专题04 when，by ，how long的用法（期中复习讲义）八年级英语下学期鲁教版五四制

专题04 when /how long/by的用法（期中复习讲义） 内 容 导 航 考情透视·目标导航 透析期中考向，锚定备考重心 知识梳理·方法技巧 梳理核心脉络，扫除知识盲区 知识点01 when引导的时间状语从句 知识点02 when与 how long引导特殊疑问句 知识点03 介词by的用法 考场练兵·分层实战 阶梯实战演练，验收复习成效 考情透视·目标导航 常考题型 内容要点 命题趋势 单项选择 语法选择 语法填空 书面表达 1. when引导的时间状语从句； 2. when与 how long引导特殊疑问句 ； 3. 介词by的用法 1. 主将从现仍是单选 / 语法填空第一考点，不再只给标志词，靠语境判断 2. 减少纯记忆题，语境化、生活化为主 3. 重辨析：易混词 / 易混结构对比考查变多 4. 写作绑定：状语从句、by、how long 都是书面表达加分结构 知识梳理·方法技巧 知识点01 when引导的时间状语从句 1. when意为"当......时"，引导时间状语从句；从句谓语动词可以是短暂性动词，表示某一时刻的动作，也可以是延续性动词，从句常用过去进行时表示某一时间段内发生的动作。 1. 一般过去时+一般过去时 I started my dinner when he left. 他走了之后，我才开始吃晚饭。 2. 一般过去时+过去进行时，长动作正在进行，短动作突然发生 The doorbell rang when I was telephoning. 门铃响的时候,我正在打电话。 I was telephoning when the doorbell rang. 当时我正在打电话，突然门铃响了。 3. 主句一般将来时+从句一般现在时(主将从现) I will tell you when he arrives. 当他到达时，我会告诉你。 典例01 1．They were walking along the road ________ it began to rain. A．while B．when C．since D．before 【答案】B 【详解】句意：他们正沿着路走，突然开始下雨了。 while当……时候；when当……时候；since自从；before在……之前。根据前半句“They were walking”是过去进行时，后半句“it began to rain”是一般过去时，可知考查固定句型“be doing sth. when...”，意为“正在做某事，这时突然……”。while引导的从句谓语动词通常是延续性的，不能用began这样的瞬间动词。应填when。 即时检测 1．________ I got to the bus stop, the last bus had already left. A．When B．Since C．Until D．While 【答案】A 【详解】句意：当我到达公交车站时，末班车已经离开了。 When当……时候；Since自从；Until直到；While当……期间。根据主句用了过去完成时had already left，从句用了一般过去时got to，可知“车离开”发生在“到达”之前，When引导时间状语从句符合语境。 2．My pet ________ runs away quickly ________ it meets cats and dogs. A．mice; but B．mice; when C．mouse; when D．mouse; but 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我的宠物老鼠当遇到猫和狗时迅速逃跑。 mice老鼠，复数；mouse老鼠，单数；but但是；when当……时候。动词runs为第三人称单数形式，主语应用单数形式mouse；第二空用when引导时间状语从句，符合句意逻辑，but表示转折，不符合这里的语义关系。 3．________ the flood came, many people were still sleeping. A．When B．While C．Because D．If 【答案】A 【详解】句意：当洪水来临时，许多人还在睡觉。 When当……时；While 当……时；Because因为；If如果。根据“the flood came”可知came是短暂性动词，表示时间点，应用When引导时间状语从句，While 通常接延续性动作。 知识点02 when与how long 引导的特殊疑问句 when 用作疑问副词，提问内容为时间点。不用于一段时间。 When did he arrive in Beijing? 他什么时候到的北京？ how long 常用来询问时间段。常用"for+时间段"或"since+时间点"来回答。 How long have you lived here?你在这里住多久了？ —For ten years. / Since 2015. 用来提问物体的长度。 --How long is the Nile? 尼罗河有多长? 典例01 1．—________ do you usually choose to read in your free time? —I prefer science books because they can open my mind. A．Where B．How long C．When D．What kind of books 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——你空闲时间通常选择读什么种类的书？——我更喜欢科普书，因为它们能开阔我的思维。 Where在哪里；How long多久；When什么时候；What kind of books什么种类的书。根据“I prefer science books”可知，问句是在询问书的种类，应填What kind of books。 即时检测 1．—________ have you been like this? —Since Friday. I’ve been ill for about three days. A．How far B．How long C．How soon D．How much 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你这样持续多久了？——从周五开始。我已经病了大约三天了。 How far多远；How long多长时间；How soon多久以后；How much多少。根据答语“Since Friday”和“for about three days”可知，此处询问的是状态持续的时间段，且句中使用了现在完成时。针对时间段（since/for引导的短语）提问需使用疑问词组How long。 2．—________ did your uncle leave his hometown for the 2006 Winter Olympics? —He ________ for nearly twenty years. A．When; has left B．When; has been away C．How long; has left D．How long; has been away 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你叔叔什么时候离开家乡去参加2026年冬奥会的？——他已经离开近二十年了。 第一空问句用一般过去时，询问动作发生的时间，用When（什么时候）提问；How long（多长时间）用于对时间段提问，不符合问句语境，排除C、D。 第二空答句中“for nearly twenty years”是时间段，现在完成时中，短暂性动词leave不能与时间段连用，需转换为延续性表达be away，因此用has been away，排除A。 3．—________ have you had this high-tech smart watch? —Since my birthday last month. A．When B．How soon C．How long D．How often 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你拥有这块高科技智能手表多长时间了？——自从上个月我的生日以来。 When什么时候；How soon多久以后；How long多长时间；How often多久一次。根据答语“Since my birthday last month.”可知，回答的是自从过去某一点时间开始持续到现在的一段时间，对时间段提问用How long。 4．—________ does Amy go skateboarding a week? —Twice a week. A．How often B．How many times C．How long 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——艾米一周去滑多少次滑板？——一周两次。 How often多久一次，询问频率；How many times多少次，询问次数；How long多长时间，询问时长。根据答句“Twice a week.”可知，此处是询问次数，应填How many times。 5．—________ is it since we met last time? —Three years. How time flies! A．How often B．How soon C．How long D．How far 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——自从我们上次见面有多长时间了？——三年了。时光飞逝！ How often多久一次；How soon多久以后；How long多长时间；How far多远。根据答语“Three years”可知，是对时间段进行提问，应用How long。 知识点03 介词by的用法 （一）表示 “方式 / 手段 / 方法”：通过……；以…… 方式 1. by + 名词 /by + doing 1. by + 交通工具（零冠词） by bus /by bike /by car /by plane /by underground= 乘公交、骑车、开车、坐飞机、乘地铁 2. by + 通讯 / 媒介by phone /by email /by letter通过电话、邮件、信件 3. by + doing sth.（最重要！）通过做某事 ◦ We learn English by listening to tapes. ◦ You can improve your skills by practicing every day. （二） 表示 “时间”：在…… 之前；不迟于…… = not later than Please finish it by 5:00.请在 5 点前完成。 I will be back by tomorrow.我明天之前回来。 （三）表示 “方位 / 位置”：在…… 旁边；靠近 There is a chair by the window.窗边有把椅子。 He is sitting by me.他坐在我旁边。 （四）表示 “执行者”：被；由（被动语态标志） 结构：be + 过去分词 + by + sb. The bridge was built by workers.这座桥是工人们建造的。 （三）by的固定搭配 by the way顺便说一下 by accident/chance 偶然地 by mistake错误地 by the end of截止到...时间 by oneself独自地，亲自地 by hand =hand-made手工地 word by word逐字地 one by one一个接着一个 step by step逐步地 bit by bit=little by little 一点点地 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 典例01 1．Mary prefers to ________ a bike to school rather than go to school ________ bus. A．by; take B．take; by C．ride; by D．by; ride 【答案】C 【解析】句意：Mary宁愿骑自行车去上学，也不愿意乘公共汽车。 考查动词和介词。by通过，后跟交通方式，表示“乘坐……”；take乘坐，后加冠词+交通方式，表示“乘坐……”；ride骑车。ride a bike“骑自行车”；by bus“乘公共汽车”。故选C。                    即时检测 1．I learn English by ________ TV every day. A．watch B．watching C．see D．seeing 【答案】B 【解析】句意：我通过每天看电视来学习英语。 考查动名词和动词辨析。watch观看；see看见。空格前的by是“通过”的意思，是一个介词，后要接动名词；看电视的短语是“watch TV”，故要选择watch的动名词形式，故选B。 2．English is used ________ the first language ________ Americans. A．as, as B．for, by C．as, by D．for, as 【答案】C 【解析】句意：英语被美国人用作第一语言。 考查介词辨析。as作为；for为了；by被。第一空指英语被用作第一语言，be used as被用作。第二空指英语被美国人用作第一语言，be used by被……用。故选C。 3．—Tom, what do you think is the secret ________ writing in English? —________ reading lots of English articles. A．with, About B．to, About C．with, By D．to, By 【答案】D 【解析】句意：——汤姆，你认为英语写作的秘诀是什么？——通过阅读大量英语文章。 考查介词辨析。with和；to对于；about关于；by通过。the secret to ...“……的秘诀”，故第一空用to；根据“... reading lots of English articles”可知是“通过”读大量英语文章来提高英语写作水平，第二空用By。故选D。 考场练兵·分层实战 基础通关练（测试时间：10分钟） 一、单项选择 1．— Your scarf is so beautiful. Is it made ______ silk? — Yes. It is made completely ________ hand, so it cost me $50. A．of; in B．of; by C．from; with 【答案】B 【解析】句意：——你的围巾真漂亮。它是丝绸做的吗？——是的。它完全是手工制作的，所以花了我50美元。 考查介词辨析。of……的；by通过；with用；from从；in在……里。be made of“由……制成”，表示制成成品后，仍可看出原材料是什么，保留原材料的质和形状，制作过程仅发生物理变化；be made from“由……制成”，表示制成的东西完全失去了原材料的外形或特征，或原材料在制作过程中发生化学变化，在成品中已无法辨认。根据“Your scarf is so beautiful.”可知，是可以看出原材料的，所以用介词of，故排除C；结合第二空后“hand”可知，by hand“用手”，固定短语。故选B。 2．I want to send Mary a card. She can________ it in a few days________ post. A．receive; for B．receives; with C．receive; by D．receives; to 【答案】C 【解析】句意：我想寄给玛丽一张卡片。通过邮寄她可以在几天后收到。 考查情态动词的用法和介词的用法。情态动词can后面跟动词原形，因此receive应该使用动词原形，排除BD；for为了；by通过。通过邮寄的方式，应该使用介词短语by post。故选C。 3．—Your home is far from the school. Do you get to school ________ the bus? —No, I get to school ________ bike. A．at; by B．on; in C．in; on D．on; by 【答案】D 【解析】句意：——你家离学校很远。你乘公共汽车去学校吗？——不，我骑自行车去学校。 考查介词。by+交通工具，此时名词前不加任何冠词；所以“骑自行车”by bike；“乘公交车”by bus或on the bus。故选D。 4．________ I was young, I was afraid of making mistakes. A．Because B．When C．Even if D．As if 【答案】B 【详解】句意：当我年轻的时候，我害怕犯错误。 Because因为；When当……时候；Even if即使；As if好像。根据句意可知，When在此处引导时间状语从句，指当年轻的时候，符合语境。 5．My brother ________ TV when I ________ home yesterday. A．watched; got B．was watching; got C．watched; was getting D．was watching; was getting 【答案】B 【详解】句意：昨天当我到家的时候，我的弟弟正在看电视。 在when 引导的时间状语从句中，从句动作表示过去某一时刻发生的短暂动作，用一般过去时；主句动作表示过去某一时刻正在进行的持续动作，用过去进行时。根据“yesterday”可知是过去时间，“到家”是瞬间动作，填 got；“看电视”是当时正在进行的动作，填 was watching。故填was watching; got。 6．—Why were you late for school, David? —I was about to go to school________it began to rain. A．since B．while C．until D．when 【答案】D 【详解】——大卫，你为什么上学迟到了？——我正要去上学，这时天开始下雨了。 since自从；while在……期间；until直到……为止；when当……时。根据语境可知，“was about to go to school”和“began to rain”几乎是同时发生的，并且从句的谓语“began”为短暂性动词，所以此空应填when引导时间状语从句。 7．I was working on a math problem ________ my friend called me. A．while B．after C．when D．until 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我正在做一道数学题，这时我的朋友给我打电话了。 while当……时（强调主从句动作同时进行，常接延续性动词）；after在……之后；when当……时/这时（可表示主句动作进行时，另一动作突然发生）；until直到……。根据“I was working on a math problem”（我正在做一道数学题）和“my friend called me”（我的朋友给我打电话）可知，后一动作在主句进行过程中突然发生，应用when连接，表示“这时”，when符合语境。 8．—Jack, remember ________ off the lights when ________ home. —OK. I won’t forget. A．turning; leaving B．to turn; leaving C．to turn; leave D．turning; left 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——杰克，记得离开家时关灯。——好的，我不会忘记的。 考查非谓语动词及状语从句的省略。remember to do sth.记得要做某事（未做）；remember doing sth.记得做过某事（已做）。根据句意，是提醒关灯，动作尚未发生，应用to turn。when引导时间状语从句，当从句主语与主句主语一致且谓语包含be动词时，可省略主语和be动词，此处完整形式为when you are leaving home，省略后为when leaving home。故选B。 9．He had an accident ________ his bike to work. A．when he riding B．when riding C．when was riding D．when ride 【答案】B 【详解】句意：他骑自行车去上班时发生了事故。 考查时间状语从句的省略。当主句和从句主语一致时，可省略从句的主语和be动词，直接用现在分词。主句主语为he，从句原句应为when he was riding his bike to work，省略后为when riding。故选B。 10．—________ have you played soccer? —For three years. A．How often B．How many C．How long 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你踢足球踢了多久了？——三年了。 考查特殊疑问句。How often多久一次（询问频率）；How many多少（后接可数名词复数）；How long多长时间（询问时间段）。根据答语“For three years.”可知，问句是询问持续的时间长度，故选C。 11．—________ has the man worked in the club? —For 10 years. A．How long B．How much C．How many 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——这位男士在俱乐部工作多久了？——10年了。 考查特殊疑问句。How long多久，询问时间长度；How much多少，询问不可数名词数量或价格；How many多少，询问可数名词数量。答语“For 10 years.”是一段时间，所以问句询问持续的时间。故选A。 重难突破练（测试时间：20分钟） 1．My mother waters these flowers every day. (改为被动语态) These flowers by my mother every day. 【答案】 are watered 【解析】句意：我妈妈每天浇这些花。被动语态结构为“be + 过去分词”，原句是一般现在时，主语“These flowers”是复数，be动词用“are”，“water”的过去分词是“watered”。故填are；watered。 2．Daniel finished the task by asking AI for help.（对画线部分提问） Daniel finish the task? 【答案】 How did 【解析】句意：丹尼尔通过向人工智能寻求帮助完成了任务。原句划线部分表示完成任务的“方式”，对方式提问需用疑问词How，原句动词finished是过去式，疑问句需借助助动词did。故填How；did。 3．Tom goes to school by bike every day. (对划线部分提问) does Tom to school every day? 【答案】 How go 【解析】句意：汤姆每天骑自行车去上学。划线部分表示方式，用how提问，后跟一般疑问句，does后用实义动词原形go。故填How；go。 4．These beautiful photos were taken by my mother 30 years ago.  (对划线部分提问) these beautiful photos taken by 30 years ago? 【答案】Who/Whom were 【解析】句意：这些漂亮的照片是我妈妈30年前拍摄的。划线部分是“my mother”，表示人，并作介词宾语，所以用whom或who 提问，变疑问句时，把be动词were提到主语前，句首首字母大写。故填Who/Whom；were。 5．I have been in the Reading Club since I came to this school. (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ ________ you ________ in the Reading Club? 【答案】 How long have been 【详解】句意：自从来到这所学校，我就一直在阅读俱乐部了。划线部分“since I came to this school”是时间状语从句，表示动作开始的时间点，是一个持续的时间段，因此用How long“多久”提问，原句是现在完成时，主语是you，因此助动词用have，过去分词保持原句的been。 6．I was taking out the trash when the earthquake happened.（对划线部分提问） ________ ________ you doing when the earthquake happened? 【答案】 What were 【详解】句意：地震发生时，我正在倒垃圾。划线部分表示正在做的事，用What提问，原句含be动词was，疑问句中主语是you，所以was改为were。故填What；were。 7．I’ve known him since he came here. (对划线部分提问) ________ have you known him? 【答案】How long 【详解】句意：自从他来到这里，我就认识他了。划线部分是时间点，此处询问认识多久了，故此处疑问词用how long。故填How long。 8．They rode their bicycles for one hour to get there. (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ did they ride their bicycles to get there? 【答案】 How long 【详解】句意：他们骑了一个小时的自行车到那里。划线部分“for one hour”表示时长，对时间长度提问应用疑问词How long，意为“多长时间”。故填How；long。 9．His son has owned the train and railway set since his third birthday. (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ has his son owned the train and railway set? 【答案】 How long 【详解】句意：他的儿子从三岁生日起就拥有了火车和铁路。划线部分表示时段，也就是说动作持续了多久，用How long提问，故填How；long。 10．Lily has kept the library book for three weeks. (对划线部分提问） ________ ________ has Lily kept the library book? 【答案】 How long 【详解】句意：Lily借图书馆的书已经三周了。划线部分“for three weeks.”表示一段时间，对此提问用how long表示“多久”，句首首字母大学。故填How；long。 11．My uncle has lived in this village since he was born. (对划线部分提问) How ________ ________ your uncle lived in this village? 【答案】 long has 【详解】句意：我叔叔从出生起就住在这个村子里。由“since he was born”可知，是对时间段提问，要用how long（多久），原句是现在完成时（has lived），变疑问句时将has提前，结构为How long+has+主语+过去分词+其他。故填long；has。 综合拓展练（测试时间：10分钟） 一、语法选择 阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Learning to be polite in a new language isn’t easy. Every language has special ways to be polite, and knowing how to use these rules can make a big 1 . One simple way 2 your English sound more polite is to use modal verbs (情态动词). You probably already know modal verbs like “could”, “would”, “might” and “shall”. While these verbs are used to talk about ability or possibility, they’re also a great way to make your English sound more polite, especially when you are 3 questions. For example, asking someone “Do you want to have dinner with me?” sounds direct. But if you use a modal verb—“Would you like 4 dinner with me?”—it sounds much nicer! Modal verbs are also used when you ask 5 something. “Could you open the window, please?” sounds much better than just “Open the window, please.” Another way to sound more polite in English is to use the passive voice (被动语态). This is 6 in situations where it might be rude to directly point out someone’s actions or 7 . For example, “The computer wasn’t turned off.” sounds nicer than “Bob 8 to turn off the computer.” You can also use the past tense (过去时). For example, when you check into a hotel, the staff might ask, “Did you need any help with your luggage (行李)?” 9 the past tense is usually used to describe things that have already happened, it’s also a way to show 10 politeness. These tips will help make your English sound more polite and considerate (体贴的)! 1．A．different B．difference C．differently D．differences 2．A．make B．to make C．making D．makes 3．A．ask B．asks C．to ask D．asking 4．A．has B．to have C．having D．to has 5．A．to B．at C．for D．in 6．A．helpful B．helpless C．luck D．lucky 7．A．mistake B．mistakes C．mistaking D．mistook 8．A．forget B．forgot C．forgotten D．forgets 9．A．Because B．So C．Although D．But 10．A．you B．your C．yourself D．yourselves 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．D 4．B 5．C 6．A 7．B 8．B 9．C 10．B 【导语】本文介绍如何通过情态动词、被动语态和过去时等语法手段使英语表达更礼貌。 1．句意：每种语言都有特殊的礼貌方式，知道如何使用这些规则会产生很大影响。 different不同的，形容词；difference影响、区别，名词单数；differently不同地，副词；differences影响、区别，名词复数。根据“make a big”可知需接名词单数，且语义强调“影响”。故选B。 2．句意：让你的英语听起来更有礼貌的一个简单方法就是使用情态动词。 make动词原形；to make不定式；making动名词、现在分词；makes动词三单。根据“One simple way”可知后需接不定式作定语。故选B。 3．句意：虽然这些动词用于谈论能力或可能性，但它们也是让你的英语听起来更礼貌的好方法，尤其是当你问问题的时候。 ask动词原形；asks动词三单；to ask不定式；asking现在分词、动名词。根据“when you are”可知需接现在分词构成现在进行时。故选D。 4．句意：你愿需要和我共进晚餐吗？ has动词三单；to have不定式；having动名词、现在分词；to has语法错误。根据“Would you like”可知后接不定式表示“你需要做某事吗”。故选B。 5．句意：情态动词也用于请求某事时。 to表方向；at表地点；for表目的；in表范围。“ask for”固定搭配表“请求”。故选C。 6．句意：在直接指出别人的行为或错误可能是不礼貌的情况下，这很有帮助。 helpful有帮助的；helpless无助的；luck运气；lucky幸运的。根据“Another way to sound more polite in English is to use the passive voice”可知，使用被动语态是有礼貌的，有帮助的。故选A。 7．句意：在直接指出别人的行为或错误可能是不礼貌的情况下，这很有帮助。 mistake错误，单数名词；mistakes错误，复数名词；mistaking现在分词、动名词；mistook过去式。根据“actions or”可知需名词复数与actions并列。故选B。 8．句意：“电脑没有关机”听起来比“鲍勃忘了关电脑”好听。 forget动词原形；forgot过去式；forgotten过去分词；forgets动词三单。根据“wasn’t”可知是一般过去时，用过去式。故选B。 9．句意：虽然过去时通常用来描述已经发生的事情，但它也是一种显示你礼貌的方式。 Because因为；So所以；Although虽然；But但是。根据“...the past tense is usually used to describe things that have already happened, it’s also a way to show...politeness.”可知，前后句逻辑为让步关系。故选C。 10．句意：虽然过去时通常用来描述已经发生的事情，但它也是一种显示你礼貌的方式。 you你，人称代词；your你的，形容词性物主代词；yourself你自己，反身代词；yourselves你们自己，反身代词。根据“politeness”可知需形容词性物主代词修饰名词。故选B。 二、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 As a student, I have learnt that staying healthy is the key to a happy life. There are many things we can do to avoid illness and keep our bodies strong. Last month, I had 1 sore throat. It was so 2 (pain) that I couldn’t say a word. I 3 (suffer) a lot from this small illness. That’s when I realized how important it was to take care of myself. 4 (stay) healthy, we should keep our living spaces clear and tidy. A clean environment can stop us from 5 (get) sick. Also, we need to eat healthy food like fruit and vegetables. What’s more, we should reduce eating out 6 try to cook for 7 (we). Regular exercise is a must too. Running, 8 (ski), or playing ball games not only makes us fit but also sees the world brightly. Most importantly, we should listen to our bodies. 9 something doesn’t feel right, we should follow the doctor’s advice. Remember not to take medicine 10 consulting (咨询) a doctor. By doing these things, we can enjoy good health and live our lives to the fullest. 【答案】 1．a 2．painful 3．suffered 4．To stay 5．getting 6．and 7．ourselves 8．skiing 9．If 10．without/before 【导语】本文作者通过自身生病的经历，认识到健康的重要性，并提出了保持健康的几种方法，包括保持环境整洁、健康饮食、自己做饭、定期锻炼以及遵医嘱用药。 1．句意：上个月，我喉咙痛。sore throat为常见搭配，此处表示泛指，sore以辅音音素开头，所以填a。 2．句意：它如此疼痛，以至于我说不出话。pain的形容词形式为painful，放在系动词is后作表语。 3．句意：我因这个小病受了很多苦。描述上个月发生的事情，用一般过去时，suffer的过去式为suffered。 4．句意：为了保持健康，我们应该保持生活空间干净整洁。此处作目的状语，需要用动词不定式结构To stay。 5．句意：干净的环境可以阻止我们生病。stop sb. from doing sth.为固定搭配，from后接动名词，get的动名词为getting。 6．句意：此外，我们应该减少外出就餐，并尝试为自己做饭。前后两个动作为并列关系，用and连接。 7．句意：此外，我们应该减少外出就餐，并尝试为自己做饭。根据语境可知，此处指我们自己做饭，需用反身代词ourselves“我们自己”。 8．句意：跑步、滑雪或打球不仅让我们健康，还让我们乐观地看待世界。ski与Running、playing并列作主语，需用动名词形式skiing。 9．句意：如果某件事感觉不对劲，我们应该听从医生的建议。前后为条件关系，表示“如果”，所以填If。 10．句意：记得在没有咨询医生的情况下/咨询医生之前不要吃药。根据语境可知，此处指不要在没有咨询医生的情况下或咨询医生之前服药，without“没有”，介词；before“在……之前”，介词。 $ 专题04 when /how long/by的用法（期中复习讲义） 内 容 导 航 考情透视·目标导航 透析期中考向，锚定备考重心 知识梳理·方法技巧 梳理核心脉络，扫除知识盲区 知识点01 when引导的时间状语从句 知识点02 when与 how long引导特殊疑问句 知识点03 介词by的用法 考场练兵·分层实战 阶梯实战演练，验收复习成效 考情透视·目标导航 常考题型 内容要点 命题趋势 单项选择 语法选择 语法填空 书面表达 1. when引导的时间状语从句； 2. when与 how long引导特殊疑问句 ； 3. 介词by的用法 1. 主将从现仍是单选 / 语法填空第一考点，不再只给标志词，靠语境判断 2. 减少纯记忆题，语境化、生活化为主 3. 重辨析：易混词 / 易混结构对比考查变多 4. 写作绑定：状语从句、by、how long 都是书面表达加分结构 知识梳理·方法技巧 知识点01 when引导的时间状语从句 1. when意为"当......时"，引导时间状语从句；从句谓语动词可以是短暂性动词，表示某一时刻的动作，也可以是延续性动词，从句常用过去进行时表示某一时间段内发生的动作。 1. 一般过去时+一般过去时 I started my dinner when he left. 他走了之后，我才开始吃晚饭。 2. 一般过去时+过去进行时，长动作正在进行，短动作突然发生 The doorbell rang when I was telephoning. 门铃响的时候,我正在打电话。 I was telephoning when the doorbell rang. 当时我正在打电话，突然门铃响了。 3. 主句一般将来时+从句一般现在时(主将从现) I will tell you when he arrives. 当他到达时，我会告诉你。 典例01 1．They were walking along the road ________ it began to rain. A．while B．when C．since D．before 即时检测 1．________ I got to the bus stop, the last bus had already left. A．When B．Since C．Until D．While 2．My pet ________ runs away quickly ________ it meets cats and dogs. A．mice; but B．mice; when C．mouse; when D．mouse; but 3．________ the flood came, many people were still sleeping. A．When B．While C．Because D．If 知识点02 when与how long 引导的特殊疑问句 when 用作疑问副词，提问内容为时间点。不用于一段时间。 When did he arrive in Beijing? 他什么时候到的北京？ how long 常用来询问时间段。常用"for+时间段"或"since+时间点"来回答。 How long have you lived here?你在这里住多久了？ —For ten years. / Since 2015. 用来提问物体的长度。 --How long is the Nile? 尼罗河有多长? 典例01 1．—________ do you usually choose to read in your free time? —I prefer science books because they can open my mind. A．Where B．How long C．When D．What kind of books 即时检测 1．—________ have you been like this? —Since Friday. I’ve been ill for about three days. A．How far B．How long C．How soon D．How much 2．—________ did your uncle leave his hometown for the 2006 Winter Olympics? —He ________ for nearly twenty years. A．When; has left B．When; has been away C．How long; has left D．How long; has been away 3．—________ have you had this high-tech smart watch? —Since my birthday last month. A．When B．How soon C．How long D．How often 4．—________ does Amy go skateboarding a week? —Twice a week. A．How often B．How many times C．How long 5．—________ is it since we met last time? —Three years. How time flies! A．How often B．How soon C．How long D．How far 知识点03 介词by的用法 （一）表示 “方式 / 手段 / 方法”：通过……；以…… 方式 1. by + 名词 /by + doing 1. by + 交通工具（零冠词） by bus /by bike /by car /by plane /by underground= 乘公交、骑车、开车、坐飞机、乘地铁 2. by + 通讯 / 媒介by phone /by email /by letter通过电话、邮件、信件 3. by + doing sth.（最重要！）通过做某事 ◦ We learn English by listening to tapes. ◦ You can improve your skills by practicing every day. （二） 表示 “时间”：在…… 之前；不迟于…… = not later than Please finish it by 5:00.请在 5 点前完成。 I will be back by tomorrow.我明天之前回来。 （三）表示 “方位 / 位置”：在…… 旁边；靠近 There is a chair by the window.窗边有把椅子。 He is sitting by me.他坐在我旁边。 （四）表示 “执行者”：被；由（被动语态标志） 结构：be + 过去分词 + by + sb. The bridge was built by workers.这座桥是工人们建造的。 （三）by的固定搭配 by the way顺便说一下 by accident/chance 偶然地 by mistake错误地 by the end of截止到...时间 by oneself独自地，亲自地 by hand =hand-made手工地 word by word逐字地 one by one一个接着一个 step by step逐步地 bit by bit=little by little 一点点地 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 典例01 1．Mary prefers to ________ a bike to school rather than go to school ________ bus. A．by; take B．take; by C．ride; by D．by; ride 即时检测 1．I learn English by ________ TV every day. A．watch B．watching C．see D．seeing 2．English is used ________ the first language ________ Americans. A．as, as B．for, by C．as, by D．for, as 3．—Tom, what do you think is the secret ________ writing in English? —________ reading lots of English articles. A．with, About B．to, About C．with, By D．to, By 考场练兵·分层实战 基础通关练（测试时间：10分钟） 一、单项选择 1．— Your scarf is so beautiful. Is it made ______ silk? — Yes. It is made completely ________ hand, so it cost me $50. A．of; in B．of; by C．from; with 2．I want to send Mary a card. She can________ it in a few days________ post. A．receive; for B．receives; with C．receive; by D．receives; to 3．—Your home is far from the school. Do you get to school ________ the bus? —No, I get to school ________ bike. A．at; by B．on; in C．in; on D．on; by 4．________ I was young, I was afraid of making mistakes. A．Because B．When C．Even if D．As if 5．My brother ________ TV when I ________ home yesterday. A．watched; got B．was watching; got C．watched; was getting D．was watching; was getting 6．—Why were you late for school, David? —I was about to go to school________it began to rain. A．since B．while C．until D．when 7．I was working on a math problem ________ my friend called me. A．while B．after C．when D．until 8．—Jack, remember ________ off the lights when ________ home. —OK. I won’t forget. A．turning; leaving B．to turn; leaving C．to turn; leave D．turning; left 9．He had an accident ________ his bike to work. A．when he riding B．when riding C．when was riding D．when ride 10．—________ have you played soccer? —For three years. A．How often B．How many C．How long 11．—________ has the man worked in the club? —For 10 years. A．How long B．How much C．How many 重难突破练（测试时间：20分钟） 1．My mother waters these flowers every day. (改为被动语态) These flowers by my mother every day. 2．Daniel finished the task by asking AI for help.（对画线部分提问） Daniel finish the task? 3．Tom goes to school by bike every day. (对划线部分提问) does Tom to school every day? 4．These beautiful photos were taken by my mother 30 years ago.  (对划线部分提问) these beautiful photos taken by 30 years ago? 5．I have been in the Reading Club since I came to this school. (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ ________ you ________ in the Reading Club? 6．I was taking out the trash when the earthquake happened.（对划线部分提问） ________ ________ you doing when the earthquake happened? 7．I’ve known him since he came here. (对划线部分提问) ________ have you known him? 8．They rode their bicycles for one hour to get there. (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ did they ride their bicycles to get there? 9．His son has owned the train and railway set since his third birthday. (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ has his son owned the train and railway set? 10．Lily has kept the library book for three weeks. (对划线部分提问） ________ ________ has Lily kept the library book? 11．My uncle has lived in this village since he was born. (对划线部分提问) How ________ ________ your uncle lived in this village? 综合拓展练（测试时间：10分钟） 一、语法选择 阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Learning to be polite in a new language isn’t easy. Every language has special ways to be polite, and knowing how to use these rules can make a big 1 . One simple way 2 your English sound more polite is to use modal verbs (情态动词). You probably already know modal verbs like “could”, “would”, “might” and “shall”. While these verbs are used to talk about ability or possibility, they’re also a great way to make your English sound more polite, especially when you are 3 questions. For example, asking someone “Do you want to have dinner with me?” sounds direct. But if you use a modal verb—“Would you like 4 dinner with me?”—it sounds much nicer! Modal verbs are also used when you ask 5 something. “Could you open the window, please?” sounds much better than just “Open the window, please.” Another way to sound more polite in English is to use the passive voice (被动语态). This is 6 in situations where it might be rude to directly point out someone’s actions or 7 . For example, “The computer wasn’t turned off.” sounds nicer than “Bob 8 to turn off the computer.” You can also use the past tense (过去时). For example, when you check into a hotel, the staff might ask, “Did you need any help with your luggage (行李)?” 9 the past tense is usually used to describe things that have already happened, it’s also a way to show 10 politeness. These tips will help make your English sound more polite and considerate (体贴的)! 1．A．different B．difference C．differently D．differences 2．A．make B．to make C．making D．makes 3．A．ask B．asks C．to ask D．asking 4．A．has B．to have C．having D．to has 5．A．to B．at C．for D．in 6．A．helpful B．helpless C．luck D．lucky 7．A．mistake B．mistakes C．mistaking D．mistook 8．A．forget B．forgot C．forgotten D．forgets 9．A．Because B．So C．Although D．But 10．A．you B．your C．yourself D．yourselves 二、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 As a student, I have learnt that staying healthy is the key to a happy life. There are many things we can do to avoid illness and keep our bodies strong. Last month, I had 1 sore throat. It was so 2 (pain) that I couldn’t say a word. I 3 (suffer) a lot from this small illness. That’s when I realized how important it was to take care of myself. 4 (stay) healthy, we should keep our living spaces clear and tidy. A clean environment can stop us from 5 (get) sick. Also, we need to eat healthy food like fruit and vegetables. What’s more, we should reduce eating out 6 try to cook for 7 (we). Regular exercise is a must too. Running, 8 (ski), or playing ball games not only makes us fit but also sees the world brightly. Most importantly, we should listen to our bodies. 9 something doesn’t feel right, we should follow the doctor’s advice. Remember not to take medicine 10 consulting (咨询) a doctor. By doing these things, we can enjoy good health and live our lives to the fullest. $