专题03 重点语法归纳拓展&专项训练-2025-2026学年八年级下学期期中复习（新译林版）

专题03 重点语法归纳拓展&专项训练 Unit 1 Past and present 现在完成时(1) 一．现在完成时的用法及结构 —Have you watched the film Zero to Hero? 你看过《妈妈的神奇小子》那部电影吗? —Yes. I have watched it twice. 看过。我已经看了两遍。 —Have they given a concert in Europe? 他们在欧洲举办过演唱会了吗? —Yes, they have./No, they have not (haven't). 是的,他们举办过了。/不,他们没有。 二．动词的过去分词 (1)规则变化 方法 例词 大多数动词,在词尾直接加-ed visit→ enjoy→ 以不发音的“e”结尾的动词,在词尾加-d love→ move→ 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先将y变为i,再加-ed carry→ cry→ 以重读闭音节结尾的动词,末尾只有一个辅音字母时,先双写该辅音字母,再加-ed stop→ drop→ (2)不规则变化 动词过去分词的不规则变化需逐一熟记,常见的不规则变化形式见下表: 动词原形 过去式 过去分词 be cut do eat find go have let make see 三．just、already和yet 　　当现在完成时用于表示动作已经完成并对现在有一定影响时,可分别用just、already或yet加以强调或说明。 单词 用法 例句 just 意为“刚刚”,表示动作刚刚结束,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。 I've just been out shopping.我刚才出去买东西了。 already 意为“已经”,通常用于现在完成时的肯定句中。 You have already told me that.你已经告诉我那件事了。 yet 常用于现在完成时的否定句或疑问句中,谈论尚未发生但可能发生的事。 He hasn't come yet.他还没有来。 Have you finished your homework yet?你做完家庭作业了吗? 随堂训练 一．用 have/has 填空 1. I __________ just found out many things about Shenzhen. 2. He __________ lived there since he finished college. 3. Transport __________ also improved a lot. 4. __________ you been to Shenzhen before? 5. No, I __________ never visited Shenzhen. 6. Sunshine Town __________ changed a lot over the years. 7. The government __________ just turned part of the town centre into a park. 8. Some people __________ already moved to new buildings. 二．用动词的正确形式填空 1. Sunshine Town __________ (change) a lot over the years. 2. The government __________ just __________ (turn) part of the town centre into a new park. 3. Recently, the air in our town __________ (improve) a lot. 4. Some people in the countryside __________ already __________ (move) to new buildings. 5. Last year, the government __________ (build) an art museum. 三．单句语法填空 1.Cultural traditions and family values have his life choices deeply. (shape) 2.—Are you going shopping with me this weekend? —Er, I (not decide). Maybe Lily will visit my grandparents with my brother. 3.—Miss Hu, I haven’t seen you for a long time. —Yes. I (stay) in Shanghai working as a volunteer nurse for a month. 4.This is the first time I (visit) the Great Wall. 5.Scientists (send) many space probes to explore the solar system so far. Unit 2 Amazing China 现在完成时2 一． for和since在现在完成时中的应用 (1)在表示行为或状态从过去一直持续到现在时,通常要与表示一段时间的时间状语连用,这类状语通常由for或since引导。for后接一段时间,如for five years;而since后多接时间点,如since January 2020。 They have had the cat since they got married. 他们自结婚以来就一直养着这只猫。 They have been married for twenty years. 他们已经结婚二十年了。 (2)“since+时间点”和“for+时间段”常作现在完成时的标志。两者之间常可以进行同义转换。 Chen Xiao has dreamed of being a biologist since eight years ago.=Chen Xiao has dreamed of being a biologist for eight years.陈笑八年前就梦想成为一名生物学家。 (2)对现在完成时的时间状语进行提问时,常用how long。 How long have you been like this? 你这个样子有多久了? How long have you played tennis? 你打网球打了多长时间了? 二． 非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转换 (1)在现在完成时的句子中,表示持续的动作或状态时,常用延续性动词与表示时间段的时间状语连用。 It has rained for three hours.雨已经下了三个小时了。 (2)与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,应将非延续性动词转换为延续性动词或表示状态的短语等。 I borrowed this magazine three months ago. 我三个月前借了这本杂志。 →I have kept this magazine for three months.这本杂志我已经借来三个月了。 (3)常见的非延续性动词转换为延续性动词的情况: 非延续性动词 延续性动词 现在完成时形式 borrow She has kept this book for three weeks. leave They have been away from home for two days. arrive/reach/get/move Kitty has been in Hong Kong for a month. come/go My mum has been in Beijing for two months. begin/start The film has been on for an hour. stop/finish/end The meeting has been over for two hours. die The lamb has been dead for some time. join Simon has been a member of the Football Club since last year. become How long has your sister been a teacher? open The shop has been open for ten hours. close The market has been closed since 2010. buy He has had this motorcycle for two years. fall asleep The dog has been asleep for several hours. catch a cold How long have you had a cold? fall ill Mike has been ill for ten years. get married They have been married for fifteen years. get up They have been up for two hours. come back The lost cat has been back since last night. go out The old man has been out since last Friday. （1）joined the club two years ago. 我两年前加入的这个俱乐部。→I have been in/a member of the club for two years. 我加入这个俱乐部两年了。 （2）I bought this pop-up book about the Palace Museum one week ago. 我一周前买了这本关于故宫博物院的立体书。→I have had this pop-up book about the Palace Museum for one week. 我买来这本关于故宫博物院的立体书已经一周了。 随堂训练 A.从方框中选出合适的短语并用其适当形式填空 have been to, have been in ,go to,have gone to, have been, have gone 1. Sandy Hainan for her holiday. She will be back in nine days. 2. The new couple Thailand and stayed there for five days last month. 3.— Will they visit the Science Museum today? — Yes. They already there this morning. 4. My father Nanjing for a week and he will spend two more days there. 5. Alice isn't here for the moment, sir! She for lunch. 6.— How many times you Yangzhou?— Lots of times. My father works there. B.用 since 和 for填空 1. He has lived in Beijing two years ago。 2. I've known him we were children。 3. Our teacher has studied the landscapes two years。 4. She has been away from the city about six years。 5. It's about ten years she came to the city。 C.单句语法填空 1.My grandparents have been (marry) for 50 years and they celebrated it last Sunday. 2.Mr. Sun Zhongshan has been for 100 years. (die) 3.She (marry) him for 15 years, yet she still doesn’t know what kind of man he is. 4.I (borrow) the magazine for two weeks. I’ll return it to the library tomorrow. 5.I (join) the League for 5 years so far. Unit 3 The world at one click 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 (1)二者都表示过去发生的动作或情况。 时态 区别 现在完成时 强调动作的现在结果,与“现在情况”有联系 一般过去时 仅表示过去的事情,与“现在情况”没有联系 　　因此,同一个发生在过去的动作,如果要说明对目前留下的影响和结果,或只是说明从前有过这么一回事,而不指明具体发生的时间,就用现在完成时。如果要指明这件事发生在过去某一时刻,而不强调它的现在结果和影响,就用一般过去时。试比较: I have seen the film. 我看过这部电影。(说明已了解其内容) I saw the film last week. 我上星期看了这部电影。(只说明上星期看了电影) (2)现在完成时说明的是目前情况,所以它属于现在时态范畴,而不能和表示确定的过去时间状语连用,如yesterday,last year,last week,in 1949等。它只能与包括“此刻”在内的时间状语或不表示一个明确时间的状语连用,如already,always,ever,for two years,never,many times,now,often,this week/year,today,up to now,up to the present等。 He has always studied hard.他学习一贯努力。 We have already sent the book to her.我们已经将书给她寄去了。 I have been to the dentist's today.今天我去看过牙医。 7.句型：It is / has been + (多久)+ since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+……+过去时间状语 如：May I borrow your book?How long may I keep the book?(这本书我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)如“狗死了一个星期了”应说成 “the dog has been dead for a week” 而不能说“the dog has died for a week”; 随堂训练 一．用一般过去时或现在完成时填空 1. My family __________ (move) to Liverpool two years ago. 2. We __________ (live) in a small flat since we arrived. 3. Dad __________ (just go) to work. 4. He __________ (go) to China last month. 5. He __________ (bring) back many fantastic things! 6. He __________ (be) to China three times so far. 7. It __________ (feel) like we came here just yesterday. 8. Dad says we __________ (move) to a new house soon. 二．用动词的正确形式填空 1. My family __________ (move) to Liverpool two years ago. 2. It feels like we __________ (come) here just yesterday. 3. We __________ (live) in a small flat since we arrived. 4. Dad says we __________ (move) to a new house soon. 5. Dad __________ (just go) to work. 6. He __________ (go) to China last month. 7. He __________ (bring) back many fantastic things! 8. He __________ (be) to China three times so far. Unit 4 A good read 疑问词加动词不定式 ①“疑问词＋不定式”结构：动词不定式前面可与疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where等连用，构成不定式短语，相当于一个宾语从句，在句子里用作主语、宾语、表语、宾补等，或者单独使用。动词decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell等常与疑问词连用。“疑问词＋不定式”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 I can’t decide where to go. (作宾语) Where to go is not decided yet. (作主语) The question is how to put it into practice. (作表语) Can you tell me how to get to Guilin Middle School? (作宾补) 单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。如： What to do next?(=What will we/you do next?) // Why go there?(=Why do we/you go there?) ②动词不定式的否定形式：“not/never+to+动词原形”，有些动词可以不用to。 1.My mother let me not do it by myself. 妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。 2.Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day. 张明要我不要整天呆在家里。 3.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking. 他的父母亲告诉他决不要在酒后开车。 ③ 动词不定式的省略：在“You’d+动词原形”、“Why not+动词原形” 、“Why don’t you+动词原形?”、“would rather+动词原形”、“Will/Would /Could you please(not)+动词原形?”句型中，动词不定式符号to常常省略。 1.You’d better get up early. 2.Why not have a picnic in the countryside this Sunday? 3.Will/Would /Could you please not open the window? It’s too cold outside. 4.I would rather stay at home. ④ 有时为了避免重复，在动词except, hope, wish, forget, want, try等，短语be glad/happy, would like, would love, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等出现与上下文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而把其他部分省略。 ---- I heard that you would go to Kunming for you summer vacation. ---- I planned to, but I have something important to do. (planned to后省略了go) ---- Would you like to come to my birthday party? ---- Yes, I’d love to. (I’d love to后省略了come) 注意点 ① 若动词不定式的动词为不及物动词，需要加上后面的介词。 e.g. Daniel did not say who to talk to about this book. I don’t know who to turn to for help when I have problems. ② 原则上说，why后不接不定式： 误：Kitty explained why to be late for school. 正：Kitty explained why she was late for school. 不过若不定式不带to，则可用why。 e.g.: Why not go there at once?　 Why argue with her?　 但这类结构通常只用于谈论现在和将来，不用于谈论过去。 误：Why not clean the room yesterday? 正：Why didn't you clean the room yesterday? (3) how用于该结构的注意点： 有些动词后接“how＋不定式”作宾语时，how可以省略： e.g.: Did you learn (how) to drive a car?　你学过开车吗？ 但是，有些动词后面接“疑问词how＋不定式”作宾语时，尽管其中的how在汉语中无需译出，但不能将how省略。 e.g.: He knows how to play the piano. He showed her how to swim. (4)“疑问词十不定式”结构可以和复合句转换。 e.g.: He asked where he would go shopping after supper. ＝He asked where to go shopping after supper. 随堂训练 一．根据句意和提示，用适当的疑问词和动词不定式填空 1.—We can use a cell phone to communicate with each other. — Good. Will you please show me (use) it? 2.— Can you tell me how to choose courses,Miss Li? — Oh sorry, but I can tell you (talk to). 3.— So many nice dresses here! —Yes, but I don't know (buy). 4.—Let's decide (start) the plan, Jim. — How about next Monday? 5.—Dad, can you tell me (prepare) for my mother's birthday? —You can make a card for her. 6. I am not sure (leave) home because I haven't bought the plane ticket. 7. Our teacher didn't tell us what we should read in The Old Man and the Sea. He lets us decide (page, read). 二．将下列宾语从句改写为“疑问词 + 不定式”结构。 1. I don’t know what I should do next. → I don’t know __________ __________ __________. 2. Can you tell me how I can get to the library? → Can you tell me __________ __________ __________ to the library? 3. She forgot where she should put the book. → She forgot __________ __________ __________ the book. 4. They are discussing when they should meet. → They are discussing __________ __________ __________. 5. Please tell me which book I should choose. → Please tell me __________ __________ __________ __________. must& have to must, have to的基本用法 （1）must表示责任、义务或一种强制性规定，意为“必须，应该”，表示必须要做的事，其否定式mustn’t表示禁止，即不许对方做某事。 ---- May I go to the cinema, Mum? ---- Certainly. But you must be back by 11 o’clock. These books mustn’t be taken out of the reading room. You have to read them here. （2）“must be+表语”表示猜测、可能性，一般只用于肯定句中，意为“一定，肯定”，表示可能性很大，语气比may肯定，通常用于肯定句，在否定句中要用can’t，表示“不可能”。 There must be some mistakes. 肯定有一些错误。// You must be very tired. 你一定很累了。 Your mother must be waiting for you now. 你妈妈现在一定在等你 （3）回答must开头的一般疑问句，肯定回答用must，如果是否定的回答，要用needn’t或don’t have to，表示“不必”，“没有必要”的意思，不用mustn’t，因为mustn’t表示禁止或不准，意思是“一定不要”，“不应该”，“不许可”，“不准”，“禁止”。如：---- Must I finish the work before five o’clock? ---- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. （4）“have to”表示客观需要，意为“不得不、必须”，有人称、时态和数的变化，后跟动词原形。 She has to look after her little sister. 她不得不照顾她的小妹妹。 I have to do some washing. 我必须洗洗衣服。// I had to do my homework last night. 昨晚我不得不做作业。 （5）have to 的否定式和疑问式一般要借用助动词do的适当形式构成。have to 的否定式是don’t have to; has to 的否定式是doesn’t have to; had to 的否定式是didn’t have to。have to的疑问式同样也借用助动词do的相应形式构成。如：He doesn’t have to do the homework now. 他没有必要现在做作业。 ---- Do I have to go there now? 我现在就得去那儿吗？ ---- Yes, you do.（No, you don’t have to.）是的，你必须去。（不，你不必。） We didn’t have to answer the question yesterday. 昨天我们没有必要回答这个问题。 （6）must 与 have to 的区别： must 表示说话人的主观意愿；have to 一般强调客观需要，它比must更含有客观条件迫使，必须这样做的意思。如：I must do my homework first. 我必须首先做家庭作业。(主观意愿) 随堂训练 一．用 must, mustn’t, have to, don’t have to 填空 1. I __________ hand it in on Friday. (客观要求) 2. I __________ give away the ending. (禁止) 3. I __________ love the book. (不必) 4. I __________ check my spelling and grammar. (主观必要) 5. You __________ be late for school. (禁止) 6. We __________ wear a uniform at school. (客观要求) 7. She __________ finish the report today. (主观必要) 8. You __________ worry about me. I’ll be fine. (不必) 二．用 must, mustn’t, have to, don’t have to 填空 1. I __________ hand in the book review on Friday. It’s the deadline. 2. You __________ give away the ending. It’s a secret. 3. You __________ love every book you read. Just be honest. 4. I __________ check my spelling carefully. I want to get a good grade. 5. We __________ wear a uniform at our school. It’s the rule. 6. You __________ be late for the meeting. It’s very important. 7. She __________ finish the report today. She can do it tomorrow. 8. He __________ practice more if he wants to win the competition. (主观必要) 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 重点语法归纳拓展&专项训练 Unit 1 Past and present 现在完成时(1) 一．现在完成时的用法及结构 —Have you watched the film Zero to Hero? 你看过《妈妈的神奇小子》那部电影吗? —Yes. I have watched it twice. 看过。我已经看了两遍。 —Have they given a concert in Europe? 他们在欧洲举办过演唱会了吗? —Yes, they have./No, they have not (haven't). 是的,他们举办过了。/不,他们没有。 二．动词的过去分词 (1)规则变化 方法 例词 大多数动词,在词尾直接加-ed visit→visited enjoy→enjoyed 以不发音的“e”结尾的动词,在词尾加-d love→loved move→moved 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先将y变为i,再加-ed carry→carried cry→cried 以重读闭音节结尾的动词,末尾只有一个辅音字母时,先双写该辅音字母,再加-ed stop→stopped drop→dropped (2)不规则变化 动词过去分词的不规则变化需逐一熟记,常见的不规则变化形式见下表: 动词原形 过去式 过去分词 be was/were been cut cut cut do did done eat ate eaten find found found go went gone have had had let let let make made made see saw seen 三．just、already和yet 　　当现在完成时用于表示动作已经完成并对现在有一定影响时,可分别用just、already或yet加以强调或说明。 单词 用法 例句 just 意为“刚刚”,表示动作刚刚结束,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。 I've just been out shopping.我刚才出去买东西了。 already 意为“已经”,通常用于现在完成时的肯定句中。 You have already told me that.你已经告诉我那件事了。 yet 常用于现在完成时的否定句或疑问句中,谈论尚未发生但可能发生的事。 He hasn't come yet.他还没有来。 Have you finished your homework yet?你做完家庭作业了吗? 随堂训练 一．用 have/has 填空 1. I __________ just found out many things about Shenzhen. 2. He __________ lived there since he finished college. 3. Transport __________ also improved a lot. 4. __________ you been to Shenzhen before? 5. No, I __________ never visited Shenzhen. 6. Sunshine Town __________ changed a lot over the years. 7. The government __________ just turned part of the town centre into a park. 8. Some people __________ already moved to new buildings. 1. have 2. has 3. has 4. Have 5. have 6. has 7. has 8. have 二．用动词的正确形式填空 1. Sunshine Town __________ (change) a lot over the years. 2. The government __________ just __________ (turn) part of the town centre into a new park. 3. Recently, the air in our town __________ (improve) a lot. 4. Some people in the countryside __________ already __________ (move) to new buildings. 5. Last year, the government __________ (build) an art museum. 1. has changed 2. has; turned 3. has improved 4. have; moved 5. built 三．单句语法填空 1.Cultural traditions and family values have his life choices deeply. (shape) 【答案】shaped 【详解】句意：文化传统和家庭价值观已经深刻地影响了他的生活选择。shape“影响”，根据“Cultural traditions and family values have…”可知，此处表示现在完成时，结构为have + done，shape的过去分词为shaped。故填shaped。 2.—Are you going shopping with me this weekend? —Er, I (not decide). Maybe Lily will visit my grandparents with my brother. 【答案】haven’t decided 【详解】——这个周末你要和我一起去购物吗?——呃，我还没决定。也许莉莉会和我哥哥一起去看望我的祖父母。根据“Are you going shopping with me this weekend?”和“Maybe Lily will visit my grandparents with my brother.”以及所给单词可知，此处表示还没决定，应用现在完成时；主语是I，助动词用haven’t，decide的过去分词形式为decided。故填haven’t decided。 3.—Miss Hu, I haven’t seen you for a long time. —Yes. I (stay) in Shanghai working as a volunteer nurse for a month. 【答案】have stayed 【详解】句意：——胡老师，好久不见了。——是的。我在上海做了一个月的志愿护士。根据“Miss Hu, I haven’t seen you for a long time.”及提示词可知，“没见”是从过去到现在的状态，答语“我在上海做了一个月的志愿护士”是过去发生且对现在有影响的动作，需用现在完成时，主语是“I”，所以应填have stayed。故填have stayed。 4.This is the first time I (visit) the Great Wall. 【答案】have visited 【详解】句意：这是我第一次参观长城。根据“This is the first time…”可知，此处是固定句型“This/It is the first/second/... time that...”，表示“这是第……次做……”，从句中谓语动词要用现在完成时，其结构为“have/has+done”，主语是I，助动词用have，visit的过去分词是visited。故填have visited。 5.Scientists (send) many space probes to explore the solar system so far. 【答案】have sent 【详解】句意：到目前为止，科学家们已经发射了许多太空探测器来探索太阳系。“send”意为“发射、发送”，句中“so far”是现在完成时的标志词，现在完成时结构为“have/has+过去分词”；主语“Scientists”是复数，所以用“have”，“send”的过去分词是“sent”，故填have sent。 Unit 2 Amazing China 现在完成时2 一． for和since在现在完成时中的应用 (1)在表示行为或状态从过去一直持续到现在时,通常要与表示一段时间的时间状语连用,这类状语通常由for或since引导。for后接一段时间,如for five years;而since后多接时间点,如since January 2020。 They have had the cat since they got married. 他们自结婚以来就一直养着这只猫。 They have been married for twenty years. 他们已经结婚二十年了。 (2)“since+时间点”和“for+时间段”常作现在完成时的标志。两者之间常可以进行同义转换。 Chen Xiao has dreamed of being a biologist since eight years ago.=Chen Xiao has dreamed of being a biologist for eight years.陈笑八年前就梦想成为一名生物学家。 (2)对现在完成时的时间状语进行提问时,常用how long。 How long have you been like this? 你这个样子有多久了? How long have you played tennis? 你打网球打了多长时间了? 二． 非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转换 (1)在现在完成时的句子中,表示持续的动作或状态时,常用延续性动词与表示时间段的时间状语连用。 It has rained for three hours.雨已经下了三个小时了。 (2)与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,应将非延续性动词转换为延续性动词或表示状态的短语等。 I borrowed this magazine three months ago. 我三个月前借了这本杂志。 →I have kept this magazine for three months.这本杂志我已经借来三个月了。 (3)常见的非延续性动词转换为延续性动词的情况: 非延续性动词 延续性动词 现在完成时形式 borrow keep She has kept this book for three weeks. leave be away They have been away from home for two days. arrive/reach/get/move be in/at Kitty has been in Hong Kong for a month. come/go be in/at My mum has been in Beijing for two months. begin/start be on The film has been on for an hour. stop/finish/end be over The meeting has been over for two hours. die be dead The lamb has been dead for some time. join be in/be a member of Simon has been a member of the Football Club since last year. become be How long has your sister been a teacher? open be open The shop has been open for ten hours. close be closed The market has been closed since 2010. buy have He has had this motorcycle for two years. fall asleep be asleep The dog has been asleep for several hours. catch a cold have a cold How long have you had a cold? fall ill be ill Mike has been ill for ten years. get married be married They have been married for fifteen years. get up be up They have been up for two hours. come back be back The lost cat has been back since last night. go out be out The old man has been out since last Friday. （1）joined the club two years ago. 我两年前加入的这个俱乐部。→I have been in/a member of the club for two years. 我加入这个俱乐部两年了。 （2）I bought this pop-up book about the Palace Museum one week ago. 我一周前买了这本关于故宫博物院的立体书。→I have had this pop-up book about the Palace Museum for one week. 我买来这本关于故宫博物院的立体书已经一周了。 随堂训练 A.从方框中选出合适的短语并用其适当形式填空 have been to, have been in ,go to,have gone to, have been, have gone 1. Sandy Hainan for her holiday. She will be back in nine days. 2. The new couple Thailand and stayed there for five days last month. 3.— Will they visit the Science Museum today? — Yes. They already there this morning. 4. My father Nanjing for a week and he will spend two more days there. 5. Alice isn't here for the moment, sir! She for lunch. 6.— How many times you Yangzhou?— Lots of times. My father works there. 【答案】1. has gone to 2. went to3. have; been 4. has been in 5. has gone 6. have; been to B.用 since 和 for填空 1. He has lived in Beijing two years ago。 2. I've known him we were children。 3. Our teacher has studied the landscapes two years。 4. She has been away from the city about six years。 5. It's about ten years she came to the city。 【答案】1. since 2. since 3. for 4. for5. since C.单句语法填空 1.My grandparents have been (marry) for 50 years and they celebrated it last Sunday. 【答案】married 【详解】句意：我的祖父母已经结婚50年了，他们上周日庆祝了这个纪念日。 be married “结婚的，已婚的”，符合语境。故填married。 2.Mr. Sun Zhongshan has been for 100 years. (die) 【答案】dead 【详解】句意：孙中山先生已经去世100年了。根据“for 100 years”及提示词可知，此处的谓语要用延续性动词，die“死亡”是瞬间性动词，be dead是延续性形式。故填dead。 3.She (marry) him for 15 years, yet she still doesn’t know what kind of man he is. 【答案】has been married to 【详解】句意：她已经嫁给他15年了，但她仍然不知道他是个什么样的人。根据可知此处应用现在完成时“主语+have/has+done”，并且与一段时间连用，非延续动词“marry”需变为延续性动词“be married”，主语“She”是第三人称单数，助动词应用“has”，“be”需变为过去分词“been”，故此处“已经与某人结婚”has been married to sb。故填has been married to。 4.I (borrow) the magazine for two weeks. I’ll return it to the library tomorrow. 【答案】have kept 【详解】句意：我把这本杂志保存了两个星期。我明天会把它还给图书馆。根据“for two weeks”可知，本句时态为现在完成时，且句子和时间段连用，此处用延续性动词，borrow“借入”为短暂性动词，需用延续性动词keep，主语为I，助动词用have，keep的过去分词为kept。故填have kept。 5.I (join) the League for 5 years so far. 【答案】have been in 【详解】句意：到目前为止，我加入那个联合会已经五年了。此处与一段时间“for 5 years”连用，非延续动词“join”需变为延续性动词“be in”，根据“so far”可知此句应用现在完成时“主语+have/has+done”，主语是“I”，助动词应用“have”，“be”变为过去分词“been”。故填have been in。 Unit 3 The world at one click 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 (1)二者都表示过去发生的动作或情况。 时态 区别 现在完成时 强调动作的现在结果,与“现在情况”有联系 一般过去时 仅表示过去的事情,与“现在情况”没有联系 　　因此,同一个发生在过去的动作,如果要说明对目前留下的影响和结果,或只是说明从前有过这么一回事,而不指明具体发生的时间,就用现在完成时。如果要指明这件事发生在过去某一时刻,而不强调它的现在结果和影响,就用一般过去时。试比较: I have seen the film. 我看过这部电影。(说明已了解其内容) I saw the film last week. 我上星期看了这部电影。(只说明上星期看了电影) (2)现在完成时说明的是目前情况,所以它属于现在时态范畴,而不能和表示确定的过去时间状语连用,如yesterday,last year,last week,in 1949等。它只能与包括“此刻”在内的时间状语或不表示一个明确时间的状语连用,如already,always,ever,for two years,never,many times,now,often,this week/year,today,up to now,up to the present等。 He has always studied hard.他学习一贯努力。 We have already sent the book to her.我们已经将书给她寄去了。 I have been to the dentist's today.今天我去看过牙医。 7.句型：It is / has been + (多久)+ since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+……+过去时间状语 如：May I borrow your book?How long may I keep the book?(这本书我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)如“狗死了一个星期了”应说成 “the dog has been dead for a week” 而不能说“the dog has died for a week”; 随堂训练 一．用一般过去时或现在完成时填空 1. My family __________ (move) to Liverpool two years ago. 2. We __________ (live) in a small flat since we arrived. 3. Dad __________ (just go) to work. 4. He __________ (go) to China last month. 5. He __________ (bring) back many fantastic things! 6. He __________ (be) to China three times so far. 7. It __________ (feel) like we came here just yesterday. 8. Dad says we __________ (move) to a new house soon. 1. moved 2. have lived 3. has just gone 4. went 5. brought 6. has been 7. feels 8. are going to move 二．用动词的正确形式填空 1. My family __________ (move) to Liverpool two years ago. 2. It feels like we __________ (come) here just yesterday. 3. We __________ (live) in a small flat since we arrived. 4. Dad says we __________ (move) to a new house soon. 5. Dad __________ (just go) to work. 6. He __________ (go) to China last month. 7. He __________ (bring) back many fantastic things! 8. He __________ (be) to China three times so far. 1. moved 2. came 3. have lived 4. are going to move 5. has just gone 6. went 7. brought 8. has been Unit 4 A good read 疑问词加动词不定式 ①“疑问词＋不定式”结构：动词不定式前面可与疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where等连用，构成不定式短语，相当于一个宾语从句，在句子里用作主语、宾语、表语、宾补等，或者单独使用。动词decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell等常与疑问词连用。“疑问词＋不定式”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 I can’t decide where to go. (作宾语) Where to go is not decided yet. (作主语) The question is how to put it into practice. (作表语) Can you tell me how to get to Guilin Middle School? (作宾补) 单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。如： What to do next?(=What will we/you do next?) // Why go there?(=Why do we/you go there?) ②动词不定式的否定形式：“not/never+to+动词原形”，有些动词可以不用to。 1.My mother let me not do it by myself. 妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。 2.Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day. 张明要我不要整天呆在家里。 3.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking. 他的父母亲告诉他决不要在酒后开车。 ③ 动词不定式的省略：在“You’d+动词原形”、“Why not+动词原形” 、“Why don’t you+动词原形?”、“would rather+动词原形”、“Will/Would /Could you please(not)+动词原形?”句型中，动词不定式符号to常常省略。 1.You’d better get up early. 2.Why not have a picnic in the countryside this Sunday? 3.Will/Would /Could you please not open the window? It’s too cold outside. 4.I would rather stay at home. ④ 有时为了避免重复，在动词except, hope, wish, forget, want, try等，短语be glad/happy, would like, would love, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等出现与上下文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而把其他部分省略。 ---- I heard that you would go to Kunming for you summer vacation. ---- I planned to, but I have something important to do. (planned to后省略了go) ---- Would you like to come to my birthday party? ---- Yes, I’d love to. (I’d love to后省略了come) 注意点 ① 若动词不定式的动词为不及物动词，需要加上后面的介词。 e.g. Daniel did not say who to talk to about this book. I don’t know who to turn to for help when I have problems. ② 原则上说，why后不接不定式： 误：Kitty explained why to be late for school. 正：Kitty explained why she was late for school. 不过若不定式不带to，则可用why。 e.g.: Why not go there at once?　 Why argue with her?　 但这类结构通常只用于谈论现在和将来，不用于谈论过去。 误：Why not clean the room yesterday? 正：Why didn't you clean the room yesterday? (3) how用于该结构的注意点： 有些动词后接“how＋不定式”作宾语时，how可以省略： e.g.: Did you learn (how) to drive a car?　你学过开车吗？ 但是，有些动词后面接“疑问词how＋不定式”作宾语时，尽管其中的how在汉语中无需译出，但不能将how省略。 e.g.: He knows how to play the piano. He showed her how to swim. (4)“疑问词十不定式”结构可以和复合句转换。 e.g.: He asked where he would go shopping after supper. ＝He asked where to go shopping after supper. 随堂训练 一．根据句意和提示，用适当的疑问词和动词不定式填空 1.—We can use a cell phone to communicate with each other. — Good. Will you please show me (use) it? 2.— Can you tell me how to choose courses,Miss Li? — Oh sorry, but I can tell you (talk to). 3.— So many nice dresses here! —Yes, but I don't know (buy). 4.—Let's decide (start) the plan, Jim. — How about next Monday? 5.—Dad, can you tell me (prepare) for my mother's birthday? —You can make a card for her. 6. I am not sure (leave) home because I haven't bought the plane ticket. 7. Our teacher didn't tell us what we should read in The Old Man and the Sea. He lets us decide (page, read). 1. how to use 2. who to talk to 3. which to buy4. when to start 5. what to prepare 6. when to leave7. which pages to read 二．将下列宾语从句改写为“疑问词 + 不定式”结构。 1. I don’t know what I should do next. → I don’t know __________ __________ __________. 2. Can you tell me how I can get to the library? → Can you tell me __________ __________ __________ to the library? 3. She forgot where she should put the book. → She forgot __________ __________ __________ the book. 4. They are discussing when they should meet. → They are discussing __________ __________ __________. 5. Please tell me which book I should choose. → Please tell me __________ __________ __________ __________. 1. what to do next 2. how to get 3. where to put 4. when to meet 5. which book to choose must& have to must, have to的基本用法 （1）must表示责任、义务或一种强制性规定，意为“必须，应该”，表示必须要做的事，其否定式mustn’t表示禁止，即不许对方做某事。 ---- May I go to the cinema, Mum? ---- Certainly. But you must be back by 11 o’clock. These books mustn’t be taken out of the reading room. You have to read them here. （2）“must be+表语”表示猜测、可能性，一般只用于肯定句中，意为“一定，肯定”，表示可能性很大，语气比may肯定，通常用于肯定句，在否定句中要用can’t，表示“不可能”。 There must be some mistakes. 肯定有一些错误。// You must be very tired. 你一定很累了。 Your mother must be waiting for you now. 你妈妈现在一定在等你 （3）回答must开头的一般疑问句，肯定回答用must，如果是否定的回答，要用needn’t或don’t have to，表示“不必”，“没有必要”的意思，不用mustn’t，因为mustn’t表示禁止或不准，意思是“一定不要”，“不应该”，“不许可”，“不准”，“禁止”。如：---- Must I finish the work before five o’clock? ---- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. （4）“have to”表示客观需要，意为“不得不、必须”，有人称、时态和数的变化，后跟动词原形。 She has to look after her little sister. 她不得不照顾她的小妹妹。 I have to do some washing. 我必须洗洗衣服。// I had to do my homework last night. 昨晚我不得不做作业。 （5）have to 的否定式和疑问式一般要借用助动词do的适当形式构成。have to 的否定式是don’t have to; has to 的否定式是doesn’t have to; had to 的否定式是didn’t have to。have to的疑问式同样也借用助动词do的相应形式构成。如：He doesn’t have to do the homework now. 他没有必要现在做作业。 ---- Do I have to go there now? 我现在就得去那儿吗？ ---- Yes, you do.（No, you don’t have to.）是的，你必须去。（不，你不必。） We didn’t have to answer the question yesterday. 昨天我们没有必要回答这个问题。 （6）must 与 have to 的区别： must 表示说话人的主观意愿；have to 一般强调客观需要，它比must更含有客观条件迫使，必须这样做的意思。如：I must do my homework first. 我必须首先做家庭作业。(主观意愿) 随堂训练 一．用 must, mustn’t, have to, don’t have to 填空 1. I __________ hand it in on Friday. (客观要求) 2. I __________ give away the ending. (禁止) 3. I __________ love the book. (不必) 4. I __________ check my spelling and grammar. (主观必要) 5. You __________ be late for school. (禁止) 6. We __________ wear a uniform at school. (客观要求) 7. She __________ finish the report today. (主观必要) 8. You __________ worry about me. I’ll be fine. (不必) 1. have to 2. mustn’t 3. don’t have to 4. must 5. mustn’t 6. have to 7. must 8. don’t have to 二．用 must, mustn’t, have to, don’t have to 填空 1. I __________ hand in the book review on Friday. It’s the deadline. 2. You __________ give away the ending. It’s a secret. 3. You __________ love every book you read. Just be honest. 4. I __________ check my spelling carefully. I want to get a good grade. 5. We __________ wear a uniform at our school. It’s the rule. 6. You __________ be late for the meeting. It’s very important. 7. She __________ finish the report today. She can do it tomorrow. 8. He __________ practice more if he wants to win the competition. (主观必要) 1. have to 2. mustn’t 3. don’t have to 4. must 5. have to 6. mustn’t 7. doesn’t have to 8. must 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $