专题08 概要写作（上海专用）2026年高考英语二模分类汇编

专题08 概要写作 编者按：2026年上海十六区高三二模收集齐全，深度解析，排版整齐。 （一） （2025~2026学年闵行区二模） 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Stop Being a People-pleaser Imagine this: a relative calls and says she is planning to visit you for the holidays, but you had your heart set on a quiet celebration with your family. Not wanting to disappoint her, you agree, and suddenly your holiday plans have become hers. If this situation sounds familiar, you may be a people pleaser. Instead of saying no to things you really don’t want to do, you say yes. While it’s reasonable to be a team player at work or be kind to family members, you have to do it at your own expense, which is unwise and unhealthy. But where does people-pleasing come from? More often than not, it’s a learned behavior from childhood. If you grew up in a family where you were not allowed to have a say, you may have learned to stay quiet to avoid unpleasant consequences. Additionally, there are several different characteristics that may contribute to people-pleasing. Perfectionists, for example, often assume that others hold the same high standards as they do for themselves. Consequently, afraid of not living up to these imagined expectations, they tend to prioritize others’ needs. Luckily, it’s possible to break away from the habit of pleasing others. It starts with saying no — awkward and uncomfortable though it may be, your well-being depends on it. Setting simple boundaries to protect your time, energy, and emotions also works. For example, don’t answer work emails after hours, stop lending money to that relative who never pays you back, or tell a friend who disrespects you, “Please don’t talk to me that way”. Finally, practice treating yourself as well as you treat others. You may have been raised to think caring for yourself is selfish, but always putting others before yourself will only wear you out. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Many people are people-pleasers who often please others by saying yes to things they dislike at their own expense, which is unwise and unhealthy. It results from childhood experiences and personal traits of perfectionism. To change the situation, we can get rid of it by saying no to others, setting boundaries and caring for ourselves. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了讨好型人格的常见表现，说明这种牺牲自我去迎合他人的行为是不明智且不健康的，分析了它源于童年经历与个人性格，并给出了学会拒绝、设立界限、善待自己等改正方法。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Instead of saying no to things you really don’t want to do, you say yes. ②You have to do it at your own expense, which is unwise and unhealthy. ③People-pleasing is a learned behavior from childhood. ④Several different characteristics may contribute to people-pleasing. ⑤It’s possible to break away from the habit of pleasing others. ⑥Setting simple boundaries to protect your time, energy, and emotions also works. ⑦Practice treating yourself as well as you treat others. 2. 缜密构思将①②两个要点整合，概括讨好型人格的表现与危害；将③④两个要点合并，说明其形成原因；将⑤⑥⑦三个要点重组，梳理出摆脱这一习惯的具体方法。 3. 遣词造句 Many people are people-pleasers who often please others by saying yes to things they dislike at their own expense, which is unwise and unhealthy. It results from childhood experiences and personal traits of perfectionism. To change the situation, we can get rid of it by saying no to others, setting boundaries and caring for ourselves. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Many people are people-pleasers who often please others by saying yes to things they dislike at their own expense, which is unwise and unhealthy. (运用非限制性定语从句对原文第一段进行概括，which指代前文整件事，表达高级。) 【高分句型2】 To change the situation, we can get rid of it by saying no to others, setting boundaries and caring for ourselves.(运用三个并列动名词短语作方式状语，清晰概括原文第三段内容，结构工整，表达高级。) （二） （2025~2026学年金山区二模） 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Myth of Short-Term Memory Short-term memory contains the contents of your thoughts right now, including what you intend to do in the next few seconds. Actually, it is doing some mental calculations. You may think about what you’ll say next in a conversation or walk to the hall closet with the intention of getting a pair of gloves. Short-term memory is easily disturbed or disrupted. It depends on your active attention to the items in the “next thing to do” file in your mind. You do this by thinking about them, perhaps repeating them over and over again (“I’m going to the closet to get gloves”). But any distraction—a new thought, someone asking you a question, the telephone ringing—can disrupt your short-term memory by interfering with this attentional maintenance process. Our ability to automatically restore the contents of our short-term memory declines slightly with every decade after 30. But age is not the major factor so commonly assumed. I’ve been teaching undergraduates for my entire career and I can say that even 20-year-olds make short-term memory errors—loads of them. They walk into the wrong classroom; they show up to exams without the necessary No. 2 pencil; they forget something I had just said two minutes before. These are similar to the kinds of things 70-year-olds do. The relevant difference is not age but rather how we describe these events, the stories we tell ourselves about them. Twenty-year-olds don’t think, “Oh, dear, this must be early-onset brain damage.” They think, “I really need to get more than four hours of sleep.” The 70-year-old observes these same events and worries about her brain health. This is not to say that brain damage-related memory impairments are fiction. Instead, every failure of short-term memory doesn’t necessarily indicate a biological disorder. In the absence of brain disease, most research findings indicate that even the oldest adults show little or no memory or cognitive decline beyond age 85 and 90. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案01】 Short-term memory, is fragile and easily disrupted. While this ability declines slightly with age, age itself is not the main cause of errors, as younger people make similar mistakes. The key difference lies in perception: the young attribute lapses to lifestyle, whereas the elderly often fear brain damage. In healthy individuals, significant cognitive decline is minimal even in old age. (60 words) 【答案02】 Short-term memory holds our present thoughts and tasks and can be easily disturbed by different distractions around us. It declines slightly after age 30, but age is not the main cause of memory mistakes. Young people also make similar errors, and the real difference is people’s attitudes toward them, not actual biological disorders. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了短期记忆的功能、易受干扰的特点，指出其在 30 岁后略有下降，但年龄并非出错主因，真正差异在于人们对错误的态度而非生理问题。 【详解】 要点摘录①Short-term memory contains present thoughts and tasks and is easily disturbed by distractions.②It declines slightly after the age of 30.③Age is not the main cause of memory mistakes.④Young people also make similar memory errors.⑤The difference lies in people’s attitudes, not actual biological disorders. 缜密构思将①②整合，说明短期记忆的定义、特点及 30 岁后的微弱变化；将③④合并，指出年龄不是主因，年轻人同样会出现记忆失误；将⑤作为结尾，点明核心差异在于态度而非生理疾病。 遣词造句Short-term memory holds our present thoughts and tasks and can be easily disturbed by different distractions.It declines slightly after age 30, but age is not the main cause of memory mistakes.Young people also make similar errors, and the real difference is people’s attitudes toward them, not actual biological disorders. 【点睛】 【高分句型 1】Short-term memory holds our present thoughts and tasks and can be easily disturbed by different distractions, which is its major feature. 【高分句型 2】Although it declines slightly after 30, age is not the main cause, showing that attitude matters more than age. （三） （2025~2026学年松江区二模） 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Helping Helps Our bodies age at different rates, but offering regular help can reduce the rate of brain aging by around 15 to 20 percent, according to a research team from the University of Texas and the University of Massachusetts. The findings are based on telephone survey data from 31,303 people over 50. Scores on brain tests were mapped against helping behavior, whether structured volunteering with an organization or simply giving friends, relatives and neighbors a hand as needed. The benefits were evident for both. Researchers have tried to dig out the mechanism behind and one of their findings is that helping others regularly provides much mental stimulation. When we offer support, our brains are actively engaged in exercises that strengthen neural (神经的) connections. Much like a muscle, the brain strengthens with frequent use. Dealing with other people’s challenges and understanding their perspectives create new neural pathways. Over time, such stimulation helps maintain sharp memory and various other mental functions. Moreover, it has been found that helping reduces loneliness through shifting the helpers’ focus outward and making their connection with other people. Far from being just a feeling, loneliness acts as a biological cause of stress that can fundamentally alter the brain’s structure and chemistry. Reducing loneliness protects the brain, ultimately leading to longer-term brain function, for example, extending good logical reasoning into older age. Accordingly, researchers suggest that people spend around two to four hours per week helping others since it is the sweet spot for benefit. It’s possible that beyond that point, the mental and physical efforts of being a helper start to have a negative impact. They also support the argument for ensuring senior adults opportunities to give back to others or their community, because it is shown that seniors’ constant helping is associated with more effective brain power. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】例文 Research shows offering help, either formal or informal, slows brain’s aging process. First, helping others creates mental stimulation that strengthens different functions of the brain including memory. Besides, helpers’ loneliness is lessened through connecting with others, which extends brain’s working length. Thus, researchers recommend suitable amount of helping hours and enduring volunteering into old age. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究表明经常帮助他人可延缓大脑衰老，分析了其原理并给出合理建议。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Our bodies age at different rates, but offering regular help can reduce the rate of brain aging by around 15 to 20 percent, according to a research team from the University of Texas and the University of Massachusetts. ②Researchers have tried to dig out the mechanism behind and one of their findings is that helping others regularly provides much mental stimulation. ③Over time, such stimulation helps maintain sharp memory and various other mental functions. ④Moreover, it has been found that helping reduces loneliness through shifting the helpers’ focus outward and making their connection with other people.  ⑤Accordingly, researchers suggest that people spend around two to four hours per week helping others since it is the sweet spot for benefit.  ⑥They also support the argument for ensuring senior adults opportunities to give back to others or their community, because it is shown that seniors’ constant helping is associated with more effective brain power. 2. 缜密构思 精简要点①和④，整合要点②③，⑤⑥ 3.遣词造句 Research implies volunteering to help, either formal or informal, slows brain’s aging process. First, helping others creates mental stimulation strengthening different functions of the brain including memory. Besides, helpers’ isolation is lessened through connecting with others, which extends brain’s working length. Thus, researchers advise moderate amount of helping hours and enduring volunteering into old age. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Research shows offering help, either formal or informal, slows brain’s aging process.（用一个宾语从句对第一段内容进行总结，表达高级） 【高分句型2】 Besides, helpers’ loneliness is lessened through connecting with others, which extends brain’s working length.（用一个定语从句对第二段后半部分进行总结，表达高级） （四） （2025~2026学年浦东新区二模） 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Secret of Belly Fat (腹部脂肪) Belly fat refers to the unnecessary fat stored deep in the belly around the internal organs. It has long been thought to be particularly bad for your heart, increasing the risk of high blood pressure. However, recent scientific studies are casting new light on its more complex functions. A large-scale study published in Neurology has found that people with more belly fat tend to have less gray matter in their brains. Since gray matter helps with thinking and memory, this reduction in size means too much belly fat could lead to memory problems later in life. Scientists believe belly fat may harm the brain by producing harmful substances that cause gray matter to decrease and gradually damage the brain over time. However, not all belly fat is harmful. Emerging research from the Karolinska Institute reveals that there are several types of belly fat, and some can actually help your body. For example, fat located near your intestine (肠子) contains many defense cells that help fight diseases. This fat acts like an organ that talks to your body’s defense network. Furthermore, other studies distinguish between different types of fat cell. Unlike white fat that stores energy, brown and light yellow-brown fat burn calories to produce heat and can help lower blood pressure, which means some belly fat can protect your heart and improve your health. Thus, belly fat represents a biological mystery: while too much fat leads to disease, certain fat tissues play protective roles in fighting illness and processing energy. This two-sided fact emphasizes that health depends not just on fat quantity, but on its type and function. Maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and managing stress effectively can help control harmful belly fat while promoting the beneficial forms, contributing to overall well-being. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Version 1 Belly fat was once considered harmful to heart. However, new studies show too much belly fat may harm the brain and cause memory loss while some fat, like brown fat, helps fight diseases, burn calories and protect the heart. So health depends on fat’s type and role. Eating well, exercising, and managing stress can control bad fat. Version 2 New studies show belly fat is more complex than previously thought. While too much belly fat harms the brain and causes memory loss, certain types, like brown fat, can protect health by burning calories and supporting immunity. Therefore, health depends on its type and function. Eating well, exercising, and managing stress help control bad fat. 【解析】 【导语】（范文1） 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说腹部脂肪曾被认为对心脏有害。然而，新的研究表明，过多的腹部脂肪可能会损害大脑并导致记忆力减退，而某些脂肪（如棕色脂肪）则有助于对抗疾病、燃烧卡路里并保护心脏。因此，健康取决于脂肪的类型和作用。合理饮食、适量运动以及有效管理压力能够控制不良脂肪。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Belly fat refers to the unnecessary fat stored deep in the belly around the internal organs. It has long been thought to be particularly bad for your heart, increasing the risk of high blood pressure. However, recent scientific studies are casting new light on its more complex functions. ②Scientists believe belly fat may harm the brain by producing harmful substances that cause gray matter to decrease and gradually damage the brain over time. Unlike white fat that stores energy, brown and light yellow-brown fat burn calories to produce heat and can help lower blood pressure, which means some belly fat can protect your heart and improve your health. ③This two-sided fact emphasizes that health depends not just on fat quantity, but on its type and function. ④Maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and managing stress effectively can help control harmful belly fat while promoting the beneficial forms, contributing to overall well-being. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行综述，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Belly fat was once considered harmful to heart. However, new studies show too much belly fat may harm the brain and cause memory loss while some fat, like brown fat, helps fight diseases, burn calories and protect the heart. So health depends on fat’s type and role. Eating well, exercising, and managing stress can control bad fat. 【点睛】[高分句型1] However, new studies show too much belly fat may harm the brain and cause memory loss while some fat, like brown fat, helps fight diseases, burn calories and protect the heart.（运用了省略that的宾语从句） [高分句型2] Eating well, exercising, and managing stress can control bad fat.（运用了动名词作主语） （五） （2025~2026学年奉贤区二模） 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Algorithm (算法) Fatigue Algorithm fatigue is the tiredness from being “perfectly targeted” by every platform. On multiple e-commerce apps, the “Recommended for You” and precise targeting features once felt like magic. Now, it just seems exhausting. When an algorithm is too accurate, it feels like a spy. The perfect content it generates fixes our eyes on screens; it’s like addictive potato chips. The biggest issue is that it removes the “happy accident”. Algorithms are logical, but humans are unpredictable. When algorithms get too good, we are trapped in an information bubble that simply mirrors our own opinions. Meanwhile, when a computer decides what we see, we are no longer the pilot of our own attention. Our choices are no longer truly ours — they are predicted, shaped, and fed back to us. At its core, algorithm fatigue signals a fundamental loss of autonomy. We lose not only the joy of discovery, but also the capacity to know what we might have chosen on our own. Looking ahead, technology is here to stay, and algorithms do help us in many ways. But balance is needed. For developers, the challenge is to build systems that leave room for the unexpected. Future apps could include a “surprise me” button — one that pushes us beyond our usual choices. For the rest of us, the key is to spend less time on screens. Ask someone nearby for a recommendation. Walk down a street you’ve never explored without taking on GPS. Algorithm fatigue reveals a limit not of technology, but of how we use it. The next trend, therefore, isn’t necessarily a better algorithm, but a wiser human. We still want recommendations — just not at the cost of discovery. What we seek is not to escape technology, but to reclaim our role in using it. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Algorithm fatigue refers to tiredness from overly precise algorithmic targeting, which traps people in information bubbles, erodes autonomy and robs people of discovery joy. To address it, balance is needed: developers should leave room for surprises, while users reduce screen time to reclaim control. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，围绕算法疲劳展开，解释算法疲劳的定义、危害，并提出解决该问题的核心方案 —— 平衡技术与人类自主，呼吁开发者留足惊喜空间、用户减少屏幕时间，以便重获信息选择权与发现乐趣。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ① Algorithm fatigue is the tiredness from being “perfectly targeted” by every platform. ② The biggest issue is that it removes the “happy accident”. ③ We lose not only the joy of discovery, but also the capacity to know what we might have chosen on our own. ④ But balance is needed. ⑤For developers, the challenge is to build systems that leave room for the unexpected. ⑥For the rest of us, the key is to spend less time on screens.  2. 缜密构思 将第1、2、3三个要点进行合并整合，将4、5、6三个要点进行整合。 3. 遣词造句 Algorithm fatigue refers to tiredness from overly precise algorithmic targeting, which traps people in information bubbles, erodes autonomy and robs people of discovery joy. To address it, balance is needed. Developers should leave room for surprises, while users reduce screen time to reclaim control. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Algorithm fatigue refers to tiredness from overly precise algorithmic targeting, which traps people in information bubbles, erodes autonomy and robs people of discovery joy.（运用which引导的非限制性定语从句和三个动词的并列对原文第二段和第三段进行了概括，表达简洁干练。） [高分句型2] To address it, balance is needed: developers should leave room for surprises, while users reduce screen time to reclaim control.（运用动词不定式引出第四段的解决办法，用while引导并列句，表示对比、转折，清晰区分开发者和用户的不同责任，逻辑层级分明。） （六） （2025~2026学年崇明区二模） Productive Conversations Too often, managers stifle (扼杀) conversation without realizing it — taking over meetings without providing space for discussion and jumping in with their own solutions to problems that are brought to them. This habit of dominating dialogue creates a disconnect between managers and their teams and creates cultures defined by a lack of mutual trust and cooperation. It also restricts the opportunities for employees to develop their own initiative, creativity and independent problem-solving skills required for high performance. Thankfully, there are simple yet effective strategies that can help managers encourage two-way dialogues at work and stimulate more engaged, united teams. Rather than giving directions, leaders can benefit from shifting toward inquiry. Asking a question is almost always better than telling someone what to do. When leaders adopt a directive, “I have all the answers” approach to conversations, the other person is ultimately robbed of a learning opportunity to think for themselves. Word choice in questioning also makes a difference to the tone of a conversation. Too often, leaders ask questions that come across as insincere or critical. To create a psychologically safe space for two-way conversations, replace “why-based” questions with “what-based” ones. This almost always removes the unintended personal inference and focuses on the situation itself. Asked in this way, the other person is more likely to ease into a more comfortable conversation and be more willing to explore specific reasons rather than feeling they need to defend their actions. Learning when to hold back is equally important. Resisting the impulse (冲动) to interrupt the other person's thinking is one of the greatest gifts you can give them. Give them the space to do that valuable mental work. Filling the silence with your voice could be disastrous. Two-way conversations centered around asking powerful questions create deeper, mutually trusting connections between colleagues and pave the way for more cooperative and engaged cultures. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Managers often dominate conversations, limiting team trust and employees’ skill development. To boost two-way communication, they should ask questions instead of telling in order to encourage independent thinking, use “what” rather than “why” to avoid sounding critical, and resist interrupting to create thinking space. These changes encourage trust and a better team culture. (53 words) 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了管理者主导对话会带来诸多弊端，同时提出了促进高效双向交流的有效策略，以构建互信协作的团队文化。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ① Too often, managers stifle conversation without realizing it — taking over meetings and jumping in with their own solutions. ② This habit creates a disconnect and restricts employees’ development of initiative, creativity and problem-solving skills. ③ Rather than giving directions, leaders can benefit from shifting toward inquiry. ④ To create a psychologically safe space, replace “why-based” questions with “what-based” ones. ⑤ Learning when to hold back is equally important. Resisting the impulse to interrupt gives others space to think. ⑥ Two-way conversations create deeper, mutually trusting connections and pave the way for more cooperative and engaged cultures. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2点整合为问题描述，第3、4、5点整合为三种具体策略，第6点作为结果和总结。 3.遣词造句 Managers often dominate conversations, limiting team trust and employees’ skill development. To boost two-way communication, managers should ask questions instead of telling in order to encourage independent thinking, use “what” rather than “why” to avoid sounding critical, and resist interrupting to create thinking space. These changes encourage trust and a better team culture. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Managers often dominate conversations, limiting team trust and employees’ skill development.(运用了现在分词“limiting team trust and employees’ skill development”作结果状语) 【高分句型2】To boost two-way communication, they should ask questions instead of telling in order to encourage independent thinking, use “what” rather than “why” to avoid sounding critical, and resist interrupting to create thinking space.(运用了不定式“To boost two-way communication”作目的状语) （七） （2025~2026学年长宁区二模） Stepping into the story When you walk into a conventional theater, you usually find your seat and quietly watch the actors on stage. But in immersive (沉浸式的) theater, you become part of the action. Instead of sitting back, the audience moves around the performance space, often following characters or exploring different rooms. This isn’t just watching a play — it’s stepping into a whole new world. The line between actor and audience becomes less distinct. Every element of the environment — from lighting and sound to smells — is used to absorb the audience into the story. The sense of magic is lost unless each element feels connected to the story. This dynamic style of theater has deep roots. Ancient Greek plays, for example, used open theaters that let the audience feel closer to the action. During the Renaissance (文艺复兴时期), Commedia dell’ arte performers interacted with the crowd using humor and on-the-spot performance. Over time, these early forms have evolved into today’s immersive theater performances, many using digital elements. The famous group Punchdrunk helped bring immersive theater into the spotlight. Their shows, such as Sleep No More, a retelling of Shakespeare’s Macbeth, often take place in empty buildings transformed into carefully designed sets. Audience members wear masks and wander freely, piecing together the story from different scenes. Each person’s experience is unique, and that sense of autonomy adds to the magic. Immersive theater is also used in education. UK schools have hosted immersive storytelling projects, reporting increased student engagement and creativity. In the project The Lost Lending Library, children enter a magical library and write stories to help save the books inside. Teachers reported that even reluctant writers became eager to participate, and children’s confidence improved. By giving people agency in the story, immersive theater helps them see themselves as capable, creative and curious. In a world full of screens, it offers something truly extraordinary — the chance to live the story. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Immersive theatre lets the audience take part in the performance and be fully absorbed in the story. Having early origins, it has developed into modern forms with technology. It gains fame with the help of Punchdrunk, which is now applied to education. By granting people agency in the story, it offers an extraordinary real-life experience in a digital age. (59) 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了沉浸式戏剧的特点、历史渊源、代表团体及应用，它让观众融入故事，还被用于教育并带来积极效果。 【详解】文章采用的论述方式是：先概括沉浸式戏剧的特点与发展，再说明文章用对比、举例的方法展开，最后讲其教育价值。 1.要点摘录 ①But in immersive theater, you become part of the action. ②Every element of the environment — from lighting and sound to smells — is used to absorb the audience into the story. ③This dynamic style of theater has deep roots. ④Over time, these early forms have evolved into today’s immersive theater performances, many using digital elements. ⑤The famous group Punchdrunk helped bring immersive theater into the spotlight. ⑥Immersive theater is also used in education. ⑦By giving people agency in the story, immersive theater helps them see themselves as capable, creative and curious. ⑧In a world full of screens, it offers something truly extraordinary — the chance to live the story. 2.缜密构思 将①②整合说明沉浸式戏剧的特点；将③④整合介绍其起源和发展；将⑤⑥整合介绍其推广和教育应用；将⑦⑧整合介绍其意义。 3.遣词造句 Immersive theatre lets the audience take part in the performance and be fully absorbed in the story. Having early origins, it has developed into modern forms with technology. It gains fame with the help of Punchdrunk, which is now applied to education. By granting people agency in the story, it offers an extraordinary real-life experience in a digital age. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Having early origins, it has developed into modern forms with technology.（运用一个语法较为高级的句子对第三段高度概括，其中“Having early origins”为现在分词作状语。） [高分句型2]It gains fame with the help of Punchdrunk, which is now applied to education.（运用一个较为复杂的句子对第四段和第五段进行了概括，其中which引导非限制性定语从句。） （八） （2025~2026学年静安区二模） Classics on Modern Stages Four centuries after his death, Shakespeare still appears in unexpected places — not only on traditional stages but in films, schools, and experimental theaters. Some directors now place Hamlet in corporate boardrooms or set Romeo and Juliet in modern cities. Ambition, jealousy and young love translate easily across centuries, and audiences unfamiliar with Elizabethan history may find the stories more approachable in familiar settings. Yet as Shakespeare’s works are increasingly reimagined, a central question emerges: how much adaptation is too much before the original spirit is lost? Director Emma Rice has suggested that modern adaptations make timeless themes more accessible to contemporary audiences. When the stories appear in familiar settings, students encountering the plays for the first time often find the ideas easier to grasp and the characters easier to relate to. She has also observed that updating the setting can reveal how little human emotion has changed over time. A prince hesitating before revenge (报复) or two young lovers challenging social boundaries still reflect experiences that audiences today readily recognize. Yet the enthusiasm for modernization occasionally raises uneasy questions. Critic Michael Billington has voiced concerns that when directors prioritize visual novelty over linguistic integrity, the plays lose the very elements that give them enduring power. Shakespeare’s language — the rhythm of blank verse, the complex imagery, the slow unfolding of thought within a speech — carries the emotional depth of his drama. When those elements are cut, the psychological complexity of the characters decreases. The ongoing experiments on stage suggest that the relationship between classic works and modern audiences should never be taken as settled. To keep Shakespeare’s plays alive, each generation ought to reshape them thoughtfully, while always considering how much change the original spirit can bear. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 This passage talks about modern adaptations of Shakespeare’s plays. By resetting his stories in modern surroundings, these versions help today’s audiences better understand timeless themes and human feelings. However, over-modernization may damage his original language and reduce characters’ inner complexity. Therefore, people should adapt classics wisely to preserve their core spirit. 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了现代舞台上对莎士比亚经典作品的改编现象。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Yet as Shakespeare’s works are increasingly reimagined, a central question emerges: how much adaptation is too much before the original spirit is lost? ②Director Emma Rice has suggested that modern adaptations make timeless themes more accessible to contemporary audiences. When the stories appear in familiar settings, students encountering the plays for the first time often find the ideas easier to grasp and the characters easier to relate to. She has also observed that updating the setting can reveal how little human emotion has changed over time. ③Yet the enthusiasm for modernization occasionally raises uneasy questions. Critic Michael Billington has voiced concerns that when directors prioritize visual novelty over linguistic integrity, the plays lose the very elements that give them enduring power. ④To keep Shakespeare’s plays alive, each generation ought to reshape them thoughtfully, while always considering how much change the original spirit can bear. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点作为文章主旨，第2、3要点分别从正反两方面进行论证，第4个要点作为总结。 3.遣词造句 This passage talks about modern adaptations of Shakespeare’s plays. By resetting his stories in modern surroundings, these versions help today’s audiences better understand timeless themes and human feelings. However, over-modernization may damage his original language and reduce characters’ inner complexity. Therefore, people should adapt classics wisely to preserve their core spirit. 【点睛】【高分句型1】By resetting his stories in modern surroundings, these versions help today’s audiences better understand timeless themes and human feelings. (运用了动名词作宾语) 【高分句型2】Therefore, people should adapt classics wisely to preserve their core spirit. (运用了不定式作目的状语) （九） （2025~2026学年宝山区二模） How To Get A Good Night’s Sleep Do you toss and turn half the night and wake up feeling exhausted? If so, you are part of the 51 percent of people globally who say that they are not satisfied with their quality of sleep. Lack of sleep can cause problems such as stroke (中风), heart disease and obesity. Feeling sleepy during the day, having difficulty falling asleep and experiencing sleep interruptions suggest you might need to change your ways. Consider some tips that may help you sleep comfortably throughout the night, beginning with a sleep schedule. Work toward going to bed and getting up at the same time every day, including weekends, until it becomes a habit. If you’re still awake 20 minutes after bedtime, you could leave your bedroom and listen to calming music or read. When you feel tired, go back to bed. Turn off all electronic devices an hour before bedtime. This will give you time to wind down from the stimulation before bed. Also, saving your bed for sleep and not for texts, phone calls and emails signals your brain it’s time to take a nap. Keeping your bedroom cool, dark and quiet can help you fall asleep more easily. Over 50 percent of the world’s population lives in brightly lit cities, which interrupts people’s sleep. So, think about using blackout shades to darken your bedroom. Promote better sleep by engaging in daily physical activity. Dr. Dan Gartenberg, an associate professor in biobehavioral health at Penn State suggests variety in everyday activities, including exercise patterns. “If you’re riding your bike and follow the same route again and again, maybe go a different route. When we learn and expose ourselves to more information, there’s actually an effect where you get more deep sleep.” Avoid large meals too close to bedtime and try not to drink caffeine within eight hours of going to bed. If you need a nap, do it early in the day and keep it short. That way you won’t affect your nightly sleep. Worried about something? Write it down and set it aside for tomorrow. Follow this with some deep breathing exercises to help you relax. Changing your sleep environment and patterns may help you get the sleep you need! ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文： It provides some tips on how to sleep well at night. Keep a regular sleeping schedule and away from electronic devices before bedtime. Create a comfortable environment. Do appropriate exercises daily. Don’t eat too much at dinner or drink coffee late in the afternoon. Take a nap in the day. Forget anything annoying. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章提供了几点关于如何在夜间获得良好睡眠的建议。要保持规律的作息时间，并在睡前远离电子设备。营造一个舒适的环境。每天进行适当的锻炼。晚餐不要吃太多，下午不要喝咖啡。白天小睡一会儿。忘掉那些烦心事。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Consider some tips that may help you sleep comfortably throughout the night, beginning with a sleep schedule. ②Work toward going to bed and getting up at the same time every day, including weekends, until it becomes a habit. ③Turn off all electronic devices an hour before bedtime. ④Keeping your bedroom cool, dark and quiet can help you fall asleep more easily. ⑤Promote better sleep by engaging in daily physical activity. ⑥Avoid large meals too close to bedtime and try not to drink caffeine within eight hours of going to bed. ⑦Worried about something? Write it down and set it aside for tomorrow. Follow this with some deep breathing exercises to help you relax. ⑧Changing your sleep environment and patterns may help you get the sleep you need! 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行综述，将第2、3、4、5、6、7、8要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 It provides some advice on how to sleep well at night. Keep a regular sleeping schedule and away from electronic devices before bedtime. Create a comfortable environment. Do appropriate exercises daily. Don’t eat too much at dinner or drink coffee late in the afternoon. Take a nap in the day. Forget anything annoying. 【点睛】[高分句型1] It provides some tips on how to sleep well at night.（运用了疑问词+不定式结构） [高分句型2] Keep a regular sleeping schedule and away from electronic devices before bedtime.（运用了肯定祈使句） （十） （2025~2026学年普陀区二模） Neighbourly Strangers The traditional British “community spirit” was once the foundation of local life, but today it is in a steady decline. A recent survey shows a cold picture of modern residential streets, where nearly 70% of respondents view their neighbours as virtual strangers. Although people live close by, sharing fences and walls, this no longer translates into real social connection. We are sharing the same space, yet we have never been further apart in our hearts. These statistics highlight a calculated social avoidance. While sharing environments, over 70% of us stay unsure of neighbours’ names, with even fewer identifying their children. In the rush of modern life, two-thirds of people purposely ensure they go entire days without catching a glimpse of the person next door. In fact, many have become experts at timing their departures specifically to avoid the awkwardness of a brief “hello” in the hallway. Furthermore, meaningful interaction has become rare in modern society. Only a small number of people still socialize through dinner dates or communal barbecues. Despite the clear need for human connection, fewer than one in ten would consider organizing a street party. Instead, our interactions have become purely transactional; we might ask a neighbour to water our plants, but we often have no intention of returning the favor or building a lasting friendship. This social withdrawal has serious consequences, as collective disinterest is a primary driver of the loneliness epidemic in the UK. Isolation is no longer just a personal struggle; it has become a public health crisis that affects mental well-being. To bridge this gap, we desperately need innovative urban strategies and local initiatives to restore a sense of belonging. Only by turning back into true “neighbours” can we hope to cure the modern ache of being alone together. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 The traditional British “community spirit” is declining, with neighbours becoming virtual strangers despite close proximity. Social avoidance is prevalent, and meaningful interactions are rare, leading to a loneliness epidemic. This isolation is a public health crisis affecting mental well-being, necessitating innovative strategies to restore a sense of belonging and combat loneliness. 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了英国邻里之间关系日益疏远的现象及其后果。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①The traditional British “community spirit” was once the foundation of local life, but today it is in a steady decline. A recent survey shows a cold picture of modern residential streets, where nearly 70% of respondents view their neighbours as virtual strangers. ②These statistics highlight a calculated social avoidance. ③Furthermore, meaningful interaction has become rare in modern society. ④This social withdrawal has serious consequences, as collective disinterest is a primary driver of the loneliness epidemic in the UK. To bridge this gap, we desperately need innovative urban strategies and local initiatives to restore a sense of belonging. 2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行整合，说明邻里关系疏远的现象。第3要点说明邻里关系疏远的表现，第4要点说明邻里关系疏远的后果。 3.遣词造句 The traditional British “community spirit” is declining, with neighbours becoming virtual strangers despite close proximity. Social avoidance is prevalent, and meaningful interactions are rare, leading to a loneliness epidemic. This isolation is a public health crisis affecting mental well-being, necessitating innovative strategies to restore a sense of belonging and combat loneliness. 【点睛】【高分句型1】The traditional British “community spirit” is declining, with neighbours becoming virtual strangers despite close proximity. (运用了with的复合结构) 【高分句型2】Social avoidance is prevalent, and meaningful interactions are rare, leading to a loneliness epidemic.(运用了现在分词作状语) （十一） （2025~2026学年杨浦区二模） Fight Fake Information In this day and age, you probably get your information from various websites and social media. Because fake news is spreading and becoming influential in this digital age, it’s important that you don’t take everything you read at face value. The volume of information encountered daily makes it necessary to take an analytical approach to what you read to make sure it is reliable. Several skills including critical thinking, which refers to the practice of examining evidence, logic, and context are essential. This skill helps you identify gaps in information, distinguish between fact and opinion and evaluate whether an argument is supported by solid reasoning. Beyond analysis, critical thinking involves asking meaningful questions — such as who created the information, why it was shared, and what might be missing. In an age where misinformation spreads rapidly, this mindset helps you build a mental barrier to resist emotional control and clickbait. In today’s information rich world, we are constantly exposed to a huge amount of content from various digital sources. Make the most of your digital literacy by using different formats, platforms and media to get and use information. For example, consider how you might combine different types of digital sources to gain a deeper understanding of a topic. You also need a strategy to determine whether online content can be trusted. Mike Caulfield, a research scientist at the University of Washington’s Center for an Informed Public, created the SIFT method to do that. This approach helps you analyze and decide if online information is reliable. First, stop — don’t share right away, and check your emotions about the headline. Then, investigate the source — look up the author or site using other reliable sources. Next, find better coverage — see if trustworthy sites confirm the information. Finally, trace claims back to their original source to check if they’re fairly presented. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 In the digital age, it is vital to fight fake information by developing critical thinking and digital literacy. One should not take everything at face value but examine evidence, logic, and context. Using diverse formats and platforms helps gain a deeper understanding. Employ strategies like the SIFT method — stop, investigate, find better coverage, trace claims — to verify reliability. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了在数字时代如何应对虚假信息，强调了批判性思维和数字素养的重要性，并介绍了SIFT等方法帮助辨别信息真伪。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ① Because fake news is spreading and becoming influential in this digital age, it’s important that you don’t take everything you read at face value. ② Several skills including critical thinking, which refers to the practice of examining evidence, logic, and context are essential. ③ Make the most of your digital literacy by using different formats, platforms and media to get and use information. ④ Mike Caulfield, a research scientist at the University of Washington’s Center for an Informed Public, created the SIFT method to do that. First, stop — don’t share right away, and check your emotions about the headline. Then, investigate the source — look up the author or site using other reliable sources. Next, find better coverage — see if trustworthy sites confirm the information. Finally, trace claims back to their original source to check if they’re fairly presented. 2. 缜密构思 将要点①和②融合，阐述应对虚假信息的核心态度与思维技能；要点③独立为数字素养的具体应用；要点④概括SIFT方法的核心步骤。 3. 遣词造句 Fake information is common online, so we must think critically and check facts carefully. Using different types of media and sources helps us understand information better. The SIFT method tells us to stop, check the source, look for other reports, and find the original information. 【点睛】【高分句型1】 In the digital age, it is vital to fight fake information by developing critical thinking and digital literacy. (运用了it作形式主语，不定式作真正主语，by引导方式状语对第一段内容进行了概括，表达非常高级) 【高分句型2】Using diverse formats and platforms helps gain a deeper understanding. (运用了动名词作主语对第三段内容进行了概括，表达非常高级) （十二） （2025~2026学年嘉定区二模） The Power of Hesitation Hesitation is often seen as a weakness. At the Olympics, athletes must choose the exact moment to start. In these events, even a tiny delay can mean losing a gold medal. For these athletes, hesitation is dangerous. Some mental health conditions are also related to hesitation. OCD (强迫症) is linked to lack of hesitation while anxiety disorders may cause too much hesitation, making it hard for people to act at all. Recently, neuroscientists have been studying how the brain decides when to act and when to wait. They designed a simple decision-making experiment in which mice heard three different sounds. Some sounds clearly meant they would receive a drop of sugar water. Other sounds meant no reward. A third sound meant there was only a 50 percent chance of getting the reward. Interestingly, the mice hesitated longer when the outcome was uncertain. Even though their behaviour did not change the result, they still paused before acting. This means that hesitation is not simply confusion. Instead, it is an active brain process that responds to uncertainty. The findings suggest that, rather than a weakness to overcome, hesitation appears to be a fundamental brain feature that helps us deal with an uncertain world and avoid costly mistakes.. Researchers also found a special group of brain cells that became active only when the mice hesitated. These cells are located in a brain area called the basal ganglia, which is also affected in Parkinson’s disease, OCD, and addictions. This connection may provide possible targets for future treatments. Hesitation is not simply a flaw but a useful and necessary brain function. By helping individuals respond carefully to uncertainty, it protects people from mistakes and may also provide new directions for treating mental health disorders. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Hesitation is often viewed as a weakness. However, experiments with mice show that they hesitate longer when there was an uncertain outcome, indicating hesitation is an active response to uncertainty to avoid mistakes. Scientists also found that hesitation is related to certain brain cells, which offer clues for treating mental disorders. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出犹豫常被视作弱点且与部分心理疾病相关，而针对小鼠的研究表明犹豫是大脑应对不确定性、避免错误的基本功能，且相关脑细胞的发现或为心理疾病治疗提供新方向。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Hesitation is often seen as a weakness. ②They designed a simple decision-making experiment in which mice heard three different sounds. ③Interestingly, the mice hesitated longer when the outcome was uncertain. ④Instead, it is an active brain process that responds to uncertainty. ⑤The findings suggest that, rather than a weakness to overcome, hesitation appears to be a fundamental brain feature that helps us deal with an uncertain world and avoid costly mistakes. ⑥Researchers also found a special group of brain cells that became active only when the mice hesitated. ⑦This connection may provide possible targets for future treatments. 2. 缜密构思 将第2、3、4、5三个要点进行重组，整合为实验发现1与核心结论，将第6、7两个要点整合为实验发现2以及对一些疾病的治疗意义。 3. 遣词造句 Hesitation is often viewed as a weakness. Experiments with mice show that they hesitate longer when there was an uncertain outcome, indicating hesitation is an active response to uncertainty to avoid mistakes.  Scientists also found that hesitation is related to certain brain cells, which offer clues for treating mental disorders. 【点睛】【高分句型1】However, experiments with mice show that they hesitate longer when there was an uncertain outcome, indicating hesitation is an active response to uncertainty to avoid mistakes.(运用However与上文传统观点构成转折，that引导的宾语从句说明研究发现的内容，从句中包含when引导的时间状语从句，现在分词indicating作状语，后跟省略that的宾语从句，阐述前面整个实验现象所带来的自然结论或推断。) 【高分句型2】Scientists also found that hesitation is related to certain brain cells, which offer clues for treating mental disorders.(运用了that引导的宾语从句和which引导的非限制性定语从句，将实验发现与治疗意义紧密连接，信息密度高。) （十三） （2025~2026学年黄浦区二模） The Battle to Keep Consumers Means Smaller Packs of Cookies and Chips Snack and drink in very small sizes are hitting store shelves as brands try to keep stretched consumers buying with lower-price options. PepsiCo now sells Lay’s potato chips in half a dozen different-sized bags, costing from around 50 cents to roughly $5. And Mondelez International has six different Milka chocolate bar sizes with prices from under $1 to $6. Food, drink and consumer-product companies are hoping that a wider range of shrunken size options can boost overall sales volumes, which have been pressured in recent quarters. Smaller-size offerings also tend to have higher profit margins (利润率). “Consumers are going into small pack sizes to make the best use of their budget,” said Mondelez Finance Chief Luca Zaramella. “The $3, $4 as opposed to the $6, $7, particularly in snacks, are becoming a clear center of gravity.” Consumer-goods companies have long tailored packaging for cookies, chips and other items to a range of factors: on-the-go or lunch snacking, portion control, affordability. The last one, however, critical in emerging markets for years, has recently become more important in the U.S. Still, offering more package sizes may create some problems. In some cases, consumers clearly see they are getting less — fewer potato chips, cookies, for instance — but not a correspondingly lower price, an approach known as shrinkflation that has annoyed shoppers in recent years. Another difficulty is that just as some brands expand their product listings, retailers (零售商) are working to reduce the number of products on their shelves — intensifying the already harsh competition for shelf space. Companies want the single-serve option to attract consumers, but they also want the multipack and several options to drive volumes, said Bonnie Herzog, a senior analyst at Goldman Sachs. “But there’s only so much space for some of these categories,” she said. “And it’s harder to come by.” _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 To retain budget-stretched consumers, snack and drink brands like PepsiCo and Mondelez are launching a wider range of small-sized products. These offerings aim to lift sales volumes and enjoy higher profit margins, with affordable options growing in importance even in the U.S. Yet they face challenges: consumer frustration over shrinkflation and intensified competition for limited retail shelf space. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了零食饮料品牌推出小包装产品以留住消费者，虽能提升销量和利润，但也面临缩水式通胀引发消费者不满、货架空间竞争加剧等问题。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Snack and drink in very small sizes are hitting store shelves as brands try to keep stretched consumers buying with lower-price options. ②Food, drink and consumer-product companies are hoping that a wider range of shrunken size options can boost overall sales volumes, which have been pressured in recent quarters. Smaller-size offerings also tend to have higher profit margins (利润率). ③The last one, however, critical in emerging markets for years, has recently become more important in the U.S. ④In some cases, consumers clearly see they are getting less — fewer potato chips, cookies, for instance — but not a correspondingly lower price, an approach known as shrinkflation that has annoyed shoppers in recent years. ⑤Another difficulty is that just as some brands expand their product listings, retailers (零售商) are working to reduce the number of products on their shelves — intensifying the already harsh competition for shelf space. 2. 缜密构思 先以要点①引出品牌推出小包装产品的背景；整合要点②③说明此举目的和市场趋势；最后结合要点④⑤阐述面临的两大挑战。 3. 遣词造句 To retain budget-stretched consumers, snack and drink brands like PepsiCo and Mondelez are launching a wider range of small-sized products. These offerings aim to lift sales volumes and enjoy higher profit margins, with affordable options growing in importance even in the U.S. Yet they face challenges: consumer frustration over shrinkflation and intensified competition for limited retail shelf space. 【点睛】[高分句型1] To retain budget-stretched consumers, snack and drink brands like PepsiCo and Mondelez are launching a wider range of small-sized products. (运用动词不定式作目的状语) [高分句型2] These offerings aim to lift sales volumes and enjoy higher profit margins, with affordable options growing in importance even in the U.S. (运用with复合结构作伴随状语) （十四） （2025~2026学年虹口区二模） How We Think About Sleep We live in a world concerned about how much sleep we get. Many of us chase solutions in the pursuit of that golden 8 hours of sleep. But what if the secret to feeling restored has little to do with how much we actually slept? A wave of new research suggests that the way we think about sleep matters more than the hours we get. Last year, a UCLA study tracked 249 people, noting both their actual sleep time and their self-reported sleep behaviour. The mismatch between the two sets of data was striking: many people claimed they had slept terribly, but the objective data showed a different case. When participants performed cognitive (认知的) tests, it was the self-reported sleep quality that predicted how well they did, rather than the objective data. This suggests that changing how we think about our sleep might help us respond better to a lack of sleep. But to make full use of this power, we also need to consider how people judge their sleep quality. In the follow-up study, participants rated their previous night’s sleep every two hours while reporting their mood, physical activity and social activities. More than 90 per cent of the participants changed their sleep quality ratings during the day. Among all the factors, physical activity most improved their sleep views. Dragging yourself to the gym, despite little sleep, isn’t such a bad idea — it might positively reshape your memory of sleep, leading to beneficial knock-on effects. For people with long-term sleep struggles, a positive mindset sometimes means all. Actively reshaping your perception of last night’s sleep the next day could help to achieve this. Another way is to simply re-examine how many hours you think you need — eight hours is not a universal rule. Helping people reset expectations can reduce worry and improve sleep satisfaction, even without increasing total sleep time. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 New research indicates people’s perception of sleep matters more than actual sleep duration. A UCLA study found self-reported sleep quality, not objective data, predicted cognitive test performance. Follow-up studies show that physical activity can improve sleep quality, and that adjusting sleep expectations or mindset boosts sleep satisfaction without the need for extra sleep. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了新研究表明人们对睡眠的认知比实际时长更重要，还说明了改善睡眠认知的方法，帮助有睡眠困扰的人提升睡眠满意度。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①A wave of new research suggests that the way we think about sleep matters more than the hours we get. ②When participants performed cognitive (认知的) tests, it was the self-reported sleep quality that predicted how well they did, rather than the objective data. ③Among all the factors, physical activity most improved their sleep views. ④For people with long-term sleep struggles, a positive mindset sometimes means all. ⑤Another way is to simply re-examine how many hours you think you need — eight hours is not a universal rule. Helping people reset expectations can reduce worry and improve sleep satisfaction, even without increasing total sleep time. 2. 缜密构思 将要点①作为核心观点引出；要点②作为研究证据支撑核心观点；要点③、④、⑤整合为改善睡眠认知的具体方法。 3. 遣词造句 New research indicates people’s perception of sleep matters more than actual sleep duration. A UCLA study found self-reported sleep quality, not objective data, predicted cognitive test performance. Follow-up studies show that physical activity can improve sleep quality, and that adjusting sleep expectations or mindset boosts sleep satisfaction without the need for extra sleep. 【点睛】[高分句型1] New research indicates people’s perception of sleep matters more than actual sleep duration. (运用了省略连词that的宾语从句) [高分句型2] Follow-up studies show that physical activity can improve sleep quality, and that adjusting sleep expectations or mindset boosts sleep satisfaction without the need for extra sleep. (运用了连词that的宾语从句和动名词短语作主语) （十五） （2025~2026学年徐汇区二模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s. of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. 51. Global hunger and its consequences Hunger is never an isolated problem. It is the consequence of a combination of problems. First of all, the root of hunger is the uneven distribution of food among different income groups. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (2000), over 50% of the world's seafood and meat is consumed by the richest 20% of the world population while the poorest 20% consume only 5% of such protein-rich food. Inadequate intake of protein does not only cause hunger but also other health problems, such as marasmus and kwashiorkor. More importantly, as protein is essential for the growth and maintenance of muscles and bones, deficiency in protein can lead to delayed or even stunted growth in children. In addition, natural disasters and wars are common contributing factors to large-scale hunger. Prolonged wars and natural disasters like typhoons, floods and droughts often lead to ruined farmland and disrupted agricultural activities. Destroyed roads and tunnels also cause interrupted transportation of food. Consequently, food production is significantly reduced and the transportation of food is hampered. All these worsen the problem of hunger. Environmental pollution is another reason for hunger. Waste from unregulated industrial activities can pollute farmland and rivers. Excessive exhaust fumes from vehicles and factories result in polluted air and environment. The increasing emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere contributes to global warming, making the climate less favourable for the growth of crops. A likely result of the reduced amount of food production is a rise in food prices. When food, especially staple food like rice, wheat and potatoes, becomes unaffordable to people, hunger arises. Hunger is never isolated; it results from multiple problems. Uneven food distribution leaves the poorest with insufficient protein, causing stunted growth. Wars and natural disasters often ruin farmland and disrupt transportation, seriously reducing food supply. Environmental pollution, including industrial waste and global warming, lowers crop yields, raises food prices, and makes staple foods unaffordable, triggering hunger. Hunger results from multiple causes. Uneven food distribution leads to malnutrition and stunted growth. Natural disasters and wars disrupt farming and transport. Pollution damages farmland, worsens climate, and raises food prices. These factors together make food unaffordable or unavailable, showing hunger is never an isolated issue. Hunger arises from three main causes. Unequal food distribution leaves the poor lacking protein, causing health issues and stunted growth. Wars and natural disasters destroy farmland and disrupt food transport. Pollution worsens climate and reduces crop yields, raising food prices and making food unaffordable. 解析 【要点提炼】 饥饿是多种问题共同导致的结果； 核心原因：食物分配不均，穷人蛋白质摄入不足，引发健康问题、儿童发育迟缓； 战争和自然灾害：破坏农田、中断农业生产和粮食运输，减少粮食供应； 环境污染：工业污染、全球变暖影响气候、降低农作物产量，粮价上涨、主食负担不起，引发饥饿。 【写作思路】 全文 60 词左右，用简洁句式整合三大核心原因，省略细节数据，保留逻辑关系，语言简洁、信息完整、无语法错误。 （十六） （2025~2026学年青浦区二模） Forest Loss Is Driving Mosquitoes to Humans Running along Brazil’s coastline, the Atlantic Forest supports an extraordinary range of life, including hundreds of species of birds, fishes, mammals, and other kinds of animals. Human development has reduced the forest to roughly one third of its original size. As people move deeper into once untouched habitats, wildlife is pushed out, and mosquitoes that once fed on many different animals appear to be shifting their attention toward humans, according to a study published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. “Our study shows that mosquitoes in the remaining forest areas have a clear preference for humans,” said Dr. Jeronimo Alencar, a biologist. To find out what mosquitoes were feeding on, the research team set traps in two nature reserves in Rio de Janeiro. They collected over 1,700 mosquitoes from 52 different species. Female mosquitoes that had recently fed on blood were studied in the lab. Scientists took out DNA from the blood inside the mosquitoes and read a specific gene that works like a biological barcode. Each animal species has its own version of this genetic marker. By matching the barcodes to reference databases, the team could identify the animals that had been bitten. The results showed that among the 27 identifiable blood meals, 18 came from humans, 6 from birds, and one each from an amphibian (两栖动物), a dog, and a mouse. Scientists believe that as forests disappear, natural hosts become scarce. Mosquitoes are forced to seek new blood sources, and humans become the most convenient choice. In the regions studied, mosquitoes spread viruses such as Yellow Fever, dengue, Zika, Mayaro, Sabiá, and Chikungunya. These infections can pose serious health risks and may lead to long-term diseases. Although the study has some limitations, such as the small number of detectable samples, its findings are valuable. They can help guide mosquito control efforts and improve early warning systems for disease outbreaks. “Knowing that mosquitoes in an area have a strong preference for humans serves as an alert for transmission risk,” co-author Machado said. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 参考答案： The study shows that forest loss in Brazil’s Atlantic Forest has forced mosquitoes to shift their feeding preference to humans. By analyzing DNA from mosquito blood meals, researchers found most came from humans. This greatly increases the risk of viral disease transmission. The findings provide key insights to guide mosquito control and early warning systems. (57 words) 解析：本题要求概括文章主旨，需涵盖森林消失使蚊子转向吸食人血、研究通过 DNA 检测识别宿主、病毒传播风险上升、研究结果对控蚊和疾病预警的指导意义这几个核心要点，语言简洁，词数控制在 60 词以内。 解析与得分点： 1. 主旨（Forest loss -> Mosquitoes shift to humans）：涵盖了森林消失导致蚊子进食偏好转向人类的核心因果。 2. 方法/发现（DNA analysis -> Most blood from humans）：提及了通过DNA分析发现大部分血液来自人类的关键证据。 3. 后果/价值（Risk of disease -> Guide control/warning）：指出了增加病毒传播风险，以及研究对蚊子控制和预警系统的指导意义。 4. 语言：使用了 shift their feeding preference, analyzing DNA, guide mosquito control 等准确表达，且字数控制在60词以内。 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题08 概要写作 编者按：2026年上海十六区高三二模收集齐全，深度解析，排版整齐。 （一） （2025~2026学年闵行区二模） 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Stop Being a People-pleaser Imagine this: a relative calls and says she is planning to visit you for the holidays, but you had your heart set on a quiet celebration with your family. Not wanting to disappoint her, you agree, and suddenly your holiday plans have become hers. If this situation sounds familiar, you may be a people pleaser. Instead of saying no to things you really don’t want to do, you say yes. While it’s reasonable to be a team player at work or be kind to family members, you have to do it at your own expense, which is unwise and unhealthy. But where does people-pleasing come from? More often than not, it’s a learned behavior from childhood. If you grew up in a family where you were not allowed to have a say, you may have learned to stay quiet to avoid unpleasant consequences. Additionally, there are several different characteristics that may contribute to people-pleasing. Perfectionists, for example, often assume that others hold the same high standards as they do for themselves. Consequently, afraid of not living up to these imagined expectations, they tend to prioritize others’ needs. Luckily, it’s possible to break away from the habit of pleasing others. It starts with saying no — awkward and uncomfortable though it may be, your well-being depends on it. Setting simple boundaries to protect your time, energy, and emotions also works. For example, don’t answer work emails after hours, stop lending money to that relative who never pays you back, or tell a friend who disrespects you, “Please don’t talk to me that way”. Finally, practice treating yourself as well as you treat others. You may have been raised to think caring for yourself is selfish, but always putting others before yourself will only wear you out. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （二） （2025~2026学年金山区二模） 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Myth of Short-Term Memory Short-term memory contains the contents of your thoughts right now, including what you intend to do in the next few seconds. Actually, it is doing some mental calculations. You may think about what you’ll say next in a conversation or walk to the hall closet with the intention of getting a pair of gloves. Short-term memory is easily disturbed or disrupted. It depends on your active attention to the items in the “next thing to do” file in your mind. You do this by thinking about them, perhaps repeating them over and over again (“I’m going to the closet to get gloves”). But any distraction—a new thought, someone asking you a question, the telephone ringing—can disrupt your short-term memory by interfering with this attentional maintenance process. Our ability to automatically restore the contents of our short-term memory declines slightly with every decade after 30. But age is not the major factor so commonly assumed. I’ve been teaching undergraduates for my entire career and I can say that even 20-year-olds make short-term memory errors—loads of them. They walk into the wrong classroom; they show up to exams without the necessary No. 2 pencil; they forget something I had just said two minutes before. These are similar to the kinds of things 70-year-olds do. The relevant difference is not age but rather how we describe these events, the stories we tell ourselves about them. Twenty-year-olds don’t think, “Oh, dear, this must be early-onset brain damage.” They think, “I really need to get more than four hours of sleep.” The 70-year-old observes these same events and worries about her brain health. This is not to say that brain damage-related memory impairments are fiction. Instead, every failure of short-term memory doesn’t necessarily indicate a biological disorder. In the absence of brain disease, most research findings indicate that even the oldest adults show little or no memory or cognitive decline beyond age 85 and 90. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （三） （2025~2026学年松江区二模） 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Helping Helps Our bodies age at different rates, but offering regular help can reduce the rate of brain aging by around 15 to 20 percent, according to a research team from the University of Texas and the University of Massachusetts. The findings are based on telephone survey data from 31,303 people over 50. Scores on brain tests were mapped against helping behavior, whether structured volunteering with an organization or simply giving friends, relatives and neighbors a hand as needed. The benefits were evident for both. Researchers have tried to dig out the mechanism behind and one of their findings is that helping others regularly provides much mental stimulation. When we offer support, our brains are actively engaged in exercises that strengthen neural (神经的) connections. Much like a muscle, the brain strengthens with frequent use. Dealing with other people’s challenges and understanding their perspectives create new neural pathways. Over time, such stimulation helps maintain sharp memory and various other mental functions. Moreover, it has been found that helping reduces loneliness through shifting the helpers’ focus outward and making their connection with other people. Far from being just a feeling, loneliness acts as a biological cause of stress that can fundamentally alter the brain’s structure and chemistry. Reducing loneliness protects the brain, ultimately leading to longer-term brain function, for example, extending good logical reasoning into older age. Accordingly, researchers suggest that people spend around two to four hours per week helping others since it is the sweet spot for benefit. It’s possible that beyond that point, the mental and physical efforts of being a helper start to have a negative impact. They also support the argument for ensuring senior adults opportunities to give back to others or their community, because it is shown that seniors’ constant helping is associated with more effective brain power. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （四） （2025~2026学年浦东新区二模） 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Secret of Belly Fat (腹部脂肪) Belly fat refers to the unnecessary fat stored deep in the belly around the internal organs. It has long been thought to be particularly bad for your heart, increasing the risk of high blood pressure. However, recent scientific studies are casting new light on its more complex functions. A large-scale study published in Neurology has found that people with more belly fat tend to have less gray matter in their brains. Since gray matter helps with thinking and memory, this reduction in size means too much belly fat could lead to memory problems later in life. Scientists believe belly fat may harm the brain by producing harmful substances that cause gray matter to decrease and gradually damage the brain over time. However, not all belly fat is harmful. Emerging research from the Karolinska Institute reveals that there are several types of belly fat, and some can actually help your body. For example, fat located near your intestine (肠子) contains many defense cells that help fight diseases. This fat acts like an organ that talks to your body’s defense network. Furthermore, other studies distinguish between different types of fat cell. Unlike white fat that stores energy, brown and light yellow-brown fat burn calories to produce heat and can help lower blood pressure, which means some belly fat can protect your heart and improve your health. Thus, belly fat represents a biological mystery: while too much fat leads to disease, certain fat tissues play protective roles in fighting illness and processing energy. This two-sided fact emphasizes that health depends not just on fat quantity, but on its type and function. Maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and managing stress effectively can help control harmful belly fat while promoting the beneficial forms, contributing to overall well-being. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （五） （2025~2026学年奉贤区二模） 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Algorithm (算法) Fatigue Algorithm fatigue is the tiredness from being “perfectly targeted” by every platform. On multiple e-commerce apps, the “Recommended for You” and precise targeting features once felt like magic. Now, it just seems exhausting. When an algorithm is too accurate, it feels like a spy. The perfect content it generates fixes our eyes on screens; it’s like addictive potato chips. The biggest issue is that it removes the “happy accident”. Algorithms are logical, but humans are unpredictable. When algorithms get too good, we are trapped in an information bubble that simply mirrors our own opinions. Meanwhile, when a computer decides what we see, we are no longer the pilot of our own attention. Our choices are no longer truly ours — they are predicted, shaped, and fed back to us. At its core, algorithm fatigue signals a fundamental loss of autonomy. We lose not only the joy of discovery, but also the capacity to know what we might have chosen on our own. Looking ahead, technology is here to stay, and algorithms do help us in many ways. But balance is needed. For developers, the challenge is to build systems that leave room for the unexpected. Future apps could include a “surprise me” button — one that pushes us beyond our usual choices. For the rest of us, the key is to spend less time on screens. Ask someone nearby for a recommendation. Walk down a street you’ve never explored without taking on GPS. Algorithm fatigue reveals a limit not of technology, but of how we use it. The next trend, therefore, isn’t necessarily a better algorithm, but a wiser human. We still want recommendations — just not at the cost of discovery. What we seek is not to escape technology, but to reclaim our role in using it. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （六） （2025~2026学年崇明区二模） Productive Conversations Too often, managers stifle (扼杀) conversation without realizing it — taking over meetings without providing space for discussion and jumping in with their own solutions to problems that are brought to them. This habit of dominating dialogue creates a disconnect between managers and their teams and creates cultures defined by a lack of mutual trust and cooperation. It also restricts the opportunities for employees to develop their own initiative, creativity and independent problem-solving skills required for high performance. Thankfully, there are simple yet effective strategies that can help managers encourage two-way dialogues at work and stimulate more engaged, united teams. Rather than giving directions, leaders can benefit from shifting toward inquiry. Asking a question is almost always better than telling someone what to do. When leaders adopt a directive, “I have all the answers” approach to conversations, the other person is ultimately robbed of a learning opportunity to think for themselves. Word choice in questioning also makes a difference to the tone of a conversation. Too often, leaders ask questions that come across as insincere or critical. To create a psychologically safe space for two-way conversations, replace “why-based” questions with “what-based” ones. This almost always removes the unintended personal inference and focuses on the situation itself. Asked in this way, the other person is more likely to ease into a more comfortable conversation and be more willing to explore specific reasons rather than feeling they need to defend their actions. Learning when to hold back is equally important. Resisting the impulse (冲动) to interrupt the other person's thinking is one of the greatest gifts you can give them. Give them the space to do that valuable mental work. Filling the silence with your voice could be disastrous. Two-way conversations centered around asking powerful questions create deeper, mutually trusting connections between colleagues and pave the way for more cooperative and engaged cultures. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （七） （2025~2026学年长宁区二模） Stepping into the story When you walk into a conventional theater, you usually find your seat and quietly watch the actors on stage. But in immersive (沉浸式的) theater, you become part of the action. Instead of sitting back, the audience moves around the performance space, often following characters or exploring different rooms. This isn’t just watching a play — it’s stepping into a whole new world. The line between actor and audience becomes less distinct. Every element of the environment — from lighting and sound to smells — is used to absorb the audience into the story. The sense of magic is lost unless each element feels connected to the story. This dynamic style of theater has deep roots. Ancient Greek plays, for example, used open theaters that let the audience feel closer to the action. During the Renaissance (文艺复兴时期), Commedia dell’ arte performers interacted with the crowd using humor and on-the-spot performance. Over time, these early forms have evolved into today’s immersive theater performances, many using digital elements. The famous group Punchdrunk helped bring immersive theater into the spotlight. Their shows, such as Sleep No More, a retelling of Shakespeare’s Macbeth, often take place in empty buildings transformed into carefully designed sets. Audience members wear masks and wander freely, piecing together the story from different scenes. Each person’s experience is unique, and that sense of autonomy adds to the magic. Immersive theater is also used in education. UK schools have hosted immersive storytelling projects, reporting increased student engagement and creativity. In the project The Lost Lending Library, children enter a magical library and write stories to help save the books inside. Teachers reported that even reluctant writers became eager to participate, and children’s confidence improved. By giving people agency in the story, immersive theater helps them see themselves as capable, creative and curious. In a world full of screens, it offers something truly extraordinary — the chance to live the story. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （八） （2025~2026学年静安区二模） Classics on Modern Stages Four centuries after his death, Shakespeare still appears in unexpected places — not only on traditional stages but in films, schools, and experimental theaters. Some directors now place Hamlet in corporate boardrooms or set Romeo and Juliet in modern cities. Ambition, jealousy and young love translate easily across centuries, and audiences unfamiliar with Elizabethan history may find the stories more approachable in familiar settings. Yet as Shakespeare’s works are increasingly reimagined, a central question emerges: how much adaptation is too much before the original spirit is lost? Director Emma Rice has suggested that modern adaptations make timeless themes more accessible to contemporary audiences. When the stories appear in familiar settings, students encountering the plays for the first time often find the ideas easier to grasp and the characters easier to relate to. She has also observed that updating the setting can reveal how little human emotion has changed over time. A prince hesitating before revenge (报复) or two young lovers challenging social boundaries still reflect experiences that audiences today readily recognize. Yet the enthusiasm for modernization occasionally raises uneasy questions. Critic Michael Billington has voiced concerns that when directors prioritize visual novelty over linguistic integrity, the plays lose the very elements that give them enduring power. Shakespeare’s language — the rhythm of blank verse, the complex imagery, the slow unfolding of thought within a speech — carries the emotional depth of his drama. When those elements are cut, the psychological complexity of the characters decreases. The ongoing experiments on stage suggest that the relationship between classic works and modern audiences should never be taken as settled. To keep Shakespeare’s plays alive, each generation ought to reshape them thoughtfully, while always considering how much change the original spirit can bear. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （九） （2025~2026学年宝山区二模） How To Get A Good Night’s Sleep Do you toss and turn half the night and wake up feeling exhausted? If so, you are part of the 51 percent of people globally who say that they are not satisfied with their quality of sleep. Lack of sleep can cause problems such as stroke (中风), heart disease and obesity. Feeling sleepy during the day, having difficulty falling asleep and experiencing sleep interruptions suggest you might need to change your ways. Consider some tips that may help you sleep comfortably throughout the night, beginning with a sleep schedule. Work toward going to bed and getting up at the same time every day, including weekends, until it becomes a habit. If you’re still awake 20 minutes after bedtime, you could leave your bedroom and listen to calming music or read. When you feel tired, go back to bed. Turn off all electronic devices an hour before bedtime. This will give you time to wind down from the stimulation before bed. Also, saving your bed for sleep and not for texts, phone calls and emails signals your brain it’s time to take a nap. Keeping your bedroom cool, dark and quiet can help you fall asleep more easily. Over 50 percent of the world’s population lives in brightly lit cities, which interrupts people’s sleep. So, think about using blackout shades to darken your bedroom. Promote better sleep by engaging in daily physical activity. Dr. Dan Gartenberg, an associate professor in biobehavioral health at Penn State suggests variety in everyday activities, including exercise patterns. “If you’re riding your bike and follow the same route again and again, maybe go a different route. When we learn and expose ourselves to more information, there’s actually an effect where you get more deep sleep.” Avoid large meals too close to bedtime and try not to drink caffeine within eight hours of going to bed. If you need a nap, do it early in the day and keep it short. That way you won’t affect your nightly sleep. Worried about something? Write it down and set it aside for tomorrow. Follow this with some deep breathing exercises to help you relax. Changing your sleep environment and patterns may help you get the sleep you need! ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （十） （2025~2026学年普陀区二模） Neighbourly Strangers The traditional British “community spirit” was once the foundation of local life, but today it is in a steady decline. A recent survey shows a cold picture of modern residential streets, where nearly 70% of respondents view their neighbours as virtual strangers. Although people live close by, sharing fences and walls, this no longer translates into real social connection. We are sharing the same space, yet we have never been further apart in our hearts. These statistics highlight a calculated social avoidance. While sharing environments, over 70% of us stay unsure of neighbours’ names, with even fewer identifying their children. In the rush of modern life, two-thirds of people purposely ensure they go entire days without catching a glimpse of the person next door. In fact, many have become experts at timing their departures specifically to avoid the awkwardness of a brief “hello” in the hallway. Furthermore, meaningful interaction has become rare in modern society. Only a small number of people still socialize through dinner dates or communal barbecues. Despite the clear need for human connection, fewer than one in ten would consider organizing a street party. Instead, our interactions have become purely transactional; we might ask a neighbour to water our plants, but we often have no intention of returning the favor or building a lasting friendship. This social withdrawal has serious consequences, as collective disinterest is a primary driver of the loneliness epidemic in the UK. Isolation is no longer just a personal struggle; it has become a public health crisis that affects mental well-being. To bridge this gap, we desperately need innovative urban strategies and local initiatives to restore a sense of belonging. Only by turning back into true “neighbours” can we hope to cure the modern ache of being alone together. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （十一） （2025~2026学年杨浦区二模） Fight Fake Information In this day and age, you probably get your information from various websites and social media. Because fake news is spreading and becoming influential in this digital age, it’s important that you don’t take everything you read at face value. The volume of information encountered daily makes it necessary to take an analytical approach to what you read to make sure it is reliable. Several skills including critical thinking, which refers to the practice of examining evidence, logic, and context are essential. This skill helps you identify gaps in information, distinguish between fact and opinion and evaluate whether an argument is supported by solid reasoning. Beyond analysis, critical thinking involves asking meaningful questions — such as who created the information, why it was shared, and what might be missing. In an age where misinformation spreads rapidly, this mindset helps you build a mental barrier to resist emotional control and clickbait. In today’s information rich world, we are constantly exposed to a huge amount of content from various digital sources. Make the most of your digital literacy by using different formats, platforms and media to get and use information. For example, consider how you might combine different types of digital sources to gain a deeper understanding of a topic. You also need a strategy to determine whether online content can be trusted. Mike Caulfield, a research scientist at the University of Washington’s Center for an Informed Public, created the SIFT method to do that. This approach helps you analyze and decide if online information is reliable. First, stop — don’t share right away, and check your emotions about the headline. Then, investigate the source — look up the author or site using other reliable sources. Next, find better coverage — see if trustworthy sites confirm the information. Finally, trace claims back to their original source to check if they’re fairly presented. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （十二） （2025~2026学年嘉定区二模） The Power of Hesitation Hesitation is often seen as a weakness. At the Olympics, athletes must choose the exact moment to start. In these events, even a tiny delay can mean losing a gold medal. For these athletes, hesitation is dangerous. Some mental health conditions are also related to hesitation. OCD (强迫症) is linked to lack of hesitation while anxiety disorders may cause too much hesitation, making it hard for people to act at all. Recently, neuroscientists have been studying how the brain decides when to act and when to wait. They designed a simple decision-making experiment in which mice heard three different sounds. Some sounds clearly meant they would receive a drop of sugar water. Other sounds meant no reward. A third sound meant there was only a 50 percent chance of getting the reward. Interestingly, the mice hesitated longer when the outcome was uncertain. Even though their behaviour did not change the result, they still paused before acting. This means that hesitation is not simply confusion. Instead, it is an active brain process that responds to uncertainty. The findings suggest that, rather than a weakness to overcome, hesitation appears to be a fundamental brain feature that helps us deal with an uncertain world and avoid costly mistakes.. Researchers also found a special group of brain cells that became active only when the mice hesitated. These cells are located in a brain area called the basal ganglia, which is also affected in Parkinson’s disease, OCD, and addictions. This connection may provide possible targets for future treatments. Hesitation is not simply a flaw but a useful and necessary brain function. By helping individuals respond carefully to uncertainty, it protects people from mistakes and may also provide new directions for treating mental health disorders. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （十三） （2025~2026学年黄浦区二模） The Battle to Keep Consumers Means Smaller Packs of Cookies and Chips Snack and drink in very small sizes are hitting store shelves as brands try to keep stretched consumers buying with lower-price options. PepsiCo now sells Lay’s potato chips in half a dozen different-sized bags, costing from around 50 cents to roughly $5. And Mondelez International has six different Milka chocolate bar sizes with prices from under $1 to $6. Food, drink and consumer-product companies are hoping that a wider range of shrunken size options can boost overall sales volumes, which have been pressured in recent quarters. Smaller-size offerings also tend to have higher profit margins (利润率). “Consumers are going into small pack sizes to make the best use of their budget,” said Mondelez Finance Chief Luca Zaramella. “The $3, $4 as opposed to the $6, $7, particularly in snacks, are becoming a clear center of gravity.” Consumer-goods companies have long tailored packaging for cookies, chips and other items to a range of factors: on-the-go or lunch snacking, portion control, affordability. The last one, however, critical in emerging markets for years, has recently become more important in the U.S. Still, offering more package sizes may create some problems. In some cases, consumers clearly see they are getting less — fewer potato chips, cookies, for instance — but not a correspondingly lower price, an approach known as shrinkflation that has annoyed shoppers in recent years. Another difficulty is that just as some brands expand their product listings, retailers (零售商) are working to reduce the number of products on their shelves — intensifying the already harsh competition for shelf space. Companies want the single-serve option to attract consumers, but they also want the multipack and several options to drive volumes, said Bonnie Herzog, a senior analyst at Goldman Sachs. “But there’s only so much space for some of these categories,” she said. “And it’s harder to come by.” _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （十四） （2025~2026学年虹口区二模） How We Think About Sleep We live in a world concerned about how much sleep we get. Many of us chase solutions in the pursuit of that golden 8 hours of sleep. But what if the secret to feeling restored has little to do with how much we actually slept? A wave of new research suggests that the way we think about sleep matters more than the hours we get. Last year, a UCLA study tracked 249 people, noting both their actual sleep time and their self-reported sleep behaviour. The mismatch between the two sets of data was striking: many people claimed they had slept terribly, but the objective data showed a different case. When participants performed cognitive (认知的) tests, it was the self-reported sleep quality that predicted how well they did, rather than the objective data. This suggests that changing how we think about our sleep might help us respond better to a lack of sleep. But to make full use of this power, we also need to consider how people judge their sleep quality. In the follow-up study, participants rated their previous night’s sleep every two hours while reporting their mood, physical activity and social activities. More than 90 per cent of the participants changed their sleep quality ratings during the day. Among all the factors, physical activity most improved their sleep views. Dragging yourself to the gym, despite little sleep, isn’t such a bad idea — it might positively reshape your memory of sleep, leading to beneficial knock-on effects. For people with long-term sleep struggles, a positive mindset sometimes means all. Actively reshaping your perception of last night’s sleep the next day could help to achieve this. Another way is to simply re-examine how many hours you think you need — eight hours is not a universal rule. Helping people reset expectations can reduce worry and improve sleep satisfaction, even without increasing total sleep time. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （十五） （2025~2026学年徐汇区二模） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s. of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. 51. Global hunger and its consequences Hunger is never an isolated problem. It is the consequence of a combination of problems. First of all, the root of hunger is the uneven distribution of food among different income groups. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (2000), over 50% of the world's seafood and meat is consumed by the richest 20% of the world population while the poorest 20% consume only 5% of such protein-rich food. Inadequate intake of protein does not only cause hunger but also other health problems, such as marasmus and kwashiorkor. More importantly, as protein is essential for the growth and maintenance of muscles and bones, deficiency in protein can lead to delayed or even stunted growth in children. In addition, natural disasters and wars are common contributing factors to large-scale hunger. Prolonged wars and natural disasters like typhoons, floods and droughts often lead to ruined farmland and disrupted agricultural activities. Destroyed roads and tunnels also cause interrupted transportation of food. Consequently, food production is significantly reduced and the transportation of food is hampered. All these worsen the problem of hunger. Environmental pollution is another reason for hunger. Waste from unregulated industrial activities can pollute farmland and rivers. Excessive exhaust fumes from vehicles and factories result in polluted air and environment. The increasing emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere contributes to global warming, making the climate less favourable for the growth of crops. A likely result of the reduced amount of food production is a rise in food prices. When food, especially staple food like rice, wheat and potatoes, becomes unaffordable to people, hunger arises. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ （十六） （2025~2026学年青浦区二模） Forest Loss Is Driving Mosquitoes to Humans Running along Brazil’s coastline, the Atlantic Forest supports an extraordinary range of life, including hundreds of species of birds, fishes, mammals, and other kinds of animals. Human development has reduced the forest to roughly one third of its original size. As people move deeper into once untouched habitats, wildlife is pushed out, and mosquitoes that once fed on many different animals appear to be shifting their attention toward humans, according to a study published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. “Our study shows that mosquitoes in the remaining forest areas have a clear preference for humans,” said Dr. Jeronimo Alencar, a biologist. To find out what mosquitoes were feeding on, the research team set traps in two nature reserves in Rio de Janeiro. They collected over 1,700 mosquitoes from 52 different species. Female mosquitoes that had recently fed on blood were studied in the lab. Scientists took out DNA from the blood inside the mosquitoes and read a specific gene that works like a biological barcode. Each animal species has its own version of this genetic marker. By matching the barcodes to reference databases, the team could identify the animals that had been bitten. The results showed that among the 27 identifiable blood meals, 18 came from humans, 6 from birds, and one each from an amphibian (两栖动物), a dog, and a mouse. Scientists believe that as forests disappear, natural hosts become scarce. Mosquitoes are forced to seek new blood sources, and humans become the most convenient choice. In the regions studied, mosquitoes spread viruses such as Yellow Fever, dengue, Zika, Mayaro, Sabiá, and Chikungunya. These infections can pose serious health risks and may lead to long-term diseases. Although the study has some limitations, such as the small number of detectable samples, its findings are valuable. They can help guide mosquito control efforts and improve early warning systems for disease outbreaks. “Knowing that mosquitoes in an area have a strong preference for humans serves as an alert for transmission risk,” co-author Machado said. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $