专题03 重点语法归纳拓展&专项训练-2025-2026学年八年级下学期期中复习（新人教版）

专题03 重点语法归纳拓展&专项训练 Unit 1 Time to Relax (1) 肯定式：to + 动词原形（有时可以不用to，这里的to 是不定式符号，本身无词义） It’s nice to meet you. (2) 否定式：not + (to +) 动词原形 He told me not to leave this room 动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末其结构为： ① It is +adj.+for/of sb.+(not)to do sth.意为＂做某事对某人来说是……＂。 ② It takes sb.+some time+to do sth.意为＂做某事花费某人多长时间＂ To learn English well is useful.→ It is useful to learn English well. It’s important for us to protect the environment. 【注意】在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。 It's very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好啦。 （1）动词plan、hope、decide、want等后常接动词不定式作宾语。 I want to learn more about the Sanxingdui Ruins site. 我想要多了解三星堆遗址。 （2）有些及物动词要跟复合宾语，如果是动词不定式作宾语，要把形式宾语it放在宾语的位置，真正的宾语（动词不定式）放在宾语补足语之后。 I think it interesting to talk with him. 我觉得跟他说话很有意思。 （1）动词ask、teach、tell、advise、invite等后接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。 Mr Smith advised us not to stay by the lake. 史密斯先生建议我们不要待在湖边。 （2）使役动词(let、make、have等)和感官动词(see、hear、watch、feel、notice等)后接不带 to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。 That funny boy often makes us laugh. 那个滑稽的男孩儿经常使我们大笑。 I often see the girl go home alone. 我经常看见那个女孩独自回家。 （3）动词help后作宾语补足语的动词不定式可带to, 也可不带to。 Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework? 你经常帮助你妈妈做家务吗？ 动词不定式可作状语, 表示目的、原因、结果等, 可位于句首或句尾。 We get together to practice speaking English every Friday. 我们每周五聚在一起练习说英语。 To keep healthy, I run an hour every day. 为了保持健康，我每天跑步一小时。 I’m so happy to hear from my best friend. 我很高兴能收到我最好的朋友的来信。 不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。 【注意】如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式后加上适当的介词。 There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的。 The room is big enough for 10 people to live in . 这个房间大到足够给10个人住。 表示一般的概念时，不定式、动词­ing形式可以互换，而表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式。 What she likes is watching/to watch children play. 她喜欢的事情就是看孩子们玩耍。 My wish is to become a good teacher. 我的愿望就是要当个好老师。 1. 使役动词和感官动词后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语，须省略to。此类动词有：一感(feel)、二听(hear, listen to)、三让(let, make, have)、四看(look at, see, watch, notice)、五帮(help)。变为被动语态时，则要加上to。 2. 动词不定式的否定形式是not to do。 Our teacher asked us not to swim in the river alone. 我们老师要求我们不要独自一人在河里游泳。 3. 常接＂疑问词+带to的不定式＂的动词有teach, show, tell, learn, find out, decide, know, forget等。 My mother taught me how to cook yesterday. 昨天我妈妈教我如何做饭。 随堂训练 一．单项选择 1．We should do something ________ the rare animals ________ disappearing. A．to protect; from B．protect; from C．to protect; for D．protect; for 2．She hopes ________ the Great Wall with her family during the holiday. A．visit B．to visit C．visiting D．visited 3．It’s necessary ________ us ________ protect the wonders of nature. A．for; to B．of; to C．for; for D．of; for 4．The living room is a good place ________ with family. A．chat B．to chat C．chatting D．chatted 5．—What do you want to be in the future? —My father expects me________ a successful doctor, but I am more interested in music. A．become B．to be C．becoming D．being 6．Earth Day is on April 22nd. It reminds us________ and protect our earth. A．loving B．to loving C．love D．to love 7．We must do something ________ the animals in danger. A．save B．saving C．to save D．saved 8．Remember ________ the lights when you leave the room. A．turn off B．turning off C．to turn off D．turned off 9．We should work hard ________ our dreams come true. A．make B．to make C．making D．made 10．The government is taking action _______ the endangered animals in the wild. A．protect B．protecting C．to protect D．protected 11．It is important ________ (know) how to protect ourselves during natural disasters. 12．Running is a good way ________ (keep) fit. 13．Gillian decided ________ (give) the money to Miss Hayden. 14．True happiness is in the ability ________ (make) a difference in others’ lives. 15．He advised me __________ (join) the science club to learn more about inventions. 16．I’d like ________ (live) in a seaside town because I love the beach. 17．We should try our best ________ (improve) ourselves. 18．My dream is ________ (become) a basketball player. 19．It takes time ________ (make) a good plan. 20．She is brave enough ________ (face) the terrible storm in the mountains. Unit 2 Stay Healthy 知识点1. should的用法 should作情态动词,有实际的词义,但它不可单独作谓语,须与动词原形连用,没有人称和数的变化。其否定形式是should not,可缩写为shouldn’t；变为一般疑问句时,should提到主语之前。它的用法如下： （1）表示提出或征询建议，意为“应该”。 I think you should save some money for your father’s birthday. 我认为你应该为你父亲的生日攒些钱。 （2）表示责任或义务，意为“应该，应当”。 We should follow the rules in public. 在公共场合我们应该遵守规则。 （3）表示推测，意为“照理说，应该”，语气弱于must“一定”(表示推测)。 Don’t worry. Kate should arrive soon. 别担心。凯特应该很快就到了。 知识点2. could的用法 情态动词could本身不能作谓语，必须和动词原形一起构成谓语。用法如下： （1）could用于提出建议，比can语气更为委婉。 You could ask your doctor for a check-up. 你可以请医生做个检查。 （2）句型“Could you (please)...?”常用于委婉地请求某人做某事，其后通常接动词原形，此时其肯定回答和否定回答都不用could。 肯定回答：Yes, I can./Sure./Of course./No problem./...  否定回答：Sorry, I’m afraid not./I’m sorry, I can’t. /I’m sorry, but.../Of course not. —Could you lend your computer to me? 你可以把你的电脑借给我吗? —Certainly. 当然可以。/Sorry, I’m afraid not. 对不起，恐怕不行。 （3）句型“Could I do...?”常用于委婉地请求许可，答语中用can，而不用could。 肯定回答：Yes, you can./Certainly./Sure. 否定回答：No, you can’t./Sorry, I’m afraid you can’t. —Could I have a look at your new watch? 我能看看你的新手表吗？ —Sure. 当然可以。/No, you can’t. 不，不行。 随堂训练 1．You ________ go outside during a heavy snowstorm. It’s dangerous. A．should B．shouldn’t C．could D．couldn’t 2．You ________ stay away from windows during an earthquake. A．can B．should C．may D．will 3．You ________ be too hard on yourself. You have already done a good job. A．should B．shouldn’t C．have to D．don’t have to 4．—I can’t sleep at night. What should I do? —You ________ drink warm milk before bed. It helps. A．could B．shouldn’t C．must D．won’t 5．—Mom, I want to go to the concert this weekend. ________ you please give me some money? —Sure, but you ________ finish your homework first. A．Could; must B．Should; must C．Must; should D．Could; mustn’t 6．—________ you please give me some advice on improving my English? —Sure. You ________ spend more time reading English novels. A．Could; could B．Should; can C．Should; should D．Must; must 知识点1. 反身代词的变化 反身代词由人称代词的宾格形式或形容词性物主代词加-self或-selves构成，有人称和数的变化。 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数myself 我自己 yourself你自己 himself他自己 herself 她自己 itself 它自己 复数ourselves 我们自己 yourselves 你们自己 themselves 他/她/它们自己 知识点2. 反身代词的用法 （1）作动词或介词的宾语 My brother can’t dress himself. 我弟弟不能自己穿衣服。(作动词的宾语) The old man lives by himself in the countryside. 这个老人一个人生活在乡下。（作介词的宾语） （2）作主语或宾语的同位语 此时表示强调，反身代词要重读。反身代词强调主语时，位置比较灵活。反身代词强调宾语时，应放在宾语之后。 I myself will present the prizes./I will present the prizes myself. 我本人将颁发奖品。(作主语的同位语) You can go and ask him himself. 你可以去问他本人。(作宾语的同位语) （3）作表语 反身代词放在be、feel、look、seem等系动词之后作表语，可以用来描述身体或精神状态。 I’m not feeling myself today. I think I may have a cold. 今天我感觉不适。我想我可能感冒了。 知识点3. 带有反身代词的常用短语 enjoy oneself过得愉快 help oneself to随便吃…… dress oneself打扮自己 leave sb. by oneself把某人单独留下 learn... by oneself自学…… come to oneself苏醒 by oneself亲自 hurt oneself伤到某人自己；伤害自己 随堂训练 一．单项选择 1．The boy is only 7 years old. He isn’t ________ to take care of ________. A．old enough; himself B．enough old; himself C．old enough; him D．enough old; him 2．If we just think about ________, the boat of friendship will be overturned (倾覆) anytime. A．myself B．himself C．yourself D．ourselves 3．When you feel stressed, it’s important to remind ________ to take a break, which will make ________ easier to get through the day. A．you; it B．yourself; it C．you; itself D．yourself; itself 4．The trip to the seaside was really fantastic. We all enjoyed ________. A．us B．our C．ourselves D．ours 5．My sister often teaches ________ English after school. A．her B．herself C．she D．hers 二．单词拼写 1．Look! The children are enjoying ________ (they) in the park. 2．We should know how to protect ________ (we) in disasters. 3．Zhang Chi,a leading role in the film“Pegasus 3”(飞驰人生3)，turned sadness into strength and finally became a better ________ (he). 4．He is proud of ________ because he has won the game. (he) 5．“Help ________ (you) to some fruit, kids,” Mrs. Smith said kindly. Unit 3 Growing Up （一）although引导的让步状语从句： although意为 “ 虽然；尽管 ”，引导让步状语从句，相当于though，可放在主句前，也可放在主句后。 although或though不能与but、however连用，但可以与yet、still同时使用。 Although / Though it was cold, she didn't wear a coat. 虽然天气很冷，她却没穿外套。 Although the task was difficult, yet we managed to finish it on time. 尽管任务很困难，我们还是设法按时完成了。 （二）until引导的状语从句： until作连词，意为 “直到······为止 ”，引导时间状语从句，具体用法有： 1. 主句为肯定句时，其谓语动词为延续性动词，强调主句的动作或状态一直持续到从句的动作发生为止，意为 “ 直到······为止 ”。 We waited here until he came back.我们在这儿一直等到他回来。 2. 主句为否定句时，其谓语动词用延续性动词或非延续性动词均可，强调主句的动作在从句的动作发生之后才开始，意为 “ 直到······才······”。 Wang Tao did not go to sleep until he solved the difficult math problem.王涛直到解决了那道数学难题，他才去睡觉。 3. 当主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，遵从“主将从现原则”。 · He won't believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.直到亲眼看见它，他才会相信。 （三）so that引导目的状语从句： 1. so that意为 “ 为了；以便 ”，引导目的状语从句时，相当于in order that, 从句中常加can, could, may, might等词。 Be more active in class so that you can improve your ability to express yourself.在课堂上更积极一些，这样你就能提高自己的表达能力了。 2. so that还可引导结果状语从句，意为 “ 因此；所以 ”。此时从句中通常没有情态动词。 The storm was very violent, so that many trees in the park were uprooted.暴风雨很猛烈，结果公园里的许多树都被连根拔起了。 3. so...that... 如此......以至于（that引导结果状语从句） The film is so interesting that we all love it.这部电影太有趣了，以至于我们都喜欢。 He spoke so quietly that I couldn’t hear him.他说话太轻了，以至于我听不见。 随堂训练 1．________ digital payments are very popular now, some people still choose to use cash. A．Although B．Because C．If D．Unless 2．________ he is very busy, he always finds time to help his friends. A．Unless B．Because C．Though D．So that 3．________ the task was very difficult, they finished it on time. A．Although B．Because C．If D．So 4．We________ go home ________ we sent the old man to the hospital. A．won’t; until B．will go; when C．didn’t; until D．didn’t; when 5．He didn’t go to bed ________ he finished all his homework. A．while B．until C．after D．because 6．He didn’t go to bed ________ he finished his homework. A．when B．while C．until D．after 7．—You look so tired. What’s wrong? —I didn’t go to bed ________ I finished watching an interesting movie last night. A．until B．if C．though D．unless 8．There were ________ few people at the park that we could run around freely, and it was ________ good fun playing games together. A．so; so B．such; so C．such; such D．so; such 9．That’s ________ formal ________ we don’t do it these days. A．so; that B．such; that C．too; to D．enough; to 10．The Maths problem is ________ difficult that ________ students can work it out. A．so; few B．such; few C．so; a few D．such; a few 11．Peter, don’t keep silent. We won’t know what you are thinking ________ you don’t express yourself. A．until B．unless C．though D．if 12．Mr Tolman said that Gillian would get another fifty thousand dollars ________ he used the money to help others. A．if B．unless C．though D．until 13．—Learning a new language is like learning to swim. —Yes. ________ we try our best to practise, we’ll find it easy. A．Although B．While C．If D．Before 14．Speak louder, please, ________ everyone in the room can hear you clearly. A．even though B．so that C．as long as D．unless 15．We should leave early tomorrow morning ________ we can avoid the traffic jam. A．unless B．so that C．even though D．because Unit 4 The Wonders of Nature 知识点1. 比较级和最高级的构成规则 (1) 规则变化 构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 单音节词末一般直接加­er和­est great greater greatest 单音节词以­e结尾，只加­r和­st brave wide braver wider bravest widest 闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，需先双写这个辅音字母，再加­er和­est big hot bigger hotter biggest hottest 以辅音字母加­y结尾的词，先变­y为­i，再加­er和­est happy happier happiest 多音节词和少数双音节词在前面加more和most difficult more difficult most difficult 少数以­er，­ow结尾的双音节词，加­er和­est clever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowest (2) 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good, well better best bad, ill worse worst many, much许多的 more most little less least far farther距离远的 farthest距离最远 far further距离更远；程度更胜 furthest距离最远；程度最深 old older/elder oldest/eldest 【注意】elder 不能与than连用，只能用作定语修饰名词，仅用于同辈之间的排行，即家庭成员的长幼关系，如：elder sister(姐姐)，elder brother(哥哥) 知识点2. 比较级的句式结构 (1)比较级+than 主语+系动词be+形容词比较级+than+比较对象. 主语+实义动词+副词比较级+than+比较对象. Mr King is taller than Mr Brown. 金先生比布朗先生高。 Mike ran faster than Jim. 迈克比吉姆跑得快。 (2)“比较级+and+比较级”或“more and more+形容词或副词原级”，表示“越来越……-”。 Things are getting better and better. 事情变得越来越好。 She is becoming more and more beautiful. 她长得越来越漂亮。 (3)“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越……越……”。 The more I read the book, the better I like it. 这本书我越读越喜欢。 (4)“the+比较级+of the two...”表示“两者中比较……的”。 Tom is the taller of the two. 汤姆是两个人中比较高的那个。 (5)“Which/Who...+比较级，A or B？”表示“A和B，哪一个/谁更……?”。 Which book is better, this one or that one? 哪本书更好,这本还是那本？ (6)“比较级+than any other+可数名词单数”=“比较级+than the other+可数名词复数”，表示“比其他任何/所有……都……”。该结构是比较级表示最高级含义。 China is larger than any other country/the other countries in Asia. 中国比亚洲其他任何/所有国家都大。 知识点3. 最高级的句式结构 最高级用于三者或三者以上的人或物之间的比较。句中常含有表示范围的in/of短语。形容词的最高级前一定要用定冠词the，副词的最高级前的定冠词可加可不加。 (1)“主语+系动词be+the+形容词最高级+in/of短语”。 The Yangtze River is the longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。 (2)“主语+实义动词(+the)+副词最高级+in/of短语”。 He runs (the) fastest in our class. 他是我们班跑得最快的。 (3)“主语+系动词be+one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数+in/of短语”。 China is one of the oldest countries in the world. 中国是世界上最古老的国家之一。 (4)“主语+系动词be+the+序数词+形容词最高级+可数名词单数+in/of短语”。 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河。 (5)“疑问词+系动词be+the+形容词最高级，A、B or C?”用于三个人或事物之间的比较。 Who is the tallest, Zhang Hua, Liu Shuang or Chen Fei? 张华、刘爽和陈飞，谁最高？ (6)“疑问词+助动词+主语+动词原形(+the)+副词最高级，A、B or C?”。 Which city do you like best, Beijing, Shanghai or Guangzhou? 你最喜欢哪个城市，北京、上海还是广州？ 知识点4. 形容词变副词规则 情况 构成 示词 一般情况 加­ly quick—quickly，brave—bravely，immediate—immediately 以辅音字母 ＋­y结尾 将y改为i再加­ly easy—easily, happy—happily， heavy—heavily, busy—busily 以­le结尾 去e加­y simple—simply，gentle—gently，terrible-terribly 以元音字母＋­e结尾 去e加­ly true—truly 以­ll结尾 只加­y full—fully, dull—dully 以­ic结尾 加­ally basic—basically，scientific—scientifically 【易错提示】 以­ly结尾的形容词： friendly友好的 lovely可爱的 lively精力充沛的 lonely孤独的 weekly每周的 daily每日的 deadly致命的 monthly每月的 yearly每年的 随堂训练 1．She sings _______ as her mother. A．as beautiful B．as beautifully C．more beautiful D．most beautifully 2．This book costs ________ as that one. A．as twice much B．twice as much C．as much twice D．much as twice 3．—Sarah is chosen as the guide for the fashion show.     —Great! No one speaks English ________ her. A．as beautiful as B．as badly as C．worse than D．better than 4．We can take the high-speed train to travel ________ than before. A．more convenient B．most convenient C．more conveniently D．most conveniently 5．He drives much ________ than he did half a year ago. A．more careful B．carefully C．more carefully D．careful 6．—Who got first prize in this competition? —Of course Tom did. He worked ________ among us. A．hard B．harder C．hardest D．most hard 7．Among all the students in the speech contest, Lin Dong spoke ________ in terms of clarity, so he won the highest score in this part. A．more clearly B．the most clearly C．clearlier D．the clearer 8．She speaks English ________ in our school, but she practices ________ than anyone else. A．most fluently; harder B．more fluently; hardest C．fluently; harder D．the most fluently; hardest 9．Tom does his homework ________ in his class. A．more careful B．the most careful C．more carefully D．the most carefully 10．—Did Kate make progress in the final exam? —She ________ before, and of all the students she did ________. A．was as lazy as; most careful B．wasn’t as lazy as; the most carefully C．was as lazy as; more careful D．wasn’t as lazy as; the more carefully 知识点1. 基数词的构成 ①基数词1-12是独立的单词，需要逐个记忆。 ②基数词13-19是由“个位基数词+-teen”构成的,其中13 thirteen, 15 fifteen是特例。此外还要注意18 eighteen的拼法,eight以字母t结尾,因此只加-een即可。 ③20-90 之间的整十基数词以-ty结尾，其中20 twenty, 30 thirty, 40 forty, 50 fifty, 80 eighty的拼写特殊。 ④21- 99 之间, 表示“几十几”的基数词的构成是“整十位数+个位数”，其间用连字符“-”连接。 如: 21(twenty-one), 95(ninety-five)。 知识点2. 基数词的读法 ①在读三位数的基数词时，在百位和十位之间（若十位为零，则在百位和个位之间）用and连接。 653 读作：six hundred and fifty-three 101 读作：one hundred and one 309 读作：three hundred and nine ②在读四位数及四位数以上的基数词时，先从右往左，每三位数加一个逗号，用这个方法把数字分成若干段，再一段一段地读。从右往左的第一个逗号前的数字后加thousand,第二个逗号前的数字后加million,第三个逗号前的数字后加billion。 1,023 读作：one thousand and twenty-three 329 读作：twenty-four thousand three hundred and twenty-nine 5,689,008 读作：five million six hundred and eighty-nine thousand and eight 知识点3. 基数词的用法 ① 表示确切数字时，基数词hundred, thousand等，只用单数形式，不能加“s” 如：five thousand six hundred teachers 5600名教师 ② 在表示某些概数的习语中，如“成百上千”等，基数词要加“s” 如：thousands of people 成千上万的人 ③ 可以用来表示时间 如：5：00 five / five o’clock 4：25　four twenty－five 7：20 twenty past seven 11：15 a quarter past eleven 5：55 five to six 9：31 twenty－nine to ten ④ 可以用来表示年代 如：1980年 nineteen eighty ⑤ 可以用来表示年龄 如：He is ten years old. 他十岁了。 【注意】表示人的不确切岁数或年代，用“几十”的复数形式表示 如：in his twenties 在他二十多岁时 in the 1980’s / 1980s 在20世纪80年代 ⑥ 可以用来表示事物编号 如：No. Ten Middle School 第十中学 308 Nanjing Road 南京路308号 Room 209 房间209 Section 3 / Part 3 第三部分 ⑦ 可以用于某些数学算式 如：Three and two is five. 3+2=5 Ten minus five is five. 10-5=5 Three multiplied by four makes twelve. 3×4=12 Sixteen divided by four is four. 16÷4=4 ⑧ 可以用于倍数表达，“基数词 + times” 表示“...是...几倍” 如：This room is three times as big as that one. This room is three times bigger than that one. This room is threetimes the size of that one. 这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。 ⑨ 可以用于百分数表达。百分数由“基数词+百分号(%)”构成 如：30% = thirty percent 65% = sixty - five percent ⑩ “基数词 + 名词 + ......”构成复合形容词作定语 如：He is a ten-year-old boy. 他是一个十岁的男孩。 It a five-minute walk from the library to the playground. 从图书馆到操场要走五分钟。 【拓展】 基数词的其他用法 ①基数词与名词、形容词可组成复合形容词，用作定语，其结构是“数词－单数名词”或“数词-单数名词-形容词”，如an eight-year-old boy。 ②基数词与 hundred、thousand、million、billion连用时，这些词要用单数形式；若这些词和of搭配构成短语，表示不确定的数目，则要用复数形式，如five hundred、hundreds of。 ③“数词＋more＋名词”或“another＋数词＋名词”表示“再；又……”，如two more boys＝another two boys。 随堂训练 1．________ animals live in the forest. A．Five hundred of B．Hundreds of C．Hundreds D．Five hundreds 2． My brother is an ________ boy. He is in Grade 3 now. A．eight-years-old B．eight year old C．eight-year-old D．eight-years old 3．If you want to visit our new office, please come to ________, East Zhongshan Road. A．the No. 509 room, the 12th building B．the Room 509, the 12th Building C．509 Room, 12 Building D．Room 509, Building 12 4．________, a great number of young people ________ like to wear leather jackets. A．In the 1980s; in the twenties B．In the 1980s; in their twenties C．In 1980s; in the twenties D．In 1980s; in their twenties 5．—Do you have enough volunteers for the event?   —No. I think we need ________ volunteers. A．another B．two others C．more two D．two more 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 重点语法归纳拓展&专项训练 Unit 1 Time to Relax 动词不定式 （一）动词不定式的结构 (1) 肯定式：to + 动词原形（有时可以不用to，这里的to 是不定式符号，本身无词义） It’s nice to meet you. (2) 否定式：not + (to +) 动词原形 He told me not to leave this room （二）动词不定式的句法功能 知识点1. 作主语 动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末其结构为： ① It is +adj.+for/of sb.+(not)to do sth.意为＂做某事对某人来说是……＂。 ② It takes sb.+some time+to do sth.意为＂做某事花费某人多长时间＂ To learn English well is useful.→ It is useful to learn English well. It’s important for us to protect the environment. 【注意】在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。 It's very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好啦。 知识点2. 作宾语 （1）动词plan、hope、decide、want等后常接动词不定式作宾语。 I want to learn more about the Sanxingdui Ruins site. 我想要多了解三星堆遗址。 （2）有些及物动词要跟复合宾语，如果是动词不定式作宾语，要把形式宾语it放在宾语的位置，真正的宾语（动词不定式）放在宾语补足语之后。 I think it interesting to talk with him. 我觉得跟他说话很有意思。 知识点3. 作宾语补足语 （1）动词ask、teach、tell、advise、invite等后接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。 Mr Smith advised us not to stay by the lake. 史密斯先生建议我们不要待在湖边。 （2）使役动词(let、make、have等)和感官动词(see、hear、watch、feel、notice等)后接不带 to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。 That funny boy often makes us laugh. 那个滑稽的男孩儿经常使我们大笑。 I often see the girl go home alone. 我经常看见那个女孩独自回家。 （3）动词help后作宾语补足语的动词不定式可带to, 也可不带to。 Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework? 你经常帮助你妈妈做家务吗？ 知识点4. 作状语 动词不定式可作状语, 表示目的、原因、结果等, 可位于句首或句尾。 We get together to practice speaking English every Friday. 我们每周五聚在一起练习说英语。 To keep healthy, I run an hour every day. 为了保持健康，我每天跑步一小时。 I’m so happy to hear from my best friend. 我很高兴能收到我最好的朋友的来信。 5.作定语 不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。 【注意】如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式后加上适当的介词。 There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的。 The room is big enough for 10 people to live in . 这个房间大到足够给10个人住。 知识点6. 作表语 表示一般的概念时，不定式、动词­ing形式可以互换，而表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式。 What she likes is watching/to watch children play. 她喜欢的事情就是看孩子们玩耍。 My wish is to become a good teacher. 我的愿望就是要当个好老师。 （三）动词不定式的特殊用法 1. 使役动词和感官动词后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语，须省略to。此类动词有：一感(feel)、二听(hear, listen to)、三让(let, make, have)、四看(look at, see, watch, notice)、五帮(help)。变为被动语态时，则要加上to。 2. 动词不定式的否定形式是not to do。 Our teacher asked us not to swim in the river alone. 我们老师要求我们不要独自一人在河里游泳。 3. 常接＂疑问词+带to的不定式＂的动词有teach, show, tell, learn, find out, decide, know, forget等。 My mother taught me how to cook yesterday. 昨天我妈妈教我如何做饭。 随堂训练 一．单项选择 1．We should do something ________ the rare animals ________ disappearing. A．to protect; from B．protect; from C．to protect; for D．protect; for 【答案】A 【详解】句意：我们应该做些事情来保护珍稀动物防止消失。 第一空，此处表示“做些事情”的目的是为了保护动物，应用动词不定式to protect作目的状语；第二空，protect...from...是固定搭配，意为“保护……免受……"。 2．She hopes ________ the Great Wall with her family during the holiday. A．visit B．to visit C．visiting D．visited 【答案】B 【详解】句意：她希望在假期期间和家人一起参观长城。 hope后接动词时，要用hope to do sth.结构，表示“希望做某事”。在本题中hope后应接to visit。 3．It’s necessary ________ us ________ protect the wonders of nature. A．for; to B．of; to C．for; for D．of; for 【答案】A 【详解】句意：对我们来说保护自然奇观是必要的。 for为了；to向；of属于。形容词necessary表示“必要的”，侧重客观情况，介词用for；若形容词侧重人的品质（如 kind, nice）则用of。第二个空需用动词不定式符号to构成真正主语。故选A。 4．The living room is a good place ________ with family. A．chat B．to chat C．chatting D．chatted 【答案】B 【详解】句意：客厅是一个与家人聊天的好地方。 根据“The living room is a good place…”可知，此处考查固定搭配：a good place to do sth.“一个做某事的好地方”，动词不定式作后置定语修饰 place。 5．—What do you want to be in the future? —My father expects me________ a successful doctor, but I am more interested in music. A．become B．to be C．becoming D．being 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你将来想成为什么？——我父亲期望我成为一名成功的医生，但我对音乐更感兴趣。 become成为，动词原形；to be成为，动词不定式；becoming成为，现在分词或动名词；being是，现在分词或动名词。expect sb. to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“期望某人做某事”，此处需用动词不定式to be作宾语补足语。 6．Earth Day is on April 22nd. It reminds us________ and protect our earth. A．loving B．to loving C．love D．to love 【答案】D 【详解】句意：地球日是4月22日。它提醒我们要爱护和保护我们的地球。 loving爱（现在分词）；to loving介词to加动名词；love爱（动词原形）；to love 爱（动词不定式）。固定搭配remind sb. to do sth.意为“提醒某人做某事”，此处应用动词不定式作宾语补足语。 7．We must do something ________ the animals in danger. A．save B．saving C．to save D．saved 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我们必须做点什么来拯救处于危险中的动物。 save拯救；saving拯救；to save拯救；saved拯救。根据“We must do something...the animals in danger.”可知，应该用动词不定式作目的状语。 8．Remember ________ the lights when you leave the room. A．turn off B．turning off C．to turn off D．turned off 【答案】C 【详解】句意：当你离开房间时，记得关掉灯。 remember to do sth.表示“记得去做某事”，动作未发生；remember doing sth.表示“记得做过某事”，动作已发生。根据句意可知关灯动作尚未发生，应用动词不定式。 9．We should work hard ________ our dreams come true. A．make B．to make C．making D．made 【答案】B 【详解】句意：我们应该努力工作为了使我们的梦想成真。 此处表示努力工作的目的是使我们的梦想成真，用动词不定式作目的状语。应填to make。 10．The government is taking action _______ the endangered animals in the wild. A．protect B．protecting C．to protect D．protected 【答案】C 【详解】句意：政府正在采取行动保护野外的濒危动物。 根据“taking action ... the endangered animals”可知，采取行动的目的是为了保护濒危动物，动词不定式作目的状语。 11．It is important ________ (know) how to protect ourselves during natural disasters. 【答案】to know 【详解】句意：知道在自然灾害期间如何保护我们自己是很重要的。“It is+形容词+to do sth.”，意思是“做某事是……的”，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语。这个句子中，要用动词不定式to know作真正的主语，所以此处应填to know。 12．Running is a good way ________ (keep) fit. 【答案】to keep 【详解】句意：跑步是保持健康的一种好方式。此处需用to do不定式，即to keep作后置定语，修饰前面的名词way。 13．Gillian decided ________ (give) the money to Miss Hayden. 【答案】to give 【详解】句意：吉莉安决定把钱交给海登小姐。 decide to do sth.表示“决定做某事”，因此需用动词give的不定式形式to give。 14．True happiness is in the ability ________ (make) a difference in others’ lives. 【答案】to make 【详解】句意：真正的幸福，在于有能力为他人的生活带来改变。此处为固定搭配ability to do sth.，表示“做某事的能力”，应填to make。 15．He advised me __________ (join) the science club to learn more about inventions. 【答案】to join 【详解】句意：他建议我加入科学俱乐部，以了解更多关于发明的知识。advise sb to do sth“建议某人做某事”，空处用不定式to join作宾语补足语。 16．I’d like ________ (live) in a seaside town because I love the beach. 【答案】to live 【详解】句意：我想要住在海滨小镇，因为我喜欢海滩。I’d like后接动词不定式，即would like to do sth.，意为“想要做某事”，故填to live。 17．We should try our best ________ (improve) ourselves. 【答案】to improve 【详解】句意：我们应该尽我们最大的努力来提升自己。improve“提升、改善”，是动词。try one’s best to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“尽某人最大努力做某事”，因此应用动词不定式to improve作目的状语。 18．My dream is ________ (become) a basketball player. 【答案】to become 【详解】句意：我的梦想是成为一名篮球运动员。be动词is后需要用动词不定式作表语，用来具体说明主语的内容，因此填to become。 19．It takes time ________ (make) a good plan. 【答案】to make 【详解】句意：制定一个好计划需要时间。“It takes time/money to do sth.”意为“做某事花费时间/金钱”，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式，所以此处要用动词不定式to make。 20．She is brave enough ________ (face) the terrible storm in the mountains. 【答案】to face 【详解】句意：她足够勇敢去面对山里可怕的风暴。face“面对”，是动词。句中“brave enough”表示“足够勇敢”，后面常跟动词不定式作结果状语，表示“足够……去做某事”，应填to face。 Unit 2 Stay Healthy 语法1（情态动词should和could的用法） 知识点1. should的用法 should作情态动词,有实际的词义,但它不可单独作谓语,须与动词原形连用,没有人称和数的变化。其否定形式是should not,可缩写为shouldn’t；变为一般疑问句时,should提到主语之前。它的用法如下： （1）表示提出或征询建议，意为“应该”。 I think you should save some money for your father’s birthday. 我认为你应该为你父亲的生日攒些钱。 （2）表示责任或义务，意为“应该，应当”。 We should follow the rules in public. 在公共场合我们应该遵守规则。 （3）表示推测，意为“照理说，应该”，语气弱于must“一定”(表示推测)。 Don’t worry. Kate should arrive soon. 别担心。凯特应该很快就到了。 知识点2. could的用法 情态动词could本身不能作谓语，必须和动词原形一起构成谓语。用法如下： （1）could用于提出建议，比can语气更为委婉。 You could ask your doctor for a check-up. 你可以请医生做个检查。 （2）句型“Could you (please)...?”常用于委婉地请求某人做某事，其后通常接动词原形，此时其肯定回答和否定回答都不用could。 肯定回答：Yes, I can./Sure./Of course./No problem./...  否定回答：Sorry, I’m afraid not./I’m sorry, I can’t. /I’m sorry, but.../Of course not. —Could you lend your computer to me? 你可以把你的电脑借给我吗? —Certainly. 当然可以。/Sorry, I’m afraid not. 对不起，恐怕不行。 （3）句型“Could I do...?”常用于委婉地请求许可，答语中用can，而不用could。 肯定回答：Yes, you can./Certainly./Sure. 否定回答：No, you can’t./Sorry, I’m afraid you can’t. —Could I have a look at your new watch? 我能看看你的新手表吗？ —Sure. 当然可以。/No, you can’t. 不，不行。 随堂训练 1．You ________ go outside during a heavy snowstorm. It’s dangerous. A．should B．shouldn’t C．could D．couldn’t 【答案】B 【详解】句意：在大暴风雪期间你不应该外出。这很危险。 should应该；shouldn’t不应该；could能；couldn’t不能。根据后句“It’s dangerous.”可知情况危险，推测出是不应该外出。 2．You ________ stay away from windows during an earthquake. A．can B．should C．may D．will 【答案】B 【详解】句意：地震期间你应该远离窗户。 can能；should应该；may可能；will将要。根据“during an earthquake”可知这是安全建议，表示“应该”做某事以确保安全。应填should。 3．You ________ be too hard on yourself. You have already done a good job. A．should B．shouldn’t C．have to D．don’t have to 【答案】B 【详解】句意：你不应该对自己太苛刻。你已经做得很好了。 should应该；shouldn’t不应该；have to不得不，必须；don’t have to不必。根据后句“You have already done a good job.”可知已经做得很好了，此处是劝慰对方，表示“不应该”对自己太苛刻。结合语境，shouldn’t符合题意。 4．—I can’t sleep at night. What should I do? —You ________ drink warm milk before bed. It helps. A．could B．shouldn’t C．must D．won’t 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——我晚上睡不着。我该做什么？——你可以睡前喝温牛奶。它有帮助。 could可以；shouldn’t不应该；must必须；won’t将不会。根据问句“What should I do?”可知，是在寻求建议，结合后句“It helps.”可知，喝牛奶是有益的，排除否定选项B和D。must语气过于强硬，could表示委婉的建议，符合语境。 5．—Mom, I want to go to the concert this weekend. ________ you please give me some money? —Sure, but you ________ finish your homework first. A．Could; must B．Should; must C．Must; should D．Could; mustn’t 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——妈妈，这个周末我想去音乐会。你能给我一些钱吗？——当然，但你必须先完成作业。 Could能；must必须；Should应该；mustn’t禁止。根据“________ you please give me some money?”可知此处是向妈妈提出委婉请求，应用Could；根据“but you ________ finish your homework first”可知完成作业是去的必要条件，表示“必须”，应用must。 6．—________ you please give me some advice on improving my English? —Sure. You ________ spend more time reading English novels. A．Could; could B．Should; can C．Should; should D．Must; must 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——你能给我一些提高英语的建议吗？——当然。你可以花更多时间读英文小说。 Could能，可以；Should应该；Must必须；Can能，可以。根据“... you please give me some advice”可知，此处表示委婉的请求，需用Could；根据“You ... spend more time ...”可知，第二空表示提出建议，应用could。 语法2（反身代词） 知识点1. 反身代词的变化 反身代词由人称代词的宾格形式或形容词性物主代词加-self或-selves构成，有人称和数的变化。 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数myself 我自己 yourself你自己 himself他自己 herself 她自己 itself 它自己 复数ourselves 我们自己 yourselves 你们自己 themselves 他/她/它们自己 知识点2. 反身代词的用法 （1）作动词或介词的宾语 My brother can’t dress himself. 我弟弟不能自己穿衣服。(作动词的宾语) The old man lives by himself in the countryside. 这个老人一个人生活在乡下。（作介词的宾语） （2）作主语或宾语的同位语 此时表示强调，反身代词要重读。反身代词强调主语时，位置比较灵活。反身代词强调宾语时，应放在宾语之后。 I myself will present the prizes./I will present the prizes myself. 我本人将颁发奖品。(作主语的同位语) You can go and ask him himself. 你可以去问他本人。(作宾语的同位语) （3）作表语 反身代词放在be、feel、look、seem等系动词之后作表语，可以用来描述身体或精神状态。 I’m not feeling myself today. I think I may have a cold. 今天我感觉不适。我想我可能感冒了。 知识点3. 带有反身代词的常用短语 enjoy oneself过得愉快 help oneself to随便吃…… dress oneself打扮自己 leave sb. by oneself把某人单独留下 learn... by oneself自学…… come to oneself苏醒 by oneself亲自 hurt oneself伤到某人自己；伤害自己 随堂训练 一．单项选择 1．The boy is only 7 years old. He isn’t ________ to take care of ________. A．old enough; himself B．enough old; himself C．old enough; him D．enough old; him 【答案】A 【详解】句意：这个男孩只有7岁。他还不够大，不能照顾自己。 old是形容词，enough修饰形容词时需后置，即放在形容词之后；当动词短语的宾语与主语指代同一人时，需使用反身代词himself。 2．If we just think about ________, the boat of friendship will be overturned (倾覆) anytime. A．myself B．himself C．yourself D．ourselves 【答案】D 【详解】句意：如果我们只考虑我们自己，友谊的小船随时都会倾覆。 myself 我自己；himself他自己；yourself 你自己；ourselves我们自己。根据主语"we"可知，此处宾语应与主语保持一致，表示“我们自己”，应用反身代词 ourselves。 3．When you feel stressed, it’s important to remind ________ to take a break, which will make ________ easier to get through the day. A．you; it B．yourself; it C．you; itself D．yourself; itself 【答案】B 【详解】句意：当你感到压力大时，提醒你自己休息一下很重要，这将使度过这一天变得更容易。 you你，主格；yourself你自己，反身代词；it它；itself它自己，反身代词。第一空，主语隐含为you，动作发出者与承受者为同一人，应用反身代词yourself；第二空，符合“make it+形容词+to do sth.”固定结构，it作形式宾语，指代后面的动词不定式。应填yourself；it。 4．The trip to the seaside was really fantastic. We all enjoyed ________. A．us B．our C．ourselves D．ours 【答案】C 【详解】句意：海边之旅真的很棒。我们都玩得很开心。 us我们，人称代词；our我们的，形容词性物主代词；ourselves我们自己，反身代词；ours我们的，名词性物主代词。固定短语enjoy oneself意为“玩得开心”，主语是We，对应的反身代词是ourselves。 5．My sister often teaches ________ English after school. A．her B．herself C．she D．hers 【答案】B 【详解】句意：我姐姐经常在放学后自学英语。 her她，宾格；herself她自己，反身代词；she她，主格；hers她的，名词性物主代词。主语和宾语都是My sister，动作的执行者和承受者为同一个，用反身代词；teach oneself“自学”。 二．单词拼写 1．Look! The children are enjoying ________ (they) in the park. 【答案】themselves 【详解】句意：看！孩子们正在公园里玩得开心。enjoy oneself“玩得开心”，they的反身代词为themselves。 2．We should know how to protect ________ (we) in disasters. 【答案】ourselves 【详解】句意：我们应该知道如何在灾难中保护自己。主语是We，此处需要反身代词作宾语，表达“动作作用于主语自身”，即“保护我们自己”，we的反身代词为ourselves。 3．Zhang Chi,a leading role in the film“Pegasus 3”(飞驰人生3)，turned sadness into strength and finally became a better ________ (he). 【答案】himself 【详解】句意：电影《飞驰人生3》的主角张驰，将悲伤化为力量，最终成为了更好的自己。句中主语为Zhang Chi，此处需用反身代词指代主语本身，表达“更好的自己”的含义。he对应的反身代词为himself。 4．He is proud of ________ because he has won the game. (he) 【答案】himself 【详解】句意：他为自己感到骄傲，因为他赢了比赛。he是人称代词的主格，意为“他”。be proud of意为“为……感到骄傲”，后接宾语。根据句意，宾语是“他自己”，应用反身代词。故填himself。 5．“Help ________ (you) to some fruit, kids,” Mrs. Smith said kindly. 【答案】yourselves 【详解】句意：史密斯夫人和蔼地说：“孩子们，请随便吃些水果吧。” help oneself to...意思是“随便吃/喝……”，oneself要根据所指代的人的人称和数进行变化，此处对应复数名词kids应该用yourselves。 Unit 3 Growing Up 语法 （从属连词although、until、so that和if） （一）although引导的让步状语从句： although意为 “ 虽然；尽管 ”，引导让步状语从句，相当于though，可放在主句前，也可放在主句后。 although或though不能与but、however连用，但可以与yet、still同时使用。 Although / Though it was cold, she didn't wear a coat. 虽然天气很冷，她却没穿外套。 Although the task was difficult, yet we managed to finish it on time. 尽管任务很困难，我们还是设法按时完成了。 （二）until引导的状语从句： until作连词，意为 “直到······为止 ”，引导时间状语从句，具体用法有： 1. 主句为肯定句时，其谓语动词为延续性动词，强调主句的动作或状态一直持续到从句的动作发生为止，意为 “ 直到······为止 ”。 We waited here until he came back.我们在这儿一直等到他回来。 2. 主句为否定句时，其谓语动词用延续性动词或非延续性动词均可，强调主句的动作在从句的动作发生之后才开始，意为 “ 直到······才······”。 Wang Tao did not go to sleep until he solved the difficult math problem.王涛直到解决了那道数学难题，他才去睡觉。 3. 当主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，遵从“主将从现原则”。 · He won't believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.直到亲眼看见它，他才会相信。 （三）so that引导目的状语从句： 1. so that意为 “ 为了；以便 ”，引导目的状语从句时，相当于in order that, 从句中常加can, could, may, might等词。 Be more active in class so that you can improve your ability to express yourself.在课堂上更积极一些，这样你就能提高自己的表达能力了。 2. so that还可引导结果状语从句，意为 “ 因此；所以 ”。此时从句中通常没有情态动词。 The storm was very violent, so that many trees in the park were uprooted.暴风雨很猛烈，结果公园里的许多树都被连根拔起了。 3. so...that... 如此......以至于（that引导结果状语从句） The film is so interesting that we all love it.这部电影太有趣了，以至于我们都喜欢。 He spoke so quietly that I couldn’t hear him.他说话太轻了，以至于我听不见。 随堂训练 1．________ digital payments are very popular now, some people still choose to use cash. A．Although B．Because C．If D．Unless 【答案】A 【详解】句意：虽然现在数字支付非常流行，一些人仍然选择使用现金。 Although虽然；Because因为；If 如果；Unless除非。根据句意及“still”可知，前后分句存在让步关系，虽然数字支付流行，但仍有人使用现金，用Although引导让步状语从句。 2．________ he is very busy, he always finds time to help his friends. A．Unless B．Because C．Though D．So that 【答案】C 【详解】句意：尽管他很忙，他总是找时间帮助他的朋友。 Unless除非；Because因为；Though尽管；So that以便。根据“he is very busy”与“he always finds time to help his friends”可知，前后句意存在转折关系。 3．________ the task was very difficult, they finished it on time. A．Although B．Because C．If D．So 【答案】A 【详解】句意：虽然任务非常困难，但他们按时完成了。 Although虽然；Because因为；If如果；So所以。根据“the task was very difficult”与“they finished it on time”可知，前后句意存在转折关系，表示尽管任务困难但还是按时完成了，应用Although引导让步状语从句。应填Although。 4．We________ go home ________ we sent the old man to the hospital. A．won’t; until B．will go; when C．didn’t; until D．didn’t; when 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我们直到把那位老人送到医院才回家。 根据从句中sent可知句子时态为一般过去时，排除表示将来时的选项；再根据句意可知此处表示“直到……才……”，应用not...until 结构，when意为“当……时”，不符合语境。C选项符合。 5．He didn’t go to bed ________ he finished all his homework. A．while B．until C．after D．because 【答案】B 【详解】句意：他直到做完所有作业才去睡觉。 while当……时候；until直到；after在……之后；because因为。not...until...是固定句型，意为“直到……才……”，符合“完成作业后才睡觉”的逻辑。 6．He didn’t go to bed ________ he finished his homework. A．when B．while C．until D．after 【答案】C 【详解】句意：他直到完成作业才去睡觉。 when当……时候；while当……时候；until直到……为止；after在……之后。根据“He didn’t go to bed…he finished his homework.”可知，此处表达的是“直到完成作业才上床睡觉”，定搭配“not...until...”表示“直到……才……”。 7．—You look so tired. What’s wrong? —I didn’t go to bed ________ I finished watching an interesting movie last night. A．until B．if C．though D．unless 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——你看起来很累。怎么了？——昨晚我直到看完一部有趣的电影才去睡觉。 until直到……；if如果；though虽然；unless除非。本题是“not...until...”结构，意为“直到……才……”，表示直到看完电影才去睡觉。 8．There were ________ few people at the park that we could run around freely, and it was ________ good fun playing games together. A．so; so B．such; so C．such; such D．so; such 【答案】D 【详解】句意：公园里人太少了，我们可以自由地跑来跑去，一起玩游戏真是很有趣。 so常修饰形容词或副词，当名词前有many, much, few, little表示数量时也用so；such常修饰名词或名词短语。第一空修饰few people，few前用so；第二空修饰good fun，中心词fun是名词，用such。 9．That’s ________ formal ________ we don’t do it these days. A．so; that B．such; that C．too; to D．enough; to 【答案】A 【详解】句意：那太正式了，以至于我们如今不这么做了。 so…that...结构中，so后接形容词或副词，that后接句子；such...that...结构中，such后接名词，that后接句子；too...to...和enough...to...中的to为不定式符号，后接动词原形。此处formal是形容词，空后“we don’t do it these days”为完整句子，故此处使用so...that...最符合。 10．The Maths problem is ________ difficult that ________ students can work it out. A．so; few B．such; few C．so; a few D．such; a few 【答案】A 【详解】句意：这道数学题如此难以至于很少学生能解出来。 so如此；few很少；such如此；a few一些。第一处修饰形容词difficult，应用so，such修饰名词短语，排除B、D；第二处修饰可数名词students，且根据“题难”语境可知能解出的学生“很少”，表否定含义，应用few。 11．Peter, don’t keep silent. We won’t know what you are thinking ________ you don’t express yourself. A．until B．unless C．though D．if 【答案】D 【详解】句意：彼得，别保持沉默。如果你不表达自己，我们不会知道你在想什么。 until直到……（常与not连用，表示“直到……才”）；unless除非（相当于if not）；though虽然（引导让步状语从句）；if如果（引导条件状语从句）。根据“We won’t know what you are thinking”（我们不会知道你在想什么）和“you don’t express yourself”（你不表达自己）可知，不表达是不知道的原因，且句子表达“如果不表达就不会知道”，需用if引导条件状语从句。 12．Mr Tolman said that Gillian would get another fifty thousand dollars ________ he used the money to help others. A．if B．unless C．though D．until 【答案】A 【详解】句意：托尔曼先生说，如果吉利安用这笔钱去帮助他人，他就能再获得五万美元。 if如果（引导条件状语从句）；unless除非（相当于if not）；though虽然（引导让步状语从句）；until直到……（引导时间状语从句）。根据“he used the money to help others”（他用这笔钱去帮助他人）和“would get another fifty thousand dollars”（会再得到五万美元）可知，前者是后者的条件，if符合语境。 13．—Learning a new language is like learning to swim. —Yes. ________ we try our best to practise, we’ll find it easy. A．Although B．While C．If D．Before 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——学习一门新语言就像学游泳。——是的。如果我们尽力练习，我们会发现它很容易。 Although虽然；While当……时候；If如果；Before在……之前。根据答语语境可知，前后句是条件关系，表示“如果”尽力练习就会觉得容易，故选C。 14．Speak louder, please, ________ everyone in the room can hear you clearly. A．even though B．so that C．as long as D．unless 【答案】B 【详解】句意：请大声一点，以便房间里的每个人都能听清楚你说话。 even though虽然，即使，引导让步状语从句；so that以便，为了，引导目的状语从句；as long as只要，引导条件状语从句；unless除非，引导条件状语从句。“Speak louder, please”是提出要求，后半句“everyone in the room can hear you clearly”是目的，此处需要so that引导目的状语从句。 15．We should leave early tomorrow morning ________ we can avoid the traffic jam. A．unless B．so that C．even though D．because 【答案】B 【详解】句意：我们明天早上应该早点出发，以便我们可以避开交通堵塞。 unless 除非；so that 以便；even though 即使；because 因为。根据“leave early”和“avoid the traffic jam”可知，早点出发是为了避开拥堵，后半句是前半句的目的，so that引导目的状语从句。 Unit 4 The Wonders of Nature 语法1（形容词/副词的比较级和最高级） 知识点1. 比较级和最高级的构成规则 (1) 规则变化 构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 单音节词末一般直接加­er和­est great greater greatest 单音节词以­e结尾，只加­r和­st brave wide braver wider bravest widest 闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，需先双写这个辅音字母，再加­er和­est big hot bigger hotter biggest hottest 以辅音字母加­y结尾的词，先变­y为­i，再加­er和­est happy happier happiest 多音节词和少数双音节词在前面加more和most difficult more difficult most difficult 少数以­er，­ow结尾的双音节词，加­er和­est clever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowest (2) 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good, well better best bad, ill worse worst many, much许多的 more most little less least far farther距离远的 farthest距离最远 far further距离更远；程度更胜 furthest距离最远；程度最深 old older/elder oldest/eldest 【注意】elder 不能与than连用，只能用作定语修饰名词，仅用于同辈之间的排行，即家庭成员的长幼关系，如：elder sister(姐姐)，elder brother(哥哥) 知识点2. 比较级的句式结构 (1)比较级+than 主语+系动词be+形容词比较级+than+比较对象. 主语+实义动词+副词比较级+than+比较对象. Mr King is taller than Mr Brown. 金先生比布朗先生高。 Mike ran faster than Jim. 迈克比吉姆跑得快。 (2)“比较级+and+比较级”或“more and more+形容词或副词原级”，表示“越来越……-”。 Things are getting better and better. 事情变得越来越好。 She is becoming more and more beautiful. 她长得越来越漂亮。 (3)“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越……越……”。 The more I read the book, the better I like it. 这本书我越读越喜欢。 (4)“the+比较级+of the two...”表示“两者中比较……的”。 Tom is the taller of the two. 汤姆是两个人中比较高的那个。 (5)“Which/Who...+比较级，A or B？”表示“A和B，哪一个/谁更……?”。 Which book is better, this one or that one? 哪本书更好,这本还是那本？ (6)“比较级+than any other+可数名词单数”=“比较级+than the other+可数名词复数”，表示“比其他任何/所有……都……”。该结构是比较级表示最高级含义。 China is larger than any other country/the other countries in Asia. 中国比亚洲其他任何/所有国家都大。 知识点3. 最高级的句式结构 最高级用于三者或三者以上的人或物之间的比较。句中常含有表示范围的in/of短语。形容词的最高级前一定要用定冠词the，副词的最高级前的定冠词可加可不加。 (1)“主语+系动词be+the+形容词最高级+in/of短语”。 The Yangtze River is the longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。 (2)“主语+实义动词(+the)+副词最高级+in/of短语”。 He runs (the) fastest in our class. 他是我们班跑得最快的。 (3)“主语+系动词be+one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数+in/of短语”。 China is one of the oldest countries in the world. 中国是世界上最古老的国家之一。 (4)“主语+系动词be+the+序数词+形容词最高级+可数名词单数+in/of短语”。 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河。 (5)“疑问词+系动词be+the+形容词最高级，A、B or C?”用于三个人或事物之间的比较。 Who is the tallest, Zhang Hua, Liu Shuang or Chen Fei? 张华、刘爽和陈飞，谁最高？ (6)“疑问词+助动词+主语+动词原形(+the)+副词最高级，A、B or C?”。 Which city do you like best, Beijing, Shanghai or Guangzhou? 你最喜欢哪个城市，北京、上海还是广州？ 知识点4. 形容词变副词规则 情况 构成 示词 一般情况 加­ly quick—quickly，brave—bravely，immediate—immediately 以辅音字母 ＋­y结尾 将y改为i再加­ly easy—easily, happy—happily， heavy—heavily, busy—busily 以­le结尾 去e加­y simple—simply，gentle—gently，terrible-terribly 以元音字母＋­e结尾 去e加­ly true—truly 以­ll结尾 只加­y full—fully, dull—dully 以­ic结尾 加­ally basic—basically，scientific—scientifically 【易错提示】 以­ly结尾的形容词： friendly友好的 lovely可爱的 lively精力充沛的 lonely孤独的 weekly每周的 daily每日的 deadly致命的 monthly每月的 yearly每年的 随堂训练 1．She sings _______ as her mother. A．as beautiful B．as beautifully C．more beautiful D．most beautifully 【答案】B 【详解】句意：她唱歌和她妈妈一样好听。 根据“sings”可知，此处应该用副词修饰动词，排除AC选项；as...as中间接形容词或副词原级，排除D选项。应填as beautifully。 2．This book costs ________ as that one. A．as twice much B．twice as much C．as much twice D．much as twice 【答案】B 【详解】句意：这本书的价格是那本书的两倍。 根据空后的“as that one”可知，表示“是……的几倍”常用固定结构“倍数词+as+形容词或副词原级+as”。修饰价格“cost”通常用much，倍数词twice应置于第一个as之前。符合该结构的只有twice as much。 3．—Sarah is chosen as the guide for the fashion show.     —Great! No one speaks English ________ her. A．as beautiful as B．as badly as C．worse than D．better than 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——Sarah被选为时装秀的引导员。——太棒了！没有人说英语比她更好。 as beautiful as和……一样漂亮；as badly as和……一样糟糕；worse than比……更差；better than比……更好。根据前句“Sarah is chosen”及答语中的“Great!”可知，此处是对Sarah英语能力的赞赏，意指她是说得最好的。在英语中，“No one + 动词 + 比较级 + than…”结构表示最高级含义，意为“没有人比……更……”。由于空格处需修饰前面的实义动词“speaks”，应使用副词well的比较级better。 4．We can take the high-speed train to travel ________ than before. A．more convenient B．most convenient C．more conveniently D．most conveniently 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我们可以乘坐高铁比以前更方便地出行。 根据“than”可知，此处应用比较级形式，排除选项B和选项D；修饰动词“travel”应用副词，convenient的副词形式为conveniently，所以此处应用more conveniently。 5．He drives much ________ than he did half a year ago. A．more careful B．carefully C．more carefully D．careful 【答案】C 【详解】句意：他开车比半年前小心得多。 考查副词比较级。more careful更小心的，形容词比较级；carefully小心地，副词原级；more carefully更小心地，副词比较级；careful小心的，形容词原级。根据题意可知，句中“drives”是动词，需用副词修饰，且由“than”可知是比较级，因此应选副词比较级“more carefully”。故选C。 6．—Who got first prize in this competition? —Of course Tom did. He worked ________ among us. A．hard B．harder C．hardest D．most hard 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——谁在这次比赛中得了第一名？——当然是汤姆。他在我们当中工作最努力。 根据“among us”可知是在三者或三者以上之间进行比较，应用最高级，hard的最高级为hardest。 7．Among all the students in the speech contest, Lin Dong spoke ________ in terms of clarity, so he won the highest score in this part. A．more clearly B．the most clearly C．clearlier D．the clearer 【答案】B 【详解】句意：在演讲比赛的所有学生中，林东在清晰度方面说得最清楚，因此他在这一部分得了最高分。 根据“Among all the students”（在所有学生中）可知，这是三者以上的范围，应用副词最高级修饰动词spoke，多音节副词的最高级在前加the most。the most clearly符合语境。 8．She speaks English ________ in our school, but she practices ________ than anyone else. A．most fluently; harder B．more fluently; hardest C．fluently; harder D．the most fluently; hardest 【答案】A 【详解】句意：她在我们学校英语说得最流利，但她练习得比任何人都刻苦。 most fluently 最流利地（最高级）；more fluently 更流利地（比较级）；fluently 流利地（原级）；the most fluently 最流利地（带定冠词的最高级）；harder 更刻苦地（比较级）；hardest 最刻苦地（最高级）。第一空“in our school（在我们学校）”表示三者及以上范围，需用最高级，副词最高级作状语时省略定冠词the，故用most fluently；第二空“than anyone else（比任何人）”是比较级标志，需用harder。 9．Tom does his homework ________ in his class. A．more careful B．the most careful C．more carefully D．the most carefully 【答案】D 【详解】句意：汤姆在班里做作业最认真。 根据“in his class”可知，此处是三者以上的比较，应该用最高级形式，排除选项A和选项C；又因为此处修饰动词“does”，应该用副词carefully的最高级形式“the most carefully”。 10．—Did Kate make progress in the final exam? —She ________ before, and of all the students she did ________. A．was as lazy as; most careful B．wasn’t as lazy as; the most carefully C．was as lazy as; more careful D．wasn’t as lazy as; the more carefully 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——凯特在期末考试中取得进步了吗？——她不像以前那么懒了，而且在所有学生中，她做得最认真。 考查形容词的原级和副词的最高级。根据“Did Kate make progress in the final exam?”以及“She…before”可知，如果取得了进步，说明她不如以前懒惰，应用同级比较的否定形式not as/so…as…，意为“不如……那样……”；结合问句中的Did可知，句子时态为一般过去时，be动词应用wasn’t；根据“of all the students she did”可知，空处修饰实义动词did，应用副词carefully。of all the students说明比较范围是三者以上，应用最高级the most carefully。故选B。 语法2（基数词） 知识点1. 基数词的构成 ①基数词1-12是独立的单词，需要逐个记忆。 ②基数词13-19是由“个位基数词+-teen”构成的,其中13 thirteen, 15 fifteen是特例。此外还要注意18 eighteen的拼法,eight以字母t结尾,因此只加-een即可。 ③20-90 之间的整十基数词以-ty结尾，其中20 twenty, 30 thirty, 40 forty, 50 fifty, 80 eighty的拼写特殊。 ④21- 99 之间, 表示“几十几”的基数词的构成是“整十位数+个位数”，其间用连字符“-”连接。 如: 21(twenty-one), 95(ninety-five)。 知识点2. 基数词的读法 ①在读三位数的基数词时，在百位和十位之间（若十位为零，则在百位和个位之间）用and连接。 653 读作：six hundred and fifty-three 101 读作：one hundred and one 309 读作：three hundred and nine ②在读四位数及四位数以上的基数词时，先从右往左，每三位数加一个逗号，用这个方法把数字分成若干段，再一段一段地读。从右往左的第一个逗号前的数字后加thousand,第二个逗号前的数字后加million,第三个逗号前的数字后加billion。 1,023 读作：one thousand and twenty-three 329 读作：twenty-four thousand three hundred and twenty-nine 5,689,008 读作：five million six hundred and eighty-nine thousand and eight 知识点3. 基数词的用法 ① 表示确切数字时，基数词hundred, thousand等，只用单数形式，不能加“s” 如：five thousand six hundred teachers 5600名教师 ② 在表示某些概数的习语中，如“成百上千”等，基数词要加“s” 如：thousands of people 成千上万的人 ③ 可以用来表示时间 如：5：00 five / five o’clock 4：25　four twenty－five 7：20 twenty past seven 11：15 a quarter past eleven 5：55 five to six 9：31 twenty－nine to ten ④ 可以用来表示年代 如：1980年 nineteen eighty ⑤ 可以用来表示年龄 如：He is ten years old. 他十岁了。 【注意】表示人的不确切岁数或年代，用“几十”的复数形式表示 如：in his twenties 在他二十多岁时 in the 1980’s / 1980s 在20世纪80年代 ⑥ 可以用来表示事物编号 如：No. Ten Middle School 第十中学 308 Nanjing Road 南京路308号 Room 209 房间209 Section 3 / Part 3 第三部分 ⑦ 可以用于某些数学算式 如：Three and two is five. 3+2=5 Ten minus five is five. 10-5=5 Three multiplied by four makes twelve. 3×4=12 Sixteen divided by four is four. 16÷4=4 ⑧ 可以用于倍数表达，“基数词 + times” 表示“...是...几倍” 如：This room is three times as big as that one. This room is three times bigger than that one. This room is threetimes the size of that one. 这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。 ⑨ 可以用于百分数表达。百分数由“基数词+百分号(%)”构成 如：30% = thirty percent 65% = sixty - five percent ⑩ “基数词 + 名词 + ......”构成复合形容词作定语 如：He is a ten-year-old boy. 他是一个十岁的男孩。 It a five-minute walk from the library to the playground. 从图书馆到操场要走五分钟。 【拓展】 基数词的其他用法 ①基数词与名词、形容词可组成复合形容词，用作定语，其结构是“数词－单数名词”或“数词-单数名词-形容词”，如an eight-year-old boy。 ②基数词与 hundred、thousand、million、billion连用时，这些词要用单数形式；若这些词和of搭配构成短语，表示不确定的数目，则要用复数形式，如five hundred、hundreds of。 ③“数词＋more＋名词”或“another＋数词＋名词”表示“再；又……”，如two more boys＝another two boys。 随堂训练 1．________ animals live in the forest. A．Five hundred of B．Hundreds of C．Hundreds D．Five hundreds 【答案】B 【详解】句意：成百上千只动物生活在森林里。 Five hundred of其中的五百；Hundreds of数百，成百上千；Hundreds数百；Five hundreds表达错误。此处可用hundreds of或five hundred或five hundred of the来修饰animals，应填Hundreds of。 2． My brother is an ________ boy. He is in Grade 3 now. A．eight-years-old B．eight year old C．eight-year-old D．eight-years old 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我的弟弟是一个八岁的男孩。他现在上三年级。 当“数词+名词+形容词”构成复合形容词作定语修饰名词时，中间的名词要用单数形式，且各部分之间用连字符连接。此处修饰boy，结构应为eight-year-old。 3．If you want to visit our new office, please come to ________, East Zhongshan Road. A．the No. 509 room, the 12th building B．the Room 509, the 12th Building C．509 Room, 12 Building D．Room 509, Building 12 【答案】D 【详解】句意：如果你想参观我们的新办公室，请到中山东路12号楼509房间来。 考查地址表达习惯。英语中地址的表达顺序通常是由小到大，即房间号在前，楼号在后，且专有名词（如Room、Building）首字母大写，序号用基数词（如509、12）直接放在名词后，不加冠词。选项A和B中使用了定冠词the和序数词the 12th，不符合习惯表达；选项C中序号前置且未大写专有名词；只有选项D符合“Room + 房间号, Building + 楼号”的正确格式。故选D。 4．________, a great number of young people ________ like to wear leather jackets. A．In the 1980s; in the twenties B．In the 1980s; in their twenties C．In 1980s; in the twenties D．In 1980s; in their twenties 【答案】B 【详解】句意：在20世纪80年代，许多二十多岁的年轻人喜欢穿皮夹克。 考查年代和年龄的表达。“在20世纪80年代”的正确表达为“in the 1980s”；“在某人二十多岁时”的正确表达为“in one’s twenties”，此处用“in their twenties”表示“在他们二十多岁时”。故选B。 5．—Do you have enough volunteers for the event?   —No. I think we need ________ volunteers. A．another B．two others C．more two D．two more 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——这次活动你们志愿者够吗？——不够，我觉得我们还需要两名志愿者。 another另一个，后加可数名词单数；two others另外两个，后不加名词；more two语法错误；two more另外两个。根据“I think we need…volunteers.”可知，此处表示志愿者人数不够，需要再增加两名志愿者。应填two more。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $