可以利用土壤作为高效的热能储存系统，所以“脚下的土地：热能储存的新前沿”可以作为文章标题。故选D项。 Passage 5 （2026·浙江台州·二模）Have you ever found someone copying your gestures or facial expressions during a conversation? This is the Chameleon (变色龙) Effect, the nonconscious mimicry (模仿) of others’ behaviors. Just like a chameleon integrates into its environment, people unconsciously mimic others’ gestures, mannerisms or accents to build connections and smooth interactions, which is a common yet easily overlooked human trait. Psychologists John Bargh and Tanya Chartrand proved the Chameleon Effect in a 1999 experiment. They asked 78 participants to talk with experimenters during a personality test. To avoid conscious mimicry, researchers used photos as a distraction during conversations. The results showed participants unconsciously increased face touching by 20% and foot movement by 50% to match the experimenters. Another part found people who were mimicked rated the experimenters more positively, showing mimicry boosts likability. The Chameleon Effect stems from two main reasons. It is rooted in human empathy — people mimic others to share feelings and build emotional bonds. It also evolved as a survival trait: fitting in with a group helps people gain support and avoid danger. In daily life, this explains why couples or close friends gradually adopt similar speech habits or gestures. This effect also appears in speech and social settings. People may unconsciously pick up others’ accents or phrases after long interactions. For example, a football player once accidentally used a French accent during an interview after living in France for months, a typical display of the effect. However, excessive mimicry may make people lose their sense of self. Such over-mimicry can lead to confusion about one’s true personality. Overall, the Chameleon Effect is a positive social tool that promotes connection and empathy. It helps reduce social tension and build trust between people. While it helps people integrate into groups, balancing mimicry with self-identity is crucial to avoiding losing oneself in social interactions. With this awareness, people can use the effect wisely while preserving their own uniqueness. 1．Which of the following is an example of the “Chameleon Effect”? A．A girl copies her deskmate’s movements. B．A driver follows a policeman’s directions. C．An applicant learns the judge’s expressions by heart. D．An assistant practices a foreigner’s tones on purpose. 2．What can be inferred about the “Chameleon Effect” from paragraph 2? A．Personality changes with conscious mimicry. B．Likability increases mimicry in conversations. C．People mimic others to gain group acceptance. D．Mimicry arouses shared feelings between couples. 3．What is the downside of excessive mimicry? A．The loss of self-identity. B．An end to true connection. C．The failure of mutual trust. D．A decrease in social tension. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the “Chameleon Effect”? A．Doubtful. B．Critical. C．Dismissive. D．Cautious. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“变色龙效应”，即人们无意识地模仿他人的行为以建立联系和促进互动，探讨了其产生的原因、表现以及过度模仿的负面影响，并指出要平衡模仿与自我认同。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Have you ever found someone copying your gestures or facial expressions during a conversation? This is the Chameleon (变色龙) Effect, the nonconscious mimicry (模仿) of others’ behaviors. (你是否发现有人在对话中模仿你的手势或面部表情？这就是变色龙效应，即无意识地模仿他人的行为。)”可知，变色龙效应是无意识地模仿他人行为。A选项“一个女孩模仿她同桌的动作”，符合无意识模仿这一特点，是变色龙效应的例子。B选项“司机听从警察的指挥”，是有意识的行为；C选项“申请人用心学习评委的表情”，是有意识的；D选项“助手故意练习外国人的语调”，是有意为之。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“It also evolved as a survival trait: fitting in with a group helps people gain support and avoid danger. (它也是一种生存特征：融入群体有助于人们获得支持并避免危险。)”可知，人们模仿他人是为了融入群体，获得群体接受。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“However, excessive mimicry may make people lose their sense of self. Such over-mimicry can lead to confusion about one’s true personality. (然而，过度模仿可能会让人失去自我意识。这种过度模仿会导致对自己真实性格的困惑。)”可知，过度模仿的缺点是失去自我意识。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While it helps people integrate into groups, balancing mimicry with self-identity is crucial to avoiding losing oneself in social interactions. With this awareness, people can use the effect wisely while preserving their own uniqueness. (虽然它有助于人们融入群体，但在社交互动中平衡模仿与自我认同对于避免迷失自我至关重要。有了这种意识，人们可以明智地利用这种效应，同时保持自己的独特性。)”可知，作者认为要平衡模仿与自我认同，明智利用变色龙效应，说明作者对变色龙效应持谨慎态度。故选D项。 Passage 6 （2026·浙江温州·二模）The room looks like your typical office: white walls, low ceilings, gray carpet worn thin from years of foot traffic. But for this vacant (空着的) office outside Dupont Circle in Washington, D．C．, real estate developers see potential. Cities across the U.S. are struggling with two problems: too much empty office space and not enough housing. Nationally, office vacancy rates reached roughly 20% in 2024, after years of employees working from home. At the same time, the national housing shortage is in the millions. Cities like D．C．, are now betting that by turning empty offices into homes, one crisis can help solve the other. A project in D．C．, which broke ground last month, is the largest such conversion (转化) in the city to date. The overall structure of the buildings will remain the same, but with major additions: a lighter-colored exterior will replace the gray concrete from the 1960s, and old inefficient windows will be replaced by larger ones that let in more light per unit. Plans include luxuries such as a pool and a dog park, with projected rent around $4,000 per month. Yet 60 units will be set aside as affordable housing. “We would love to do more,” says Matt Pestronk, the president of a development company, “but unfortunately, almost all capital seeks a return. This was as much as we could afford to do.” “The scale of the shortage far outpaces what conversions can provide.” says Tracy Loh, a fellow at the Brookings Institution who studies adaptive reuse of old buildings. But she argues that these projects still matter, “It does kill two birds with one stone, in terms of providing some housing supply.” And it tends to create housing in central, transit-accessible areas that are in high demand. The decline of manufacturing (制造业) in the late 20th century offers a glimpse of what comes next. When shifts happen in the economy and society, the built environment must change to match contemporary demand. Just as empty factory floors became trendy apartments, today’s empty office spaces are turning into stylish kitchens and bedrooms. 1．What are cities like DC trying to do? A．Repurpose empty offices. B．Tear down unused buildings. C．Build housing in suburbs. D．Encourage working from home. 2．What can be inferred about the project in paragraph 3? A．It requires structural changes. B．It targets low-income families. C．It is funded by the government. D．It balances profit and social needs. 3．What does Tracy Loh think of the conversion? A．Realistic. B．Far-reaching. C．Demanding. D．Short-sighted. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Cities Are Caught in Crisis B．Housing Demand Is Crying for More C．Offices Are Becoming Homes D．Manufacturing Is Gaining a Second Life 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国许多城市面临办公室空置率高和住房短缺的双重危机，一些城市开始尝试将空置的办公楼改造成住宅，以同时缓解这两个问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Cities like D.C., are now betting that by turning empty offices into homes, one crisis can help solve the other. (像华盛顿特区这样的城市现在正押注于通过将空置的办公室改造成住宅，让一个危机帮助解决另一个危机)”可知，华盛顿特区等城市正试图重新利用空置的办公室。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Plans include luxuries such as a pool and a dog park, with projected rent around $4,000 per month. Yet 60 units will be set aside as affordable housing. (计划包括游泳池和狗狗公园等豪华设施，预计月租金约为4000美元。然而，将有60套单元被留作经济适用房)”可知，该项目既包含高租金的高端单元，也包含经济适用房单元，在追求商业回报的同时也兼顾了社会需求。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“But she argues that these projects still matter, “It does kill two birds with one stone, in terms of providing some housing supply.” (但她认为这些项目仍然很重要，“就提供一些住房供应而言，这确实是一举两得”)”可知，Tracy Loh认为这种改造是现实的、可行的。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“But for this vacant (空着的) office outside Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C., real estate developers see potential. (但对于华盛顿特区杜邦环岛外的这间空置办公室，房地产开发商看到了潜力)”以及后文关于将空置办公室改造成住宅的讨论可知，本文主要讲述了将办公室改造成住宅的趋势。故C项“Offices Are Becoming Homes (办公室正在变成住宅)”能概括文章内容，最适合做文章标题。故选C项。 Passage 7 （2026·浙江金华·二模）In 1993, more than 700 people were sickened (and four died) after eating at a fast-food restaurant chain. It took investigators 39 days to determine that the illnesses were connected and more than a month to find the thing that was making people sick: hamburgers contaminated (污染) with E. coli. Food safety experts and other scientists knew there had to be a faster way to detect and link outbreaks. They determined that if public health laboratories could each conduct the same kind of DNA analysis on bacteria and then share the data, dots could be connected and outbreaks could be identified sooner. And so, PulseNet was born. Launched in 1996, PulseNet, developed in partnership with APHL, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), other federal partners and four state public health labs, is a national laboratory network that analyzes a pathogen’s (病原体) unique DNA fingerprint. The resulting data are published to a national database. Microbiologists and epidemiologists from around the country can access the database and determine if there are similarities that indicate cases are related and even share a common source of infection. PulseNet enables investigators to identify eight illness-causing pathogens and discover outbreak clusters (组) in near real-time. Investigations that used to take weeks, for example, can now take only days. That quick turnaround time is essential to saving lives. CDC reports that in the 30 years since PulseNet has been in action, over 1 billion pounds of contaminated food have been recalled and an estimated 270,000 foodborne illnesses associated with three common illness-causing bacteria — Salmonella, E. coli and Listeria — have been prevented. By developing new technologies such as PulseNet 2.0, the newly launched data analysis platform, PulseNet continues to enhance its ability to detect and prevent additional illnesses. In celebration of PulseNet’s milestone birthday, we rounded up stories illustrating the enormous impact the network has had on disease monitoring and outbreak detection. Read on to learn how each one emphasizes PulseNet’s vital contribution to human, animal and environmental health. 1．What does the author want to show by telling the fast-food chain outbreak? A．Food safety was a top priority. B．Illness detection was inefficient. C．Fast food required stricter regulation. D．Public health was a challenging issue. 2．What can PulseNet do? A．Identify rare bacteria. B．Cure certain diseases. C．Collect patients’ fingerprints. D．Conduct DNA analysis on bacteria. 3．What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about concerning PulseNet? A．Its features. B．Its contributions. C．Its future plans. D．Its working principles. 4．What is the purpose of this text? A．To explain the birth of PulseNet. B．To introduce a laboratory network. C．To collect stories for an anniversary. D．To show the progress of food safety tools. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了PulseNet这一全国性实验室网络的诞生、功能及其对疾病监测和疫情预防的巨大贡献。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“In 1993, more than 700 people were sickened (and four died) after eating at a fast-food restaurant chain. It took investigators 39 days to determine that the illnesses were connected and more than a month to find the thing that was making people sick: hamburgers contaminated (污染) with E. coli.(1993年，超过700人在一家连锁快餐店就餐后出现中毒症状（其中4人死亡）。调查人员耗时39天才确认这些病例互相关联，又花了一个多月才找到致病元凶：被大肠杆菌污染的汉堡。)”可知，作者通过讲述快餐连锁店爆发疫情的事件，想要表明疾病检测效率低下。故选B。 2．细节理解题。 根据第三段中“Launched in 1996, PulseNet, developed in partnership with APHL, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), other federal partners and four state public health labs, is a national laboratory network that analyzes a pathogen’s (病原体) unique DNA fingerprint.(PulseNet于1996年推出，是与美国公共卫生实验室协会（APHL）、美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）、其他联邦合作伙伴和四个州公共卫生实验室合作开发的，是一个全国性的实验室网络，用于分析病原体的独特DNA指纹。)”可知，PulseNet能对细菌进行DNA分析。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。 根据第五段中“CDC reports that in the 30 years since PulseNet has been in action, over 1 billion pounds of contaminated food have been recalled and an estimated 30,000 foodborne illnesses associated with three common illness-causing bacteria — Salmonella, E. coli and Listeria — have been prevented.(美国疾病控制与预防中心报告称，在PulseNet投入使用的30年里，超过10亿磅受污染的食品被召回，估计有3万例与三种常见致病菌——沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和李斯特菌——相关的食源性疾病得到了预防。)”可知，第五段主要讲了PulseNet的贡献。故选B。 4．推理判断题。 通读全文，尤其是根据第三段中“Launched in 1996, PulseNet, developed in partnership with APHL, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), other federal partners and four state public health labs, is a national laboratory network that analyzes a pathogen’s (病原体) unique DNA fingerprint.(PulseNet于1996年推出，是与美国公共卫生实验室协会（APHL）、美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）、其他联邦合作伙伴和四个州公共卫生实验室合作开发的，是一个全国性的实验室网络，用于分析病原体的独特DNA指纹。)”以及后文对PulseNet的介绍可知，这篇文章的目的是介绍一个实验室网络。故选B。 Passage 8 （2026·浙江金华·二模）Inspiration for Zeynep Demirbas’ research struck during a chat with a friend. That friend, a psychologist, said some health insurance companies were pushing the use of artificial intelligence, such as ChatGPT, for mental health. The idea: AI might be less costly and easier to access than human therapists (治疗专家). That worried Zeynep, 14. She knew that ChatGPT often gave wrong answers or agreed with incorrect statements. Could this type of AI, known as a large language model — or LLM — really be trusted with our mental health? To find out, she tested whether several LLMs could detect stress in human text. She gave the models a dataset of more than 3,500 posts. Human raters had been asked to label each one as containing stress or not. Then Zeynep asked the models to identify which posts showed stress. To judge how well the models did, Zeynep calculated something called an F1-score for each one. This score considers how many stress-containing posts the models accurately spotted. It also accounts for how often the models missed cases of stress and how often they mislabeled posts as showing stress. An LLM specifically designed for mental health did the best. It scored about 82 percent. ChatGPT scored only about 74 percent. ChatGPT performing badly was “really surprising”, Zeynep says. It did even worse than the “random-forest” model, which is “supposed to be a very simple and old technique. So I just put it in as a baseline,” Zeynep says. “That was very interesting — how something so small and simple was able to beat an LLM like ChatGPT that used millions of parameters (参数) and had so much coding go into it.” “We should be mindful with AI,” Zeynep says. “That doesn’t mean that LLMs are bad, because they’re for general use. They’re not necessarily meant for mental health.” Her data led her to conclude that LLMs should not be replacing human therapists. Instead, these models might help identify people who are struggling and refer them to a mental health professional. 1．What worried Zeynep when chatting with a friend? A．AI is applied to mental health. B．Human therapists charge high fees. C．AI is developing at an alarming rate. D．Health insurance companies face challenges. 2．Why were the human raters asked to label the posts? A．To assess the reliability of the posts. B．To figure out the F1-scores of different LLMs. C．To provide a reference standard for LLM testing. D．To assess human raters’ accuracy in detecting stress. 3．Why does Zeynep mention the random-forest model? A．To erase doubts about old models. B．To compare simple and complex models. C．To illustrate the urgent need for more parameters. D．To show the poor performance of LLMs in the test. 4．What does Zeynep mean in the last paragraph? A．LLMs are generally useless in most fields. B．Humans are responsible for improving AI. C．LLMs need more training in identifying mental struggles. D．Humans still play a dominant role in addressing mental issues. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是14岁的Zeynep Demirbas针对大型语言模型（LLMs）在心理健康领域应用展开的研究。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“That friend, a psychologist, said some health insurance companies were pushing the use of artificial intelligence, such as ChatGPT, for mental health. The idea: AI might be less costly and easier to access than human therapists (治疗专家).(这位朋友是位心理学家，他说一些健康保险公司正在推广使用人工智能技术，比如 ChatGPT，来辅助心理健康治疗。其想法是：与人类治疗师相比，人工智能可能成本更低、更容易获取。)”和第二段“That worried Zeynep, 14.(这让 14 岁的Zeynep感到担忧。)”可知，Zeynep在与朋友聊天时担心的是人工智能被应用于心理健康领域。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Human raters had been asked to label each one as containing stress or not. Then Zeynep asked the models to identify which posts showed stress.(此前，人类评估者已被要求给每条帖子标注是否包含压力。然后，Zeynep让这些模型识别哪些帖子显示出压力。)”可知，Zeynep给模型提供包含3500多个帖子的数据集，让人类评估者标记每个帖子是否包含压力，然后让模型识别哪些帖子显示压力，因此人类评估者的标记是为模型测试提供了参考标准，故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“It did even worse than the “random-forest” model, which is “supposed to be a very simple and old technique. So I just put it in as a baseline,” Zeynep says. “That was very interesting — how something so small and simple was able to beat an LLM like ChatGPT that used millions of parameters (参数) and had so much coding go into it.”(它的表现甚至还不如“随机森林”模型，“随机森林模型本应是一种非常简单且古老的技术，所以我只是把它作为基准”，Zeynep说，“这非常有趣——一个如此小巧简单的模型，居然能够击败像ChatGPT这种使用了数百万个参数、投入了大量代码编写的大型语言模型。”)”可知，Zeynep提及随机森林模型是为了展示大型语言模型在测试中的表现不佳。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Her data led her to conclude that LLMs should not be replacing human therapists. Instead, these models might help identify people who are struggling and refer them to a mental health professional.(她的数据让她得出结论：大型语言模型不应取代人类治疗师。相反，这些模型或许可以帮助识别出那些正陷入困境的人，并将他们转介给心理健康专业人士。)”可知，Zeynep根据数据得出LLMs不应取代人类治疗师，而是可辅助识别有困扰的人并转介给专业人士，说明人类在解决心理问题方面仍占主导地位，故选D。 Passage 9 （2026·浙江嘉兴·二模）At any bus stop or while waiting in line, most people will have their heads down scrolling (滚屏) on their phones. But studies suggest if you resist that urge and let your mind wander instead, there could be some serious benefits. We actually spend nearly half our waking time daydreaming, but it isn’t always pleasant. A study found people even preferred electric shocks to being alone with their thoughts. This explains why we automatically reach for phones during downtime Social psychology professor Erin Westgate compares mindless scrolling to “brain candy” — momentarily pleasurable but lacking in meaning. She adds human achievements largely come from higher-order thinking. So next time you have a few minutes free, put away your phone and let your mind wander. Many people fear boredom, but this fear is often overblown. In a 2022 study, people predicted they would hate 20 minutes alone doing nothing, yet afterward reported greater enjoyment than expected. According to researcher Kou Murayama, the ability to mentally wander — to reflect on past experiences, and consider others’ viewpoints — is a distinctly human capacity that boosts learning and helps understand others. Mind-wandering is also key to problem-solving. People often find solutions better after unfocused thinking than intentional effort alone, especially during routine tasks like driving or showering. Even when people are not actively thinking, their brains remain active in a so-called default mode (默认模式), allowing ideas to connect in new ways. It’s especially helpful for complex problems. Beyond cognitive (认知的) benefits, daydreaming also boosts social and emotional connections. A study found imagining pleasant interactions with loved ones made people feel closer. Social daydreaming allows individuals to practice conversations, reflect on past interactions, and prepare for future social situations. As psychologist Poerio says, our ability to mentally “time travel” helps us better handle the social world. Murayama says he now tries to resist checking his phone during short waits and let his thoughts wander. He finds simply entertaining oneself mentally can be both satisfying and meaningful. 1．Why does Erin Westgate compare mindless scrolling to “brain candy”? A．It does harm to people’s health. B．It helps people to avoid boredom. C．It replaces deep thinking in daily life. D．It brings quick but shallow enjoyment. 2．What is the 2022 study used to demonstrate? A．Phone addiction is avoidable. B．Daydreaming is undervalued. C．Being alone promotes learning. D．Self-reflection defines humans. 3．What does the default mode suggest? A．Unfocused thinking fuels creativity. B．Intentional effort brings new ideas. C．Complex tasks require active minds. D．Routines involve little brain activity. 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Maintain Focus in the Digital Age B．Discover the Joy of Being Truly Alone C．Unlock the Power of Your Wandering Mind D．Explore Secret Benefits of Social Daydreaming 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了让思想开小差（白日梦）带来的多方面益处。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Social psychology professor Erin Westgate compares mindless scrolling to “brain candy” — momentarily pleasurable but lacking in meaning.(社会心理学教授艾琳・韦斯特盖特将无意义的刷手机行为比作“大脑糖果”—— 能带来片刻愉悦，却毫无深层价值。)”可知，艾琳·韦斯特盖特将无意识的刷手机行为比作“大脑糖果”是因为它带来的是快速但肤浅的享受。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“In a 2022 study, people predicted they would hate 20 minutes alone doing nothing, yet afterward reported greater enjoyment than expected. According to researcher Kou Murayama, the ability to mentally wander — to reflect on past experiences, and consider others’ viewpoints — is a distinctly human capacity that boosts learning and helps understand others.(在2022年的一项研究中，人们预测他们会讨厌20分钟什么都不做的独处，但事后报告的享受程度比预期的要高。根据研究人员村山浩的说法，在精神上漫游的能力——反思过去的经历，考虑他人的观点——是一种明显的人类能力，可以促进学习并帮助理解他人。)”可知，2022年的研究被用来证明白日梦被低估了。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Even when people are not actively thinking, their brains remain active in a so-called default mode (默认模式), allowing ideas to connect in new ways. It’s especially helpful for complex problems.(即使人们没有积极思考，他们的大脑仍然以所谓的默认模式保持活跃，让想法以新的方式连接起来。这对复杂问题特别有帮助。)”可知，默认模式表明不专注的思考激发创造力。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“But studies suggest if you resist that urge and let your mind wander instead, there could be some serious benefits.(但研究表明，如果你抵制这种冲动，让你的思想开小差，可能会有一些严重的好处。)”可知，文章主要讲述了让思想开小差的好处，所以“Unlock the Power of Your Wandering Mind(释放你漫游思想的能量)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选C。 Passage 10 （2026·浙江绍兴·二模）Middle age has become a critical breaking point in the US. Those born in the 1960s and early 1970s report higher level of loneliness and depression, along with declining memory and physical strength — an unusual trend when compared with other wealthy nations, where midlife health and well-being have improved, especially inNordic Europe. To figure out the root cause, Arizona State University psychologist Frank J. Infurna and his colleagues analyzed survey data from 17 countries. They concluded that America’s real midlife crisis stems from balancing work, finances, family and health amid weakening social supports, rather than personal lifestyle choices. Their findings, published in Current Directions in Psychological Science, point to multiple contributing factors and offer directions for change. Family policy differences mark a key gap between the US and Europe. European countries have increased family welfare expenditure (支出) since the early 2000s, while US spending has stayed largely unchanged, lacking cash transfers, parental leave support and funded childcare. This leaves US middle-aged adults, who balance work, child-raising and elder care, facing steadily rising loneliness across generations. Healthcare affordability and income inequality worsen the situation. The US spends the most on healthcare globally, yet individuals face limited access and high out-of-pocket costs, leading to stress, anxiety and medical debt. Income inequality has also grown in the US, unlike in Europe, and is linked to poorer health and greater loneliness, as it restricts education, employment and social service access. Cultural patterns and weak social safety nets also contribute to the issue. Americans move frequently and live far from extended families, weakening social ties. Later US generations also face financial insecurity, while Europe’s stronger safety nets protect its middle-aged population. Notably, education is losing its protective power: despite higher educational attainment, US middle-aged adults show episodic memory decline, weakened by ongoing stress and health risks. The researchers stress these outcomes are not unavoidable. Personal social engagement can lessen stress, but individual efforts are insufficient — strong policy-backed safety nets are essential to reverse the troubling midlife health trends in the US. 1．What led to America’s midlife crisis according to Infurna’s research? A．Close living space but loose social bonds. B．Heavy life pressures but weak social supports. C．Insufficient education and unfair work opportunities. D．Unhealthy lifestyle and limited access to medical care. 2．What is a major difference in family policies between the US and Europe? A．Europe has cared less about social ties. B．The US has adjusted cash transfer policies. C．The US has broadened parental leave support. D．Europe has increased family benefits spending. 3．What conclusion can be drawn about US healthcare from the text? A．People lack accessible and affordable care. B．It lays emphasis on people’s mental health. C．The government cuts down healthcare spending. D．Medical debt is people’s biggest financial burden. 4．What is the key to the solution of US midlife crisis? A．Individual social involvement. B．Experts’ long-term professional guidance. C．Gradual transformation of cultural patterns. D．Strong government-supported social protections. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。美国中年人孤独抑郁、健康下滑，研究发现源于生活压力大且社会支持弱，与欧洲福利政策差距明显，需政策完善社会保障。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“They concluded that America’s real midlife crisis stems from balancing work, finances, family and health amid weakening social supports, rather than personal lifestyle choices.(他们得出结论称，美国真正的中年危机并非源于个人的生活方式选择，而是由于在社会支持不断减弱的情况下，人们需要平衡工作、财务、家庭和健康等方面的关系)”可知，根据英弗纳的研究，导致美国出现“中年危机”的原因是重大的生活压力但缺乏有效的社会支持。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“European countries have increased family welfare expenditure (支出) since the early 2000s, while US spending has stayed largely unchanged, lacking cash transfers, parental leave support and funded childcare.(自21世纪初以来，欧洲各国大幅增加了家庭福利支出，而美国的此类支出则基本保持不变，缺乏现金补助、父母假政策支持以及有资金保障的儿童保育服务)”可知，美国和欧洲在家庭政策方面的主要区别是欧洲增加了对家庭的补贴支出。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The US spends the most on healthcare globally, yet individuals face limited access and high out-of-pocket costs, leading to stress, anxiety and medical debt.(美国在全球范围内在医疗保健方面的投入最多，但个人却面临着有限的就医渠道和高昂的自付费用，这导致了压力、焦虑以及医疗债务等问题的产生)”可知，人们难以获得便捷且价格合理的医疗服务。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Personal social engagement can lessen stress, but individual efforts are insufficient — strong policy-backed safety nets are essential to reverse the troubling midlife health trends in the US.(个人的社交活动能够减轻压力，但单靠个人努力是不够的——强有力的、有政策支持的保障体系对于扭转美国中年时期令人担忧的健康状况趋势至关重要)”可知，解决美国中年危机的关键是强大的政府支持下的社会保障体系。故选D。 Passage 11 （2026·浙江杭州·二模）In recent years, consumers have increasingly sought “clean-label” foods — products made with natural ingredients. This trend has driven scientists to search for safe, natural preservatives. They have turned their attention to a part of the cashew nut (腰果) that is often thrown away — the shell. From it, they extract Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) and find that it contains special natural substances that can fight bacteria and prevent decay (变质). While this dark liquid has been studied for use in industries like paint and medicine, its potential for preserving food had not been fully explored until now. The scientists designed a careful experiment to test whether CNSL could help preserve beef, one of the most widely consumed meats globally. They applied the liquid to beef samples at different concentrations. Some meat was left untreated as controls. The samples were then stored under different conditions — some at room temperature and others in refrigeration — for two weeks. During storage, a detailed microbiological evaluation was conducted to quantify total viable (活菌) counts and specific spoilage organisms, including Pseudomonas spp., Clostridium spp., and Proteus spp. Physicochemical analyses monitored changes in pH and water activity, while bacteria growth was assessed during storage at room temperature. The scientists discovered that the CNSL-treated meat showed significantly less bacterial growth than untreated meat. The effect was strongest at higher concentrations, with a 2.0% solution providing excellent protection while maintaining meat quality. Even at room temperature, it effectively delayed the meat’s souring process and reduced bacteria growth, helping the beef stay fresh-looking longer. The researchers note that further studies are needed to understand whether the liquid affects the taste and texture of the beef, and how it might be combined with modern packaging for even better results. Still, this study opens a window into nature’s own way of keeping food fresh — hidden inside a humble cashew shell. 1．Why are scientists studying cashew nut shells? A．To reduce waste in the food industry. B．To improve the taste of processed foods. C．To find natural alternatives to artificial preservatives. D．To develop new industrial materials for paint and medicine. 2．What was the primary focus of the microbiological evaluation? A．The variety of cashew species. B．The safety of refrigerated beef. C．The changes in pH and water activity. D．The effectiveness of CNSL against bacteria. 3．What does the experiment suggest about CNSL? A．It can improve meat quality over time. B．It performs best at room temperature. C．It speeds up the meat’s souring process. D．Its concentration and the storage life are closely related. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the future of CNSL? A．Fully convinced. B．Cautiously optimistic. C．Hesitant and doubtful. D．Neutral and objective. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家从腰果壳中提取天然物质用于肉类保鲜的研究。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“This trend has driven scientists to search for safe, natural preservatives. They have turned their attention to a part of the cashew nut (腰果) that is often thrown away — the shell.(这一趋势促使科学家们寻找安全、天然的防腐剂。他们把注意力转向了腰果中经常被扔掉的一部分——果壳)”可知，科学家研究腰果壳是为了寻找人工防腐剂的天然替代品。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“During storage, a detailed microbiological evaluation was conducted to quantify total viable (活菌) counts and specific spoilage organisms, including Pseudomonas spp., Clostridium spp., and Proteus spp. Physicochemical analyses monitored changes in pH and water activity, while bacteria growth was assessed during storage at room temperature. The scientists discovered that the CNSL-treated meat showed significantly less bacterial growth than untreated meat.(在储存过程中，进行了详细的微生物评估，以量化总活菌数和特定的腐败菌，包括假单胞菌属、梭菌属和变形杆菌属。理化分析监测了pH值和水分活性的变化，同时在室温下储存期间评估了细菌的生长情况。科学家们发现，经CNSL处理的肉类比未经处理的肉类细菌生长明显更少)”可知，微生物评估的主要焦点是CNSL对细菌的抑制效果。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The effect was strongest at higher concentrations, with a 2.0% solution providing excellent protection while maintaining meat quality. Even at room temperature, it effectively delayed the meat’s souring process and reduced bacteria growth, helping the beef stay fresh-looking longer.(这种效果在较高浓度下最强，2.0%的溶液在保持肉质的同时提供了极好的保护。即使在室温下，它也有效地延缓了肉的变酸过程，减少了细菌的生长，帮助牛肉保持新鲜，看起来更久)”可知，实验表明CNSL的浓度与保鲜效果密切相关，浓度越高效果越好。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The researchers note that further studies are needed to understand whether the liquid affects the taste and texture of the beef, and how it might be combined with modern packaging for even better results. Still, this study opens a window into nature’s own way of keeping food fresh — hidden inside a humble cashew shell.(研究人员指出，需要进一步的研究来了解这种液体是否会影响牛肉的味道和质地，以及如何将其与现代包装相结合以获得更好的效果。尽管如此，这项研究还是打开了一扇窗户，让我们了解大自然自己保持食物新鲜的方式——隐藏在一个不起眼的腰果壳里)”可知，作者认为研究虽需深入，但对CNSL的潜力持谨慎乐观态度。故选B。 Passage 12 （2026·浙江杭州·二模）Are we about to use Gene Editing Technology to grow wings? Will we all be uploading our brains to the Amazon cloud? If you love science and engineering, sci-fi is the place you turn to imagine the answers. The problem is that many people are getting the wrong messages from these visions of tomorrow. There are two main ways that people misread sci-fi. Let’s start with the simpler one, known as the Torment Nexus Problem. Coined in a 2021 tweet, it refers to a situation in which people read or watch a sci-fi story but focus on its futuristic tech — which, in the original stories, is often the very source of human suffering — rather than the story’s actual point. As a result, you get billionaire Peter Thiel co-founding a company called Palantir, named after the fantasy tech of the “seeing stones” in The Lord of the Rings that drive their users to evil and madness. Palantir’s products have recently been used in airstrikes on Gaza. The author J. R. R. Tolkien would not be amused. The second major way people misread science fiction could be called the Blueprint Problem. Essentially, it’s the mistaken idea that sci-fi provides an exact model for what is coming next and if we copy what happens in sci-fi, we will arrive in a glorious future. The Blueprint Problem inspired a lot of early space programmes in the 1950s, which prioritised putting humans into space rather than exploring it remotely with robotic spacecraft. We were told AI would become our obedient servants and brilliant experts in so much sci-fi over the past century, making robocops and holographic (全息的) doctors seem inevitable — but they aren’t. Science fiction isn’t a map or a prescription. Instead, it is a world view, a way of approaching problems with the underlying assumption that things don’t have to be the way they are. The future isn’t predetermined; it’s a process, and people are actively shaping it. 1．The mention of “Palantir” serves to show that __________. A．Tolkien’s work has inspired real-world evil B．name-choosing is vital for a company’s image C．sci-fi serves as a practical guide for inventors D．the sci-fi story’s true message often goes unnoticed 2．What is the “Blueprint Problem” as described in paragraph 3? A．Having robots take over human jobs. B．Viewing sci-fi as a perfect future model. C．Expecting authors to engineer real tech. D．Favoring robots over astronauts in space. 3．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Sci-fi exposes the essence of things. B．Sci-fi is a rigid guide for future planning. C．Sci-fi is a mindset for re-examining reality. D．Sci-fi predicts specific technological outcomes. 4．What can be a suitable title for the passage? A．The Misreading Traps of Sci-Fi B．The Hidden Dangers of Sci-Fi C．The Moral Dilemmas in Sci-Fi D．The Technological Fantasies of Sci-Fi 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出人们常误读科幻，存在痛苦联结与蓝图两大问题，强调科幻非规划图，而是审视现实、塑造未来的思维方式。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“There are two main ways that people misread sci-fi. Let’s start with the simpler one, known as the Torment Nexus Problem. Coined in a 2021 tweet, it refers to a situation in which people read or watch a sci-fi story but focus on its futuristic tech — which, in the original stories, is often the very source of human suffering — rather than the story’s actual point. As a result, you get billionaire Peter Thiel co-founding a company called Palantir, named after the fantasy tech of the “seeing stones” in The Lord of the Rings that drive their users to evil and madness. Palantir’s products have recently been used in airstrikes on Gaza. The author J. R. R. Tolkien would not be amused.(人们误读科幻作品主要有两种方式。我们先从较简单的一种说起，它被称为痛苦联结问题。这一说法诞生于2021年的一条推文，指的是人们在阅读或观看科幻故事时，只关注其中的未来科技，而在原作里，这些科技往往正是人类苦难的根源，却忽略了故事真正想要表达的主旨。于是就出现了这样的情况：亿万富翁彼得·蒂尔联合创立了一家名为帕兰提尔的公司，名字取自《指环王》中的真知晶球这一奇幻设定，而这种晶石在原著中会驱使使用者走向邪恶与疯狂。帕兰提尔公司的产品近期被用于加沙空袭。作者J.R.R.托尔金若泉下有知，定然不会感到欣慰)”可知，提到“帕兰提尔”这一概念是为了表明科幻故事的真正内涵往往被人们忽视了。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“The second major way people misread science fiction could be called the Blueprint Problem. Essentially, it’s the mistaken idea that sci-fi provides an exact model for what is coming next and if we copy what happens in sci-fi, we will arrive in a glorious future.(人们误解科幻作品的第二种主要方式可以称为“蓝图问题”。从本质上讲，这是一种错误的观点，即认为科幻作品为我们描绘了未来发展的精确蓝图，如果我们照搬科幻作品中的情节，就能迎来一个美好的未来)”可知，第三段中所描述的“蓝图问题”是指将科幻作品视为完美的未来模式。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Science fiction isn’t a map or a prescription. Instead, it is a world view, a way of approaching problems with the underlying assumption that things don’t have to be the way they are. The future isn’t predetermined; it’s a process, and people are actively shaping it.(科幻小说并非是一张地图或一份处方。相反，它是一种世界观，是一种解决问题的方式，其核心假设是事物并非必然如此。未来并非是注定不变的；它是个过程，而人们正在积极地塑造它)”可知，作者想要表达科幻是一种重新审视现实的思维方式。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Are we about to use Gene Editing Technology to grow wings? Will we all be uploading our brains to the Amazon cloud? If you love science and engineering, sci-fi is the place you turn to imagine the answers. The problem is that many people are getting the wrong messages from these visions of tomorrow.(我们是不是即将利用基因编辑技术来培育翅膀？我们是不是都要将自己的大脑上传至亚马逊云端？如果你热爱科学与工程，科幻作品就是你用来畅想未来答案的地方。但问题在于，许多人从这些关于未来的想象中获取到了错误的信息)”结合文章指出人们常误读科幻，存在痛苦联结与蓝图两大问题，强调科幻非规划图，而是审视现实、塑造未来的思维方式。可知，A选项“科幻作品中的误读陷阱”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 13 （2026·浙江宁波·二模）Despite decades of medical advances, detecting health-related molecule (分子) still relies on bodily liquids like blood, requiring blood draws from most patients, especially people with diabetes who need frequent finger pricks. However, researchers from the University of Chicago have developed a portable device named ABLE, which collects and detects molecules in the air. This 4×8-inch device is a potential game-changer for medicine and public health. Detecting molecules in the air has long fallen behind liquid detection, mainly because target particles (微粒) are extremely dilute — there may be only one in a trillion. To solve this problem, the team turned air into liquid. The device draws in air, adds water vapor with a humidifier, and cools it to turn air into small drops. These drops trap particles and slide into a small container, making detection easy with common tools used for liquid analysis. Early tests proved its effectiveness. It caught easily evaporated (挥发的) coffee vapor, detected glucose in breath, identified E. coli in the air, and found signs of inflammation (炎症) in mice with unhealthy gut bacteria. Obviously, it solved the problem of capturing molecules that evaporate easily — a major worry during the device’s development. The device was first inspired by the need for non-invasive tests for premature babies in ICUs. These fragile babies are likely to have health problems, and repeated blood tests may put them in danger. Doctors hope the device can track health signs without taking blood, protecting these high-risk patients. It also shows promise for diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease, though the related breath signs first need to be recorded. The team plans to improve and make it smaller to create a wearable device for daily use. Besides medical uses, this achievement may open the door to new physics research on air impurities and state changes of matter. As a new tool for detecting air chemistry, ABLE fills the space between air and liquid molecule analysis, creating possibilities for various new developments in healthcare and science. 1．Why did the researchers develop ABLE? A．To change medicine and public health. B．To take the place of blood tests in hospitals. C．To reduce finger pricks for patients with diabetes. D．To identify health molecules without liquid samples. 2．What can we infer about ABLE? A．It is small and wearable for daily use. B．It has overcome a key technical challenge. C．It has proved useful for newly born babies. D．It diagnoses inflammatory bowel disease easily. 3．Who will least likely benefit from ABLE? A．A chemist. B．A psychologist. C．A physician. D．A physicist. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Tool for Bodily Liquid Analysis. B．A Tool for Airborne Particle Capture. C．A Device for Air Molecule Detection. D．A Device for Non-Invasive Health Checks. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述芝加哥大学研发出设备ABLE，可将空气转化为液体检测健康相关分子，无需抽血，有望用于医疗与科研，应用前景广阔。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Despite decades of medical advances, detecting health-related molecule (分子) still relies on bodily liquids like blood, requiring blood draws from most patients, especially people with diabetes who need frequent finger pricks. However, researchers from the University of Chicago have developed a portable device named ABLE, which collects and detects molecules in the air.(尽管医学已发展数十年，检测健康相关分子仍依赖血液等体液，大多数患者需要抽血，尤其是需要频繁扎手指的糖尿病患者。然而，芝加哥大学的研究人员研发了一款名为ABLE的便携设备，可收集并检测空气中的分子)”可知，研发该设备是为了不用液体样本就能检测健康分子。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Obviously, it solved the problem of capturing molecules that evaporate easily — a major worry during the device’s development.(显然，它解决了易挥发分子捕获的难题，这是该设备研发过程中的一大核心顾虑)”可知，该设备攻克了关键技术难题。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Besides medical uses, this achievement may open the door to new physics research on air impurities and state changes of matter.(除医疗用途外，该成果还可能为空气杂质和物质状态变化的全新物理研究打开大门)”可知，设备与医学、化学、物理相关，与心理学无关，因此心理学家最不可能受益。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“However, researchers from the University of Chicago have developed a portable device named ABLE, which collects and detects molecules in the air.(然而，芝加哥大学的研究人员研发了一款名为ABLE的便携设备，可收集并检测空气中的分子)”以及下文可知，全文围绕这款空气分子检测设备展开介绍，所以C项A Device for Air Molecule Detection.(空气分子检测设备)符合语境，适合作为标题。故选C项。 Passage 14 （2026·浙江·二模）When you’re learning a new language, there are a lot of things to remember: spelling rules, grammar rules, punctuation rules… the list is endless. But there’s something that can help you: mnemonics [pronounced “nemonics”]. Mnemonics are techniques to help you remember things. There are a variety of them, including rhymes, spelling acronyms and sentence mnemonics. Rhymes are a great way to remember things. The sounds, unusual words and rhythm of them help you recall ideas. Do you know when Columbus sailed to America? There’s a rhyme to help you which goes like this, “In fourteen-hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.” Most people who’ve heard that never forget it! Spelling acronyms involve creating a sentence based on the letters of a target word. For example, the following sentence can help you with the spelling of the word “because”, “Big elephants can always understand small elephants”. Notice how the first letter of each word in the sentence spells out the word “because”. And if you can’t remember the spelling of the word “mnemonics”, use this one “Mike never eats meat or nuts in case he’s sick”! Sentence mnemonics are also useful. The following can help you with the difference between the words “principal” and “principle”, “A principal is your pal at school, and a principle is a belief or rule.” Or this one to help you remember the difference in spelling between “deserts” (such as the Sahara) and “desserts” (such as Tiramisu), “A dessert has two sugars so it’s sweeter, but a desert only has one.” [The two “sugars” mentioned in the sentence refer to the two s’s in the word “dessert”.] You can learn grammar rules with sentence mnemonics too. For example, this one can help you with the position of adjectives, “Adjectives come before nouns just as ‘A’ comes before ‘N’.” And this one can help you learn about the use of apostrophes (撇号), “Apostrophes show possession.” Mnemonics can help a lot with language learning. Why not try inventing a few of your own! 1．What are mnemonics in the passage? A．Professional tool books. B．Specific language model. C．Language learning strategies. D．Different language rules. 2．Why is the rhyme about Columbus mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To compare rhymes with other techniques. B．To show how rhymes make facts memorable. C．To prove that Columbus was a great explorer. D．To explain the importance of historical events. 3．Which of the following is an example of a sentence mnemonic? A．“In 1066, the Normans did fix” rhymes the year of the Norman Conquest. B．“George’s elderly old grandfather rode a pig home yesterday” helps spell “geography”. C．“My very educated mother just served us noodles” helps remember the order of planets. D．“A stationery store sells paper, while a stationary car doesn’t move” differentiates words. 4．Which of the following would the author probably agree with about inventing mnemonics? A．It requires special training. B．It does not take much time or effort. C．It is something readers can try themselves. D．Language teachers should use it in class. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了在学习新语言时，助记法（mnemonics）这种有助于记忆的技巧。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Mnemonics are techniques to help you remember things.(助记法是帮助你记忆事物的技巧)”以及全文围绕助记法在语言学习中的应用可知，助记法是语言学习策略。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据据第三段“Rhymes are a great way to remember things. The sounds, unusual words and rhythm of them help you recall ideas. Do you know when Columbus sailed to America? There’s a rhyme to help you which goes like this, “In fourteen-hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.” Most people who’ve heard that never forget it!(押韵法是记住事情的好方法。它们的发音、不寻常的词汇和节奏能帮助你回忆起信息。你知道哥伦布什么时候航行到美洲吗？有一首押韵的口诀可以帮助你，“在1492年，哥伦布扬帆蓝色海洋”大多数听过这个口诀的人都不会忘记！)”可知，提到关于哥伦布的押韵口诀是为了展示押韵法如何使事实易于记忆。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Sentence mnemonics are also useful. The following can help you with the difference between the words “principal” and “principle”, “A principal is your pal at school, and a principle is a belief or rule.” Or this one to help you remember the difference in spelling between “deserts” (such as the Sahara) and “desserts” (such as Tiramisu), “A dessert has two sugars so it’s sweeter, but a desert only has one.” [The two “sugars” mentioned in the sentence refer to the two s’s in the word “dessert”.](句子助记法也很有用。下面这个句子可以帮助你区分“principal”和“principle”这两个词，“校长（principal）是你在学校的好朋友（pal），而原则（principle）是一种信念或规则”或者这个句子可以帮助你记住“deserts”（如撒哈拉沙漠）和“desserts”（如提拉米苏）在拼写上的区别，“甜点（dessert）有两个‘糖’（sugar，这里指单词里的两个s）所以更甜，而沙漠（desert）只有一个”）”可知，句子助记法用于区分单词。D选项“A stationery store sells paper, while a stationary car doesn’t move” differentiates words.（“文具店（stationery store）卖纸，而静止的（stationary）汽车不动”区分单词。）符合句子助记法特点，是句子助记法的例子。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Mnemonics can help a lot with language learning. Why not try inventing a few of your own! (助记法对语言学习有很大帮助。为什么不试着自己发明一些呢！)”可知，作者认为读者可以自己尝试发明助记法。故选C项。 Passage 1 （2026·浙江宁波·二模）Consumers rely on various ways to pay daily expenses. The problem is that they tend to spend more with cashless payment methods in comparison to cash. This striking cashless effect has recently been confirmed by researchers from the University of Adelaide. Led by PhD Student Lachlan Schomburgk, the research team analysed 71 published and unpublished studies from 17 countries, including data from more than 11,000 unique participants. They’ve found that cashless payments lead people to spend more on status-signalling goods like jewellery, while this effect is notably absent in acts of donation or tipping. “Through this meta-analysis, we identified key factors that make the cashless effect stronger or weaker, which individual studies could not find. By doing this, we uncovered new key understandings that had often been overlooked by other researchers in individual studies.” Schomburgk explains. The findings indicate that consumers should be mindful of how they pay for goods or services, as this helps them spend less, especially critical in the current cost-of-living crisis. To avoid overspending, they’re advised to carry cash instead of cards whenever possible as a self-control method. When using cash, they count and hand over notes and coins, making spending more noticeable. If nothing is physically handed over, it’s easy to lose track of how much is spent. The study also provides useful insights for businesses and policymakers. “Businesses should know failing to accept the cashless revolution might unintentionally be jeopardising profit potential,” Schomburgk says. “And policymakers should communicate to individuals unfamiliar with cashless payments, such as people who don’t have bank accounts, about the possibility of cashless methods to lead to overspending.” Schomburgk stresses a need for urgent in-depth studies of new payment methods, as research on their specific impacts remains limited due to their novelty. Studying these methods is vital to keep pace with the evolving payment ecosystem and deepen understanding of modern consumers’ spending habits. 1．What has the study found about the cashless effect? A．It exists in acts of donation. B．It weakens with more cash use. C．It links to the living cost crisis. D．It works in specific consumption. 2．Why did the team adopt the meta-analysis? A．To solve the overspending problem. B．To compare cash and cashless payments. C．To confirm factors causing the effect. D．To break the limitations of single studies. 3．What does the underlined word “jeopardising” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Risking. B．Preserving. C．Shifting. D．Boosting. 4．What can be inferred about new payments according to Schomburgk? A．They need to be popularized. B．They are developing rapidly. C．They should be further studied. D．They will affect spending habits. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于“无现金效应”的元分析研究，该研究发现消费者使用无现金支付方式时倾向于花费更多，并探讨了这一现象对个人、企业和政策制定者的启示。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“They’ve found that cashless payments lead people to spend more on status-signalling goods like jewellery, while this effect is notably absent in acts of donation or tipping. (他们发现，无现金支付会导致人们在珠宝等身份象征商品上花费更多，而这种效应在捐赠或给小费的行为中明显不存在)”可知，研究发现“无现金效应”存在于特定的消费中。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Through this meta-analysis, we identified key factors that make the cashless effect stronger or weaker, which individual studies could not find. By doing this, we uncovered new key understandings that had often been overlooked by other researchers in individual studies. (通过这项元分析，我们确定了使无现金效应增强或减弱的关键因素，这是单项研究无法发现的。通过这样做，我们揭示了在单项研究中经常被其他研究人员忽视的新关键理解)”可知，研究团队采用元分析是为了打破单项研究的局限性。故选D项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第五段中“Businesses should know failing to accept the cashless revolution might unintentionally be jeopardising profit potential (企业应该知道，不接受无现金革命可能会无意中jeopardising利润潜力)”以及前文所述无现金支付会导致消费者花费更多，因此不接受无现金支付可能会“损害”利润潜力。故划线词意为“使……冒风险；损害”，与“Risking”同义。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Schomburgk stresses a need for urgent in-depth studies of new payment methods, as research on their specific impacts remains limited due to their novelty. (Schomburgk强调，迫切需要对新的支付方式进行深入研究，因为由于其新颖性，关于其具体影响的研究仍然有限)”可知，新的支付方式需要进一步研究。故选C项。 Passage 2 （2026·浙江·二模）Swindale Beck meanders (蜿蜒) through fields, farmland and valleys. However, not long ago, the river took a far more straight course. A healthy river should be winding, free flowing and filled with wildlife. The ideal river is “very dynamic, messy and chaotic”, says Glen Swainson, a manager of RSPB．In Britain, however, 97% of rivers are broken up by artificial barriers. And for centuries rivers have been slowly artificially straightened to stop water from flooding and spilling onto farmland and houses. But removing a river’s natural meanders has, in fact, achieved the opposite effect. Instead, it has disrupted the flow of rivers and destroyed water habitats, water quality and heightened flood risk. As the poor health of Europe’s rivers and streams continues to make news, communities are turning towards natural solutions to restore their rivers. According to Tom Hayek, a natural flood management specialist, adding meanders into rivers has two benefits — it changes both the volume and the speed of water. Firstly, it decreases what’s known as flow conveyance. “When the length of the river is increased, you spread water over a wider area. This allows more water to sit up in the headwaters.” The second impact is on speed. Put simply, the more structure you add to the shape of a river, the slower the water will move down it. If it’s straight, water will “fly” through, says Hayek. When the flow of water is slowed, it creates deeper pools for fish to gather and rest. With meanders added to Swindale Beck, the results were astonishing, says Annabel Rushton, a visitor experience manager. “Within three months of that river being re-wiggled, the salmon (鲑鱼) were spawning (产卵) in that one kilometre area for the first time in over150 years,” she says. Scientists have also noted an increase in fish gathering. Then, there were the knock-on effects. Water-loving plants returned, providing cover for young fish to feed and hide. 1．Why were many rivers in Britain artificially straightened in the past? A．To increase the natural flow of rivers. B．To improve water habitats for wildlife. C．To create barriers for flood management. D．To protect people and land from floods. 2．What problem may be caused by removing a river’s meanders? A．Lower water levels.B．Poorer farming land.C．Worse water quality. D．Drier wildlife habitats. 3．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The benefits of adding meanders. B．The impacts of straightening rivers. C．The examples of controlling floods. D．The needs of increasing water speed. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Nature conservation is often a long game. B．Species co-exist and function as a whole. C．Eco-recovery can happen at a high speed. D．Bio-diversity relies on human intervention. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述英国很多河流被截弯取直以防止洪水泛滥，事实上，这反而产生了相反的效果，专家指出恢复河流弯道具有生态与防洪效益。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“And for centuries rivers have been slowly artificially straightened to stop water from flooding and spilling onto farmland and houses.(而且数百年来，河流一直被人为地逐渐拉直，以防止洪水泛滥并避免水流溢出农田和房屋)”可知，河流被人工拉直是为了保护农田和人员免受洪水侵害。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Instead, it has disrupted the flow of rivers and destroyed water habitats, water quality and heightened flood risk.(相反，这破坏了河流的流动并破坏了水生生物的栖息地、水质，并增加了洪水风险)”可知，这样做使得水质变差。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段内容，结合首句“According to Tom Hayek, a natural flood management specialist, adding meanders into rivers has two benefits — it changes both the volume and the speed of water.(据自然洪水管理专家Tom Hayek称，在河流中增加弯道有两个好处——它既能改变水流的量，也能改变水流的速度)”可知，该段主要通过专家之口解释了增加河流弯道如何通过物理机制降低流速并减少洪灾风险，旨在说明增加弯道带来的积极影响，故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“With meanders added to Swindale Beck, the results were astonishing, says Annabel Rushton, a visitor experience manager. “Within three months of that river being re-wiggled, the salmon (鲑鱼) were spawning (产卵) in that one kilometre area for the first time in over150 years,” she says. Scientists have also noted an increase in fish gathering. Then, there were the knock-on effects. Water-loving plants returned, providing cover for young fish to feed and hide.(Annabel Rushton是一位游客体验经理，她表示，当斯温戴尔河增加了弯曲部分后，结果令人震惊。“在那条河重新弯曲后的三个月内，这条河的一公里范围内（出现了）鲑鱼产卵的现象，这是超过 150 年来首次发生的情况。”她说。科学家还注意到鱼类聚集的数量有所增加。此外，还有连锁反应。喜水的植物重新生长，为幼鱼提供了遮蔽处，让它们能够觅食和躲避)”可知，河流重新蜿蜒后，其结果是“惊人的：短短三个月内，鲑鱼就在此产卵，这是150年来的第一次。同时其他鱼类数量增加，水生植物也随之恢复，这些事实有力地证明了生态恢复的速度可以非常之快。故选C。 Passage 3 （2026·浙江·二模）For decades, horror enthusiasts have been broadly perceived as cold, unfeeling individuals who get pleasure from witnessing suffering. Critics and even some academics have labeled them as adrenaline (肾上腺素) addicts lacking empathy, suggesting that their interest in films like Saw stems from psychological deficiency. However, recent research challenges these long-held assumptions, proposing a more detailed and complex understanding of why people are drawn to horror. The claim that horror fans must lack empathy has been supported by some early studies. Yet, a closer examination reveals methodological flaws: mixing up the enjoyment of cruelty with a general interest in horror narratives. When such flawed studies are ruled out, the supposed link between low empathy and horror enjoyment disappears. And, recently, more reliable research confirms that horror fans show no less empathy or compassion than others; on some measures, they even score higher. Another popular theory suggests that horror fans are simply chasing an adrenaline rush. While this may be true for some enthusiasts, newer studies unfold a more complex picture. Researchers have identified different types of fans: some are indeed “adrenaline junkies”, but others, termed “white knucklers”, use horror to confront and overcome personal fears. A third group, “dark copers”, finds an emotional release in fictional horror, using it to process real-life difficulties. Beyond these motivations, a key personality trait driving horror fandom is “morbid curiosity”—a natural desire to learn about threatening or death-related subjects. This curiosity may be beneficial. Studies indicate that individuals with higher morbid curiosity are often better prepared for real-life crises and show greater resilience during stressful times. Horror fans, it seems, may be practising emotional regulation when they play with their fears through scary entertainment. The evidence paints a picture of horror fans being empathetic, curious and psychologically sophisticated. horror is a testament to human adaptability and our remarkable capacity to find meaning, connection and even growth in the face of our deepest fears. Recognising this not only helps us understand horror fans more accurately, but also illuminates something profound about human nature itself. 1．What does the underlined word “deficiency” mean in paragraph 1? A．Weakness. B．Strength. C．Curiosity. D．Misunderstanding. 2．What led to the results of early studies? A．The limited sample size of participants. B．The confusion of vital key concepts. C．The ignorance of horror-cruelty connections. D．The adoption of outdated methodology. 3．What can we infer about people with higher morbid curiosity? A．They may lack emotional regulation skills. B．They may be more adaptable to challenges. C．They may become more sensitive to adversity. D．They may be more exposed to real-life crises. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Dismissing Myths: The Truth about horror Fans B．horror Films: Impact on Audience Empathy C．horror enthusiasts: Living Proof of Empathy Loss D．Morbid Curiosity: The Ultimate Goal of horror 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是恐怖片爱好者（horror fans）长期以来被误解的现象，并通过多项研究揭示了他们真实的心理特征和动机。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Critics and even some academics have labeled them as adrenaline (肾上腺素) addicts lacking empathy(批评人士甚至一些学者将他们描述为缺乏同理心的肾上腺素依赖者)”可知，批评人士甚至一些学者认为喜欢看恐怖片的人缺乏同理心，也就是心理上有缺陷，deficiency的意思是“缺陷”，和weakness意思相近。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The claim that horror fans must lack empathy has been supported by some early studies. Yet, a closer examination reveals methodological flaws: mixing up the enjoyment of cruelty with a general interest in horror narratives.(一些早期研究声称恐怖片爱好者缺乏同理心，这一观点得到了支持。然而，进一步的审视发现其中存在方法学上的缺陷：将对残忍行为的欣赏与对恐怖故事的普遍兴趣混为一谈。)”可知，核心关键概念的混淆导致早期研究的原结果。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Studies indicate that individuals with higher morbid curiosity are often better prepared for real-life crises and show greater resilience during stressful times.(研究表明，具有较高病态好奇心的人往往更能应对现实生活中的危机，并在压力时期展现出更强的适应力。)”可知，好奇心更强的人可能更能适应挑战。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“However, recent research challenges these long-held assumptions, proposing a more detailed and complex understanding of why people are drawn to horror.(然而，最近的研究对这些长期以来的假设提出了挑战，提出了对人们为何会被恐怖片所吸引的更详尽和复杂的理解。)”可知，本文主要讲的是恐怖片爱好者（horror fans）长期以来被误解的现象，并通过多项研究揭示了他们真实的心理特征和动机，因此最恰当的标题是A选项“Dismissing Myths: The Truth about horror Fans(摒弃谬论：恐怖迷的真相)”，故选A。 Passage 4 （2026·浙江丽水·二模）Near the Dominican Republic’s coast, tiny lab-grown “coral babies” are attached to spider-like metal structures in underwater nurseries. This is the assisted coral fertilization program led by local marine protection group Fundemar, offering a glimmer of hope for the world’s declining coral reefs. The technology is critically important amid severe reef degradation. Seventy percent of the Dominican Republic’s coral reefs now have less than 5% coral cover. Climate change not only kills corals directly through warming oceans but also significantly reduces the natural reproduction chances of surviving individuals. “What was once normal in coral reefs is no longer possible for many species,” noted Andreina Valdez, a biologist at Fundemar. Assisted fertilization fills this gap by artificially facilitating gamete fusion (配子融合) . The implementation follows a precise process. Each year, a few days after the full moon at dusk, corals release millions of eggs and sperm. Fundemar’s team collects these gametes, performs artificial fertilization in the lab, and nurtures the larvae (幼体) until they are robust enough for transplantation to reefs. Though only 1% of the 2. 5 million embryos cultivated annually survive in the wild, this rate still outperforms natural reproduction on degraded reefs. It holds distinct advantages over the non-sexual reproduction used in the past. Non-sexual reproduction involves transplanting fragments of healthy corals, which is faster but produces genetically identical clones vulnerable to mass disease outbreaks. In contrast, assisted sexual reproduction creates genetically diverse individuals, significantly lowering the risk of widespread die-offs. Originating in Australia, the technology has now expanded across the Caribbean, with projects in Mexico, Curaçao, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica. However, a fundamental challenge remains: climate change. UNESCO data shows oceans are warming twice as fast as 20 years ago, increasing coral bleaching risks. Expert Mark Eakin stated, “You can’t conserve something if you don’t have it. So these programs are helping to expand the population that’s out there.” Yet he urgently warns, “Without tackling the 800-pound gorilla of climate change, much restoration work could be wiped out.” But, for Fundemar, current efforts matter, “We are investing immense effort to protect what we love, and we trust many around the world are doing the same. ” 1．What is the purpose of the first paragraph? A．To explain the reason of coral decline. B．To advocate for coral protection. C．To present a coral conservation project. D．To highlight coral’s economic value. 2．What does the underlined phrase “this gap” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．The challenge of climate change. B．The lack of funding for marine research. C．The absence of underwater nurseries. D．The failure of natural coral reproduction. 3．What is the primary advantage of assisted fertilization? A．Faster growth. B．Wide-spread application. C．Genetic diversity. D．Lower disease-resistance. 4．What is Mark Eakin’s attitude toward assisted fertilization? A．Entirely supportive. B．Clearly indifferent. C．Strongly opposed. D．Cautiously hopeful. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了海洋保护组织Fundemar在多米尼加共和国海岸附近实施人工辅助珊瑚受精计划，为世界上正在衰退的珊瑚礁带来了一线希望。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Near the Dominican Republic’s coast, tiny lab-grown “coral babies” are attached to spider-like metal structures in underwater nurseries. This is the assisted coral fertilization program led by local marine protection group Fundemar, offering a glimmer of hope for the world’s declining coral reefs.(在多米尼加共和国海岸附近，实验室培育的“珊瑚宝宝”附着在水下苗圃的蜘蛛状金属结构上。这是由当地海洋保护组织Fundemar领导的辅助珊瑚受精计划，为世界上正在衰退的珊瑚礁带来了一线希望。)”可知，第一段开篇介绍了多米尼加当地保护组织开展的人工辅助珊瑚授精保护计划，引出本文话题，目的是展示该珊瑚保护计划。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。“this gap”指代的是上文内容，结合第二段中的“Climate change not only kills corals directly through warming oceans but also significantly reduces the natural reproduction chances of surviving individuals. “What was once normal in coral reefs is no longer possible for many species,” noted Andreina Valdez, a biologist at Fundemar.(气候变化不仅通过海洋变暖直接杀死珊瑚，而且大大降低了幸存个体的自然繁殖机会。Fundemar的生物学家Andreina Valdez指出：“珊瑚礁中曾经正常的事情对许多珊瑚物种来说已经不可能了。”)”可知，气候变化严重降低了存活珊瑚的自然繁殖概率，很多珊瑚物种已经无法自然完成繁殖，因此辅助人工授精填补的就是“珊瑚自然繁殖失败”这一空缺。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In contrast, assisted sexual reproduction creates genetically diverse individuals, significantly lowering the risk of widespread die-offs.(相比之下，辅助有性繁殖创造了基因多样的个体，大大降低了广泛死亡的风险。)”可知，辅助有性繁殖的优势是创造基因多样性。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Expert Mark Eakin stated, “You can’t conserve something if you don’t have it. So these programs are helping to expand the population that’s out there.” Yet he urgently warns, “Without tackling the 800-pound gorilla of climate change, much restoration work could be wiped out.”(专家Mark Eakin表示：“如果你没有某个东西，你就无法保护它。因此，这些项目正在帮助扩大那里的数量。”然而，他紧急警告说：“如果不解决800磅重的气候变化问题，许多恢复工作可能会付诸东流。”)”可知，Mark Eakin首先肯定了辅助授精项目能够帮助扩大现有珊瑚种群，同时又警告：如果不解决气候变化这个核心问题，大部分修复工作都会白费。因此他的态度是谨慎抱有希望。故选D。 Passage 5 （2026·浙江·二模）Many high achievers in science and technology fields carry a secret fear. Despite their excellent grades and awards, they worry that others will soon discover they do not truly belong. They feel like frauds. In their minds, their success is not due to talent or hard work. Instead, they believe it is just luck or good timing. This psychological pattern is known as “impostorism.” It is different from low self-esteem. Even with clear proof of ability, these individuals doubt themselves constantly. Recent research by Jiyun Elizabeth Shin from Binghamton University shows how common this feeling is. Her study found that nearly all women in graduate STEM programs experience impostor feelings. The number is even higher for women of color. These women feel like intellectual cheats. They think people overestimate their intelligence. They live in fear of being exposed as incompetent and undeserving of their positions. Why does success feel like luck? Impostorism changes how people view their achievements. They cannot accept that they earned their success. Instead, they credit outside factors. This makes them worry that they cannot repeat their success. For women in STEM, negative stereotypes make this worse. Society often wrongly suggests that women lack natural ability in these fields. When few women are seen in leadership roles, it reinforces the doubt. This makes it harder for them to believe in their own skills. The consequences of these feelings are serious. Shin’s research links impostorism to poor mental health and burnout. It also leads many to consider dropping out of their programs. A fixed mindset, which believes ability cannot change, makes things worse. If people think they cannot grow, any failure seems to prove they were never good enough. However, adopting a flexible view of ability can help reduce these fears. Although many high achievers suffer in silence, talking about it matters. Keeping these feelings secret increases stress and isolation. Open conversations can be a powerful step toward healing. While more research is needed to find the best solutions, social support is already known to help. By sharing their stories, women in STEM can realize they are not alone. This connection may protect their emotional well-being and encourage them to stay in their chosen fields. 1．What is the main characteristic of people suffering from impostorism? A．They lack actual professional skills. B．They attribute success to external chances. C．They suffer from severe depression daily. D．They refuse to accept any form of awards. 2．Why do negative stereotypes affect women in STEM more deeply? A．They prevent women from entering universities. B．They suggest women rely only on luck for jobs. C．They make it hard to accept personal achievements. D．They force women to hide their true intelligence. 3．What can be inferred about a “fixed mindset” from the text? A．It helps people avoid taking unnecessary risks. B．It encourages people to seek social support actively. C．It turns small failures into proof of incompetence. D．It guarantees high achievements in scientific fields. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A．To call for more financial support for researchers. B．To emphasize the value of open communication. C．To criticize the current education system strictly. D．To list all the symptoms of mental health issues. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“冒名顶替综合征”这一心理学现象，说明了该现象在理工科研究生阶段的女性（尤其是有色人种女性）中十分普遍，分析了该现象的成因与负面影响，最后指出开放交流与社会支持能够帮助受影响者缓解症状、坚持留在自身领域。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“In their minds, their success is not due to talent or hard work. Instead, they believe it is just luck or good timing.(在他们看来，他们的成功并非源于天赋或努力。相反，他们认为这只是运气好或时机恰当。)”以及第三段中“For women in STEM, negative stereotypes make this worse. Society often wrongly suggests that women lack natural ability in these fields. When few women are seen in leadership roles, it reinforces the doubt. This makes it harder for them to believe in their own skills.(对于STEM领域的女性来说，负面刻板印象让情况变得更糟。社会常常错误地暗示女性在这些领域缺乏天赋。当很少看到女性担任领导角色时，这种怀疑便得到了强化。这使得她们更难相信自己的技能。)”可知，患有冒名顶替综合征的人的主要特征是将成功归因于外部因素（如运气、时机），而不是自己的能力。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Society often wrongly suggests that women lack natural ability in these fields. When few women are seen in leadership roles, it reinforces the doubt. This makes it harder for them to believe in their own skills.(社会常常错误地认为女性在这些领域缺乏天赋。当领导职位上鲜见女性身影时，这种偏见便得到强化。这更让她们难以相信自己的能力。)”可知，负面的刻板印象对从事科学、技术、工程和数学领域的女性影响更为深远的原因是负面的刻板印象使得她们难以认可个人的成就。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“A fixed mindset, which believes ability cannot change, makes things worse. If people think they cannot grow, any failure seems to prove they were never good enough.(一种认为能力不会改变的固定心态会让事情变得更糟。如果人们认为自己无法成长，那么任何失败似乎都证明他们永远不够好。)”可知，拥有固定型思维的人认为能力不可改变，因此小的失败都会被他们视为自己能力不足的证据。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Although many high achievers suffer in silence, talking about it matters. Keeping these feelings secret increases stress and isolation. Open conversations can be a powerful step toward healing.(尽管许多成功人士都默默承受着这些痛苦，但倾诉出来却是很重要的。将这些感受深埋心底只会加重压力和孤立感。而坦诚的交流则是迈向康复的重要一步。)”可知，作者写最后一段的目的是强调坦诚交流的价值。故选B。 Passage 6 （2026·浙江·二模）A recent study from the University of California San Diego reveals a surprising factor affecting global crop stability: the original source of rainfall. Published in Nature Sustainability, the research tracks atmospheric moisture back to where it first evaporated, whether from oceans or land surfaces like soil, lakes, and forests. Sunlight heats these surfaces, turning water into vapor that rises and eventually returns as rain. While ocean-derived moisture often travels across continents in large weather systems, land-based moisture, known as recycled rainfall, fuels more localized storms. The study finds that the balance between ocean and land moisture strongly influences regional drought risk and farm productivity. ‌“Our work changes how we view drought risk,” said Yan Jiang, the study’s lead author. ‌“It is not just about the amount of rain, but where that rain comes from.” Using nearly 20 years of satellite data, researchers discovered that when more than one-third of precipitation originates from land, croplands become significantly more vulnerable to drought. Ocean-driven systems usually bring heavier, consistent rain, whereas land-driven systems produce lighter, less predictable showers. This makes crops especially weak during critical growth stages when water is most needed. The research highlights two high-risk areas: the U.S. Midwest and tropical East Africa. In the Midwest, frequent droughts may be worsened by a reliance on land-sourced moisture. When soil dries out, evaporation decreases, leading to less future rain — a self-reinforcing cycle known as a ‌“rainfall feedback loop.” Since this region supplies much of the world’s grain, such disruptions affect global food markets. Farmers there may need to focus on saving soil moisture and improving irrigation efficiency to break this cycle. East Africa faces a different challenge. Rapid expansion of farmland and loss of nearby rainforests threaten the very moisture sources that sustain local rainfall. ‌“Farmers are clearing forests to grow crops, but those forests help generate the rain the crops need,” Jiang explained. If these moisture sources disappear, local food security will be at greater risk. However, smarter land management, such as conserving forests, can still protect rainfall patterns. Ultimately, the study emphasizes that forests act as natural rainmakers. By releasing water vapor through transpiration, they help form clouds that rain over surrounding fields. Protecting these ecosystems is not just about biodiversity; it is essential for sustaining agriculture. This new framework links land use decisions with rainfall patterns, offering a vital tool for climate-smart planning and drought resilience in a changing world. 1．What makes crops more likely to suffer from drought according to the study? A．The total amount of annual rainfall. B．The distance moisture travels from oceans. C．A high proportion of rain coming from land. D．The speed at which water evaporates from soil. 2．What can be inferred about the ‌“rainfall feedback loop” in the Midwest? A．It helps farmers predict weather changes accurately. B．It creates a cycle where dry land leads to less rain. C．It increases the consistency of ocean-driven storms. D．It reduces the need for irrigation in grain production. 3．What is the main conflict facing farmers in East Africa? A．They lack technology to track satellite data. B．They must choose between growing crops and preserving rain sources. C．They rely too heavily on ocean-derived moisture for farming. D．They are forced to move their farms to coastal regions. 4．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning forests in the last paragraph? A．To argue for stopping all agricultural expansion. B．To explain how biodiversity protects animal habitats. C．To highlight the role of ecosystems in maintaining rainfall. D．To suggest replacing forests with more efficient irrigation systems. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了加州大学圣地亚哥分校的一项研究，揭示了影响全球作物稳定性的一个惊人因素——降雨的原始来源，强调了海洋和陆地水分平衡对区域干旱风险和农业生产力的重要影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Using nearly 20 years of satellite data, researchers discovered that when more than one-third of precipitation originates from land, croplands become significantly more vulnerable to drought.(研究人员利用近20年的卫星数据发现，当超过三分之一的降水来自陆地时，农田变得更容易受到干旱的影响)”可知，根据这项研究，当降雨中很大一部分来自陆地时，作物更容易遭受干旱。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“When soil dries out, evaporation decreases, leading to less future rain — a self-reinforcing cycle known as a “rainfall feedback loop.”(当土壤变干时，蒸发减少，导致未来降雨减少——这一自我强化的循环被称为“降雨反馈循环”)”可推知，降雨反馈循环是指干燥的土地导致降雨减少的循环。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“East Africa faces a different challenge. Rapid expansion of farmland and loss of nearby rainforests threaten the very moisture sources that sustain local rainfall. “Farmers are clearing forests to grow crops, but those forests help generate the rain the crops need,” Jiang explained. If these moisture sources disappear, local food security will be at greater risk.(东非面临着不同的挑战。农田的迅速扩张和附近雨林的消失威胁着维持当地降雨的水分来源。“农民们正在砍伐森林来种植庄稼，但这些森林有助于产生庄稼所需的雨水，”江解释说。如果这些水分来源消失，当地粮食安全将面临更大风险)”可知，东非的农民们面临的主要冲突是，他们必须在种植庄稼和保护雨水来源之间做出选择。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Ultimately, the study emphasizes that forests act as natural rainmakers. By releasing water vapor through transpiration, they help form clouds that rain over surrounding fields. Protecting these ecosystems is not just about biodiversity; it is essential for sustaining agriculture.(最终，这项研究强调，森林是天然的降雨制造者。它们通过蒸腾作用释放水蒸气，帮助形成在周围田野上降雨的云。保护这些生态系统不仅仅是为了生物多样性；它对维持农业至关重要)”可推知，作者在最后一段提到森林，是为了强调生态系统在维持降雨方面的作用。故选C项。 Passage 7 （2026·浙江嘉兴·二模）Owning a smartphone before age 13 may harm mental health in early adulthood, according to a global study of over 100,000 young people. Published in a respected journal, the research found that adults aged 18 to 24 who received their first phone at 12 or younger were more likely to experience suicidal thoughts, aggression, and a detachment from reality. They also showed poorer emotional control and lower self-worth compared to those who got phones later. These negative effects are largely linked to early access to social media, which increases risks of cyberbullying, sleep problems, and weakened family bonds. Dr. Tara Thiagarajan, lead author of the study, warns that early smartphone use causes a profound shift in mental wellbeing. She notes that symptoms like aggression and detachment are often missed by standard mental health checks but can have serious consequences for society as they become more common in younger generations. The study used a special tool called the Mind Health Quotient (MHQ) to measure wellbeing. Results showed that MHQ scores dropped significantly the younger a child was when they got their first phone. For instance, scores averaged 30 for those who started at 13 but fell to just 1 for those who started at age five. The percentage of young people struggling with severe symptoms rose notably, especially among females. This pattern was consistent across different cultures and regions, suggesting a critical period of vulnerability during childhood. While the study does not prove direct causation, the scale of potential harm is too great to ignore. Researchers urge policymakers to take precautionary actions similar to regulations on alcohol and tobacco. Recommendations include restricting smartphone access for children under 13, mandating digital literacy education in schools, and holding technology companies accountable for age violations. Several countries have already begun limiting phone use in schools, with some reports showing improved student focus. In conclusion, while smartphones offer opportunities for connection and learning, early exposure to AI-driven digital environments appears to compromise the developing mind. Experts argue that waiting for absolute proof of harm might mean missing the chance to prevent it. Protecting mental health during these critical developmental years requires joint efforts from parents, schools, and governments to ensure a healthier future for the next generation. 1．What is a major consequence of owning a smartphone before age 13 mentioned in the text? A．Improved academic performance in high school. B．Increased risks of aggression and suicidal thoughts. C．Better ability to manage face-to-face interactions. D．Stronger relationships with family members in adulthood. 2．Why does Dr. Thiagarajan emphasize the need for new policy measures? A．Because current laws strictly ban all smartphone use for children. B．Because standard mental health checks often miss specific symptoms. C．Because technology companies have already solved the cyberbullying issue. D．Because the study proves smartphones directly cause all mental diseases. 3．What can be inferred from the data about the Mind Health Quotient (MHQ) scores? A．Scores remain stable regardless of the age of first smartphone ownership. B．Males are more affected by early smartphone use than females globally. C．Earlier ownership correlates with a sharper decline in mental wellbeing scores. D．The MHQ tool is only effective in measuring physical health issues. 4．What is the authors’ attitude towards waiting for further research before taking action? A．Supportive, as more data is needed to confirm the findings. B．Indifferent, since the problem affects only a small group of people. C．Critical, believing delay could miss the chance for prevention. D．Optimistic, thinking the market will naturally solve the issue. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项指出13岁前拥有智能手机可能与成年早期的心理健康问题密切相关的全球研究。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Published in a respected journal, the research found that adults aged 18 to 24 who received their first phone at 12 or younger were more likely to experience suicidal thoughts, aggression, and a detachment from reality. (这项发表在权威期刊上的研究指出，在12岁或更早年龄便拥有第一部手机的18至24岁之间的成年人，更容易产生自杀念头、出现攻击性行为及产生脱离现实感。)”可知，13岁前拥有手机的主要后果是增加了攻击性和自杀念头的风险。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“She notes that symptoms like aggression and detachment are often missed by standard mental health checks but can have serious consequences for society as they become more common in younger generations. (她指出，像攻击性和脱离现实感这类症状，常常被标准的心理健康检查所忽略，但随着这些症状在年轻一代中变得越来越普遍，可能对社会造成严重后果。)”可推断，强调新政策的原因之一是现有的常规检查手段无法有效识别这些特定的心理症状，从而导致问题被忽视,所以需要从源头上通过政策来预防。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段第二、三句“Results showed that MHQ scores dropped significantly the younger a child was when they got their first phone. For instance, scores averaged 30 for those who started at 13 but fell to just 1 for those who started at age five. (研究结果显示，孩子首次获得手机的年龄越小，其心智健康指数得分下降得越显著。例如，13岁开始使用手机的人群平均得分为30，而5岁就开始使用的人群得分则骤降至1。)”可推知，拥有手机的年龄越早，心理健康得分下降越剧烈，这表明较早拥有手机与心理健康得分的急剧下降存在相关性。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句“Experts argue that waiting for absolute proof of harm might mean missing the chance to prevent it. (专家认为，若等待确凿无疑的伤害证据出现，可能就意味着错失了防范于未然的机会。)”可知，作者认为等待确凿证据再行动是危险的，可能会错失预防的窗口期。由此可推知，作者对“等待进一步研究”持批判态度，认为拖延采取行动可能错失预防的时机。故选C项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解（说明文） 参考答案 Passage 1：1.B 2.C 3.D 4.C Passage 2：1.D 2.B 3.D 4.A Passage 3：1.A 2.A 3.B 4.B Passage 4：1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D Passage 5：1.A 2.C 3.A 4.D Passage 6：1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C Passage 7：1.D 2.B 3.A 4.C Passage 8：1.A 2.D 3.B 4.D Passage 9：1.D 2.A 3.B 4.C Passage 10：1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C Passage 11：1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A Passage 12：1.D 2.B 3.C 4.A Passage 13：1.D 2.B 3.B 4.C Passage 14：1.C 2.B 3.D 4.C Passage 1：1.D 2.D 3.A 4.C Passage 2：1.D 2.C 3.A 4.C Passage 3：1.A 2.B 3.B 4.A Passage 4：1.C 2.D 3.C 4.D Passage 5：1.B 2.C 3.C 4.B Passage 6：1.C 2.B 3.B 4.C Passage 7：1.B 2.B 3.C 4.C / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $