Unit 9 Human Biology 人体生物学（话题阅读精练）英语北师大版选择性必修第三册

Unit 9 Human Biology人体生物学 话题阅读精练 主题词汇积累 一、主题词汇积累 （一）生物基础与人体构造 cell n. 细胞 gene n. 基因 nerve n. 神经 organ n. 器官 tissue n. 组织 brain n. 大脑 clone v. 克隆；n. 克隆体 identical adj. 完全相同的 mammal n. 哺乳动物 primate n. 灵长目动物 （二）健康与疾病 epidemic n. 流行病，传染病 virus n. 病毒 bacteria n. 细菌 symptom n. 症状 infectious adj. 传染性的 treatment n. 治疗，疗法 cure n. 治愈；疗法；v. 治愈 outbreak n.（疾病）爆发 survival rate 存活率 （三）科学研究与实验 conduct research 开展研究 break the technical barrier 突破技术壁垒 edit genes 编辑基因 animal experiment 动物实验 medical research 医学研究 biological research 生物研究 make a breakthrough 取得突破 analyse samples 分析样本 genetic testing 基因检测 clinical trial 临床试验 （四）能力与机能 be capable of 能够做…… reason v. 推理，思考 memorize v. 记忆 infer v. 推断 calculate v. 计算 react v. 反应 function v. 运转，起作用；n. 功能 时文拓展阅读 Biology is the study of life, and human biology unlocks the mysteries of how our bodies and minds work together. From the tiny cells that form our tissues to the complex brain that controls our thoughts, every part of the human body is a masterpiece of natural design. In recent years, advances in human biology research have made remarkable progress. The successful cloning of primates by Chinese scientists in 2018 was a huge step forward, opening up new possibilities for medical research. By creating animal models with identical genes, researchers can study diseases more accurately and develop more effective treatments for conditions that were once considered incurable. Another exciting area is brain science. Scientists have discovered that the human brain is far more plastic than we once thought - it can change and adapt throughout our lives. Our brain uses about 20% of the body's total energy, even though it only weighs around 1.4 kilograms. It contains billions of nerve cells, and the connections between these cells are more numerous than the atoms in the universe. This complex network allows us to think, learn, remember and experience emotions. However, human biology research also faces ethical challenges. Animal experiments, for example, are a controversial topic. While they have helped develop life-saving drugs and treatments, many people argue that animals have the right to live without suffering. Cloning technology also raises moral questions: should we use it to clone humans, and how should we treat cloned organisms? Despite these challenges, the study of human biology is essential for human progress. It not only helps us understand ourselves better but also provides solutions to global health problems, such as epidemics and chronic diseases. As we continue to explore the secrets of human biology, we must remember to use this knowledge responsibly. Science is a tool, and its value depends on how we use it. 【译文欣赏】 生物学是对生命的研究，而人体生物学则揭开了我们的身体与大脑协同运作的神秘面纱。从构成人体组织的微小细胞，到控制我们思维的复杂大脑，人体的每一部分都是自然设计的杰作。 近年来，人体生物学研究取得了举世瞩目的进展。2018 年中国科学家成功克隆灵长目动物，这是向前迈出的一大步，为医学研究开辟了新的可能。通过培育基因完全相同的动物模型，研究人员能够更精准地研究疾病，为那些曾被认为无法治愈的病症研发更有效的治疗方法。 另一个令人振奋的领域是脑科学。科学家发现，人类的大脑比我们以往认为的更具可塑性 —— 它在人的一生中都能不断变化和适应。我们的大脑仅重约 1.4 千克，却消耗着人体总能量的 20% 左右。大脑中含有数十亿个神经细胞，这些细胞之间的连接数量远超宇宙中的原子数量。这个复杂的网络让我们能够思考、学习、记忆并体验情感。 然而，人体生物学研究也面临着伦理挑战。例如，动物实验就是一个颇具争议的话题。尽管动物实验助力研发出了许多挽救生命的药物和疗法，但许多人认为，动物拥有无痛苦生存的权利。克隆技术也引发了道德问题：我们是否应该用它来克隆人类，又该如何对待克隆生物？ 尽管存在这些挑战，人体生物学的研究对人类发展至关重要。它不仅帮助我们更深入地了解自身，还为流行病、慢性病等全球性健康问题提供解决方案。在我们持续探索人体生物学奥秘的过程中，必须牢记负责任地运用这些知识。科学是一种工具，其价值取决于我们如何使用它。 【词汇积累】 英文单词 音标 词性 中文释义 unlock /ʌnˈlɒk/ v. 揭开，开启 mystery /ˈmɪstri/ n. 奥秘，谜团 masterpiece /ˈmɑːstəpiːs/ n. 杰作 remarkable /rɪˈmɑːkəbl/ adj. 显著的，非凡的 numerous /ˈnjuːmərəs/ adj. 众多的，大量的 ethical /ˈeθɪkl/ adj. 伦理的，道德的 controversial /ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃl/ adj. 有争议的 chronic /ˈkrɒnɪk/ adj. 慢性的 responsibly /rɪˈspɒnsəbli/ adv. 负责任地 【知识拓展】 大脑可塑性（brain plasticity）也叫神经可塑性，并非指大脑的物理形态可塑，而是指大脑神经回路和突触连接能根据经验、学习和环境刺激不断调整和重塑，这一特性贯穿人的一生： · 幼年时期是大脑可塑性最强的阶段，是学习语言、技能的关键期； · 成年后大脑依然能重塑，比如后天的专业训练能强化大脑特定区域的功能，脑部轻微损伤后，其他区域可通过可塑性代偿受损功能。 大脑消耗 20% 的人体能量，正是为了支撑这种持续的神经连接调整和日常机能运转。 高考真题链接 【2023年全国乙卷】PRACTITIONERS Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine. James Barry (c.1789 — 1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man. Tan Yunxian (1461 — 1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician. Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831 — 1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves. 21. What did Jacqueline and James have in common? A. Doing teaching jobs. B. Being hired as physicians. C. Performing surgery. D. Being banned from medicine. 22. How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners? A. She wrote a book. B. She went through trials. C. She worked as a dentist. D. She had formal education. 23. Who was the first African American with a medical degree? A. Jacqueline Felice de Almania. B. Tan Yunxian. C. James Barry. D. Rebecca Lee Crumpler. 1. Jacqueline Felice de Alemania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. 抓标志：名词 suspicion；关系代词 that；现在分词短语 practicing medicine 判类型：主句 + 同位语从句（that 引导，解释 suspicion 的具体内容）+ 定语（现在分词短语作后置定语修饰 women） 试翻译：杰奎琳・费利斯・德・阿尔马尼亚（约 1322 年）凸显了女性从医时所面临的质疑。 2. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. 抓标志：过去分词短语 Born to...；关系副词 where 判类型：主句（含过去分词短语作原因 / 伴随状语）+ 定语从句（where 引导，修饰 Paris） 试翻译：她出生于佛罗伦萨的一个犹太家庭，后来移居巴黎，并在那里担任医生，施行外科手术。 ①be accepted by... 被…… 录取；被…… 接受 ②qualify as... 取得…… 的资格；成为合格的…… ③in spite of 尽管，虽然（表让步） ④be banned from... 被禁止做……；被禁止进入 / 从事…… ⑤learn...from... 从…… 学习…… ⑥work as... 担任……，从事…… 工作 综合实战演练 语篇 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介 Passage1 阅读理解 记叙文 362 本文讲述Taylor Bisbee通过及时的CPR挽救了一位学生的生命。 Passage2 阅读理解 记叙文 261 主要介绍了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人们之间的友爱。 Passage3 阅读理解 说明文 282 讲述政府赞助医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远地区每年提供巡回医疗服务，改善当地医疗条件。 Passage4 阅读理解 说明文 384 主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。 Passage5 阅读理解 说明文 320 城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。 Passage6 七选五 说明文 265 介绍了健康饮食的实用方法，帮助读者养成科学的饮食习惯。 Passage7 完形填空 记叙文 234 叙述了作者在不同阶段对不同运动的兴趣和经历，并通过这些经历反映了作者的成长和心理变化。 Passage8 语法填空 说明文 223 介绍了如今世界各地的人体重越来越超标，主要是由于农村地区的体重指数（BMI）增加了，并分析其原因。 Passage 1 It was a cold March day in High Point, North Carolina. The girls on the Wesleyan Academy softball team were waiting for their next turns at bat during practice, stamping their feet to stay warm. Eighth-grader Taylor Bisbee shivered(发抖) a little as she watched her teammate Paris White play. The two didn’t know each other well — Taylor had just moved to town a month or so before. Suddenly, Paris fell to the ground,＂Paris’s eyes rolled back,＂ Taylor says. ＂She started shaking. I knew it was an emergency.＂ It certainly was, Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care, Paris would die. At first, no one moved. The girls were in shock. Then the softball coach shouted out, ＂Does anyone know CPR?＂ CPR is a life-saving technique. To do CPR, you press on the sick person’s chest so that blood moves through the body and takes oxygen to organs. Without oxygen, the brain is damaged quickly. Amazingly, Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before. Still, she hesitated. She didn’t think she knew it well enough. But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR. ＂It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death,＂ says Taylor. Taylor’s swift action helped her teammates calm down. One girl called 911. Two more ran to get the school nurse, who brought a defibrillator, an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work. Luck stayed with them: Paris’s heartbeat returned. ＂I know I was really lucky,＂ Paris says now. ＂Most people don’t survive this. My team saved my life.＂ Experts say Paris is right: For a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly. Today, Paris is back on the softball team. Taylor will apply to college soon. She wants to be a nurse. ＂I feel more confident in my actions now,＂ Taylor says. ＂I know I can act under pressure in a scary situation.＂ 1. What happened to Paris on a March day? A. She caught a bad cold. B. She had a sudden heart problem. C. She was knocked down by a ball. D. She shivered terribly during practice. 2. Why does Paris say she was lucky? A. She made a worthy friend. B. She recovered from shock. C. She received immediate CPR. D. She came back on the softball team. 3. Which of the following words can best describe Taylor? A. Enthusiastic and kind. B. Courageous and calm. C. Cooperative and generous. D. Ambitious and professional. Passage 2 I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips—of those , 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said:＂Well, I’m really sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you—there are no flights from Washington.＂ So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said:＂In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.＂ She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me，re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled. For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’re got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life. 1. Which of the following can replace the underlined word ＂courier＂ in Paragraph1? A. provider B. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor 2. Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42hours? A. He cannot stay away from his job too long. B. The donor can only wait for that long. C. The operation needs that much time. D. The ice won’t last any longer. 3. Which flight did the woman put Peter on first? A. To London. B. To New York. C. To Providence.        D. To Washington. Passage 3 The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. “People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ” 1. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains? A. It runs across countries. B. It reserves seats for the seniors. C. It functions as a hospital. D. It travels along a river. 2. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk? A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors. C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid. 3. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply? A. About a year. B. About ten months. C. About two months. D. About two weeks. 4. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious. Passage 4 Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 1. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 2. What can we learn from this passage? A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. D. Written laws have great influence on virtues. 3. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality Passage 5 As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 1. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature. 2. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists. C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 3. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance. 4. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication. Passage 6 What is moderation (适度)? Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs. You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full. ____1____ But it doesn't mean saying goodbye to the foods you love. Take your time. It's important to slow down and think about food as something nutritious rather than just something to eat in between meetings. ____2____ It actually takes a few minutes for your brain to tell your body that it has had enough food, so eat slowly and stop eating before you feel full. Eat with others whenever possible. Eating alone, “specially in front of the TV or computer, often leads to mindless overeating. And be careful about the foods you keep at hand. It's more challenging to eat in moderation if you have unhealthy snacks at the ready, like cookies. ____3____ Control emotional (情绪的) eating. ____4____ Many of us also turn to food to deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom. But by learning healthier ways to manage emotions, you can regain control over the food you eat and your feelings. ____5____ A healthy breakfast can start your metabolism (新陈代谢), while eating small, healthy meals keeps your energy up all day. Avoid eating late at night. Try to eat dinner earlier and fast for 14 — 16 hours until breakfast the next morning. Studies suggest that eating only when you're most active and giving your digestive system a long break each day may help to regulate weight. A. Eat properly throughout the day. B. We don't always eat just to satisfy hunger. C. Don't swallow a meal on the way to work. D. Most of us need to double the amount we eat. E. Instead, surround yourself with healthy choices. F. For many of us, moderation means eating less than we do now. G. That won't lead to cheating or giving up on your new eating plan. Passage 7 I’ve been motivated — and demotivated — by other folks’ achievement s all my life. When I was a teenager, a neighborhood friend ____41____ a marathon race. Feeling motivated, I started running ____42____, but then two things happened. First, a girl I met one day told me she was ____43____ for a “super,” referring to a 52.4-mile double marathon. Then, the next day I went on my longest run — 15 miles. To be honest, I ____44____ it! Between the girl making my ____45____ seem small and the pure boredom of jogging, I decided that the only ____46____ I’d ever run again is if a big dog was running after me! So I ____47____ cycling. I got a good bike and rode a lot. I ____48____ of entering cycle races until I flew to San Diego to visit my sister. While she was at work one day, I ____49____ her bike and went for a ride. The ____50____: The roads there went through large valleys where I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time. I’d never faced such ____51____. That day, I got ____52____ by about 100 “local” bikers who were used to such roads. When I got back home, suddenly riding my bike didn’t seem quite as ____53____. I’ve ____54____ a lot since then. I’ve come to accept that whatever ____55____ I set for myself, they just have to be my own. 41. A. knew B. held C. won D. quit 42. A. regularly B. silently C. proudly D. recently 43. A. asking B. looking C. waiting D. training 44. A. made B. believed C. hated D. deserved 45. A. advantage B. achievement C. contribution D. influence 46. A. way B. risk C. place D. reason 47. A. gave up B. went on C. turned to D. dealt with 48. A. heard B. dreamed C. complained D. approved 49. A. painted B. borrowed C. bought D. parked 50. A. problem B. secret C. principle D. advice 51. A. dangers B. events C. opponents D. challenges 52. A. passed B. convinced C. admired D. stopped 53. A. reliable B. convenient C. familiar D. appealing 54. A. traveled B. matured C. missed D. worried 55. A. limits B. dates C. goals D. tests Passage 8 In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index (体重指数) across 200 countries, the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier 36． that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas. BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool 37． gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight. It is calculated by dividing a 38． (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared. and a BMI of between 19 and 25 39． (consider) healthy. The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased 40． 2. 1 in women and men. In cities, however, the gain 41． (be) 1. 3 in women and 1. 6 in men. The researchers described “striking changes” in the geography of BMI. Tn 1985，urban men and women in more than three quarters of the countries 42． (study) had higher BMIs than men and women in rural areas. But 30 years later, the BMI difference between urban and rural people in many countries had narrowed 43．(sharp). This may be due to some disadvantages for people 44． (live) in the countryside, including 45． (low) levels of income and education, higher costs of healthy foods, and fewer sports facilities. 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 12 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 9 Human Biology人体生物学 话题阅读精练 主题词汇积累 一、主题词汇积累 （一）生物基础与人体构造 cell n. 细胞 gene n. 基因 nerve n. 神经 organ n. 器官 tissue n. 组织 brain n. 大脑 clone v. 克隆；n. 克隆体 identical adj. 完全相同的 mammal n. 哺乳动物 primate n. 灵长目动物 （二）健康与疾病 epidemic n. 流行病，传染病 virus n. 病毒 bacteria n. 细菌 symptom n. 症状 infectious adj. 传染性的 treatment n. 治疗，疗法 cure n. 治愈；疗法；v. 治愈 outbreak n.（疾病）爆发 survival rate 存活率 （三）科学研究与实验 conduct research 开展研究 break the technical barrier 突破技术壁垒 edit genes 编辑基因 animal experiment 动物实验 medical research 医学研究 biological research 生物研究 make a breakthrough 取得突破 analyse samples 分析样本 genetic testing 基因检测 clinical trial 临床试验 （四）能力与机能 be capable of 能够做…… reason v. 推理，思考 memorize v. 记忆 infer v. 推断 calculate v. 计算 react v. 反应 function v. 运转，起作用；n. 功能 时文拓展阅读 Biology is the study of life, and human biology unlocks the mysteries of how our bodies and minds work together. From the tiny cells that form our tissues to the complex brain that controls our thoughts, every part of the human body is a masterpiece of natural design. In recent years, advances in human biology research have made remarkable progress. The successful cloning of primates by Chinese scientists in 2018 was a huge step forward, opening up new possibilities for medical research. By creating animal models with identical genes, researchers can study diseases more accurately and develop more effective treatments for conditions that were once considered incurable. Another exciting area is brain science. Scientists have discovered that the human brain is far more plastic than we once thought - it can change and adapt throughout our lives. Our brain uses about 20% of the body's total energy, even though it only weighs around 1.4 kilograms. It contains billions of nerve cells, and the connections between these cells are more numerous than the atoms in the universe. This complex network allows us to think, learn, remember and experience emotions. However, human biology research also faces ethical challenges. Animal experiments, for example, are a controversial topic. While they have helped develop life-saving drugs and treatments, many people argue that animals have the right to live without suffering. Cloning technology also raises moral questions: should we use it to clone humans, and how should we treat cloned organisms? Despite these challenges, the study of human biology is essential for human progress. It not only helps us understand ourselves better but also provides solutions to global health problems, such as epidemics and chronic diseases. As we continue to explore the secrets of human biology, we must remember to use this knowledge responsibly. Science is a tool, and its value depends on how we use it. 【译文欣赏】 生物学是对生命的研究，而人体生物学则揭开了我们的身体与大脑协同运作的神秘面纱。从构成人体组织的微小细胞，到控制我们思维的复杂大脑，人体的每一部分都是自然设计的杰作。 近年来，人体生物学研究取得了举世瞩目的进展。2018 年中国科学家成功克隆灵长目动物，这是向前迈出的一大步，为医学研究开辟了新的可能。通过培育基因完全相同的动物模型，研究人员能够更精准地研究疾病，为那些曾被认为无法治愈的病症研发更有效的治疗方法。 另一个令人振奋的领域是脑科学。科学家发现，人类的大脑比我们以往认为的更具可塑性 —— 它在人的一生中都能不断变化和适应。我们的大脑仅重约 1.4 千克，却消耗着人体总能量的 20% 左右。大脑中含有数十亿个神经细胞，这些细胞之间的连接数量远超宇宙中的原子数量。这个复杂的网络让我们能够思考、学习、记忆并体验情感。 然而，人体生物学研究也面临着伦理挑战。例如，动物实验就是一个颇具争议的话题。尽管动物实验助力研发出了许多挽救生命的药物和疗法，但许多人认为，动物拥有无痛苦生存的权利。克隆技术也引发了道德问题：我们是否应该用它来克隆人类，又该如何对待克隆生物？ 尽管存在这些挑战，人体生物学的研究对人类发展至关重要。它不仅帮助我们更深入地了解自身，还为流行病、慢性病等全球性健康问题提供解决方案。在我们持续探索人体生物学奥秘的过程中，必须牢记负责任地运用这些知识。科学是一种工具，其价值取决于我们如何使用它。 【词汇积累】 英文单词 音标 词性 中文释义 unlock /ʌnˈlɒk/ v. 揭开，开启 mystery /ˈmɪstri/ n. 奥秘，谜团 masterpiece /ˈmɑːstəpiːs/ n. 杰作 remarkable /rɪˈmɑːkəbl/ adj. 显著的，非凡的 numerous /ˈnjuːmərəs/ adj. 众多的，大量的 ethical /ˈeθɪkl/ adj. 伦理的，道德的 controversial /ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃl/ adj. 有争议的 chronic /ˈkrɒnɪk/ adj. 慢性的 responsibly /rɪˈspɒnsəbli/ adv. 负责任地 【知识拓展】 大脑可塑性（brain plasticity）也叫神经可塑性，并非指大脑的物理形态可塑，而是指大脑神经回路和突触连接能根据经验、学习和环境刺激不断调整和重塑，这一特性贯穿人的一生： · 幼年时期是大脑可塑性最强的阶段，是学习语言、技能的关键期； · 成年后大脑依然能重塑，比如后天的专业训练能强化大脑特定区域的功能，脑部轻微损伤后，其他区域可通过可塑性代偿受损功能。 大脑消耗 20% 的人体能量，正是为了支撑这种持续的神经连接调整和日常机能运转。 高考真题链接 【2023年全国乙卷】PRACTITIONERS Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine. James Barry (c.1789 — 1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man. Tan Yunxian (1461 — 1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician. Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831 — 1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves. 21. What did Jacqueline and James have in common? A. Doing teaching jobs. B. Being hired as physicians. C. Performing surgery. D. Being banned from medicine. 22. How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners? A. She wrote a book. B. She went through trials. C. She worked as a dentist. D. She had formal education. 23. Who was the first African American with a medical degree? A. Jacqueline Felice de Almania. B. Tan Yunxian. C. James Barry. D. Rebecca Lee Crumpler. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了四位从医人员的生平与事迹。 21.细节理解题。通过文章第一部分中的“Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. (她出生于佛罗伦萨的一个犹太家庭，搬到巴黎当医生并做外科手术)”以及第二部分中的“She qualified as a surgeon in 1813 (她获得了做外科医生的资格)”和“Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man. (Barry于1859年退休，她以男人的身份生活和工作，从事了整个医学职业)”可知，Jacqueline和James的共同点是都有资格进行外科手术。故选C。 22.推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第三部分中的“Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician. (Tan写了一本书《女医生的故事》，描述了她作为一名医生的生活)”可推知，Tan与其他从业人员的不同之处在于她写了一本书。故选A。 23.细节理解题。通过文章第一部分中的“Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. (四年后，她成为第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国女性)”可知，Rebecca Lee Crumpler是第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国人。故选D。 1. Jacqueline Felice de Alemania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. 抓标志：名词 suspicion；关系代词 that；现在分词短语 practicing medicine 判类型：主句 + 同位语从句（that 引导，解释 suspicion 的具体内容）+ 定语（现在分词短语作后置定语修饰 women） 试翻译：杰奎琳・费利斯・德・阿尔马尼亚（约 1322 年）凸显了女性从医时所面临的质疑。 2. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. 抓标志：过去分词短语 Born to...；关系副词 where 判类型：主句（含过去分词短语作原因 / 伴随状语）+ 定语从句（where 引导，修饰 Paris） 试翻译：她出生于佛罗伦萨的一个犹太家庭，后来移居巴黎，并在那里担任医生，施行外科手术。 ①be accepted by... 被…… 录取；被…… 接受 ②qualify as... 取得…… 的资格；成为合格的…… ③in spite of 尽管，虽然（表让步） ④be banned from... 被禁止做……；被禁止进入 / 从事…… ⑤learn...from... 从…… 学习…… ⑥work as... 担任……，从事…… 工作 综合实战演练 语篇 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介 Passage1 阅读理解 记叙文 362 本文讲述Taylor Bisbee通过及时的CPR挽救了一位学生的生命。 Passage2 阅读理解 记叙文 261 主要介绍了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人们之间的友爱。 Passage3 阅读理解 说明文 282 讲述政府赞助医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远地区每年提供巡回医疗服务，改善当地医疗条件。 Passage4 阅读理解 说明文 384 主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。 Passage5 阅读理解 说明文 320 城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。 Passage6 七选五 说明文 265 介绍了健康饮食的实用方法，帮助读者养成科学的饮食习惯。 Passage7 完形填空 记叙文 234 叙述了作者在不同阶段对不同运动的兴趣和经历，并通过这些经历反映了作者的成长和心理变化。 Passage8 语法填空 说明文 223 介绍了如今世界各地的人体重越来越超标，主要是由于农村地区的体重指数（BMI）增加了，并分析其原因。 Passage 1 It was a cold March day in High Point, North Carolina. The girls on the Wesleyan Academy softball team were waiting for their next turns at bat during practice, stamping their feet to stay warm. Eighth-grader Taylor Bisbee shivered(发抖) a little as she watched her teammate Paris White play. The two didn’t know each other well — Taylor had just moved to town a month or so before. Suddenly, Paris fell to the ground,＂Paris’s eyes rolled back,＂Taylor says. ＂She started shaking. I knew it was an emergency.＂ It certainly was, Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care, Paris would die. At first, no one moved. The girls were in shock. Then the softball coach shouted out, ＂Does anyone know CPR?＂ CPR is a life-saving technique. To do CPR, you press on the sick person’s chest so that blood moves through the body and takes oxygen to organs. Without oxygen, the brain is damaged quickly. Amazingly, Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before. Still, she hesitated. She didn’t think she knew it well enough. But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR. ＂It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death,＂ says Taylor. Taylor’s swift action helped her teammates calm down. One girl called 911. Two more ran to get the school nurse, who brought a defibrillator, an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work. Luck stayed with them: Paris’s heartbeat returned. ＂I know I was really lucky,＂ Paris says now. ＂Most people don’t survive this. My team saved my life.＂ Experts say Paris is right: For a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly. Today, Paris is back on the softball team. Taylor will apply to college soon. She wants to be a nurse. ＂I feel more confident in my actions now,＂ Taylor says. ＂I know I can act under pressure in a scary situation.＂ 1. What happened to Paris on a March day? A. She caught a bad cold. B. She had a sudden heart problem. C. She was knocked down by a ball. D. She shivered terribly during practice. 2. Why does Paris say she was lucky? A. She made a worthy friend. B. She recovered from shock. C. She received immediate CPR. D. She came back on the softball team. 3. Which of the following words can best describe Taylor? A. Enthusiastic and kind. B. Courageous and calm. C. Cooperative and generous. D. Ambitious and professional. 【导语】本文讲述Taylor Bisbee通过及时的CPR挽救了一位学生的生命。 1.C 细节理解题。根据文章第三段It certainly was, Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure.可知Paris是突然的心力衰竭，肯定是心脏问题，故答案为B。 2.C 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段＂Most people don’t survive this. My team saved my life.＂可知大多数人都没有从这样的疾病中活过来，她的队友们给她进行及时的心脏复苏，以及一系列的救治，把她救了回来，因此她觉得自己很幸运，故选C。 3.B 推理判断题。Taylor根据自己所学的CPR知识及时挽救了 Paris的生命，虽然犹豫了，但是很快地进行CPR抢救，说明她很勇敢，很镇静，不慌不忙，不像其他孩子那样陷入惊慌之中，故选B。 Passage 2 I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips—of those , 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said:＂Well, I’m really sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you—there are no flights from Washington.＂ So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said:＂In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.＂ She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me，re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled. For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’re got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life. 1. Which of the following can replace the underlined word ＂courier＂ in Paragraph1? A. provider B. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor 2. Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42hours? A. He cannot stay away from his job too long. B. The donor can only wait for that long. C. The operation needs that much time. D. The ice won’t last any longer. 3. Which flight did the woman put Peter on first? A. To London. B. To New York. C. To Providence.        D. To Washington. 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人们之间的友爱。 1. B词义猜测题。根据本段内容 I’ve done 89 trips和I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box以及第二段内容可知作者是运送干细胞的人，也就是delivery man。故选B 。 2. D细节理解题。根据第一段第二句I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last.可知冰盒只能保持42小时适宜的温度。故选D 。 3. B细节理解题。根据第二段末句 She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed me through New York可知，这位好心的女士首先安排作者去Newark的航班。故选 B。 Passage 3 The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. “People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ” 1. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains? A. It runs across countries. B. It reserves seats for the seniors. C. It functions as a hospital. D. It travels along a river. 2. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk? A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors. C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid. 3. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply? A. About a year. B. About ten months. C. About two months. D. About two weeks. 4. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious. 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。 1.细节理解题，根据文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. (圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X光扫描和处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。因此选C。 2.推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。) ”可以推断，Krasnoyarsk需要医疗援助，故选D。 3.细节理解题，根据第四段“For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). ”(每年有10个月，火车在两周内停靠大约八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周，故选D。 4.推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。 Passage 4 Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 1. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 2. What can we learn from this passage? A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. D. Written laws have great influence on virtues. 3. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。 1.推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。 2.细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。 3.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 Passage 5 As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 1. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature. 2. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists. C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 3. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance. 4. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。 1.细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。 2.推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。故选A。 3.推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。 4.推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。 Passage 6 What is moderation (适度)? Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs. You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full. ____1____ But it doesn't mean saying goodbye to the foods you love. Take your time. It's important to slow down and think about food as something nutritious rather than just something to eat in between meetings. ____2____ It actually takes a few minutes for your brain to tell your body that it has had enough food, so eat slowly and stop eating before you feel full. Eat with others whenever possible. Eating alone, “specially in front of the TV or computer, often leads to mindless overeating. And be careful about the foods you keep at hand. It's more challenging to eat in moderation if you have unhealthy snacks at the ready, like cookies. ____3____ Control emotional (情绪的) eating. ____4____ Many of us also turn to food to deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom. But by learning healthier ways to manage emotions, you can regain control over the food you eat and your feelings. ____5____ A healthy breakfast can start your metabolism (新陈代谢), while eating small, healthy meals keeps your energy up all day. Avoid eating late at night. Try to eat dinner earlier and fast for 14 — 16 hours until breakfast the next morning. Studies suggest that eating only when you're most active and giving your digestive system a long break each day may help to regulate weight. A. Eat properly throughout the day. B. We don't always eat just to satisfy hunger. C. Don't swallow a meal on the way to work. D. Most of us need to double the amount we eat. E. Instead, surround yourself with healthy choices. F. For many of us, moderation means eating less than we do now. G. That won't lead to cheating or giving up on your new eating plan. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，围绕 “饮食适度（moderation）”这一核心主题，从放慢进食速度、结伴用餐、控制情绪化进食、规律三餐等多个维度，介绍了健康饮食的实用方法，帮助读者养成科学的饮食习惯。 1.上文“Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs, You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full. (基本上，它意味着只吃你身体需要的食物，你应该在用餐结束时感到满足，但不要太饱)”指出，进餐时不要吃太饱，吃东西要适量。下文“But it doesn’t mean saying goodbye to the foods you love. (但这并不意味着要告别你喜欢的食物)”指出，适量进食不是要放弃吃自己喜欢的食物。F项“对我们许多人来说，节制意味着比现在少吃。”解释了何为适量进食。承上启下，符合文意，选项中的“means”与下文一致。故选F项。 2.根据上文“Take your time. It’s important to slow down and think about food as something nutritious rather than just something to eat in between meetings. (慢慢来。放慢脚步，把食物看作是有营养的东西，而不仅仅是会议间隙吃的东西，这一点很重要)”可推知，本段主要建议读者吃东西要细嚼慢咽，不要过于急躁。C项“上班路上不要狼吞虎咽。”承接上文。符合文意。故选C项。 3.上文“It’s more challenging to eat in moderation if you have unhealthy snacks at the ready, like cookies. (如果你已经准备好了不健康的零食，比如饼干，那么适量食用就更具挑战性了。)”指出，吃不健康的食物不利于适度饮食，E项“相反，你应该选择健康的食物。”符合文意，建议读者选择健康的食物。选项中的“healthy”与上文中的“unhealthy”相对应。故选E项。 4.根据本段首句“Control emotional (情绪的) eating. (控制情绪化进食)”以及下文“Many of us also turn to food to deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom.(我们中的许多人也会求助于食物来处理不愉快的情绪，如悲伤、孤独或无聊)”可推知，本段主要建议读者不要情绪化的进行暴饮暴食，要进行健康饮食。B项“我们吃东西并不总是为了充饥。”指出有些人吃东西并不总是为了充饥，引出下文有些人通过食物发泄情绪，符合语境。故选B项。 5.设空处位于段首，总结全段，下文“A healthy breakfast can start your metabolism (新陈代谢), while eating small, healthy meals keeps your energy up all day, Avoid eating late at night. Try to eat dinner earlier and fast for 14 — 16 hours until breakfast the next morning. (健康的早餐可以启动你的新陈代谢，而吃少量健康的食物可以让你一整天都精力充沛，避免在深夜进食。尽量早点吃晚饭，禁食14 — 16个小时，直到第二天早上吃早餐。)”指出，我们在一天中的每个时间段都要健康饮食。A项“一整天都要适当饮食。”符合语境。故选A项。 Passage 7 I’ve been motivated — and demotivated — by other folks’ achievement s all my life. When I was a teenager, a neighborhood friend ____41____ a marathon race. Feeling motivated, I started running ____42____, but then two things happened. First, a girl I met one day told me she was ____43____ for a “super,” referring to a 52.4-mile double marathon. Then, the next day I went on my longest run — 15 miles. To be honest, I ____44____ it! Between the girl making my ____45____ seem small and the pure boredom of jogging, I decided that the only ____46____ I’d ever run again is if a big dog was running after me! So I ____47____ cycling. I got a good bike and rode a lot. I ____48____ of entering cycle races until I flew to San Diego to visit my sister. While she was at work one day, I ____49____ her bike and went for a ride. The ____50____: The roads there went through large valleys where I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time. I’d never faced such ____51____. That day, I got ____52____ by about 100 “local” bikers who were used to such roads. When I got back home, suddenly riding my bike didn’t seem quite as ____53____. I’ve ____54____ a lot since then. I’ve come to accept that whatever ____55____ I set for myself, they just have to be my own. 41. A. knew B. held C. won D. quit 42. A. regularly B. silently C. proudly D. recently 43. A. asking B. looking C. waiting D. training 44. A. made B. believed C. hated D. deserved 45. A. advantage B. achievement C. contribution D. influence 46. A. way B. risk C. place D. reason 47. A. gave up B. went on C. turned to D. dealt with 48. A. heard B. dreamed C. complained D. approved 49. A. painted B. borrowed C. bought D. parked 50. A. problem B. secret C. principle D. advice 51. A. dangers B. events C. opponents D. challenges 52. A. passed B. convinced C. admired D. stopped 53. A. reliable B. convenient C. familiar D. appealing 54. A. traveled B. matured C. missed D. worried 55. A. limits B. dates C. goals D. tests 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。它详细叙述了作者在不同阶段对不同运动（跑步和骑自行车）的兴趣和经历，并通过这些经历反映了作者的成长和心理变化。 【41题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我十几岁的时候，一个邻居朋友赢得了马拉松比赛。A. knew知道；B. held抓住；C. won赢得；D. quit退出。根据后文“Feeling motivated”可知，作者有了动力，所以此处应是一个邻居朋友赢得了马拉松比赛。故选C项。 【42题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：有了动力，我开始定期跑步，但后来发生了两件事。A. regularly有规律地；B. silently默默地；C. proudly自豪地；D. recently最近。根据前文“Feeling motivated” 可知，作者有了动力，所以应是定期跑步，符合语境。故选A项。 【43题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：首先，有一天我遇到的一个女孩告诉我，她正在为“超级”马拉松训练，指的是52.4英里的双马拉松。A. asking要求；B. looking看；C. waiting等待；D. training训练。根据后文“referring to a 52.4-mile double marathon”可知，女孩要跑双马拉松，所以此处应是为之训练，符合语境。故选D项。 【44题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：说实话，我讨厌它!A. made制作；B. believed相信；C. hated讨厌；D. deserved值得。根据前文“Then, the next day I went on my longest run — 15 miles.”以及后文“Between the girl making my 45 seem small and the pure boredom of jogging”可知，作者最长跑了15 miles和女孩一比微不足道，所以是讨厌这个成绩。故选C项。 【45题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在那个女孩面前，我的成就显得微不足道，再加上慢跑的无聊，我决定我再跑步的唯一理由就是有一只大狗在追我! A. advantage优势；B. achievement成就；C. contribution贡献；D. influence影响。根据前文“Then, the next day I went on my longest run — 15 miles.”以及后文“seem small”可知，作者最长跑了15 miles，而女孩在为52.4 miles做训练，所以应是作者的成就微不足道。故选B项。 【46题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在那个女孩面前，我的成就显得微不足道，再加上慢跑的无聊，我决定我再跑步的唯一理由就是有一只大狗在追我!A. way方式；B. risk风险；C. place地方；D. reason理由。根据后文“I’d ever run again is if a big dog was running after me!”可知，有一只大狗在追“我”，“我”才会再跑步，这里说的是跑步的原因。故选D项。 【47题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：所以我开始骑自行车。A. gave up放弃；B. went on继续；C. turned to转向；D. dealt with处理。根据前文“I decided that the only 46 I'd ever run again is if a big dog was running after me!”可知，作者决定放弃跑步，所以此处应是转向骑自行车。故选C项。 【48题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我梦想着参加自行车比赛，直到我飞到圣地亚哥去看我妹妹。A. heard听到；B. dreamed梦想；C. complained抱怨；D. approved批准。根据后文“of entering cycle races”结合选项可知，此处应是作者梦想着参加自行车比赛，符合语境。故选B项。 【49题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：有一天她上班的时候，我借了她的自行车去兜风。A. painted把……描绘成；B. borrowed借；C. bought买；D. parked停(车)。根据前文“I flew to San Diego to visit my sister”以及后文“went for a ride”可知，作者去看妹妹，所以要去骑行的话，应是向妹妹借自行车。故选B项。 【50题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：问题是：那里的道路穿过很大的山谷，我一次要骑上坡好几英里。A. problem问题；B. secret秘密；C. principle原则；D. advice建议。根据后文“I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time. I’d never faced such 51 .”可知，作者要骑上坡好几英里，这对他来说，是一个问题。故选A项。 【51题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我从来没有遇到过这样的挑战。A. dangers危险；B. events事件；C. opponents对手；D. challenges挑战。根据前文“The 50 : The roads there went through large valleys where I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time.”可知，作者要骑上坡好几英里，这对他来说是一个挑战。故选D项。 【52题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：。那天，我被大约100个习惯了这种道路的“当地”骑自行车的人超过了。A. passed超过；B. convinced说服；C. admired欣赏；D. stopped阻止。根据前文“I’d never faced such 51 .”可知，作者骑上坡好几英里是个挑战，所以是被很多人超过。故选A项。 【53题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当我回到家，突然骑自行车似乎不那么吸引人了。A. reliable可信赖的；B. convenient方便的；C. familiar熟悉的；D. appealing吸引人的。根据前文“That day, I got 　52　by about 100 “local” bikers who were used to such roads.”可知，作者那天骑行被100多人超过，所以此时是觉得骑自行车似乎不那么吸引人了。故选D项。 【54题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：从那以后我成熟了很多。A. traveled旅行；B. matured (情感和认识)成熟；C. missed思念；D. worried担心。根据后文“I’ve come to accept that whatever 55　 I set for myself, they just have to be my own.”可知，作者不再轻易放弃，所以是成熟了很多。故选B项。 【55题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我已经开始接受这样一个事实：无论我为自己设定什么目标，它们都必须是我自己的。A. limits限制；B. dates日期；C. goals目标；D. tests测试。根据后文“I set for myself, they just have to be my own.”可知，此处应是“无论我为自己设定什么目标，它们都必须是我自己的”，符合语境。故选C项。 Passage 8 In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index (体重指数) across 200 countries, the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier 36． that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas. BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool 37． gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight. It is calculated by dividing a 38． (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared. and a BMI of between 19 and 25 39． (consider) healthy. The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased 40． 2. 1 in women and men. In cities, however, the gain 41． (be) 1. 3 in women and 1. 6 in men. The researchers described “striking changes” in the geography of BMI. Tn 1985，urban men and women in more than three quarters of the countries 42． (study) had higher BMIs than men and women in rural areas. But 30 years later, the BMI difference between urban and rural people in many countries had narrowed 43．(sharp). This may be due to some disadvantages for people 44． (live) in the countryside, including 45． (low) levels of income and education, higher costs of healthy foods, and fewer sports facilities. 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了如今世界各地的人体重越来越超标，主要是由于农村地区的体重指数（BMI）增加了，并分析了其中的原因。 36．考查连词。句意：在一项对200个国家33年体重指数趋势的研究中，科学家们发现，世界各地的人们体重越来越重，而这主要是由于农村地区体重指数的增加。分析句子结构可知，that people worldwide are getting heavier和that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.都是found引导的宾语从句，是并列关系，故填and。 37．考查定语从句关系代词。句意：BMI是一种国际公认的测量工具，它可以显示一个人的体重是否健康。分析句子结构可知，tool是先行词，且在从句中做主语，故填that/which。 38．考查名词所有格。句意：它的计算方法是用一个人的体重(公斤)除以身高(米)的平方，BMI在19到25之间被认为是健康的。分析句子结构可知，person是修饰weight的，用 person的名词所有格person’s。故填person’s。 39．考查动词被动语态。句意：它的计算方法是用一个人的体重(公斤)除以身高(米)的平方，BMI在19到25之间被认为是健康的。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语，主语（a BMI）是单数，时态是一般现在时，且主语和consider是表被动关系，故填is considered。 40．考查介词。句意：研究发现，1985年至2017年间，农村女性和男性的平均BMI增加了2.1。increase by表示“增加了”；increase to表示“增加到”。根据正常的成人BMI数值（18.5-23.9）可知，increase by符合语境，故填by。 41．考查主谓一致和动词时态。句意：然而，在城市中，女性增加了1.3，男性增加了1.6。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语，主语（gain）是单数，时态是一般过去时，故填was。 42．考查非谓语动词。句意：1985年，在被研究的国家中，超过四分之三的城市男性和女性的BMIs高于农村地区的男性和女性。分析句子结构可知，句子的谓语是had，所以study用非谓语形式，它的逻辑主语是countries，表被动关系，故填studied。 43．考查副词。句意：但30年后，许多国家城市和农村人口的BMI差异大幅缩小。分析句子结构可知，sharp是要修饰动词narrow，用sharp的副词形式sharply。故填sharply。 44．考查非谓语动词。句意：这可能是由于生活在农村的人有一些不利条件，包括较低的收入和教育水平，较高的健康食品成本，以及较少的体育设施。分析句子结构可知，句子已有谓语动词may be，故live用非谓语形式，它的逻辑主语是people，表主动关系，做定语，用现在分词形式，故填living。 45．考查形容词比较级。句意：这可能是由于生活在农村的人有一些不利条件，包括较低的收入和教育水平，较高的健康食品成本，以及较少的体育设施。分析句子结构可知，including说明的是一些不利条件，且后面有higher和fewer，是并列关系，所以low也应该用比较级形式，故填lower。 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 12 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $