Unit 4 Rules make for a better life!Understanding cultures知识清单2025-2026学年冀教版英语八年级下册

Unit 4 Rules make for a better life!Understanding cultures知识清单 Part1核心单词 1 strange /streɪndʒ/ adj. 奇怪的；陌生的 strange adj. 意为“奇怪的；陌生的”。既可作定语也可作表语。 be strange to sb. 对某人来说是陌生的 strange 的词形变化： stranger n. 陌生人 strangely adv. 异常地；奇怪地 例：The old clock in the living room makes a strange sound at night.客厅里的老钟晚上会发出奇怪的声音。 It feels strange to be back here after years.多年后回到这里，感觉很陌生。 This culture is strange to me.这种文化对我来说很陌生。 Mom always tells me not to open the door for strangers.妈妈总是告诉我不要给陌生人开门。 2 within /wɪ'ðɪn/ prep. 在……之内 within prep. 意为“在…… 之内”，强调时间、空间、范围或限度。 within + 时间，within a d ay/week/month 在一天/ 一周/ 一个月内。 辨析：within 与in within  强调“不超过某个时间段”，常与将来时或过去时连用；或“在某个范围内部”(不超出界限) 。 in  “in + 时间段”常指“在……之后”，多用于将来时；或泛指“在某个空间里”(不强调边界) 。 例：You should finish your homework within an hour.你应该在一个小时内完成你的作业。 Finish the test within 45 minutes.在45 分钟内完成考试。(不能超时) There's a cat in the box. 盒子里有只猫。 They play football in the afternoon. 他们下午踢足球。 3 board /bɔːd/ v. 上船(或火车、飞机等) n. 板；木板 board v. 意为“上船(或火车、飞机等) ”。board a plane/ship/train 登机/ 上船/ 上火车。 board 作动词，还可意为“寄宿”，a boarding school 寄宿学校。 board 还可作名词，意为“板；木板”。 (1) a wooden board 木板 (2) a notice board 布告板 on board 在船/ 火车/ 飞机上 例：They are waiting to board the ship. 他们在等着上船。 She boards with a local family. 她在当地一户人家寄宿。 Tina made an interesting bike using these boards.蒂娜用这些木板做了一个有趣的自行车。 All passengers are on board the plane. Let's take off!所有乘客都已登机，我们起飞吧！ 4 either /'aɪðə(r) / adv. 也(用于否定词组后) adj. &pron. (两者中的) 任何一个 either adv. 意为“也”，用于否定句中。 either 还可作形容词，意为“(两者中的) 任何一个”，修饰可数名词单数。 either 作代词，意为“(两者中的) 任何一个”，具体用法： (1) 可单独使用，既可作主语也可作宾语，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 (2) 构成短语either of...，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 either 还可作连词，意为“或者”。either... or..“. 或者……或者……”，表示两者之一。连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词和最近的主语保持一致，即遵循“就近原则”。 辨析：either, too 与also either  “也”，用于否定句中，一般放在句末。 too  “也”，用于肯定句中，一般放在句末。多用于口语中，语气较轻。 also  “也”，用于肯定句中，常放在句中，位于系动词、情态动词或助动词之后，实义动词之前。 例：Tom can't swim, and I can't either. 汤姆不会游泳，我也不会。 You can take either seat — both are free.你可以坐任意一个座位，两个都空着。 You can take either of the pens. I don't need them.你可以拿走两支笔中的任意一支，我不需要。 5 punish /'pʌnɪʃ/ v. 处罚；惩罚 punish v. 意为“处罚；惩罚”。常用搭配： (1) punish sb. for sth. 因某事而惩罚某人 (2) punish sb. with/by... 对某人处以…… 名词形式为punishment，意为“处罚；惩罚”。 例：Their mother punished them for their rudeness.他们的妈妈因为他们的无礼而惩罚了他们。 The policeman punished him with/by a fine.那位警察对他处以罚金。 The school has strict rules about punishment for bullying. 学校对欺凌行为的处罚有严格规定。 6 pack /pæk/ v. 装；捆扎；挑选；塞满 n. 装(箱) ；包裹 pack v. 意为“装；捆扎；挑选；塞满”。常见搭配： (1) pack sth. into sth. 把某物装进某物 (2) be packed with 被……塞满 pack 作名词，意为“装(箱) ；包裹”。 a pack of 一盒/ 群/ 包 例：He packed his bag with books and snacks.他在包里装满了书和零食。 We packed books into the box for the library sale.我们把书捆扎进箱子，准备图书馆义卖。 The coach packed the team with experienced players.教练给球队挑选了一批有经验的球员。 I received a pack of storybooks as a gift.我收到了一个装着故事书的包裹作为礼物。 There's a pack of cards on the table. 桌上有一副扑克牌。 Part2 核心句子 1 You may want to remember these strange laws next time you're travelling to avoid fines! next time you're travelling to avoid fines时间状语从句，to avoid fines 动词不定式作目的状语。 2 The same law applies to eating near public buildings or institutions. apply to“适用于”，其中to 为介词。 3 Want to take a picture of your family in the airport before you board the plane? take a picture of...给……拍照 4 Photographing in and around airports is not allowed, and taking pictures of military and official buildings is not allowed either. 长难句分析：这句话是一个并列句。两个结构相似的分句通过并列连词and 连接。第一个分句中，Photographing in and around airports 是动名词短语作主语，is not allowed 是谓语；第二个分句中，taking pictures of military and official buildings 也是动名词短语作主语，is not allowed 是谓语。 5 You're not allowed to feed pigeons on the streets of San Francisco. feed 作动词，常见搭配： (1) feed sb./sth. 喂养某人/某物 (2) feed sb./sth. (on) sth.用某物喂养某人/某物 (3) feed sth. to sb./sth.给某人/某物喂某物 Part3 核心语法 一般现在时的被动语态 英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 考点1 被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成”。其人称、数和时态的变化都体现在助动词be 上。一般现在时的被动语态的谓语形式为“am/is/are + 及物动词的过去分词”。 例：This bike is made in Shanghai. 这辆自行车是在上海制造的。 Many trees are planted by us every year. 我们每年种许多树。 考点2 一般现在时被动语态的句式结构 句式 结构 例句 肯定句 主语+ am/is/are +及物动词的过去分词+其他. The book is borrowed from the school library. 这本书是从学校图书馆里借的。 否定句 主语+ am/is/are + not +及物动词的过去分词+ 其他. My blouse isn’t made of cotton. 我的衬衣不是棉质的。 一般 疑问句 Am/Is/Are +主语+及物动词的过去分词+其他? Is English spoken by many people in the world? 世界上有许多人说英语吗？ 特殊 疑问句 特殊疑问词+ am/is/are +主语+及物动词的过去分词+其他? What is this kind of sweater made of? 这种毛衣是由什么制成的？ 考点3 主动语态和被动语态的转化 主动语态转化为被动语态的步骤如下：(1)确定主动句的主语、谓语和宾语。(2)把主动句里的宾语变为被动句里的主语，若主动句里的宾语是人称代词，要将宾格变为主格。(3)把谓语动词改为被动形式，即“be + 及物动词的过去分词”，注意时态不能变。(4)把主动句中的主语放在介词by 后作宾语，若主语是人称代词，应把主格变为宾格，也可省略。 特别提醒: 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语时，变为被动语态需要带上to，且被动语态中的动作执行者可省略。如：make sb. do → sb. be made to do; see / hear sb. do → sb. be seen/heard to do The boss makes us work 12 hours every day. 老板让我们每天工作12 个小时。 → We are made to work 12 hours every day. 我们被迫每天工作12 个小时。 考点4 使用被动语态的情况 1.当动作的执行者不必或不易说出时，用被动语态。 例：This house was built in 1990. 这栋房子建于 1990 年。 2.需要突出动作的承受者时，用被动语态。动作的执行者由 by 引出且置于谓语动词之后，也可省略。 例：The letter was written by my father. 这封信是我父亲写的。 3.表示“据说 / 据报道 / 人们相信”等时，常用“It is + 过去分词 + that 从句” 句型。 例：It is reported that the accident caused several deaths. 据报道，这次事故造成了数人死亡。 4.文章的标题、广告、新闻等用语也常使用被动语态。 例：New Policy Announced 新政策已公布 5.某些含有被动关系的短语 (1)have/get sth. done 让某事被做 例：I usually have my hair cut every two months. 我通常两个月理一次发。 (2)sth. require(s)/need(s)/want(s) doing 某事需要被做 例：Your coat requires/needs/wants washing. 你的外套需要洗了。 考点5 不能使用被动语态的情况 1.look、sound、smell、taste 等系动词，用主动形式表被动意义。 例：The flower looks beautiful. 这朵花看起来很美。 2.动词want、need 以及短语be worth 等后加动名词时，用主动形式表示被动意义。 例：The car needs repairing. 这辆车需要被修理。 3.某些表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的不及物动词，如sell, write 等，它们的主语为物时，用主动形式表示被动意义。 例：This brand of phone sells well. 这个品牌的手机卖得好。 4.不及物动词或词组没有被动结构，如：take place(发生)、happen(发生)、come about(发生)、break out(爆发)、appear(出现)、disappear(消失)、last(持续)等。 Part4 单元写作 【写作维度】 本单元的写作项目是“规则造就更美好的生活”，相关内容通过以下几个方面展开：(1)介绍校园/家庭/交通等规则。(2)就规则发表评论或建议等。 【写作支架/模板】 如何写规则类的文章 开篇点题 具体介绍不同范围内的规则 总结收尾，阐述看法及共鸣 【好句积累】 一、开头段 ① There are some traditional family rules in China. ② The traffic rules are very important for us to obey. ③ Our school has rules to help us learn and stay safe. 二、中间段 ① This rule keeps us safe and avoids accidents. ② Here are some rules about it. ③ We should wear school uniforms daily. ④ We should finish homework on time. ⑤ It’s not polite to use the chopsticks to point at others. ⑥ We should look left and right, and wait for the green light when we cross the street. ⑦ Let’s walk on the zebra crossings together. 三、结尾段 ① In my opinion, we must do as the rules tell us. ② I think these rules are important and useful. ③ These rules may seem strict, but they make our school life better. 【经典例题】 校园规则是我们学习和生活的“安全网”，它们像好朋友一样，默默守护着我们的成长。假如你是李明，你们学校正在进行“爱我校园，守我规则”的征文活动，请根据下面提示写一篇短文参赛。 提示： 1. What rules do you have at school? 2. What do you think of the rules? 3. ... 注意：1.短文须包含提示信息，可适当发挥；2. 词数：70词左右(开头已给出，不计入总词数) 精彩范文展示 My School Rules Our school has rules to help us learn and stay safe. Here are the most important ones. First, no running in the hallways. A classmate once fell and hurt himself because he ran too fast. This rule keeps us safe and avoids accidents. Second, wear school uniforms daily. It makes us look like a team and saves time in the morning. Third, finish homework on time. It helps us be responsible. Now I do homework first every day and my grades are better. These rules may seem strict, but they make our school life better. They teach us safety, unity, and responsibility. 【实战演练】 古语有云，“无规矩，不成方圆。”规矩，是一种准则，更是一种分寸，是每一个人一生的必修课。假如你是腾飞，根据下面要求用英语写一篇发言稿在英语课上展示。 要求： 1. What traditional Chinese family rules do you know? 2. What are your family rules? 3. What do you think of these rules? 注意： 1. 短文中不得出现真实的地名、校名和人名。 2. 词数80个左右(标题和开头已给出，不计入总词数)。 Traditional Family Rules in China In China, there are some traditional family rules. ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 范文参考 Traditional Family Rules in China In China, there are some traditional family rules. For example, we shouldn’t eat until the elderly sit around the table. It’s not polite to use the chopsticks to point at others. There are many family rules in my family. I can’t go out at night or come home late. On school days, I can’t watch TV or listen to music when I do my homework. On weekends, I have to do some reading. I also have to clean my room and sometimes I need to help my mom cook. And I have to get up early every day. I think these rules are important and useful. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $